Произход
Блокова верига произхожда от биткойн. На 1 ноември 2008 г. човек, който нарича себе си Сатоши Накамото, публикува "Биткойн: A Peer-to-Peer" Статия "ElectronicCashSystem" описва архитектурната концепция на електронна система за пари в брой, базирана на P2Network технология, криптиране технология, технология за времево клеймо, технология за блокчейн и т.н., което бележи раждането на биткойн. Два месеца по-късно теорията навлезе в практиката и първият блок за създаване със сериен номер0 не се роди 3 януари , 2009. Няколко дни по-късно блок със сериен номер 1 се появи на 9 януари 2009 г. и беше свързан с блока генезис със сериен номер 0 за формиране на верига, отбелязваща раждането на блокчейна.
Inrecentyears,theworld’sattitudestowardsBitcoinhavefluctuated,butblockchaintechnology,oneoftheunderlyingtechnologiesofBitcoin,hasreceivedincreasingattention.IntheprocessofBitcoinformation,blocksarestorageunitsonebyone,recordingallthecommunicationinformationofeachblocknodewithinacertainperiodoftime.Eachblockislinkedbyarandomhash(alsocalledahashalgorithm).Thenextblockcontainsthehashvalueofthepreviousblock.Withtheexpansionofinformationexchange,ablockandablockaresuccessivelyconnected.Theresultiscalledblockchain.
Conceptdefinition
Whatisablockchain?Fromatechnologicalperspective,blockchaininvolvesmanyscientificandtechnologicalissuessuchasmathematics,cryptography,theInternet,andcomputerprogramming.Fromanapplicationperspective,insimpleterms,theblockchainisadistributedsharedledgeranddatabase,whichhasthecharacteristicsofdecentralization,non-tampering,tracesthroughouttheprocess,traceability,collectivemaintenance,andopennessandtransparency.Thesecharacteristicsensurethe"honesty"and"transparency"oftheblockchainandlaythefoundationforthecreationoftrustintheblockchain.Therichapplicationscenariosoftheblockchainarebasicallybasedontheabilityoftheblockchaintosolvetheproblemofinformationasymmetryandrealizethecooperativetrustandconcertedactionbetweenmultiplesubjects.
Blockchainisanewapplicationmodeofcomputertechnologysuchasdistributeddatastorage,point-to-pointtransmission,consensusmechanism,andencryptionalgorithm.BlockchainisanimportantconceptofBitcoin.Itisessentiallyadecentralizeddatabase.Atthesametime,astheunderlyingtechnologyofBitcoin,itisaseriesofdatablocksthatarerelatedtoeachotherusingcryptographicmethods.ThedatablockcontainsabatchofBitcoinnetworktransactioninformation,whichisusedtoverifythevalidityoftheinformation(anti-counterfeiting)andgeneratethenextblock.
TheoriginalEnglishversionoftheBitcoinwhitepaperdoesnotactuallyappearinthewordblockchain,butuseschainofblocks.IntheearliestChinesetranslationoftheBitcoinwhitepaper,chainofblockswastranslatedintoblockchain.ThisistheearliesttimewhentheChineseword"blockchain"appeared.
TheNationalInternetInformationOfficeissuedthe"RegulationsontheManagementofBlockchainInformationServices"onJanuary10,2019,whichwillbeimplementedonFebruary15,2019.
Asanimportantbreakthroughinindependentinnovationofcoretechnology,thesecurityriskofblockchainisregardedasamajorshortcomingrestrictingthehealthydevelopmentoftheindustry.Frequentsecurityincidentshavesoundedthealarmfortheindustry.Toembracetheblockchain,itisnecessarytoexpeditetheexplorationandestablishmentofasecurityguaranteesystemthatadaptstothetechnicalmechanismoftheblockchain.
Developmenthistory
In2008,SatoshiNakamotofirstproposedtheconceptofblockchain.Inthefollowingyears,blockchainbecametheelectroniccurrencyBitcoin.Corecomponent:Asapublicaccountbookforalltransactions.Throughtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworksanddistributedtimestampservers,blockchaindatabasescanbemanagedautonomously.TheblockchaininventedforBitcoinmakesitthefirstdigitalcurrencytosolvetheproblemofrepeatedconsumption.Bitcoin'sdesignhasbecomeasourceofinspirationforotherapplications.
In2014,"blockchain2.0"becameatermfordecentralizedblockchaindatabases.Forthissecond-generationprogrammableblockchain,economistsbelievethatitisaprogramminglanguagethatallowsuserstowritemoresophisticatedandintelligentprotocols.Therefore,whentheprofitreachesacertainlevel,itwillbeabletoobtainincomefromthecompletedfreightorderorthedividendofthesharedcertificate.Blockchain2.0technologyskipstransactionsand"anintermediaryagencythatactsasanarbitrationformoneyandinformationintheexchangeofvalue."Theyareusedtokeeppeopleawayfromtheglobaleconomy,toprotectprivacy,toenablepeopleto"converttheinformationtheyhaveintocurrency",andtohavetheabilitytoensurethattheownersofintellectualpropertygetbenefits.Thesecond-generationblockchaintechnologymakesitpossibletostorethe"permanentdigitalIDandimage"ofanindividual,anditalsoprovidesasolutiontothe"potentialsocialwealthdistribution"inequality.
OnJanuary20,2016,thePeople'sBankofChinaDigitalCurrencySeminarannouncedthatithasachievedphasedresultsindigitalcurrencyresearch.Themeetingaffirmedthevalueofdigitalcurrencyinreducingtheissuanceoftraditionalcurrencies,andstatedthatthecentralbankisexploringtheissuanceofdigitalcurrency.TheexpressionofthePeople'sBankofChinaDigitalCurrencySeminargreatlyenhancedtheconfidenceofthedigitalcurrencyindustry.ThisisthefirsttimethatthefiveministriesandcommissionsofthecentralbankissuedanoticeonpreventingbitcoinrisksonDecember5,2013.Theyhaveexpressedaclearattitudetowardsdigitalcurrenciesforthefirsttime.
OnDecember20,2016,theDigitalCurrencyAlliance-ChinaFinTechDigitalCurrencyAllianceandFinTechResearchInstitutewereformallyestablished.
Днес биткойн все още е абсолютният основен поток от цифрова валута. Цифровата валута е в разцвет. Често използвани са биткойн, лайткойн, доджкойн, дашкойн. В допълнение към приложенията за валута има наистина различни деривати. приложения в индустрията като NXT, SIA, BitShares, MaidSafe и Ripple.
Type
PublicBlockChains
PublicBlockChainsreferto:anyindividualorgroupintheworldcansendtransactions,andTransactionscanbeeffectivelyconfirmedbytheblockchain,andanyonecanparticipateintheconsensusprocess.Thepublicblockchainistheearliestblockchainandthemostwidelyusedblockchain.Thevirtualdigitalcurrenciesofthemajorbitcoinsseriesareallbasedonthepublicblockchain,andthereisonlyoneblockchaincorrespondingtothiscurrencyintheworld..
Consortium(industry)blockchain
ConsortiumBlockChains:multiplepre-selectednodesaredesignatedasbookkeeperswithinacertaingroup,andeachblockThegenerationofisdeterminedbyallthepre-selectednodes(thepre-selectednodesparticipateintheconsensusprocess),andotheraccessnodescanparticipateinthetransaction,buttheaccountingprocess(essentiallystillcustodialaccounting,butbecomesadistributedaccounting,pre-selectednodesHowmuch,howtodeterminethebookkeeperofeachblockbecomesthemainriskpointoftheblockchain),andanyoneelsecanperformlimitedqueriesthroughtheopenAPIoftheblockchain.
PrivateBlockChains
PrivateBlockChains:Onlyusethegeneralledgertechnologyoftheblockchainforbookkeeping,whichcanbeacompanyoranindividual,Withexclusivewriteaccesstotheblockchain,thischainisnotmuchdifferentfromotherdistributedstoragesolutions.Traditionalfinancewantstoexperimentwithprivateblockchains,whilepublicchainapplicationssuchasbitcoinhavebeenindustrialized,andprivatechainapplicationproductsarestillbeingexplored.
Features
Decentralization.Blockchaintechnologydoesnotrelyonadditionalthird-partymanagementagenciesorhardwarefacilities,andthereisnocentralcontrol.Exceptfortheself-containedblockchainitself,throughdistributedaccountingandstorage,eachnoderealizesinformationself-verification,transmissionandmanagement.Decentralizationisthemostprominentandessentialfeatureofblockchain.
Openness.Thefoundationoftheblockchaintechnologyisopensource.Exceptthattheprivateinformationofallpartiestothetransactionisencrypted,thedataoftheblockchainisopentoeveryone.Anyonecanquerytheblockchaindataanddeveloprelatedapplicationsthroughthepublicinterface.Therefore,theentireSysteminformationishighlytransparent.
Independence.Basedonconsensusspecificationsandprotocols(similartovariousmathematicalalgorithmssuchasthehashalgorithmusedbyBitcoin),theentireblockchainsystemdoesnotrelyonotherthirdparties,andallnodescanautomaticallyandsecurelyverifyandexchangedatainthesystem,withoutAnyhumanintervention.
Security.Aslongasyoucannotcontrol51%ofalldatanodes,youcannotcontrolandmodifynetworkdataarbitrarily.Thismakestheblockchainitselfrelativelysafeandavoidssubjectiveandartificialdatachanges.
Anonymity.Unlessrequiredbylawsandregulations,technicallyspeaking,theidentityinformationofeachblocknodedoesnotneedtobedisclosedorverified,andinformationtransmissioncanbecarriedoutanonymously.
Архитектурен модел
Най-общо казано, блокчейн системата се състои от слой данни, мрежов слой, консенсусен слой, стимулиращ слой, договорен слой и приложен слой.
Amongthem,thedatalayerencapsulatestheunderlyingdatablocksandrelateddataencryptionandtimestampingandotherbasicdataandbasicalgorithms;thenetworklayerincludesdistributednetworkingmechanisms,datatransmissionmechanisms,anddataverificationmechanisms,etc.;Theconsensuslayermainlyencapsulatesvariousconsensusalgorithmsofnetworknodes;theincentivelayerintegrateseconomicfactorsintotheblockchaintechnologysystem,mainlyincludingtheissuancemechanismanddistributionmechanismofeconomicincentives;thecontractlayermainlyencapsulatesvariousscripts,algorithmsandSmartcontractsarethebasisoftheprogrammablefeaturesoftheblockchain;theapplicationlayerencapsulatesvariousapplicationscenariosandcasesoftheblockchain.Inthismodel,thechainblockstructurebasedontimestamp,theconsensusmechanismofdistributednodes,theeconomicincentivebasedonconsensuscomputingpowerandtheflexibleandprogrammablesmartcontractarethemostrepresentativeinnovationsofblockchaintechnology.
Coretechnology
Distributedledger
Distributedledgermeansthattransactionaccountingiscompletedbymultiplenodesdistributedindifferentplaces,andeachNodesrecordcompleteaccounts,sotheycanallparticipateinsupervisingthelegalityoftransactions,andtheycanalsojointlytestifyforthem.
Differentfromthetraditionaldistributedstorage,theuniquenessofthedistributedstorageoftheblockchainismainlyreflectedintwoaspects:oneisthateachnodeoftheblockchainisstoredcompletelyinaccordancewiththeblockchainstructureTraditionaldistributedstoragegenerallydividesthedataintomultiplepiecesforstorageaccordingtocertainrules.Thesecondisthatthestorageofeachnodeoftheblockchainisindependentandequalinstatus.Itreliesontheconsensusmechanismtoensuretheconsistencyofstorage,whiletraditionaldistributedstoragegenerallysynchronizesdatawithotherbackupnodesthroughthecentralnode.Nosinglenodecanrecordthebookdataseparately,thusavoidingthepossibilityofasinglebookkeeperbeingcontrolledorbribedtokeepfalseaccounts.Therearealsoenoughaccountingnodes.Intheory,unlessallnodesaredestroyed,theaccountwillnotbelost,thusensuringthesecurityoftheaccountdata.
Asymmetricencryption
Thetransactioninformationstoredontheblockchainispublic,buttheaccountidentityinformationishighlyencryptedandcanonlybeaccessedwiththeauthorizationofthedataownerToensuredatasecurityandpersonalprivacy.
Consensusmechanism
Theconsensusmechanismishowtoreachaconsensusbetweenallbookkeepingnodestodeterminethevalidityofarecord.Thisisnotonlyameansofidentification,butalsoameansofpreventingtampering.Blockchainproposesfourdifferentconsensusmechanisms,whicharesuitablefordifferentapplicationscenariosandstrikeabalancebetweenefficiencyandsecurity.
Theconsensusmechanismoftheblockchainhasthecharacteristicsof"theminorityobeysthemajority"and"everyoneisequal".The"minorityobeysthemajority"doesnotcompletelyrefertothenumberofnodes,butcanalsobecomputingpowerandequityOrotherfeaturesthatcanbecomparedbycomputers."Everyoneisequal"meansthatwhennodesmeettheconditions,allnodeshavetherighttogiveprioritytotheconsensusresult,anditmaybethefinalconsensusresultafterbeingdirectlyrecognizedbyothernodes.TakeBitcoinasanexample.Proofofworkisadopted.Onlywhenmorethan51%oftheaccountingnodesoftheentirenetworkarecontrolled,itispossibletoforgeanon-existentrecord.Whenenoughnodesareaddedtotheblockchain,thisisbasicallyimpossible,therebyeliminatingthepossibilityoffraud.
Smartcontracts
Smartcontractsarebasedonthesecredibleandnon-tamperabledata,whichcanautomaticallyexecutesomepre-definedrulesandterms.Takinginsuranceasanexample,ifeveryone'sinformation(includingmedicalinformationandriskoccurrenceinformation)istrueandcredible,itiseasytoautomateclaimsinsomestandardizedinsuranceproducts.Inthedailybusinessofinsurancecompanies,althoughtransactionsarenotasfrequentasthoseinthebankingandsecuritiesindustries,theirrelianceoncredibledatacontinuesunabated.Therefore,theauthorbelievesthattheuseofblockchaintechnologyfromtheperspectiveofdatamanagementcaneffectivelyhelpinsurancecompaniesimprovetheirriskmanagementcapabilities.Specificallyspeaking,itismainlydividedintotheriskmanagementofthepolicyholderandtherisksupervisionoftheinsurancecompany.
Application
Financialfield
Blockchainhaspotentialhugeapplicationvalueinfinancialfieldssuchasinternationalexchange,letterofcredit,equityregistrationandstockexchange.Theapplicationofblockchaintechnologyinthefinancialindustrycaneliminatethird-partyintermediarylinksandachievedirectpeer-to-peerconnection,therebygreatlyreducingcostsandquicklycompletingtransactionpayments.
Forexample,VisalaunchedVisaB2BConnectbasedonblockchaintechnology,whichcanprovideinstitutionswithalowercost,fasterandsafercross-borderpaymentmethodtoprocessglobalbusiness-to-businesstransactions.Youshouldknowthattraditionalcross-borderpaymentsneedtowait3-5daysandpay1-3%transactionfeesforthis.VisaalsolaunchedthefirstBitcoindebitcardinconjunctionwithCoinbase,andCitibankistestingandrunningthecryptocurrency"Citicoin"ontheblockchain.
TheInternetofThingsandLogisticsFields
BlockchaincanalsobenaturallycombinedintheInternetofThingsandlogisticsfields.Throughtheblockchain,logisticscostscanbereduced,theproductionanddeliveryprocessesofitemscanbetraced,andtheefficiencyofsupplychainmanagementcanbeimproved.Thisfieldisconsideredtobeapromisingapplicationdirectionofblockchain.
Blockchaincanrealizethecomprehensivetransmissionofinformationintheentirenetworkthroughthescatterednetworkhierarchicalstructureconnectedbynodes,andcanverifytheaccuracyoftheinformation.ThisfeatureimprovestheconvenienceandintelligenceofIoTtransactionstoacertainextent.Theblockchain+bigdatasolutionusestheautomaticscreeningandfilteringmodeofbigdatatoestablishcreditresourcesintheblockchain,whichcandoublethesecurityoftransactionsandimprovetheconvenienceofInternetofThingstransactions.Savetimeandcostfortheapplicationofintelligentlogisticsmode.Blockchainnodeshaveveryfreeaccesscapabilities,andcanindependentlyparticipateinorleavetheblockchainsystemwithoutanyinterferencetotheentireblockchainsystem.Theblockchain+bigdatasolutionmakesuseoftheintegrationcapabilitiesofbigdatatopromotetheexpansionofbasicusersoftheInternetofThingsmoredirectional,andfacilitateuserexpansionamongthedispersedusersofintelligentlogistics.
Publicservicefield
Blockchainiscloselyrelatedtopeople’sproductionandlifeinpublicmanagement,energy,transportationandotherfields,butthecentralizednatureofthesefieldsalsobringssomeproblems.,Canbetransformedwithblockchain.ThedecentralizedandfullydistributedDNSserviceprovidedbytheblockchaincanrealizethequeryandresolutionofdomainnamesthroughthepoint-to-pointdatatransmissionservicebetweenvariousnodesinthenetwork,whichcanbeusedtoensurethattheoperatingsystemandfirmwareofanimportantinfrastructurearenotavailable.Ifitistamperedwith,youcanmonitorthestatusandintegrityofthesoftware,findbadtampering,andensurethatthedatatransmittedbythesystemusingtheInternetofThingstechnologyhasnotbeentamperedwith.
Digitalcopyrightfield
Throughblockchaintechnology,workscanbeauthenticatedtoprovetheexistenceofworkssuchastext,video,andaudio,andtoensuretheauthenticityanduniquenessofownership.Aftertheworkisconfirmedontheblockchain,subsequenttransactionswillberecordedinrealtime,realizingthefulllifecyclemanagementofdigitalcopyright,anditcanalsobeusedasatechnicalguaranteeinjudicialforensics.Forexample,MineLabs,astartupcompanyinNewYork,USA,hasdevelopedablockchain-basedmetadataprotocol.ThissystemcalledMediachainusestheIPFSfilesystemtoachievecopyrightprotectionofdigitalworks,mainlyforcopyrightprotectionapplicationsfordigitalpictures.
InsuranceField
Intermsofinsuranceclaims,insuranceinstitutionsareresponsibleforfundcollection,investment,andclaimssettlement,oftenwithhighmanagementandoperatingcosts.Throughtheapplicationofsmartcontracts,thereisnoneedfortheapplicanttoapply,northeapprovaloftheinsurancecompany,aslongastheclaimconditionsaretriggeredtorealizetheautomaticsettlementoftheinsurancepolicy.AtypicalapplicationcaseisLenderBot,whichwaslaunchedin2016bytheblockchaincompanyStratumn,Deloitte,andpaymentserviceproviderLemonway.Itallowspeopletoregisterforcustomizedmicro-insuranceproductsthroughthechatfunctionofFacebookMessengerforexchangesbetweenindividualsThehigh-valueitemsareinsured,andtheblockchainreplacesthethird-partyroleintheloancontract.
Publicwelfarefield
Thedatastoredontheblockchainishighlyreliableandcannotbetamperedwith.Itisnaturallysuitableforuseinsocialwelfarescenarios.Relevantinformationinthepublicwelfareprocess,suchasdonationprojects,fundraisingdetails,fundflow,feedbackfromrecipients,etc.,canbestoredontheblockchain,andconditionallytransparentandpubliclyannouncedtofacilitatesocialsupervision.
Challengesfacing
Fromtheperspectiveofpracticalprogress,mostoftheapplicationsofblockchaintechnologyincommercialbanksarestillbeingconceivedandtested.Thereisstillalongwaytogo,anditisalsodifficulttoobtaintheapprovaloftheregulatoryauthoritiesandthemarket.Themainonesare:
(1)Restrictedbycurrentconcepts,systems,andlaws.Thecharacteristicsofblockchaindecentralization,self-management,andcollectivemaintenancehavesubvertedpeople'sproductionandlifestyles,dilutedtheconceptofstateandsupervision,andimpactedthecurrentlegalarrangements.Forthese,thewholeworldcompletelylackstheoreticalpreparationandinstitutionaldiscussion.EvenforBitcoin,themostmatureblockchainapplication,differentcountriesholddifferentattitudes,whichinevitablyhinderstheapplicationanddevelopmentofblockchaintechnology.Obviously,thereisstillalongwaytogotosolvesuchproblems.
(2)Atthetechnicallevel,theblockchainstillneedsbreakthroughprogress.Blockchainapplicationsarestillintheinitialdevelopmentstageofthelaboratory,andtherearenomatureproductsthatareintuitivelyavailable.ComparedwithInternettechnology,peoplecanusebrowsers,APPsandotherspecificapplicationstorealizethebrowsing,transmission,exchangeandapplicationofinformation,buttheblockchainobviouslylackssuchbreakthroughapplicationsandfaceshigh-techbarriers.Anotherexampleistheproblemofblockcapacity.Sincetheblockchainneedstocarryalltheinformationgeneratedbeforethecopy,theamountofinformationinthenextblockisgreaterthantheamountofinformationinthepreviousblock.Incominginformationstorage,verification,andcapacityissuesneedtoberesolved.
(3)Competitivetechnicalchallenges.Althoughmanypeopleareoptimisticaboutblockchaintechnology,theymustalsoseethattherearemanytechnologiesthatpromotehumandevelopment.Whichtechnologyismoreconvenientandefficient,andpeoplewillapplythetechnology.Forexample,ifblockchaintechnologyisappliedinthefieldofcommunication,themethodofsendinginformationistoeveryoneontheentirenetworkeverytime,butonlythepersonwiththeprivatekeycandecryptandopentheletter,sothatthesecurityofinformationtransmissionwillbegreatlyincreased..Similarly,quantumtechnologycanalsobeachieved.Quantumcommunication-theuseofquantumentanglementforinformationtransfer-alsohasthecharacteristicsofhighefficiencyandsecurity.Inrecentyears,ithasmadeconsiderableprogress.Forblockchaintechnology,itisHasastrongcompetitiveadvantage.
Nationalrectification
Asblockchaintechnologyhasbecomeahotspotofsocialconcern,thevirtualcurrencythathasbeenseverelycrackeddownbytheregulatoryauthoritieshasshownaresurgence.Inresponsetothisnewsituation,manyregulatoryauthoritiesannouncedthatanewroundofclean-upandrectificationhasbegun.
OnNovember22,2019,apersonfromtheOfficeoftheNationalInternetFinancialRiskSpecialRectificationTeam(hereinafterreferredtoastheRectificationOffice)statedthattheconnotationoftheblockchainisveryrich,anditisnotequaltovirtualcurrency.Allpromotionalactivitiesonvirtualcurrencyunderthebannerofblockchainareillegalandillegal.Theregulatoryauthoritieshavenotchangedtheirattitudetowardsvirtualcurrencyhypeandvirtualcurrencytradingvenues.
Accordingtoourunderstanding,theregulatoryauthoritieshavealreadydeployedcomprehensively,requiringallpartsofthecountrytocomprehensivelyinvestigatethelatestsituationofthevirtualcurrencyhypeactivitiescarriedoutbytheterritorieswiththehelpoftheblockchain,andpromptlyeliminateproblemsassoonastheyarise.Inthenextstageofwork,thesupervisoryauthoritywillincreaseeffortstocleanupandrectifyvirtualcurrenciesandtradingvenues,findanddisposeofthem.
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