Historicaldevelopment
Demographicstatisticsareproducedanddevelopedtomeettheneedsofsocialdevelopmentandnationalmanagement.Itistheearlieststatisticsthatappearedinhumansociety.In4500BC,Babylonhadsurveyedpopulationitems;Chinahadpopulationandlandstatisticsin2100BCduringtheXiaYuera;aftertheZhouDynasty,therewasacensussysteminalldynasties;therewasalsoapopulationsurveysystemin2A.D.Theofficialpopulationrecordsofthewholecountryandsub-regionswererecorded.Theslavesocietyandfeudalsocietyconductedpopulationsurveysandregistrationstomeettheneedsoftherulingclassfortaxation,servitude,andconscription.Themethodsandcontentofstatisticswererelativelysimple;intheHanDynasty,theEmperorWureignedThefirstdemographicstatisticsinhumanhistory;inacapitalistsociety,demographicstatisticshavedevelopedgreatly.Inadditiontostatisticsonpopulationandgender,age,andethnicity,therearestatisticsonemploymentandunemployment,industryandoccupation,educationlevel,religiousbeliefs,maritalstatus,fertility,andotherstatistics.ThestatisticalcontentisbecomingmoreabundantandthedemographicsystemIthasbecomemorecomplete,andhasgraduallyestablishedanddevelopedamoderncensussystem,andpopulationstatisticshavebecomemoreandmoresystematicandcomplete.Inasocialistsociety,economicdevelopmentandpopulationdevelopmentareincludedinthenationalplan.Demographicstatisticsprovideservicesforcompilingnationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplans,formulatingpopulationpolicies,implementingfamilyplanning,compilingandinspectingpopulationplans,andfornationaladministrationandpopulationresearch.provideinformation.
Relatedcalculationformulas
1.Birthratereferstotheratioofthenumberofbirthstotheaveragepopulationinacertainplaceinoneyear.Itisgenerallyexpressedinthousands,indicatingthenumberofbirthsperthousandofthepopulationinayear.Thecalculationformulais:
Раждаемост=брой раждания през годината ÷годишно средно население×1000‰
2.Fertilityrateisarelativeindicatorreflectingthefertilityintensityofwomenofchildbearingage.Itisdifferentfromthebirthrate,whichindicatestheproportionalrelationshipbetweenthenumberofbirthsandthetotalpopulation.Thebirthrateisbasedonthetotalpopulationasthebasicdataforcomparison,butinfactonlywomenofchildbearingagehavetheabilitytohavechildren(exceptforinfertility).Therefore,thenumberofbirthsisonlydirectlydependentonthenumberofwomenofchildbearingage.Statisticsandresearchonthefertilityrateofwomenofchildbearingageareofgreatsignificanceforanalyzingthecausesofchangesinthebirthrate,studyingthedevelopmenttrendofpopulationreproduction,andpredictingthefuturedevelopmentofpopulation.
Thecalculationoffertilityratecanbebasedonthespecificrequirementsofdemographicstatistics,usingcalculationmethodssuchasgeneralfertilityrate,fertilityrateforwomenbyage,cumulativefertilityrate,lifetimefertilityrate,andtotalfertilityrate.
3.Thetotalfertilityratereferstotheage-specificfertilityrateforwomenofchildbearingageinacertainyear(oraspecificgroup).Theaveragenumberofchildrenborn.Thetotalfertilityrateisafertilityrateindexthattakesacertainyearasa"cross-section",anditisalsoa"forward-lookingindex".Itischaracterizedbylookingforwardandhasasignalnature.Thecalculationmethodis:
Totalfertilityrate=thesumofthefertilityratesofwomenofallages
4.MortalityisanindicationofthedeathintensityofthepopulationinacertainareainacertainperiodoftimeRelativeindicators.Itisusuallycalculatedwiththeyearastheunitoftime.Thecalculationformulais:
Смъртност=брой смъртни случаи през годината ÷средна популация за годината×1000‰
5.Infantmortalityratereferstothenumberofinfantdeathsbetween0-12monthsTheratioofthenumberofbabiesbornbetween0-12monthsoldisgenerallyexpressedinthousandths.Sincesomeofthedeathsofbabiesfrom0-12monthswerebornthisyearandsomewereborninthepreviousyear,thebirthdensityofthepopulationvariesgreatlyduringtheyear,anditisnotconvenienttocalculatetheannualaverage.Whencalculatinginfantmortality,thedenominatorisusuallythesumof1/3ofthenumberofbirthsinthepreviousyearand2/3ofthenumberofbirthsinthisyear.Thecalculationformulais:
Коефициент на детска смъртност=броят хора, които са починали под една година тази година÷(1/3 броя раждания през предходната година+2/3 броя раждания през годината)×1000‰
6.Thenaturalgrowthratereferstotheratioofthenaturalgrowthofthepopulationinacertainperiodtotheaveragetotalnumberofpeopleintheregionduringtheperiod.Theannualnaturalgrowthrateiscommonlyused,usuallyexpressedinthousandths,referredtoastheself-increasingrate.Thecalculationformulais:
Коефициент на естествен растеж=брой на годишен естествен прираст ÷средногодишната обща популация на годината×1000‰
7.Familyplanningratereferstoacertainperiodinacertainarea(usuallyoneYears)Theratioofthenumberoflivebirthsbornincompliancewiththerequirementsoffamilyplanningtothetotalnumberoflivebirthsinthesametimeperiod,expressedasapercentage.Thecalculationformulais:
Процент на семейно планиране=брой планирани раждания за определена година ÷общ брой раждания за същия период×100%.
8.BirthcontrolrateisthenumberofwomenofchildbearingagewhoimplementbirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasuresasapercentageoftheirchildbearingageTheproportionofwomen.Thecalculationformulaisasfollows:
Birthcontrolrate=numberofwomenimplementingbirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasures÷numberofwomenofchildbearingage×100%
Regardlessofwhethertheimplementedmeasuresaremenorwomen,aslongasthebirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasuresareimplemented,Allaccordingtothestatisticsofthewoman.Thebirthcontrolmeasurestakenbysomecouplesofchildbearingagehavefailed,sotheyshouldbesubtractedfromthenumberofmarriedwomenofchildbearingagewhohaveimplementedbirthcontrolmeasures.Ifbirthcontrolmeasuresaretakenagain,theyshouldbeincludedinanewbirthcontrolmeasure.
9.Therateofreceivingcertificatesforonly-childrenreferstotheratioofthenumberofcertificatesforonly-childrenundertheageof14whoseparentshaveappliedfornolongergivingbirthtothetotalnumberofmarriedwomenofchildbearingage.Thecalculationformulais:
Процентът на получаване на сертификат за едно дете=броят хора, които са получили сертификат за направено дете÷общият брой омъжени жени в детеродна възраст ×100%
10.ThegenderratioofthepopulationismaleorTheratioofwomenisusuallyexpressedastheratioof100womentohowmanymen.Thecalculationformulais:
Полово съотношение=Брой мъже÷Брой жени×100%
11.Asadynamicprocess,populationchangesatalltimes.ThischangeinChinaisquitelarge,andsometimesforstatisticalpurposes(suchascalculatingbirthrate,deathrate,percapitaoutput,percapitaoutputvalue,etc.),itisnecessarytousetheannualaveragepopulationasanindicator.Thisindicatorreflectstheaveragenumberofsurvivorsatvariouspointsintheyear.
Generallycalculatetheannualaveragepopulation,youcanusetheformulaofthepopulationatthebeginningoftheyearplusthepopulationattheendoftheyeardividedby2,namely:
Средногодишното население=(населението в началото на годината+населението в края на годината)÷2
Статистически показатели
Население
PopulationreferstoacertainpointintimeandwithinacertainareaThesumoflivingindividuals.
Theyear-endpopulationinannualstatisticsreferstothepopulationat24:00onDecember31eachyear.ThetotalpopulationofthecountryintheannualstatisticsdoesnotincludethenumberofcompatriotsfromTaiwanProvince,HongKongandMacao,andoverseasChinese.
Figure1showstheglobaldemographics,whileFigure2showsthedemographicsbasedongender.
Общо население на градовете и общо население на селата
Therearetwodefinitionsoftotalpopulationofcitiesandtownsandtotalpopulationofvillages:
(1)Първият калибър (според административната система):
Citypopulation:theentirepopulationintheareaunderthejurisdictionofthecity(includingtownsunderthejurisdictionofthecity,excludingdistrictsandcountiesunderthejurisdictionofthecity);
Градско население: общото население на окръжно администрираните градове (с изключение на общинските градове);
Население на окръг:население на администриран от окръг град.
(2)Вторият калибър (разделен на постоянна популация):
Citypopulation:thepopulationofacitywithdistrictsandthepopulationofstreetsunderthejurisdictionofacitywithoutdistricts;
Townpopulation:thepopulationofresidentscommitteesintownsunderthejurisdictionofcitieswithoutdistrictsandthepopulationofresidentscommitteesintownsunderthejurisdictionofcounties;
Население в областта: всички популации с изключение на горните две популации.
Amongthem,thedatafrom1952to1980arethedataofthefirstcaliber,andthedataafter1982arethedataofthesecondcaliber.
Раждаемост
Раждаемостта (известна също като груба раждаемост) се отнася до среден брой раждания на 1000 души за определен период от време (обикновено годишно), съотношение, обикновено изразено в проценти. Формулата за изчисление е:
Раждаемост = годишен брой раждания/годишно средно число × 1000‰
Amongthem,thenumberofbirthsreferstolivebirths,thatis,whenthefetusisseparatedfromthemother(regardlessofthenumberofmonthsofpregnancy),Havehadbreathingorotherlifephenomena.Theannualaveragepopulationreferstotheaverageofthepopulationatthebeginningandtheendoftheyear,anditcanalsobereplacedbythemid-yearpopulation.
Смъртност
Mortality(alsoknownascrudemortality)referstothenumberofdeathsinacertainareaduringacertainperiod(usuallyayear)andTheratiooftheaveragenumberofpeopleinthesameperiod(orthenumberofpeopleintheperiod)isgenerallyexpressedinperthousand.Thecalculationformulais:
Смъртност=годишен брой смъртни случаи/годишно средно число×1000‰
Thenaturalpopulationgrowthratereferstothenaturalincreaseinpopulationinacertainperiod(usuallyayear)Theratioof(thenumberofbirthsminusthenumberofdeaths)totheaveragenumberofpeopleintheperiod(orthenumberofpeopleintheperiod)isgenerallyexpressedinthousandths.Thecalculationformulais:
Коефициент на естествен прираст на населението=(брой раждания-тази година-брой смъртни случаитази година)/среден годишен брой×1000‰=раждаемост-смъртност на населението
Заето население
Employedpopulation(alsoknownasemployedpopulation)referstothepopulationwhoare15yearsoldandabovewhoengageincertainsociallaborandobtainlaborremunerationoroperatingincome.
Безработното население
Theunemployedpopulationreferstothosewhoarenotengagedinsociallaboramongthepopulationaged15andover,includingschoolstudents,Non-employedpopulationsuchashouseholdchores,waitingforfurthereducation,waitingforemploymentintowns,retired,retired,andincapacitated.
Коефициент на обща тежест
Thetotalburdenfactorreferstothedifferencebetweenthedependentpopulation(peopleaged0-14andover65)andthepopulationaged15-64Proportion.Thecalculationformulais:
Общ коефициент на тежест = Зависимо население/Население на възраст 15-64 × 100%
Коефициент на тежест и възраст
Theburdenofoldagecoefficientreferstotheratiooftheelderlypopulation(populationover65)tothepopulationaged15-64.Thecalculationformulais:
Коефициент на натоварването=Възрастно население/Продадено население 15-64 години×100%
Коефициент на обремененост на младостта
Adolescentburdencoefficientreferstotheratioofadolescentstothepopulationaged15-64.Thecalculationformulais:
Коефициент на тежест при юноши=Население на децата/15~64-годишно население×100%
Indicators
DemographicsisaquantitativestudyofpopulationThecurrentstatus,changesanddevelopmenttrendsofvariousbiologicalcharacteristics(suchasage,gendercomposition)andsocialcharacteristics(suchasoccupation,culturalandeconomicstatusdistribution,etc.).Itisthemaincornerstonefordeterminingthenationalpopulationpolicy,anditisalsoanimportantbasisforvariousdepartmentsofthenationaleconomytoformulateplans,determinedeployment,andadjustpolicies.Thevariouscharacteristicsofthepopulationaredifferent,andthespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsarealsodifferent.Forexample,thespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsindevelopedcountriesareoftendominatedbyheartandcerebrovasculardiseasesandcancer,whilethespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsindevelopingcountriesaremainlybasedontherespiratorysystem.Mainlydiseasesandinfectiousdiseases.Oneoftheimportantreasonsforthisdifferenceisthattheagecompositionandculturalandeconomicdistributionofthepopulationofthesetwotypesofcountriesaredifferent.Thisalsoshowsthatthepopulationswithdifferentcharacteristicshavedifferentneedsforhealthcare.Inaddition,bydynamicallyobservingthedemographicindicatorsofacountryorregion,orcomparingthedemographicindicatorsofdifferentregionsandcountries,youcanevaluatethequalityofhealthcareinacountryorregion.Therefore,demographicstatisticsisnotonlyanindispensablebasisforformulatinghealthcarepolicies,butalsoanobjectiveindicatorforevaluatingthequalityofhealthwork.Demographicindicatorsareusuallydividedintotwocategories,namelystaticindicatorsanddynamicindicators.Figure3showsthedemographicmonitoringpoints.
Статичен индекс
Статичен индекс или индекс на точка от време. Отразява ситуацията в определен момент от време. Той трябва да вземе междусекционни, статични моментни данни от непрекъснато променящ се процес, като население, възраст, пол, етническа принадлежност и т.н. на населението в определено време за определена година, определен месец и определено време. показателите са пирамида на съотношението между половете и населението.
1.Sexratio:reflectstheratiobetweenmenandwomeninthepopulation.Itisusuallyexpressedintermsofhowmanymenthereareforevery100womeninthepopulation.Thatis,inadditiontothesexratioofthetotalpopulation,therearesexratiosofdifferentages.Suchasbirthsexratio,infantsexratioandsoon.Thesexratioofthepopulationhasitsownrules.Atbirth,therearegenerallymorementhanwomen,andthebirthsexratioisgenerallyintherangeof103to107.Sincethedeathrateofmenisusuallyhigherthanthatofwomen,thesexratioiscloseto100intheyoungandmiddleages.Inoldage,therearemorewomenthanmen,sothesexratioismostlybelow100.Certainsocialfactorsoftenleadtosexualimbalance.Forexample,warcancausealargenumberofdeathsofmalecitizensandcauseademographicimbalance(forexample,manycountrieshadmorewomenthanmenduringtheSecondWorldWar);insomesocietieswithstrongfeudalcolors,femaleinfantabuseoftenoccurred.Thisleadstoarelativelyhighbirthrate.Thelawofsexratioisonlyreliablewhenalargenumberofstatisticsareused.
2.Pyramid:Theageandgenderstructureofthepopulationcanberepresentedbypyramidgraphics.Thepopulationpyramidhasacentralaxis,andthescaleonitrepresentsage.Itiscustomarytogroupby1or5yearsold,butyoucangroupbyanyageintervalasneeded,butthegroupsmustbeequidistant;theleftsideofthecentralaxisofthepyramidrepresentsthemalepopulation,andtherightrepresentsthepopulation.Thefemalepopulationcanbeexpressedinabsolutenumbersorpercentages.
Dynamicindicators
Thistypeofindicatorreflectsthenaturalorsocialchangesofthepopulationwithinacertainperiodoftime,suchasbirths,deaths,andmigrationinacertainyear.ItreflectsThetotalsituationofacertaineventcontinuouslyoccurringinacertainperiod,ratherthanthesituationatapointintime,iscalledapopulationdynamicsindexoraperiodindex.Itcanalsoincludethefollowingindicators.
1.Generalbirthrate:referstothenumberofbirthsper1000populationinacertainperiod(usually1year),thatis,itcanroughlyindicatethebirthlevelofacountryorregion.The"population"inthedenominatorusuallyusesthepopulationinthemiddleoftheyear(at24:00onJune30),ortheaverageofthepopulationattheendofthisyearandthepopulationattheendoflastyear(ie,theaveragepopulation).Thebirthrateisaffectedbytheageandsexcompositionofthepopulation.Forexample,whentheproportionofpeopleofchildbearingage(especiallywomen)inthepopulationisrelativelylarge,thebirthratemustberelativelyhigh.
2.Generalmortality:referstothenumberofdeathsper1,000populationinacertainperiodoftime,thatis,itcanroughlyreflectthedeathlevelofacountryorregion.Butlikethebirthrate,itismoreaffectedbytheagecompositionofthepopulation.Forexample,whentheproportionoftheelderlyinthepopulationislarge,themortalityrateisoftenhigh.Therefore,insomecountrieswithmoredevelopedeconomies,medicalandhealthcare,thegeneralmortalityrateishigherthaninsomedevelopingcountries.
3.Naturalrateofincrease:thedifferencebetweentheannualaveragebirthrateandtheordinarydeathrate.
Степен на растеж=нормална раждаемост-смъртност
Itrepresentstheincreaseinthenumberofpeopleper1,000populationinacertainyear.
4.Fertilityrate:thenumberoflivebirths(orbirths)per1,000womenofchildbearingageinacertainyear.Becauseitisnotaffectedbytheageandgendercompositionofthepopulation,itcanbetterreflectthefertilitylevelofacountryorregion.ThegeneralfertilityrateinChinaisaround50‰.
5.Age-specificfertilityrate:fertilityratecanalsobecalculatedaccordingtodifferentagegroups,anditisgenerallycustomarytouse5yearsasanagegrouptocalculate,suchastotalfertilityrate.Theaveragenumberofchildrenborntoevery1,000womenofchildbearingageinthepopulationaftertheirentirechildbearingperiod(15to44yearsold).Thecalculationofthetotalfertilityratevariesdependingontheagegroup.Whengroupingintogroupsofeachage,thesumofage-specificfertilityratesisthetotalfertilityrate;whengroupingintoa5-year-oldagegroup,thesumofage-specificfertilityratesmultiplyingby5isthetotalfertilityrate.China'scurrenttotalfertilityrateisabout2600‰(or2.6).
6.Age-specificmortalityrate:Becausethegeneralmortalityrateisgreatlyaffectedbytheagecompositionofthepopulation,itissometimesnecessarytocalculatetheage-specificmortalityratebyagegroup.Forexample,theage-specificmortalityratecanreflectthelevelofdeathmoreaccuratelythantheordinarymortalityrate.
7.Infantmortalityrate:Infantreferstothechildhoodperiodfrombirthtolessthan12months.Duringthisperiod,theinfant’sresistancetotheoutsideworldisverylowanditisveryeasytodie.Therefore,theinfantmortalityrateisoftenItisasensitiveindicatortomeasuretheculturalandhealthlevelofacountry
8.Maternalmortalityrate.Maternaldeathreferstothedeathofawomanduetoreasonsrelatedtopregnancyandchildbirth,andthedeathoccurredwithin42daysafterthestartofpregnancy.Thecausesofmaternaldeathcanbedividedintodirectobstetriccauses(suchashemorrhage,birthinjury,postpartuminfection,etc.)andindirectcauses(pregnancy,tuberculosis,heartdisease,etc.,deathcausedbythedeteriorationoftheconditionduringpregnancyandchildbirth).Itreflectsthelevelofwomen'shealthcareinacountryorregion.ThecurrentmaternalmortalityrateinChinaisaround50,000.Thedenominatorintheformulashouldtheoreticallyuse"thenumberofpregnantwomeninacertainyear",butthisnumberisdifficulttoobtain(manypeoplehaveundergoneartificialabortionorspontaneousabortionafterpregnancy,andhavenotreportedorregistered),sogenerallyuseanapproximatevalue──livebirthsinacertainyearThetotalnumberisusedinstead.
Методи на държавите
Населението на различните държави в света е различно, а статистическите методи са наистина толкова странни.
SingaporedistributesquestionnairesontheInternettoobtainpopulationnumbersfromfeedback.MauritaniausestheGlobalPositioningSystemtogivepointstothenomadsscatteredinthedesert.Ireland,fearingthatthefoot-and-mouthdiseasewouldaffectthepopulation,simplypostponedtheplannednationalcensus.
TheUnitedNations1995-2005globaldemographiccampaignisunderway.Fromthe7thtothe10thofthismonth,statisticiansfrom55countries,whichaccountforthree-quartersoftheworld’spopulation,gatheredinNewYorktoparticipateinaforumoncensusmethods.Inordertocooperatewiththisforum,theUnitedNationsconductedasurveyonthewaysinwhichthepopulationiscountedinvariouscountries.Thesurveyshowsthatdevelopingcountriesareincreasinglyusinghigh-techmethodsindemographicwork.
Inthe2000Brazilcensus,handheldcomputersandmobilephonesprovidedstatisticianswithreal-timedata.EvenpeopleontheAmazonRivercanregister.ThecensusofficerAliciaBerkovicsaidproudly,"Wecanfindproblemsintimeandimprovethemimmediately."
InIndia,withapopulationof100million,600,000ruralpeoplehavelearnedaboutthesignificanceofthecensusthroughtelevisionprograms.InMarch,afterthreeweeksofdataanalysisandprocessing,thecomputerobtainedthepopulationofthecountry.TheIndianCensusCommissionerBanteaisstillnotsatisfied.HesaidthatthecomputerinNewYorkcompletedtheentireprocessinonly10minutes.
Turkeyreliesonthearmytosetuproadblocksonthestreetstoensurethateveryoneiscounted.Andsomecountrieshavetoadoptencouragement.Forexample,inKyrgyzstan,peoplewhoparticipateinthecensuscandrawalottery,andthegrandprizeisafreeapartment.
Ofcourse,thedemographicsofmostcountriesaresupportedbythepeople.HassanAbribud,directorofthePalestinianBureauofStatistics,saidthatwhenPalestineconducteditsfirstcensusin1997,thepeopleofthewholecountrywereproudofbeingabletoparticipateinthesurvey.InGaza,only18peopledidnotparticipateintheinvestigation.
However,politicssometimesaffectsdemographics.TheUNpopulationexpertsaidthatbecauseSyriaisstationedinLebanon,DamascusisreluctanttoreleasethenumberofpeopleworkingandlivinginLebanon.