Коефициент на Джини

Generalalgorithm

HirschmanproposedanindexforjudgingthedegreeofequalityofdistributionbasedontheLorenzcurve.SupposetheareabetweentheactualincomedistributioncurveandtheabsoluteequalitycurveofincomedistributionisA,andtheareaatthebottomrightoftheactualincomedistributioncurveisB.AndthequotientofAdividedby(A+B)indicatesthedegreeofinequality.ThisvalueiscalledtheGinicoefficientorLorenzcoefficient.IfAiszero,theGinicoefficientiszero,whichmeansthattheincomedistributioniscompletelyequal;ifBiszero,thecoefficientis1,andtheincomedistributionisabsolutelyunequal.Themoretheincomedistributiontendstobeequal,thesmallerthearcoftheLorenzcurveandthesmallertheGinicoefficient.Conversely,themoreincomedistributiontendstobeinequality,thegreaterthearcoftheLorenzcurve,thelargertheGinicoefficient.Inaddition,youcanrefertotheParetoIndex(referstoameasureofthedegreeofunevenincomedistribution).

TheGinicoefficienthasanintuitivemathematicalmeaning.Supposetwopeoplearerandomlydrawnfromthetotalpopulation,andtheirincomesareand.Sothericherofthetwohasanincome,andthepooreronehasanincome.Inthelanguageofprobabilitytheory,Mandmaretheorderstatisticsoftheincomeofthesetwoindividualsdrawnatrandom.FromthedefinitionoftheLorentzcurveabove,itcanbededucedthattheGinicoefficientsatisfies

whereisthemathematicalexpectation,and1≥2≥μistheoverallpercapitaincome.TheaboveformulaisconvenienttounderstandthemeaningoftheGinicoefficient.Itissimilartothecoefficientofvariationσ/μ,usedtodescribethedegreeofdispersionofaconstantpositivedistribution,andhasscaleinvariance.Forexample,ifeveryone’sincomeismultipliedby2,theGinicoefficientisconstant.TheLorentzcurvemethodismoreconvenienttocalculatethevalueoftheGinicoefficientfromtheactualsurveystatisticsofincomequintilesanddeciles.

Много местни учени са изследвали специфичния метод за изчисление на Ginicoefficient и са предложили повече от склонни различни формули за изчисление. Г-н Джан Джианху от Училището по икономика и търговия на Земеделския университет в Шанкси предлага проста и лесна за използване формула: Да предположим, че определен брой хора са на опашка в низходящ ред на доходите и разделени на групи. Ако приемем, че кумулативният доход на населението от първата до петата група представлява част от общия доход на цялото население като w_i, тогава кривата на Лоренц минава през точката (i/n, w_i). Приема се, че w_{0< /sub>=0 и wn=1, тогава totalalofi=0,1,2,...,не кривата на Лоренц се получава като n+1 точка. Така че можете да използвате трапецовидното правило, за да интегрирате кривата на Лоренц, за да намерите областта B. И A+B=1/2 е площта на​​правоъгълен триъгълник. И накрая, Ginicoefficient=A /(A+B)=1–2B. Увеличаването на броя на групите n или използването на интеграционния метод на Симпсън може да направи резултата от изчислението по-точен.}

Thereisalsoasimpleandeasycalculationmethod,whichistoestimatetheGinicoefficientbasedontheproportionofthemediantotheaverage.Whenusingthismethod,youneedtoassumethattheincomeobeysthelog-normaldistribution,andthencalculatetheGinibasedonandCoefficient

whereerfistheerrorfunction.TheconversiontableofthepercentageofmedianandGinicoefficientisasfollows:

Икономически последици

Коефициент Джини на дохода

Неговото специфично значение се отнася до дела от дохода, който се използва за неравномерно разпределение на доходите на всички жители. Максималният Джини коефициент е "1", а минималният е равен на "0". разпределението между жителите е абсолютно неравномерно, тоест 100% от доходите се заемат от всички хора в единица; докато последното означава, че разпределението на доходите между жителите е абсолютно равномерно, т.е. доходите между хората са напълно равни и няма никаква разлика. Тези две ситуации обаче са само абсолютни форми на теория и като цяло не се появяват в реалния живот. ,действителната стойност на Ginicoefficient може да бъде само между 0 и 1. Колкото по-малък е Ginicoefficient, толкова по-равномерно е разпределението на доходите, а колкото по-голям е Ginicoefficient, толкова по-неравномерно е разпределението на доходите. В международен план 0,4 обикновено се използва като предупредителна линия за разликата между богати и бедни. .

WealthGiniCoefficient

InadditiontotheincomeGinicoefficient(IncomeGini),thereisalsoawealthGinicoefficient(WealthGini).TheapproximatealgorithmisthesameastheincomeGinicoefficient.ThedifferenceisthattheincomeGinicoefficientdatacomesfromhouseholdincomestatisticsinacertainarea,andthewealthGinicoefficientdatacomesfromthehouseholdtotalassetsstatisticsinacertainarea.IntheGinicoefficient,thewealthGinicoefficientisoftensignificantlylargerthantheincomeGinicoefficient.Theprincipleiseasytounderstand.Wealthistheaccumulationofincome,soitisoftenmoreextreme.

NotethattheactualvalueofthewealthGinicoefficientcanonlybebetween0-1,butitdoesnotmeanthatthesumofthewealthofanypartofthepersonislessthan100%,becausetherearesometotalhouseholdassetsThisisobvious:thetop80%ofmostEuropeancountriesalreadyhave100%oftheirwealth.IntheUnitedStates,thebottom14%ofincomeisnegative,andthetotalofthebottom36%iszero.

Сегментиране

Програмата за развитие на Обединените нации и други организации предвиждат:

• Ако е по-малък от 0,2, нивата на индекса са много ниски (високо средно);

• 0,2-0,29 означаваниво на индекса бавно (средно);

• 0,3-0,39 означава ниво на индекса (Сравнително разумно);

• 0,4-0,59 означава високо ниво на индекс (по-голяма междина);

• above0.6meansindexlevelVeryhigh(thegapishuge).

Индексът на Джини обикновено приема 0,4 като "предупредителна линия" на разликата в разпределението на доходите. Съгласно закона за златното сечение, неговата точна стойност трябва да бъде 0,382. Като цяло индексът на Джини на развитите страни е между 0,24 и 0,36, докато този на Съединените щати е сравнително висок - 0,52. Националното бюро au ​​of Statistics of China обяви, че Ginicoefficient е бил 0,474 през 2012 г., 0,473 през 2013 г., 0,469 през 2014 г., 0,462 през 2015 г., и 0,465 през 2016 г.

Chinahasenteredtheranksofincomedisparity,andthedistributionofwealthisveryuneven.However,thisdataiscontroversialandquestionedbymanyindustryscholars.ScholarsYueXimingandLiShizaiwroteinTheWallStreetJournalthatthereporthostedbyGanLiclaimedthatthestatisticalsamplewastoosmallandtherewereproblemswiththeinformationneededforhouseholdincome,sothestatisticalvaluewastoolarge.GanLithenwroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalonJanuary24,2013inresponsetothecorrespondingquestions.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal,believingthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequerieswell.TheyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andre-calculated.question.YangYiyong,directoroftheInstituteofSocialDevelopmentoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,believesthatXicai’sGinicoefficientismoreliketheGinicoefficientofbankfinancialassetsthantheGinicoefficientofincome.Inaddition,thefollow-upsurveyofChinesefamiliesbyPekingUniversityshowedthattheGinicoefficientofChinain2012was0.49.TheChinaSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversityreleasedthe"ChinaMinshengDevelopmentReport2014".Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.

DatareleasedbytheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChinashowedthattheGinicoefficientin2015was0.462,whichwastheseventhconsecutiveyearofdeclineandthelowestvaluesinceofficialstatisticswereavailable.WiththesmoothimplementationofChina's"13thFive-YearPlan"(2016-2020)guidedbythefivemajordevelopmentconcepts,theGinicoefficientforjudgingthefairnessofincomedistributionisexpectedtofallbelowtheinternationalwarninglineinthenextfiveyears.

Influencingfactors

TheinfluencingfactorsoftheGinicoefficientincludethelevelofeconomicdevelopment,socialandculturaltraditions,politicalandeconomicsystems,etc.Oneoftheimportantfactorsiswhatkindofgoalsthepolicymakershopetoachievewiththeincomedistributionsystem,whethertheyfocusonthestimulusandincentiveeffectofdistributiondifferences,ortheadjustmentandguaranteeroleofthedistributionpolicy.

Inreality,JapanisoneofthecountrieswiththelowestGinicoefficientintheworld.AccordingtoKyodoNewsonOctober11,2013,the2011surveyreportreleasedbytheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareofJapanonFridayshowedthatJapan’sdomesticGinicoefficientwas0.2708,arecordhigh.Accordingtoreports,since1984,Japan'sGinicoefficienthascontinuedtorise.Thesurveyis0.2708,whichisanincreaseof0.0218comparedwiththedatain2008,whichisarecordhigh.TheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfarebelievesthattheincreaseinlow-incomeelderlyandsinglehouseholdshasledtoawideningofthegap.ItisreportedthattheGinicoefficientisanimportantanalysisindexusedinternationallytocomprehensivelyexaminetheincomedistributiondifferencesamongresidentsofacountryorregion.TheclosertheGinicoefficientisto1,thelargertheincomedistributiongap.InJapan,theGinicoefficientsurveyisconductedeverythreeyearsorso,andthisisthe16thtime.TheGinicoefficientofJapanisgenerallyaround0.25,andthatofGermanyisaround0.3,whiletheGinicoefficientoftheUnitedStateshasexceededthewarninglineof0.4.TheGinicoefficientofdevelopingcountriesisgenerallyhigh,roughlyaround0.4.AnimportantreasonforthelowGinicoefficientinJapanisthatthegovernmenthasimplementedahighprogressivetaxsystemto"robtherichandhelpthepoor".Thehighestincometaxrateforhigh-incomegroupsreaches75%,whilethegenerallow-incomegroupisonly15%.ThetaxratefortheaveragemiddleclassintheUnitedStatesisroughly15%or25%,andtherichermiddleclassmayhavetopay35%.However,sincethetaxrateapplicabletotheinvestmentincomeofthesuper-richdoesnotexceed15%,whichismuchlowerthanthetaxratepayableonwageincome,thetaxrateapplicabletotheincomeofmanyrichpeopleismuchlowerthanthatoftheaveragemiddleclass.

Japan,whichfocusesontheroleofsalarysecurityinthedesignofthesalarysystem,hasarelativelysmallsalaryincomegap;whileintheUnitedStates,whichfocusesonincentives,thesalaryincomegapisoftendozensorevenhundredsoftimes.Asaresult,theAmericaneconomyandsocietyhavestrongvitalityandinnovation,butthesocialfragmentationandfragmentationareobvious;whileJapanesesocietyisrelativelystable.Evenifamajorcrisissuchas1998occurred,nomajorsocialproblemsoccurred,butSocialvitalityandinnovationarealsoinsufficient.

Значение за Китай

Ginicoefficient преди реформата и отварянето на Китай беше 0,16.

In2007,itexceededthewarninglineof0.4andreached0.48.Atthattime,theGinicoefficienthadalreadyexceeded0.5.Duetotheexistenceofhiddenbenefitsforsomegroups,thegapinactualincomeinChinaisevenhigher.Thisshouldarouseahighdegreeofvigilance,otherwiseitwillcauseaseriesofsocialproblems,andthencausesocialunrestandendangerthesocialistpeople'spower.

Оценка на плюсовете и минусите

Плюсовете

BecausetheGinicoefficientgivesaquantitativeboundaryreflectingthedegreeofthedifferencebetweentherichandthepooramongresidents,Itcanobjectivelyandintuitivelyreflectandmonitorthegapbetweentherichandthepooramongtheresidents,forecast,warnandpreventthepolarizationbetweentherichandthepoor.Therefore,ithasbeenwidelyrecognizedandwidelyadoptedbycountriesallovertheworld.

Недостатъци

1. Това не показва къде има несправедливо разпределение.

2. В международен план няма стандарт за определяне на Ginicoefficient. Някои въпроси, като това дали данъците трябва да бъдат изключени, дали бенефициентите на обществена помощ трябва да бъдат изключени, дали не са местни жители или дали да се присъединят към правителствените социални помощи, не са последователни и няма критерий за сравнение.

ChinaCoefficient

Източникът на данните съдържа таблицата: (1) „Коефициент на Джини за разполагаем доход на глава от населението от 2003 до 2016 г.“ (2) „Нова книга, държана от Китайския център за изследване на социалните науки на Пресконференцията на Пекинския университет“

Coefficientsituation

TheChinaNationalLivelihoodDevelopmentReport2014wasreleasedbytheChineseSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversity.Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.

През 2010 г. двама изследователи от новинарската агенция Xinhua посочиха, че Джиникоефективността на Китай действително надвишава 0,5. Според данни, публикувани от Югозападния университет за финанси и икономика, Проучване на финансите на домакинствата в Китай днес, Джиникоефективността на китайските домакинства в2 010 беше 0,61, което беше много по-високо от глобалната средна стойност от 0,44.

ThereportdatafromSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsshowsthatin2010,theGinicoefficientofChinesehouseholdswas0.61,theGinicoefficientofurbanhouseholdswas0.56,andtheGinicoefficientofruralhouseholdswas0.60.Intermsofregions,theGinicoefficientineasternChinais0.59,theGinicoefficientincentralChinais0.57,andtheGinicoefficientinwesternChinais0.55.Theinvestigationteambelievesthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,central,andwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.

However,thisreporthascausedcontroversy.YueXiming,aprofessorattheSchoolofFinanceofRenminUniversityofChina,andLiShizai,aprofessorattheIncomeDistributionInstituteofBeijingNormalUniversity,wroteintheWallStreetJournalthatthestatisticalsampleistoosmallandhouseholdincomeneedsinformationThereareproblemswiththeaboveandtheimbalanceofthesamplestructure,sothestatisticalresultsaretoolarge.GanLisubsequentlywroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalinresponsetorelatedquestions,pointingoutthatweightscanbeusedtoadjusttheimbalanceofthesample.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal.TheybelievedthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequestionswell,andpointedoutthatXicai’ssurveyresultswerelackinginsomestructuresandcouldnotbepassed.Weightcorrectionandotherissues.Atthesametime,theyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andfoundthattheresultsofXicaicouldnotbereplicated,andXicai'sprocessingoftheheadandtaildatawasarbitrary,sotheyquestionedagain.

Furthermore,thePekingUniversityChinaFamilyDynamicsTrackingSurveyshowedthatChina’sGinicoefficientwas0.49in2012.

Itisworthnotingthattheincomegapbetweenpensionsandpensionsisoneoftheimportantreasonsfortheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralresidents,accountingfor25.3%oftheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralhouseholds.DatafromtheChinaFamilyFinanceSurveyshowsthatin2010,about45%offamilymembersretiredwithoutanysocialpensioninsuranceandretirementwages.

2013 Джини Коефициент

Xinhuanet, Чънду, 24 февруари. Наскоро китайският Център за финансово проучване и изследване на домакинствата на Югозападния финансов университет публикува доклад на форума за среща на върха. увеличение от 3,3% в сравнение с 2011 г., а Ginicoefficient спадна от 0,761 на 0,717.

Резултати от анализа

1.Доходите на жителите на Китай продължават да се увеличават

TheincomegapofChineseresidentshasincreased,whichisspecificallyusedforstatisticsTheGiniCoefficient,astatisticalindicatorofincomedisparityinacountryorregion,showsthattheincomedisparityofChineseresidentscontinuestogrow.TheGinicoefficientisastatisticalindicatorthatreflectsthelevelofincomedisparityamongresidentsinacountryorregion.Itcanreflectthefairnessofincomedistributioninacountryoraregion.

Второ, Джини коефициентът на Китай

In1978,China’sGinicoefficientwas0.317.Since1994,ithascrossedthe0.4warningline(exceptin1999).Andtheoveralltrendisincreasingyearbyyear,exceeding0.465in2004.Sincethen,theNationalBureauofStatisticsnolongerpublishesthedomesticGinicoefficient.Sincethen,theGinicoefficientismostlyestimatedbyeconomists.AreportfromtheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesstatedthatChina'sGinicoefficientreached0.496in2006.In2010,tworesearchersfromXinhuaNewsAgencyevenjudgedthatChina'sGinicoefficientactuallyexceeded0.5.

3.Ситуацията на структурата на интересите на Китай

TherearethreeaspectstodiscusstheissueofChina’sintereststructurefromarelativelylargeperspective:First,thefourthaspectoftheintereststructure.Twoformsandthreevariables;second,theanalysisofthecurrentsituationthatChina’sinterestpatternhasbeendistorted;andthird,thereformstrategytocorrecttheinterestpattern.

1. Политическото значение на модела на интерес

Firstofall,Iwanttodefinetheinterestpatternitself.Theso-calledinterestpatternreferstotheformofsocialinterestformedunderacertainsocialandinstitutionalenvironmentwitheconomicbenefitsasthemainmanifestation.Theformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyandsocialmembers.Whyisitsaidthattheformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers?Ifasocietyisafriendlyformofsocialinterest,itisastabilizerforthebenigndevelopmentofsocietyandsocialharmony;ifitisaformofbadsocialinterest,itisalsosocialinstabilityorevensocialinstability.Animportantsourceofturmoil,soithasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers.

Inanycountry,theproblemofthepatternofinterestsisnotasimpleeconomicproblem,butapoliticalproblemmanifestedbyeconomicproblems.Thereareatleastthreereasons:First,economicissuesareoftenintertwinedwithpoliticalissues,anditisdifficulttofindthattheinterestpatternisalleconomicissues.Iftheinterestpatternisdistortedorbenign,itisallrelatedtopoliticalfactors;second,evenifitispoliticalIntheend,allstrugglesarerelatedtoeconomicbenefits;thethirdisthatpoliticalfactorsaremoredominantanddecisiveinsolvingeconomicbenefits.Fromthesethreeperspectives,Ithinkthatstudyingtheissueofthepatternofinterestsisnotjustaneconomicissue,butapoliticalissue.

2. Три променливи, които влияят на модела на интереси.

Therearethreemainelementsthatdeterminethebasicformoftheinterestpattern.Thefirstistherationalityoftheincomedistributionsystem;thesecondisthefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies;thethirdistheeffectivenessofpublicpowerconstraints.Thesethreefactorsdeterminewhetherasocietyisabenigninterestpatternoraviciousinterestpattern.Anychangeinanyofthesethreevariableswillhaveaprofoundimpactonotherfactors.

3. Това е вътрешната връзка между тези три променливи и четири различни модела на интереси.

Thechangeofeachofthesethreevariableswillhaveanimpactontheentirestructure.Thegrowthanddeclineofthethreevariablesmayresultinfourdifferentpatternsofinterests.Thefirst:abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern,theincomedistributionsystemitselfisrelativelyreasonable,thegovernment'spublicpoliciescanreflectfairnessandjustice,andtheexerciseofpublicpowercanbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Thesethreevariablesarewithintherangeofreasonablefactors,andasawhole,abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpatternwillbepresented.IgenerallywanttofindacorrespondingrelationshipwiththeGinicoefficient.Ofcourse,thiscorrespondencemaynotbeaccurate.Itisentirelymypersonalthinking.IthinkthatwhentheGinicoefficientisbetween0.2and0.3,itbelongstoabenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern.Thesecondtype:thepatternofmildsocialinterestsisdistorted.Therearesomeobviousunreasonablefactorsintheincomedistributionsystemitself,whichmaycauseaslightdistortionofthesocialinterestpattern,butthefairnessandimpartialityofgovernmentpoliciesdoesnotcausemajorproblems,andtheoperationofpublicpowercanbecontrolledandrestricted.ThelattertwoThevariablesarehealthy.Achangeinthefirstvariablemaycauseaslightdistortionoftheprofitpattern.IthinkthecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughly0.3-0.4.Atthistime,itwasmainlythoughtthatthereformandadjustmentoftheunreasonablesystemitself.Thethirdtype:thepatternofmoderateinterestsisdistorted.Theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,andthereisaproblemwiththefairnessandjusticeofgovernmentpublicpolicies,butthesituationofpublicpowercangenerallybeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Atthistime,thecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughlybetween0.4and0.5.Atthistime,thekeyreformsareunreasonable.Thedistributionsystemandguaranteethefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies.Fourth:Thepatternofsocialinterestsisseverelydistorted,allthreevariableshaveproblems,theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment'spublicpoliciesareproblematic,andthesituationofpublicpowercannotbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.ThecorrespondingGinicoefficientAbove0.5,ifatthisstage,theintereststructureisseverelydistorted,anall-roundreformofthethreeelementsmustbecarriedout.

Четири. Анализ на текущата ситуация на изкривената интересна структура на Китай

1.Analysisoftheunreasonabletrendoftheincomedistributionsystem.Thegoalofgettingrichfirsthasbeenachieved,andthegoalofcommonprosperityhasfailed.Thefourmajorgapshavebeenenlargedinthereformanddevelopment,andthegapsbetweentherichandthepoor,urbanandruralareas,industries,andregionsareallbeingenlarged.Intheearly1990s,intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationaccountedfor53.4%​​ofGDP.By2008,itfellto39.4%.Intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationwassqueezedtoaverysmallspace.Theexpenditureonpeople’slivelihoodinthesecondarydistributionstillaccountsforarelativelylowproportionofthetotalfiscalexpenditure.Indevelopedcountries,itaccountsfor56%to70%ofthefourmajorexpenditures.However,Chinahascontinuouslyincreaseditsinvestmentinpeople’slivelihoodovertheyears,accountingforonly28.8in2009.%.

2.Thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment’spublicpolicieshasproblemsinsomeaspects,manifestedinthreeaspects.Oneisthatenterprisesandenterprisesarenotonthestartinglineofthesamecompetition.Thereisnolevelplayingfieldwithenterprises;second,thereareseriousinequalitiesineducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurityinthesociety,andthisgroupandthatgroupareinanunequalposition;thirdisthedevelopmentopportunitiesformembersofsocietyInequalityandunfairnessareveryserious.WhenaruralchildcannotfindadecentjobevenafterpassingTsinghuaUniversityandPekingUniversity,thesocietyisincrisis.

3.Thepowerofrestraintandbalanceofpublicpowerlacksaneffectivesystemguarantee.Manyofourconstraintsonpublicpowerhavenotformedaninstitutionalframework.Infact,Chinahasformedthreevestedinterestgroups.Graypower,graycapital,andgrayprofiteeringareflooding,andhugegrayprofiteeringcanbeobtainedovernighttobecomearichman..Thereisaproblemwiththesethreevariables.TheGinicoefficientisprobablyabove0.6.China'sGinicoefficientsometimesexceeds0.65.ItisaconsensusthatthegapbetweentherichandthepoorinChinahaswidenedseverely.

Пето, стратегия за реформи за коригиране на модела на интерес

Facedwithsuchaseverelydistortedinterestpattern,correctingtheinterestpatternrequiresathree-prongedapproach.Itistointroduceanincomedistributionsystemreformplanassoonaspossible,increasetheproportionoflaborremunerationintheprimarydistribution,andincreasetheproportionofhouseholdconsumptioninnationalconsumption;inthesecondarydistribution,itisnecessarytofurtherincreaseinvestmentinpeople'slivelihoodandincreasetheproportionofpeople'slivelihoodexpenditureinfiscalexpenditure..Thesecondistoadjustgovernmentpublicpoliciestoensurefairnessandjustice,reformthemonopolystatusofstate-ownedenterprises,provideaninstitutionalenvironmentforfaircompetitionfordifferenttypesofenterprises,andbedeterminedtoresolveinstitutionalunfairnessinthefieldsofmedicalcare,education,andsocialsecurity.Factorsthatmakeitgraduallymovetowardsfairnessandjustice,andarelativelyfairdevelopmentenvironmentmustbeprovidedformembersofsociety.Thethirdistostrengthentherestraintandsupervisionofpublicpower,curbthespreadofthe"threeash"phenomenon,andbuildaneffectiveframeworkforrestrictingpublicpowerthroughanti-corruption.Strictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'involvementincommercialactivities,andstrictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'spousesandchildren'sparticipationincommercialactivities.Abolishtheactualadministrativelevelsofallstate-ownedenterprises,re-examinethecurrentleadershipsystemandmanagementmethodsofChina'sstate-ownedenterprises,implementmarketizationforallstate-ownedenterprises'managersandoperators,andabolishthegovernment-business-take-allsystem.Implementfreemedicalcareforthewholepeopletoensurethehealthofthewholepeople.

За Китай ще бъде важна задача за облекчаване или разрешаване на недостига на доходите по време на 6-ия и 12-ия петгодишен планов период

Theeconomicconstructionofthe12thFive-YearPlanwillbefullylaunched.ItwillbeanimportanttaskforChinatoresolvethegapbetweentherichandthepoorandnarrowtheincomegapinChina.

Световен коефициент

През 2009 г. Световната банка публикува доклад с данни, показващ, че средният доход на най-високите доходи е 20% от населението и най-ниският доход на 20% от населението, като двата коефициента са 10,7 пъти в Китай, 8,4 пъти в Съединените щати, 4,5 пъти в Русия, 4,9 пъти в Индия и най-малко в Япония, което само 3,4 пъти.

Мястото с най-висок коефициент на Ginico в света е Намибия в Африка, а коефициентът на Ginico на континентален Китай и Хонконг, Китай в Азия надвишава 0,4. След 2001 г. Хонконг, Китай дори достигна 0,525, а през 2006 г. дори достигна 0,533. Сред развитите страни и региони, има региони с най-сериозно несъответствие между богатите и бедните; дори пет развиващи се страни са включени, Хонконг, Китай, се нареждат сред най-високите в най-сериозните несъответствия в света, на второ място след Ел Салвадор, Колумбия, Хондурас, Чили, Гватемала, Панама, Бразилия ,Зимбабве, Южна Африка, Парагвай, Боливия, Хаити, Централноафриканска република, СиераЛеоне, Ботсвана, Лесото, Намибия са класирани на 18-то място отдолу.

Beyondthewarningline

Internationally,economistsusuallyusetheGiniindextoshowthewealthdistributionofacountryandregion.Thisindexisbetweenzeroandone.Thelowerthevalue,themoreeventhedistributionofwealthamongmembersofsociety,andviceversa.

Съгласно разпоредбите на съответните организации на Обединените нации: ако коефициентът на Ginico е по-нисък от 0,2, това означава абсолютен среден доход; 0,2-0,3 означава относително среден; 0,3-0,4 означава относително разумен; 0,4-0,5 означава голяма разлика в доходите; 0,5 или повече означава Доходите са огромни.

В международен план 0,4 обикновено се счита за "предупредителна линия" на разликата в разпределението на доходите. Като цяло индексът Gini на развитите страни е между 0,24 и 0,36, докато този на Съединените щати е сравнително висок, на 0,4. Ginicoefficient на hina достигна 0,415, което е надхвърлило предупредителната линия от 0,4.

QuotedfromanarticlebyXinhuaNewsAgencyandChinaEconomicNetonMay10,2010:

TheDirectoroftheLaborandWageResearchInstituteoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity,andtheProfessionalCommitteeoftheChineseSocietyofLaborChangSuHainanbelievesthatChina'sincomegapisshowingatrendofwideningandmulti-levelexpansion.Atpresent,theincomeratioofurbanandruralresidentsinChinahasreached3.3times,thehighestintheworldisabout2times;thewagegapbetweenworkersisalsoveryobviousbetweenindustries,thedifferencebetweenthehighestandthelowestisabout15times;theincomegapbetweendifferentgroupsisalsorapidlywidening.Theincomegapbetweentheexecutivesoflistedstate-ownedenterprisesandthefront-lineemployeesisabout18times,andthegapbetweentheaveragesalaryofstate-ownedenterpriseexecutivesandthesocietyis128times.

LiShi,directoroftheIncomeDistributionandPovertyResearchCenterofBeijingNormalUniversity,hasparticipatedin4large-scaleresidents’incomesurveyssincethe1980s.Hesaidthattheincomegapbetweenthetop10%andthebottom10%hasincreasedfrom7.3timesin1988to23timesin2007.Xinhuanet,Chengdu,February24.Recently,theSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChinaHouseholdFinanceSurveyandResearchCenterreleasedareportatthe"2014ChinaWealthManagementSummitForum".Thereportpointedoutthatin2013,thetop10%ofChinesehouseholdsowned60.6%ofassets,adecreaseof3.3%comparedwith2011,andtheGinicoefficientdroppedfrom0.761to0.717.

Expertopinion

Changethesystemshortcomingsofthecurrenttaxsysteminregulatingincomedistribution,improvethetaxregulationsystem,andmakethefunctionoftaxregulationanddistributioninresidents’income,stockassets,investmentincome,etc.Thelinkhasbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay.

Inresponsetothesingle,missing,andweakenedtaxregulationinChina,amulti-tax,three-dimensional,andfull-processtaxregulationsystemhasbeenestablished.Itisnecessarytoimprovetaxationpoliciesandgraduallyestablishacomprehensivecoordinationandcooperationthatcoverstheentireprocessofresidents'incomeoperations,withpersonalincometaxasthemainbody,propertytaxandsocialsecuritytaxasthetwowings,andothertaxesassupplementaryincomedistributiontaxcontrolsystem,usingcomprehensivecontrolMeanstostrengthenthetaxregulationofthehigh-incomeclass.

Thefirstistospeedupthereformofpersonalincometaxandestablishataxsystemthatcombinescomprehensiveandclassifiedtaxation.

Thesecondistodeepenthereformoftheconsumptiontaxsystem.Givefullplaytothetaxredistributionfunctionofconsumptiontaxproducts,applylowtaxratesortaxexemptionstonecessities,andapplyhightaxratestoluxurygoods.

Thirdly,itispossibletoconsideradoptingaprogressivetaxrateforthepersonalincometaxleviedoninterestonsavingsdeposits,aswellaslevyingtaxessuchaspropertytaxandinheritancetax.

Put"therichpeoplefirst"asanewstageofeconomicdevelopmentandamajoreconomicpolicytosolvetheproblemofincreasingtheGinicoefficient,andimplementactivetaxsupportpoliciesforlow-incomeearners.

Thefirstistoimprovetaxationpoliciesandmeasurestosupportagriculturaldevelopment.Thebasicstatusofagricultureandthecharacteristicsoflow-qualityindustriesrequirethegovernmenttofurtherincreasethelevelofspecializationandscaleofagriculturalproduction,vigorouslydevelopagriculturalindustrialclusters,andimprovethemodernagriculturalproductmarketsystemaftertheabolitionofagriculturaltaxes.Amorefavorablevalue-addedtaxrateisadoptedforagriculturalproductionmaterialstolowerthepriceofproductionmaterialsandreducetheburdenonfarmers.

Thesecondistoincreasesupportforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,sothattheprivateeconomyhasachievedrapiddevelopment.TheimportantroleplayedbyChineseSMEsinsolvingsocialemploymentandmaintainingsocialstabilityisobvious.

Thethirdistoincreasetaxsupportforthereemploymentoflaid-offandunemployedpeopleincitiesandtownstopromoteemploymentandreemployment.

Четвърто, препоръчва се да се налагат данъци за социално осигуряване.

Improvesupportingmeasuresandincreasethesupervisionoftheincomeofabnormalhigh-incomegroups.Thehigh-incomeclassismainlyentrepreneurs,filmandtelevisionstars,monopolyindustrypractitioners,governmentofficials"rent-seeking"grayincomeearners,andillegalundergroundeconomicupstarts.Establishinganeffectivepersonalincomemonitoringmechanismandmonitoringpersonalincometaxsourcesisaveryimportantbasicwork.

Thefirstistostrengthenthesupervisionofmonopolyincome.

Thesecondistoactivelyimplementthereal-namesystemfordeposits,andgraduallycreateconditionstoimplementthereal-namesystemforfinancialassetstolimitillegalincome.

Thethirdistotakeeffectivemeasurestocrackdownonblackincome,corruptincome,grayincome,andabnormalincomederivedfromvariouspolicyloopholes.

Ofcourse,theroleoftaxationinsolvingthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoorandresolvingthe"surpassingpolice"oftheGinicoefficientis,afterall,limited.ItmustworktogetherwithothergovernmentmacroeconomicpoliciestobettersolveChinaTheproblemofwideningincomedistributiongap,therebypromotingthehealthyandharmoniousdevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.

GlobalGiniCoefficient

Grassgreen: по-малко от 0,25

Розовозелено: 0,25–0,29

Светлозелено: 0,30–0,34

Небесносиньо: 0,35–0,39

Кобалтово синьо: 0,40–0,44

Лилаво: 0,45–0,49

Маджента: 0,50–0,54

Оранжево: 0,55–0,59

Vermilion: не по-малко от 0,60

Сиво: Nodata

CountriesareusedasthedivisionunitTheGinicoefficientsectionofthegraph,theclosertothepurple,themoreuneventheincome.Theclosertoblue-green,themoreeventheincome.

Content

Accordingtothedivisionofregions,theGinicoefficientoftheeasternregionis0.59,theGinicoefficientofthecentralregionis0.57,andtheGinicoefficientofthewesternregionis0.55.Itcanbeseenthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,centralandwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.

"Fromtheperspectiveoftheeconomicdevelopmentofvariouscountries,thehighGinicoefficientisacommonphenomenonintheprocessofrapideconomicdevelopmentandanaturalresultoftheeffectiveallocationofresourcesbythemarket.WesterndevelopedcountriesdidnotcarryoutsecondarydistributionwhenTheGinicoefficientisalsoveryhigh.Forexample,atthetime,Italywas0.53,theUnitedStateswas0.49,andGermanywas0.5.Afterwesterndevelopedcountriesimplementedredistribution,theGinicoefficientwasabout0.3.Buttheprobleminourcountryisthatthereisbasicallynosecondarydistribution."GanLisaid.