Високотемпературен свръхпроводник

Въведение

Свръхпроводниците с висока температура обикновено се отнасят до материали, които са свръхпроводими над температурата на течния азот (77K). Когато свръхпроводниците бяха открити отново (1911), те бяха привлечени от техните особени свойства (а именно нулево съпротивление, диамагнетизъм и ефект на квантово тунелиране). Но през седемдесет и петте години оттогава всички свръхпроводници, които са били открити, показват свръхпроводимост само при много ниски температури (23K), така че приложенията им са били силно ограничени.

Discovery

In1986,BernozandMullerdiscoveredthe35Ksuperconductinglanthanumbariumcopperoxygensystem.Thisbreakthroughdiscoveryledtothediscoveryofaseriesofrareearthbariumcopperoxidesuperconductorsathighertemperatures.Throughelementreplacement,atthebeginningof1987,WuMaokun(ZhuJingwu)oftheUnitedStatesandZhaoZhongxianoftheChineseInstituteofPhysicsannouncedthediscoveryofa90Kyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductor,achievingthefirstbreakthroughinthetemperaturebarrierofliquidnitrogentemperature(77K).BernozandMulleralsowonthe1987NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirpioneeringwork.

Thistypeofsuperconductorisusuallycalledahigh-temperaturesuperconductorbecauseitscriticaltemperatureisabovethetemperatureofliquidnitrogen(77K).Thediscoveryofyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductorsabovethetemperatureofliquidnitrogenhasprovidedordinaryphysicslaboratorieswiththeconditionsforconductingsuperconductingexperiments.Therefore,therehasbeenanupsurgeinexploringnewhigh-temperaturesuperconductorsaroundtheworld.Attheendof1987,ChinesescholarShengZhengzhiandothersfirstdiscoveredthefirstrareearth-freethallium-barium-copper-oxygenhigh-temperaturesuperconductor.Inearly1988,Japandevelopedabismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxygensuperconductorwithacriticaltemperatureof110K.InFebruary1988,ShengZhengzhiandothersfurtherdiscoveredthe125Kthalliumbariumcalciumcopperoxygensuperconductor.Afewyearslater(1993)Frenchscientistsdiscovereda135Kmercury-barium-calcium-copper-oxygensuperconductor.

Classification

High-temperaturesuperconductorsincludefourcategories:90Krareearthseries,110Kbismuthseries,125Kthalliumseries,and135Kmercuryseries.Theyallcontaincopperandoxygen,sotheyarecollectivelyreferredtoascopper-basedsuperconductors.Theyhaveasimilarlayeredcrystallinestructure,andthecopperoxidelayerisasuperconductinglayer.High-temperaturesuperconductorshavealreadyachievedpracticalapplicationsandhavebeguntobenefitmankind.Forexample,yttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductorsandbismuthsuperconductorshavebeenmadeintohigh-qualitysuperconductingcables.Thedevicemadeofthallium,barium,calcium,copperandoxygensuperconductingfilmwasinstalledinthetransmissiontowerofmobilephonesasearlyastheendofthelastcenturytoincreasecapacityandreducedisconnectionandinterference.

Примери

Свръхпроводници от високотемпературни свръхпроводими медни оксиди включват a1.85Ba0.15CuO4 и YBCO (итрий-барий-мед-кислородно съединение), и двете са известни материали за пробив през течния азот „Температурна бариера“ (77K).

Температура

(Келвин)

Материал

Тип

Прогноза

Изследването на нови и високотемпературни свръхпроводници е интензивно. Тъй като теорията за високотемпературната свръхпроводимост не е добре установена, напредъкът на изследователската работа е бавен. Въпреки че има доклади за нови свръхпроводници и високотемпературна свръхпроводимост edот временавреме, истински нов пробив не е направен.

Whydomanysuperconductingmaterialsneedtobesuperconductingataverylowtemperature?Itisbecauseatroomtemperature,therearegapsbetweenconductoratoms.Whenelectronsmovebetweenatoms,theymustpassthroughthesegapsandcollidewiththeatoms,causingtheatomstovibrateandheattoformresistance.Atextremelylowtemperatures,therearealmostnogapsbetweenconductoratoms,andelectronscanpassfreelywithoutcollidingwithatoms.Inthefuture,theresearchofroomtemperaturesuperconductingmaterialsshouldselectappropriatemixturesofdifferentelements,sothatatomsofdifferentsizesandshapesarecombinedtogether,sothattherearenogapsbetweenatoms,sothatelectronscanpassthroughfreelyanddonotcollidewithatoms.Thedifficultyinthedevelopmentofroomtemperaturesuperconductingmaterialsisthattheatomsofmanymaterialswillvibrateatroomtemperature,andthegapsbetweentheatomsarerelativelylarge.Aslongasthemixingelementsareproperlyselected,superconductingmaterialsatroomtemperaturecansoonbemass-produced.

WebelievethatthedescendantsofYanhuang,whohavemadeoutstandingachievementsinthefieldofcopper-basedhigh-temperaturesuperconductors,willcertainlymakemorebrilliantcontributionstothejourneyofrealizingthedreamofhumanroomtemperaturesuperconductors.