Basicintroduction
Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageresearch.Theobjectofitsresearchishumanlanguage,anditstaskistostudyanddescribethestructure,functionandhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage,revealtheessenceoflanguage,andexplorethecommonlawsoflanguage.
Relatedclassifications
Linguisticsinabroadsenseincludeslinguistics.Thestudyoflanguageinacertainperiodoftimeiscalledsynchroniclinguistics;thestudyoflanguagechangesindifferentperiodsiscalledDiachroniclinguistics;comprehensiveresearchonmultiplelanguages,tryingtofindcommonrulesamongthem,calledgenerallinguistics;applyinglinguisticknowledgetopracticalwork,calledappliedlinguistics;tracingcertainlanguagesthroughthecomparisonofphoneticsandmorphologyThekinshipofthetwolanguagesiscalledhistoricalcomparativelinguistics;theuseofcomparativemethodstodiscoversomecommonphenomenainvarioushumanlanguagesiscalledtypelinguistics;thecomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwolanguagesinordertosolveteachingortranslationproblemsiscalledcontrastivelinguistics.
Езикът има пет общи значения: (1) Актът на изразяване на конкретно изречение в конкретен контекст; (2) Специфичният стил на говорене на конкретен говорител, наричан още идиолект; (3) Отнася се за конкретен вариант на езика; (4) Отнася се за абстрактната система, извлечена от речта; (5) Абстрактната система с общи черти на всички хора езици.
Предметите на фонетиката, граматиката, лексиката и писането се фокусират върху структурата на самия език, която е центърът на лингвистиката. Някои хора наричат микролингвистика.
Theresearchonthephysicalpropertiesofspeech,humanpronunciationmethods,andthephysiologicalprocessesofspeechperceptionisphonetics.
Thestudyofhowmanydifferentsoundsalanguagehas,andhowtheyaredifferentandrelatedtoeachotherisphonologyorphonology.
Theresearchonthewayofwordformationandinflectionismorphology,alsocalledmorphology;theresearchonhowtocomposewordsintophrasesorsentencesisthestudyofsentenceformation,alsocalledsyntax.Accordingtotraditionalgrammar,thecombinationofmorphologyandsentencemakingisgrammar.
Theresearchofvocabularyitems,lexicalmeaning,andwordevolutionislexicology;thesourceandhistoryofwordsaretracedbacktoetymology;theonethatcollectsmanylexicalitems,classifies,compares,andannotatesthemislexicology.
Tostudytherelationshipbetweentermsandconceptsandreferents,tofigureoutthesimilaritiesanddifferences,prosandcons,upperandlower,andcrossrelationsofvariouswordmeanings,andtoanalyzethemeaningoftheentiresentenceorsomeofitscomponents.Thisissemantics.Thedisciplinethatstudiestheshape,system,origin,evolutionanddevelopmentofcharactersisphilology.
History
Thehistoryoflinguisticsisveryold.Theearliestlanguageresearchofmankindbeganwiththeinterpretationofancientdocuments,andthestudyoflanguageforthepurposeofstudyingphilosophy,historyandliterature.DuringtheHanDynasty,Chinaproducedelementaryschools,includingwriting,phonologyandexegesis.InIndiaandGreece,grammarwasestablishedfromthe4thtothe3rdcenturyBC.Modernlinguisticswasestablishedintheearly18thcentury.AsWesternlinguistsdiscoveredthesimilaritiesbetweenIndo-EuropeanlanguagesandSanskrit,historicalcomparativelinguisticscameintobeing,whichaimedtofindtheoriginallanguageofvariouslanguages.
Role
Languageisauniquewayofcommunicationforhumanbeings.Itreflectsthehighlyevolvedmentalabilitiesofhumanbeingsonthebiologicalorpsychologicallevel,andreflectstheprogressofhumancivilizationonthesocialandculturallevel.Linguisticsistostudythecoreinstinctofhumanlanguageability,throughtheanalysisandresearchofspokenlanguage,writtenlanguageandevensignlanguage,andthenunderstandthenatureofhumanbeings.
Inadditiontounderstandingtheessenceofhumanlanguage,linguisticresearchalsohasavarietyofapplications.Intermsoflanguageeducation,throughtheunderstandingofthelanguageitself,variousdictionaries,grammarbooks,andtextbooksarecompiledforpeopletolearnthelanguage,whichalsohelpstoimprovetheabilitytodealwiththedifficultiesanderrorsencounteredintheprocessoflanguagelearning.Intermsoftranslationindifferentlanguages,linguistictheoryprovidesmorespecificguidancefortranslationandinterpretation,anditalsohelpstousetechnologyformachinetranslation.
Обекти на изследване
Основните обекти на изследване на съвременната лингвистика са езикът и знаците. Работата на лингвистиците изучава:
Езикова структура
Фонетичен
Словообразуване
Синтаксис
Семантично
Разговорна глава
Езиково приложение
Прагматика
Езиково обучение и образование
Превод
Начално училище
Лингвистика
Фонология
Поддисциплини
Лингвистика има много поддисциплини:
Синхронна лингвистика
Диахронична лингвистика
Обща лингвистика и микролингвистика
Фонетика
Фонология
p>Словообразуване
Граматика
Семантика
Прагматика
Лексикология
Диалектология
Реторика
Думи
Етимология
Речник
Стилистика
Сравнително езикознание
Сравнителноисторическа лингвистика
ТипЛингвистика
Съпоставителна лингвистика
Сравнително езикознание
Езикова география
Социолингвистика
Диалектология: Диалектна география
Стилистика
Психолингвистика
Когнитивна лингвистика
Приложна лингвистика
Преподаване на езици
FirstLanguageTeaching
Преподаване на втори език: Преподаване на английски
Преподаване на чужди езици
Лингвистика на дискурса
Експериментална лингвистика
Математическа лингвистика
Алгебрична лингвистика
Статистическа лингвистика
Приложна математическа лингвистика
Компютърна лингвистика
CorpusLinguisticsTranslationStudies
Мрежова лингвистика
Невролингвистика
Съпътстваща лингвистика
HumanLinguistics
Етнична лингвистика
Фонология
Синоними
Писане
Международна лингвистика
Екзегетика
Изследвания на контекста
Биолингвистика
Космолингвистика
Обща лингвистика
MainSchools
LinguisticSchool
Естествено училище
Нова гимназия
Социологическа школа
AestheticSchool
Структуралистка школа
Функционално училище
Езикова школа
AmericanDescriptiveLinguisticSchool
Институционално училище
Училище за идеализъм
CaseGrammarSchool(CaseGrammar)
RelationalGrammarSchool(RelationGrammar)
Формализъм
GenerativeGrammar
Генеративна семантика
Лексикално-функционална граматика
Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar
Когнитивно-функционализъм
Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar
Когнитивно-функционализъм
p>Функционална граматика
Системна функционална лингвистика
RoleandReferenceGrammar
Когнитивна граматика
FutureDevelopment
Asanancientdiscipline,themajoroflinguisticsisusedbytheChinesenationtounderstandChinesehistoryandstudyChinesecultureAtooltoimproveourownqualityhasextremelysignificanthumanisticandsocialsciencevalueforsocialdevelopment.Becauseofthis,accordingtosurveys,almost80%ofcollegesanduniversitieshaveestablishedlinguisticsmajorssincetheestablishmentoftheirschools,andtheyrecruitnewstudentsatasteadyrateeveryyear.Aconsiderablenumberofpeoplechooselinguisticsastheirmajorafterenteringtheuniversity.Itisafactrecognizedbythesocietythatmorethan90%ofpeoplebelievethatthelinguisticsmajorofnormalcollegeshasmoredevelopmentpotential.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyBei’anCollegeEntranceExaminationNetwork,in2004,theteachingprofessionhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularprofessions.Oneisthestabilityandautonomyofthejob,andtheotheristhatthesalaryofteachershasbeensteadilyimprovedinrecentyears,andtherehavebeengratifyingchanges.In2005,thedemandfornormalstudentswasstillverylarge.
Ingeneral,theestablishmentofthelanguageandliteraturemajorhasmanymeanings.Fromapracticalpointofview,thehighemploymentrateandabundantemploymentbenefitsoflinguisticsareenoughtoenableaconsiderablenumberofpeopletolivearelativelyprosperouslife.Atthesametime,thehardworkofworkersontheeducationfronthaseliminatedamajorproblemforthesociety.Somesocialinstabilityfactors;fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,duetothestrongatmosphereofChinesecultureandthestrongattractionofnationalspirit,sincetheinitialestablishmentofthelinguisticsmajor,itsgradualimprovementandrapiddevelopmentareobvioustoall.Becauseofthisinfluence,Chineselanguageandliteraturemajors,especiallylinguisticsmajorsinnormaluniversities,willsurelycreateabroaderdevelopmentspaceforstudentsinanincreasinglydiversifiedsocialenvironment.
Famouslinguist
Chineselinguist
GuYanwu(1613-1682),formerlynamedJiangJiang,withthewordZhongqing.AfterthedeathofMingDynasty,hechangedhisnametoYanwu,withthewordNingren,andalsosignedJiangShan'sservant.ThescholarrespectsMr.Tinglin.AnativeofKunshan,Jiangsu.Awell-knownthinker,historian,andlinguistinthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties.Hehasmadegreatcontributionstothecountry.HeparticipatedinthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyandlaterdevotedhimselftoacademicresearch.Inhislateryears,hefocusedonthetextualresearchofConfucianclassics,andeditedtheancientpronunciation,dividedinto10ancientrhymes.Theauthorof"Rizhilu","FiveBooksofPhonology",etc.,hewasthepioneerofancientrhymeintheQingDynasty,andhehasmademanyachievements;healsocontributedtothestudyofrhyme,butnotasmuchashiscontributiontothestudyofancientrhyme.ThegreatestfeatureofGuTinglin’sacademicstudiesistheidealisticmetaphysicsthatcontradictstheSong-MingNeo-Confucianism,whileemphasizingobjectiveinvestigationandresearch,creatinganewgenerationofnewstyles,andproposing"agentlemanlearnsbyunderstandingthewayandsavingtheworld.Itisonlybypoetry.That'sit,howgoodistheso-calledcarvingandsealcarving?"
LiLinsi(1896-1970),formerlyknownasLiJiaxiang,anativeofHangzhou,Zhejiang,wasadirectdescendantofLiE,awell-knownwriterintheQingDynasty,andafamousmodernlinguist.Inhisearlyyears,hestudiedinJapanandGermanyformorethantenyears,andobtainedamaster'sdegreeinlawfromtheUniversityofJenainGermanyandadoctorateinphilosophyfromtheUniversityofHeidelberg.HehasasolidfoundationinChinesestudiesandisproficientinGerman,Japanese,Englishandotherlanguages.Hehasintroducedandtranslatedandpublishedalargenumberofforeignbooksandfilmandtelevisionworks.Atthesametime,hehasintroducedChina'sexcellenttraditionalculturetotheWesternworld.DuringhistenureasaprofessoratNationalCentralUniversity,JinanUniversity,andShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,hetrainedalargenumberoftalentsforthecountry.HealsotranslatedandintroducedalargenumberofJapaneseandGermanmilitaryworks,andmadeimportantcontributionstothevictoryoftheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan.
Westernlinguist
NoamChomsky,themostfamouscontemporaryAmericanlinguist,MITprofessor,founderofstructuralgenerativegrammar,hasaprofoundinfluenceHehaswrittenlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,andcomputerscience.HeisalsoadecisivefigureincontemporaryWesternintellectualsopposinghegemonism.Hehaswrittenalargenumberofpoliticalessaysandworks.Whenevertheinternationalpoliticallandscapeundergoesmajorchanges,Westernintellectualsoften"LookuptoChomsky",andhehasrepeatedlymadelandmarkspeechesatthesemoments.After"September11",Chomskyacceptedinterviewsfromalmostallfamousmediaintheworld,andhisuniversitylecturesalsoattractedhundredsofmetersofticket-collectingteams.
Едуард Сапир, американски лингвист. Фърт (J·R·Firth) беше първият езиковед във Великобритания. Той прие идеятаза „езикова среда“ и я разви в „системна“ идея в езикови изследвания. „Системата“, за която се смяташе, че по-късно се превърна в основна характеристика на британската лингвистика.
SwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)isanimportantfounderofmodernlinguisticsandoneofthepioneersofstructuralism.Heiscalledthefatherofmodernlinguisticsandtheoriginatorofstructuralismbylatergenerations."CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale"(CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale)isSaussure'srepresentativework,whichembodieshisbasiclinguisticideasandhasaprofoundinfluenceonmodernlinguisticresearchinthe20thcentury.Atthesametime,duetothegeneralityandprofoundnessofitsresearchperspectiveandmethodology,theideasinthebookhavebecomeanimportantsourceofthoughtforstructuralism,animportantphilosophicalschoolinthe20thcentury.