Оптично стъкло

Concept

Amorphous(glassy)opticaldielectricmaterialthattransmitslight.Itcanbeusedtomakevariousopticalelementssuchasprisms,lenses,filters,etc.Afterthelightpassesthrough,thepropagationdirection,phaseandintensitycanbechanged.Accordingtodifferentrequirements,opticalglasscanbedividedintothreecategories:①Colorlessopticalglass-itisalmostcompletelytransparentinthevisibleandnear-infraredwideband,anditisthemostusedopticalglass.Accordingtothedifferenceofrefractiveindexanddispersion,therearehundredsofbrands,whichcanbedividedintotwovarieties,namelycrownopticalglass(representedbyK)andflintopticalglass(representedbyF).Crownglassisborosilicateglass,whichbecomesflintglassafteraddingalumina.Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthattherefractiveindexanddispersionofflintglassarerelativelylarge,sospectroscopiccomponentsaremostlymadeofit.②Radiationresistantopticalglass——hasallthepropertiesofcolorlessopticalglass,andcanbasicallynotchangetheperformanceunderradiationirradiation.Foropticalinstrumentsirradiatedbygamma,itsvarietyandbrandarethesameascolorlessopticalglass.Itschemicalcompositionisbasedoncolorlessopticalglass,andasmallamountofceriumoxideisaddedtoeliminatethecolorcenterformedbyhigh-energyradiationintheglass,sothatthelightabsorptionofthisglasshaslittlechangeafterbeingirradiated.③Coloredopticalglass-specificabsorptionortransmissionpropertiesforcertainwavelengthsoflight.Alsoknownasfilterglass,therearemorethanonehundredvarieties.Thecolorfiltercanselectivelyabsorbcertaincolors,andtheneutralfilterabsorbsthelightofallwavelengthsthesame,butitreducestheintensityofthebeamwithoutchangingitscolor.Theinterferencefilterisbasedontheprincipleoflightinterference,whichreflectsunwantedcolorsinsteadofabsorbingthem.

Inrecentyears,somenewtypesofopticalglasshavebeendeveloped,suchasglasswithgoodtransmittancetoinfraredandultraviolet;glasswithextremelyhighorextremelylowrefractiveindexordispersion;Glass;magneto-opticalglassinwhichthepolarizationplanerotateswhenlightpassesthroughtheglassalongthedirectionofthemagneticforce;electro-opticalglassthatproducesbirefringenceundertheactionofanexternalelectricfield,etc.

Prospects

Opticalglassisthefoundationandimportantpartoftheoptoelectronictechnologyindustry.Especiallyafterthe1990s,withthecontinuousintegrationofoptics,electronicinformationscience,andnewmaterialscience,theapplicationofopticalglassasthebasicmaterialofoptoelectronicsinthethreefieldsofopticaltransmission,opticalstorageandoptoelectronicdisplayhasadvancedbyleapsandbounds.Socialinformatization,especiallyoneofthebasicconditionsforthedevelopmentofoptoelectronicinformationtechnology.

С устойчивото и стабилно развитие на вътрешната икономика индустрията за производство на оптично стъкло в Китай се развива бързо. Според данни от Националното статистическо бюро през 2010 г. броят на предприятията е достигнал посочения по-горе размер в индустрията за производство на оптично стъкло 246. Индустрията 'годишните приходи от продажби бяха 23,405 милиарда юана, годишно увеличение от 53,70%; реализираната печалба беше 1,537 милиарда юана, годишно увеличение от 87,10%; активи; Мащабът достигна 26,45 милиарда юана, увеличение от 77 .49% на годишна база. Тъй като индустрията за производство на оптично стъкло е доминирана от вътрешните продажби, въздействието на финансовата криза е сравнително малко и индустрията все още показва добър импулс на растеж.

Productintroduction

Glassmaterialsusedtomanufacturelenses,prisms,mirrors,windows,etc.ofopticalinstrumentsormechanicalsystems.Includingcolorlessopticalglass(usuallyreferredtoasopticalglass),coloredopticalglass,radiationresistantopticalglass,radiationprotectionglassandopticalquartzglass.Opticalglasshasahighdegreeoftransparency,ahighdegreeofchemicalandphysical(structureandperformance)uniformity,andhasspecificandpreciseopticalconstants.Itcanbedividedintosilicate,borate,phosphate,fluorideandchalcogenideseries.Therearemanyvarieties,mainlyclassifiedaccordingtotheirpositionintherefractiveindex(nD)-Abbevalue(VD)diagram.Traditionally,alltypesofglasswithnD>1.60,VD>50andnD<1.60,VD>55aredesignatedascrown(K)glass,andtheothertypesofglassaredesignatedasflint(F)glass.Crownglassisgenerallyusedasaconvexlens,andflintglassisusedasaconcavelens.Usuallycrownglassbelongstoalkali-containingborosilicatesystem,lightcrownglassbelongstoaluminosilicatesystem,heavycrownglassandbariumflintglassbelongtoalkali-freeborosilicatesystem,andmostflintglassbelongstoleadpotassiumsilicatesystem.Withthecontinuousexpansionoftheapplicationfieldofopticalglass,itsvarietyisconstantlyexpanding,anditscompositionincludesalmostalltheelementsintheperiodictable.

Aninorganicglassymaterialthattransmitslightthroughrefraction,reflection,andtransmission,orchangestheintensityorspectraldistributionoflightthroughabsorption.Ithasstableopticalpropertiesandhighopticaluniformity.

Оптична класификация

Безцветно оптично стъкло

Therearespecificrequirementsforopticalconstants,withhightransmittanceinthevisibleregion,nochoiceAbsorbthecharacteristicsofcoloring.AccordingtothenumberofAbbe

,се разделя на коронален тип и кремъчен тип стъкло и всеки тип е разделен на няколко типа според индекса на пречупване и са подредени по ред според индекса на пречупване.Използват се предимно лещи, призми, огледала и др.на телескопи, микроскопи, фотоапарати и др.

Антирадиационно оптично стъкло

ithasalargeAbsorptionCapacity за еноргиране, включително high-leadgasdandcao-b2o2systemglass s.

Устойчиво на облъчване пластмасово стъкло

Undercertainγ-rayandX-rayirradiation,thetransmittanceofthevisibleareachangesless.VarietiesandgradesSameascolorlessopticalglass,itisusedtomanufactureopticalinstrumentsandpeepwindowsunderhigh-energyradiation.

Цветно оптично стъкло

Alsoknownasfilterglass.Ithasselectiveabsorptionandtransmissionpropertiesforspecificwavelengthsintheultraviolet,visibleandinfraredregions.Accordingtothespectralcharacteristics,itisdividedintothreetypes:selectiveabsorption,cut-offandneutralgray;accordingtothecoloringmechanism,itisdividedintoioncoloring,metalcolloidcoloringandsulfurseleniumTherearethreetypesofchemicalcoloring,whicharemainlyusedtomanufactureopticalfilters.

Ултравиолетово и инфрачервено оптично стъкло

Ithasspecificopticalconstantsandhightransmittanceintheultravioletorinfraredband,andcanbeusedasultravioletandinfraredopticalinstrumentsorUsedaswindowmaterial.

Оптично кварцово стъкло

Withsilicaasthemaincomponent,ithasthecharacteristicsofhightemperatureresistance,lowexpansioncoefficient,highmechanicalstrength,andgoodchemicalproperties.Itisusedtomanufactureprisms,lenses,windowsandmirrorswithspecialrequirementsfortransmissionofvariouswavebands.Inaddition,therearealsophotomasks,liquidcrystaldisplaypanels,andthin-plateglassusedinthemanufactureoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuits;magneto-opticalglassinwhichthepolarizationplanerotateswhenlightpassesthroughtheglassalongthedirectionofmagneticforce;lightpassesthroughinacertaindirectionAcousto-opticglasswithlightdiffraction,reflection,convergenceorlightfrequencyshiftoccurswhenultrasonicglassisused.

Класификация на дисперсията

Според дисперсията се разделя на две категории: тип корона (K) с по-малка дисперсия и тип кремък (F) с по-голяма дисперсия.

①Кроннооптично стъкло, разделено на флуорна корона (FK), лека корона (QK), фосфорна корона (PK), тежка фосфорна корона (ZPK), корона (K), тежка корона (ZK), бариева корона (BaK), лантанова корона (LaK), титаниева корона (TiK) и специална корона (TK ) и т.н.

②Флинтоптично стъкло, разделено на лек кремък (QF), кремък (F), тежък кремък (ZF), бариев кремък (BaF), тежък бариев кремък (ZBaF), лантанов кремък (LaF), тежък лантанов кремък (ZLaF), титанов кремък (TiF), краунфлинт (KF) и специален кремък (TF) ) и т.н. Те са преразпределени в различни области като релационно изображение на индекса на пречупванеnи коефициента на дисперсияv.

Анти-радиация

Анти-радиационно стъкло е вид генерализирано оптично стъкло. Включително устойчиво на радиация стъкло и устойчиво на радиация стъкло. Устойчиво на радиация стъкло главно стъкло, което има голям капацитет за поглъщане на γ-лъчи и рентгенови лъчи. Когато γ-лъчи или рентгенови лъчи влязат в защитното стъкло, се генерира фотоелектричен ефект отстрани на стъклото се генерират положителни и отрицателни електронни двойки, и електроните във възбудено състояние и в свободно състояние се генерират едновременно, така че енергията на инжектираните γ-лъчи или рентгенови лъчи е намалена и проникващата мощност е намалена .,Играеше защитна роля.

Когато плътността на устойчивото на радиация стъкло се увеличи, екраниращата способност се увеличава съответно. Плътността на стъклото, устойчиво на γ-лъчи, обикновено не е по-малко от 4,5 g/cm. През последните години започна да се използва стъкло с плътност от 6,2 до 6,5 g/cm, като серията ZF се използва често.

Radiation-resistantopticalglassmainlyreferstoopticalglassthatisnoteasytocolorundertheactionofgammarays.Thenamingofradiation-resistantopticalglassgradesisstillbasedontheopticalglassgrade,indicatingthenumberofroentgensthatcanwithstandradiation.Forexample,theopticalconstantofK509radiation-resistantopticalglassisthesameasK9,anditcanwithstand10roentgendosesofgammarays.Ordinaryglassgeneratesfreeelectronsafterbeingradiatedbyhigh-energyrays,whichcombinewiththevacanciesintheglasstoformacolorcenter.Atthesametime,itcanalsoshiftthenucleus,destroythenormalstructure,andalsoproduceacolorcenter,whichmakestheglasscolor.

CeO2isintroducedintotheradiation-resistantopticalglass.Afterhigh-energyγ-raysareirradiated,electronscanbetrappedduetoformula①,andnocolorcenterisgeneratedinsidetheglass.Moreover,becausetheabsorptionbandsofCeandCeareintheultravioletArea.WhentheCeO2contentistoohigh,theabsorptionbandintheultravioletandinfraredextendstothevisiblelightregion,whichincreasestheabsorptionoftheblueregionofvisiblelight,resultinginayellowishglass.Atthesametime,itwillalsodarkenthecolorduetotheinfluenceofothercomponentsintheglass,sothecontentofCeO2cannotbetoohigh.ThecontentofCeO2inK509isabout0.4%to0.5%,andthecontentofCeO2inK709isabout1%.

Makingmaterials

Usehigh-qualityquartzsandasthemainmaterial.Appropriatelyaddauxiliarymaterials.Duetothehighrefractiveindex,lowdispersionandgoodchemicalstabilityofrareearths,opticalglasscanbeproduced,whichcanbeusedtomakelensesforadvancedcameras,videocameras,telescopesandotheradvancedopticalinstruments.Forexample,akindoflanthanumglasswithexcellentopticalpropertiescontaininglanthanumoxidelao360%andboronoxideb2o340%isanindispensableopticalmaterialformanufacturinghigh-endcameralensesandperiscopelenses.Inaddition,usingtheradiationprotectionpropertiesofsomerareearthelements,radiationprotectionglasscanbeproduced.

Производствен метод

Суровините за производството на оптични стъкла са някои окиси, хидроксиди, нитрати и карбонати и фосфати или флуориди се въвеждат в съответствие с изискванията на формулировката. За да се осигури прозрачност на стъклото, съдържанието на цветни примеси, като желязо, хром, мед, манган, кобалт, никел и др c., трябва да бъде строго контролиран. Когато са необходими съставки, се изисква точно претегляне и равномерно смесване. Основните производствени процеси са топене, формоване, отгряване и проверка.

①Smelting:Therearesinglecruciblebatchsmeltingmethodandtankkiln(seekiln)continuoussmeltingmethod.Singlecruciblesmeltingmethodcanbedividedintoclaycruciblesmeltingmethodandplatinumcruciblesmeltingmethod.Nomatterwhatkindofsmeltingmethodisused,itneedstobestirredwithastirrer,andthetemperatureandstirringarestrictlycontrolledtomaketheglassliquidreachahighdegreeofuniformity.Theclaycruciblecansmeltmostcrownglassandflintglass,withlowcost,andisusedwhenthemeltingtemperatureoftheglassexceedstheservicetemperatureofplatinum.Theplatinumcruciblecansmelthigh-qualityglassthathasaseriouscorrosiveeffectontheclaycrucible,suchasheavycrown,heavybariumflint,rareearthglassandfluorophosphorousglass.Platinumcruciblesareheatedbyelectricity,generallysilicon-carbonrodsorsilicon-molybdenumrodelectricfurnacesareused.However,high-frequencyheatingcanbeusedtomanufactureglassthathasahightendencytocrystallize,requiresrapidcooling,andhascertainrequirementsontheatmosphere.

Sincethe1960s,variouscountrieshavesuccessivelyadoptedcontinuoustanksmeltinglinedwithplatinumtogreatlyincreasetheoutputandqualityofopticalglass.Thisisthemaintrendinthedevelopmentofthecurrentopticalglassproductionprocess.

②Themoldingmethodsformoldingopticalglassincludeclassicalcruciblemethod,rollingmethodandpouringmethod,butleakagemolding(usingasinglecrucibleorcontinuousmeltingtoflowoutthematerialliquid)ismoreandmorewidelyused.Itcandirectlydrawarodordropmaterialtoformalarge-sizeblank,whichimprovestheutilizationrateofthedropandtheyieldrate.

③AnnealingInordertoeliminatetheinternalstressoftheglasstothegreatestextentandimprovetheopticaluniformity,astrictannealingsystemmustbeformulatedandprecisionannealingiscarriedout.

④ИнспекцияИзмерените индикатори са: оптична константа, оптична еднородност, двупречупване на напрежение, ивици, мехурчета и др.

Оптично стъкло

QualityRequirements

Thedifferencebetweenopticalglassandotherglassesisthatasanintegralpartoftheopticalsystem,itmustmeettherequirementsofopticalimaging.Therefore,thejudgmentofthequalityofopticalglassalsoincludessomespecialandstricterindicators.Therearethefollowingrequirementsforopticalglass:1.Specificopticalconstantsandtheconsistencyoftheopticalconstantsofthesamebatchofglass

Eachtypeofopticalglasshasaspecifiedstandardrefractiveindexvaluefordifferentwavelengthsoflight,asanopticaldesignThebasisfortheauthortodesigntheopticalsystem.Therefore,theopticalconstantsoftheopticalglassproducedbythefactorymustbewithinacertaintolerancerangeofthesevalues,otherwisetheactualimagingqualitywillnotmatchtheexpectedresultduringthedesignandthequalityoftheopticalinstrumentwillbeaffected.Atthesametime,becausethesamebatchofinstrumentsareoftenmadeofthesamebatchofopticalglass,inordertofacilitatetheunifiedcalibrationoftheinstruments,theallowabledeviationoftherefractiveindexofthesamebatchofglassesismorestringentthantheirdeviationfromthestandardvalue.

Второ, висока прозрачност

Theimagebrightnessoftheopticalsystemisproportionaltotheglasstransparency.ThetransparencyofopticalglasstolightofacertainwavelengthisexpressedbythelightabsorptioncoefficientKλ.Afterthelightpassesthroughaseriesofprismsandlenses,partofitsenergyislostbytheinterfacereflectionoftheopticalpartsandtheotherpartisabsorbedbythemedium(glass)itself.Theformerincreaseswiththeincreaseoftherefractiveindexoftheglass.Forhigh-refractive-indexglass,thisvalueisverylarge.Forexample,thelightreflectionlossofonesurfaceofthecounterweightflintglassisabout6%.Therefore,foranopticalsystemcontainingmultiplethinlenses,themainwaytoincreasethetransmittanceistoreducethereflectionlossonthelenssurface,suchascoatingthesurfacewithananti-reflectioncoating.Forlarge-sizedopticalpartssuchastheobjectivelensofanastronomicaltelescope,thetransmittanceoftheopticalsystemismainlydeterminedbythelightabsorptioncoefficientoftheglassitselfduetoitslargethickness.Byimprovingthepurityoftheglassrawmaterialsandpreventinganycoloringimpuritiesfrommixingintheentireprocessfrombatchingtosmelting,thelightabsorptioncoefficientoftheglasscangenerallybemadelessthan0.01(thatis,thelighttransmittanceoftheglasswithathicknessof1cmisgreaterthan99%).

Coldprocessing

AmethodofusingchemicalvaporheattreatmentandasinglepieceofsodalimesilicaglasstochangeitsoriginalmolecularstructurewithoutaffectingtheoriginalcolorandlighttransmittanceoftheglasstoachieveUltra-hardnessstandard,ultra-hardnessfire-resistantglassanditsmanufacturingmethodandspecialequipmentthatmeetthefire-proofrequirementsunderhigh-temperatureflameimpact.Itismadeofthefollowingweightratiocomponents:potassiumsaltvapor(72%to83%),argon(7%to10%),gaseouscopperchloride(8%to12%),nitrogen(2%～6%).Itincludesthefollowingprocessflow:cuttingwithsoda-limesilicaglassasthesubstrate,andcoldprocessingoffineedgegrinding→chemicalvaporheattreatmentofthecold-workedsoda-limesilicaglass→coatingthesurfaceofthesoda-limesilicaglasswithafireprotectionfilm→Thesurfaceofsodalimesilicaglassissubjectedtospecialphysicaltemperingtreatment.Aspecialthermaldecompositiongasificationequipmentiscomposedofacylinderbody,acylinderheadfittedwithit,andareactionkettleintegrallyconnectedwiththecylinderhead.

Development

Thedevelopmentofopticalglassandthedevelopmentofopticalinstrumentsareinseparable.Newreformsinopticalsystemsoftenputforwardnewrequirementsforopticalglass,thuspromotingthedevelopmentofopticalglass.Similarly,thesuccessoftrialproductionofnewvarietiesofglassalsoofteninturnpromotethedevelopmentofopticalinstruments.

Theearliestopticalmaterialsusedtomakeopticalpartswerenaturalcrystals.ItissaidthatcrystalwasusedaslensinancientAsilia,whilenaturaltourmaline(teamirror)andcitrinewereusedinancientChina.ArchaeologistsprovedthatpeopleinEgyptandus(WarringStatesPeriod)wereabletomakeglassbeforethethirdmillenniumAD.ButtheuseofglassasglassesandmirrorsbeganinVeniceinthethirteenthcentury.Engelsgaveahighevaluationofthisinthe"NaturalDialectics",thinkingthatthiswasoneoftheoutstandinginventionsofthetime.Sincethen,duetothedevelopmentneedsofastronomersandnavigation,Galileo,Newton,Descartes,etc.alsomadetelescopesandmicroscopesoutofglass.Sincethe16thcentury,glasshasbecomethemainmaterialformanufacturingopticalparts.

Intheseventeenthcentury,achromaticopticalsystemsbecamethecentralissueofopticalinstruments.Atthistime,duetotheimprovementoftheglasscompositionandtheintroductionofleadoxideintotheglass,Hullobtainedthefirstpairofachromaticlensesin1729.Sincethen,opticalglasshasbeendividedintotwocategories:crownandflintglass.

In1768,JiNanfirstproduceduniformopticalglassbymixingwithclayrodsinFrance,andthusbegantoestablishanindependentopticalglassmanufacturingindustry.Inthemid-nineteenthcentury,severaldevelopedcapitalistcountrieshavesuccessivelyestablishedtheirownopticalglassfactories,suchastheFrenchPara-MuntuCompany(1872),theBritishChanceCompany(1848),andtheGermanSchottCompany(1848).)Wait.

Inthenineteenthcentury,therewasagreatdevelopmentinopticalinstruments.OntheeveoftheFirstWorldWar,inordertorapidlydevelopmilitaryopticalinstruments,Germanyrequiredtobreakthelimitationofthelackofopticalglassvarieties.Atthistime,thefamousphysicistAyuanparticipatedintheworkoftheSchottfactory.HeaddednewoxidessuchasBaO,B2O3,ZnO,P2O3,etc.totheglass,andstudiedothereffectsontheopticalconstantsoftheglass.Onthisbasis,bariumcrown,boroncrown,zinccrownandothertypesofglassweredeveloped,andatthesametime,specialrelativelypartialdispersionflintglasswastrial-produced.Duringthisperiod,thevarietiesofopticalglasshavegreatlyexpanded,andthereforemorecompletecamerasandmicroscopeobjectiveshaveappearedinthefieldofopticalinstruments.

До 30-те години на миналия век по-голямата част от работата все още се извършваше в основата на фабриката на Schott. До 1934 г. той получи серия от очила с тежка корона, като немски SK-16 (620/603) и SK-18 (639/555). Досега това може да се счита за етап в развитието на оптичното стъкло.

BeforeandafterWorldWarII,withthedevelopmentofvariousopticalinstrumentssuchasaerialphotography,ultravioletandinfraredspectroscopyinstruments,andadvancedphotographicobjectivelenses,newdemandsforopticalglasswerecreated.Atthistime,opticalglasshascorrespondinglydevelopednewdevelopments.In1942,scientistsinMoreyintheUnitedStatesandlaterintheSovietUnionandGermanysuccessivelyintroducedrarefiedoxidesandscatteredoxidesintotheglass,thusexpandingtheglassvarietiesandobtainingaseriesofhigh-refractive-indexandlow-dispersionopticalglasses.SuchasGermanLaK,LaF,SovietUnionCTKandТЬФandothervarietiesseries.Atthesametime,researchonlow-refractive-indexandlarge-dispersionglasshasalsobeencarriedoutandaseriesofopticalglasseswithfluorotitanicsilicatesystemhavebeenobtained,suchastheSovietUnionЛФ-9,ЛФ-12,GermanF-16andothervarieties.

Becausetherearemoreorlessdefectsintheprocessingoruseperformanceofvariousnewtypesofopticalglass,whileresearchingandexpandingthefieldofopticalglass,italsoaimstoimprovethephysicalpropertiesofvariousnewtypesofopticalglass.Andphysicochemicalproperties.Andtheproductionprocesshasdonealotofwork.

Summarizingtheabovehistoricaldevelopmentprocess,itcanbepredictedthatthefuturedevelopmentdirectionofopticalglassis:

①Изработване на стъкло с особено висок индекс на пречупване;

②Obtainspecialrelativelypartialdispersionglass;

③Разработване на инфрачервено и ултравиолетово топтично стъкло;

④Заменя някои нежелани компоненти от стъкло като радиоактивен THO2, токсичен BcO, Sb2O3 и др.；

⑤Подобрете химическата стабилност на стъклото;

⑥Improveglasstransparencyandpreventglassradiationcoloring;

⑦Improvetheprocessandreducethepriceofnewvarietiesofglass.

Rareearthelements

Inthe1930s,anewrareearthelementopticalglassappeared,themaincomponentsofwhichareoxidesoflanthanum,thoriumandtantalum.Therareearthelementopticalglasshasahighrefractiveindex,whichopensupnewpossibilitiesforthedesignofopticallenses.Lanthanumglassisoftenfoundinlarge-aperturelensestoday.Theproductionofthoriumglasshasbeendiscontinuedduetoradioactivity.Lead-freeopticalglass

Оптичното стъкло без олово не съдържа олово-дандарсен и е маркирано с N.

Класификация на оптичното стъкло

GlasseswithsimilarchemicalcompositionandopticalpropertiesarealsodistributedinadjacentpositionsontheAbbediagram.TheAbbediagramhasasetofstraightlinesandcurves,whichdividetheAbbediagramintomanyareastoclassifytheopticalglass;suchascrownglassK5,K7,K10intheKarea,andflintglassF2,F4,F5intheFarea.Symbolsinthenameoftheglass:

Fstandsforflint

K стои за плоча с корона

Стои за бор

BAстандсфорбарий

LA означава лантан

N стои без олово

P означава фосфор

Физически параметри на оптичното стъкло

VdAbbe Брои четири значими цифри

ndrefractiveindexsevensignificantfigures

Четири значими фигури

неседем значими фигури