History
ThepredecessoroftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentwastheEuropeaneconomyestablishedonApril16,1948bymorethantencountriesinWesternEurope.Cooperativeorganization.OnDecember14,1960,atotalof20countriesincludingCanada,theUnitedStatesandthememberstatesoftheEuropeanEconomicCooperationOrganizationsignedthe"OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentConvention"anddecidedtoestablishanOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Aftertheconventionwasratifiedbytheparliamentsofaprescribednumberofmemberstates,the"OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentConvention"enteredintoforceinParisonSeptember30,1961,andtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentwasformallyestablished.
Purpose
ThepurposeoftheOECD:topromotetheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofmembercountries,andpromoteworldeconomicgrowth;tohelpmembergovernmentsformulateandcoordinaterelevantpoliciestoimproveTomaintainarelativelystablestandardofliving,andtomaintainfinancialstability;encourageandcoordinatememberstatestoassistdevelopingcountriesintheirefforts,helpdevelopingcountriesimprovetheireconomicconditions,andpromoteeconomicdevelopmentofnon-memberstates.
Държави-членки
В момента има 38 държави-членки на ОИСР, включително:
20 държави-основателки през 1961 г., те са: Съединените щати, Обединеното кралство, Франция, Германия, Италия, Канада, Ирландия, Холандия, Белгия, Люксембург, Австрия, Швейцария, Норвегия, Исландия, Дания, Швеция, Испания, Португалия, Гърция, Турция.
18 по-късни членове, те са (година на членство в скоби): Япония (1964), Финландия (1969), Австралия (1971), Нова Зеландия (1973), Мексико (1994), Чехия (1995), Унгария (1996), Полша (1996), Южна Корея (1996), Словакия (2000), Чили (2010), Словения (2010), Естония (2010)), Израел (2010), Латвия (2016), Литва (2018), Колумбия (2020), Коста Рика (2020) .
Development
OnJanuary11,2010,ChileformallysignedanagreementtojointheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,makingitthe31stmemberoftheorganization;atthesametime,EconomicCooperationandDevelopmentTheorganizationannouncedonMay10,2010thatitagreedtoadmitEstonia,Israel,andSloveniaasnewmembers,increasingthenumberofmembersto34.ChileisthefirstSouthAmericancountrytojointheOECD,IsraelisthesecondMiddleEasterncountrytojointheOECDafterTurkey,EstoniaisthefirstformerSovietcountrytojointheOECD,andSloveniaisthefirsttojoinTheformerYugoslaviaoftheOECD.OnJuly1,2016,LatviaformallyjoinedtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandbecameits35thmemberstate.OnJuly5,2018,LithuaniaofficiallyjoinedtheOECDandbecameits36thmemberstate.OnApril28,2020,ColombiaofficiallyjoinedtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),becomingits37thmember.OnMay15,2020,theOECDannouncedtheformalacceptanceofCostaRicaasthe38thmemberoftheorganization.
30 септември 2021 г., 60-ата годишнина от основаването на ОИСР.
Organization
ThestaffoftheOECDSecretariatinParisshallconductresearchandanalysisattherequestofthe36memberstatesoftheOECD.Representativesofmemberstatesmeetandexchangeinformationincommitteesdedicatedtostudyingimportantissues.TheCouncilisthedecision-makingbodyoftheOECD.
Комитет
Представители на тридесет и пет държави-членки се срещат в професионалния комитет, за да направят препоръки и препоръки в конкретни области на политиката, като икономика, търговия, наука, заетост, образование и финансови пазари. Прегледайте напредъка, постигнат в тези области. Има около 200 комитета, работещи нагоре експертни групи в ОИСР.
Everyyear,morethan4,000officialsfromgovernmentdepartmentsofmemberstatesparticipateintheOECDcommitteemeetings,requesting,deliberatingandplayingaroleintheworkcarriedoutbytheOECDSecretariat.Evenintheirowncountry,theycanobtainOECDdocumentsonlineandexchangeinformationthroughspecialnetworks.
Council
TheCouncilisthedecision-makingbodyoftheOECD,composedofonerepresentativefromeachmembercountryandtheEuropeanCommission.TheCouncilregularlyconvenesambassador-levelmeetingsofmemberstatestotheOECDandmakesdecisionsthroughcomprehensiveconsensus.TheCouncilholdsaministerialmeetingeveryyeartodiscussimportantissuesandsetprioritiesfortheworkoftheOECD.TheworkassignedbythecouncilisdonebythevariousdivisionsoftheOECDsecretariat.
Secretariat
TheOECDsecretariatislocatedinParis,andmorethantwothousandstaffsupporttheworkofthecommittee.Morethan700economists,lawyers,scientistsandotherprofessionalsareengagedinresearchandanalysis.Theyaremainlydistributedintwelvebusinessdivisions.
Theworkofthesecretariatisparalleltotheworkofthecommittee.Eachdepartmentservesoneormorecommittees,aswellasworkinggroupsandsub-committees.
Thesecretariatisledbyasecretary-generalandfourdeputysecretary-generalsassistinthework.TheSecretary-GeneralisalsotheChairmanoftheCouncilandisanimportantlinkbetweenthedelegationsofthememberstatesandtheSecretariat.ThecurrentSecretary-GeneralistheMexicanAngelGurría.
EnglishandFrencharethetwoofficialworkinglanguagesoftheOECD.TheemployeesoftheOECDareallcitizensofmemberstates,buttheyworkasinternationaladministratorsduringtheirtenureattheOECDanddonotrepresenttheirrespectivecountries.TheOECDhasnoquotarestrictionsonthecountryofstaff.Itonlyemployshigh-qualitypersonnelfromvariouscountrieswithexperienceindifferentfieldsinlinewiththeequalopportunitypolicy.
Fundingsources
TheOECDisfundedbyits35memberstates.Theproportionofcountries’contributionstotheOECD’sannualbudgetisdeterminedbasedonaformularelatedtothesizeoftheireconomies.ThelargestcontributoristheUnitedStates,whichprovidesaquarteroftheOECDbudget,followedbyJapan.Withtheapprovalofthecouncil,countriescanalsoprovideindividualfundingforspecialactivitiesorprojectsthatarenotincludedinthemainbudget.
TheannualbudgetandworkplanoftheOECDaredeterminedbytheCouncil.ThecurrentannualbudgetoftheOECDismorethan300millioneuros.
Функционална работа
50-годишнината на ОИСР (2 снимки)
1.UnliketheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFund,theTheCooperativeOrganizationdoesnotprovidefundassistance.Itisbasedonpolicyandanalysistoprovideaplacetothinkanddiscussissuestohelpgovernmentsformulatepolicies.Thesepoliciesmayleadtoformalagreementsbetweenmembergovernmentsorbeimplementedindomesticorotherinternationalsituations.Thisroleisveryimportantformemberstates.Thisefficientmechanismbeginswithdatacollectionandanalysis,andthendevelopsintoacollectivediscussionofpolicies.2.ThecoreoftheeffectivenessoftheOECDisthroughbilateralintergovernmentalreview,multilateralsupervisionandparallelpressuretoencouragememberstatestoabidebyrulesorcarryoutreforms.Itisthebehind-the-scenesworkdonebytheOECDtoassessthecostofagriculturalsubsidies,whichhelpedtoinjectpoliticalimpetusintopolicymeasuresandreduceunemploymentforlaterinterdisciplinaryresearchoncuttingback.Identifyingfactorsthathinderefficiency,growth,andinnovationandtheirimpactcanoftensupportgovernmentsinmakingfirmpoliticaldecisionstomaketheireconomiesmoreefficient.TheanalysisandconsensusworkcarriedoutbytheOECDinthefieldoftradeinservicesisveryimportantandpromotedthesuccessfulconclusionoftheUruguayRound.Sometimes,suchdiscussionswillgraduallydevelopintonegotiationswithintheOECD,wherememberstatesreachanagreementontherulesofthegameforinternationalcooperation.Thesenegotiationsmayleadtoformalagreements,includingagreementsonanti-bribery,exportcredit,capitalflows,andforeigndirectinvestment,andmayalsoresultin,forexample,internationaltaxationstandardsandmodels,orrecommendationsandguidelinesonenvironmentalwork.
3.TheworkingmethodoftheOECDincludesanefficientmechanism,whichbeginswithdatacollectionandanalysis,andthendevelopsintoacollectivediscussionofpolicies,andthenreachesdecision-makingandimplementation.Bilateralreviewbetweengovernments,multilateralsupervision,andparallelpressuretoencouragememberstatestocomplywithrulesorcarryoutreformsareatthecoreoftheeffectivenessoftheOECDinareassuchastheAnti-BriberyAgreementforinternationalcommercialtransactions.TheOECD'sanalysisofthecontributionoftheinformationtechnologyrevolutiontoeconomicdevelopmenthashelpedthegovernmenttoformulateeconomicpolicies,anditsresearchonthecausesandcountermeasuresofunemploymentcanhelpinjectpoliticalmomentumintopolicymeasurestoreduceunemployment.TheimportantanalysisandcomprehensiveworkcarriedoutbytheOECDinthefieldoftrade,suchastradeinservices,haspromotedthesuccessofinternationaltradenegotiations.
4.DiscussionsintheOECDsometimesgraduallydevelopintonegotiations,wherememberstatesreachanagreementontherulesofthegameforinternationalcooperation.Thesenegotiationsmayleadtoformalagreements,suchasagreementsonanti-bribery,exportcredits,orcapitalflows,andmayalsoformstandardsandmodelsforinternationaltaxation,orrecommendationsandguidelinesoncompanymanagementorenvironmentalwork.
5.TheworkoftheOECDisbecomingmoreandmoreinterdisciplinary.TheOECD'sworkonsustainabledevelopmentandits"WorldFuturePlan"aimedatidentifyingemergingpolicyissuesasearlyaspossiblearemultidisciplinaryresearch.TheOECD'sresearchworkonpopulationageingincludesnotonlytheparticipationofmacroeconomicsexperts,taxationandbusiness,andhealthcareexperts,butalsolabormarketandsocialpolicyanalysis.Environmentalandeconomicanalysiscannolongerbeconductedinisolation.Tradeandinvestmentarecloselyrelated.Biotechnologyinvolvesagriculture,industry,science,environment,anddevelopmentpolicies.Theassessmentoftheimpactofglobalizationactuallycoverseveryareaofpolicyanalysis.
6.ThepersonalprivacyprotectionprinciplesformulatedbytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentin1980include:theprincipleofinformationcollectionrestrictionandtheprincipleofinformationquality,theprincipleofindicatingpurposeandtheprincipleofuserestriction,theprincipleofsecurityprotectionandtheprincipleofopenness,Theprincipleofindividualparticipationandtheprincipleofresponsibility.
Публикуване и разпространение
Публикациите включват „Дейности на OECD“ (Годишен доклад на Генералния секретар); „OECDOНаблюдател“ (на всеки два месеца); „Финансова статистика“; Организационно икономическо изследване (годишни доклади за различни държави); Статистика на външната търговия (месечно); "Основни икономически индекси"( месечно);"Помощ за развитие и противодействие"(годишен отчет);Прогноза(Годишен отчет);Енергиен баланс(Тримесечен);Тенденции на финансовите пазари(3 броя за година);Управление на висшето образование(3 броя за година);Прогноза за заетостта на OECD(Годишен);Преглед на науката, технологиите и индустрията(2 броя за година), и различни професионални доклади, доклади за работа и др.
AnypubliccanobtainOECDinformation,analysisanddatacoveringavarietyoffieldsfromtheOECDwebsite.
Водещ индекс
Значение: Инструмент за прогнозиране на бизнес дейности в най-голямата икономика в света.
Releasetime:noon(ContinentalEuropeantime);thedataisreleasedonthefirstFridayofthefirstweekofeachmonth,andtheactivityisreportedtwomonthsago.(Forexample,theJanuaryreleasereportsleadingindicatorsforNovember.)
Честота: Веднъж месечно.
Източник: Организация за икономическо сътрудничество и развитие (ОИСР)
Ревизия: Данните от миналия месец обикновено се преразглеждат в новата версия.
Becausetheleadingeconomicindicatorsareveryforward-looking,investorsanddecisionmakersliketofollowtheseindicators.Fromaglobalperspective,themostfamousresearchistheOECD’sSyntheticLeadingIndex(CLI).ThisinternationalorganizationwithParisastheprospectcalculatesleadingeconomicindicatorsfor23memberstatesand7differentgeographicregions(thereare30memberstatesintheOECD).TheseregionsincludealltheOECDregions,theGroupofSevenIndustrialCountries,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeArea,theEuropeanOECD,theEuropeanUnion,theEurozoneandthefourmajorEuropeaneconomies(seeTable4.8).Althoughsomecountrieshavetheirownleadingindicators,theOECDindexiswell-known,andinvestmentmanagersanddecisionmakersareinterestedinit.
Последни новини
Организацията за икономическо сътрудничество и развитие направи прогноза за световната икономика: ръст от 3,3% през 2017 г.
OnMarch7,2017,theEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentTheOrganizationforDevelopment(OECD)madeaforecastfortheworldeconomy:growthof3.3%in2017and3.6%in2018,thelargestincreasesince2011.Theorganizationbelievesthatthecurrentinternationaltradedownturn,weakinvestment,andprotectionismarethemainobstaclestothedevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.Ifcountriesadoptmoreproactivefiscalandtaxationpolicies,theworldeconomyisexpectedtomaintainamoderategrowthrate.
OECDbelievesthat,affectedbyTrump'shugeinvestmentininfrastructureandotherpolicies,theUSeconomicgrowthratewillincreasefrom1.6%in2016to2.4%in2017and2.8%in2018.TheforecastfortheUKeconomyin2017hasbeenraisedfrom1.2%to1.6%.TakingintoaccountfactorssuchasrisinginflationrestrictingconsumptionandcompaniesthatwillnotincreaseinvestmentduetouncertaintyafterBrexit,theUKeconomywillgrowby1%in2018.TheEUisexpectedtogrowby1.6%consecutivelythisyearandnext.Intermsofemergingeconomies,China'sdebtburdenhasincreasedrisks. БВП ще спадне от 6,7% през 2016 г. на 6,5% през 2017 г. и 6,3% през 2018 г. Индия ще нарасне от 7% през 2016 г. до 7,3% през 2017 г. и 7,7% през 2018 г. Бразилската икономика показа отрицателен растеж през 2017 г. и ще има нулев растеж през 2018 г. и ще нарасне с 1,5% през 20 г. 19.
OECD понижава прогнозата си за глобален растеж на БВП за 2014 г
ThereportreleasedbytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)onNovember19showsthatthe2014globalGDPgrowthforecastisloweredto3.6%,thepreviousestimateintheOECDreportinMaywas4.0%.AccordingtotheOECD,themainreasonforthisreductionisthattheeconomicsituationofdevelopingcountrieshasgraduallyweakened.Atthesametime,theOECDpredictsthattheglobaleconomywillgrowby2.7%in2013.
ThereportshowsthattheOECDhasalsoloweredtheeconomicgrowthexpectationsofsomecountries/regionsin2014:
Намаляване на прогнозата за растеж на глобалния БВП за 2014 г. до 3,6%, което се очаква през май 4,0%;
Намаляване на прогнозирания растеж на БВП на Китай за 2014 г. до 8,2%, което се очакваше да бъде 8,4% през май;
Намаляване на прогнозата за растеж на БВП на Германия за 2014 г. до 1,7%, май Текущата оценка беше 1,9%;
Прогнозата за растеж на БВП за еврозоната за 2014 г. беше намалена до 1,0%, а през май се очакваше да бъде 1,1%.
TheOECDhasraisedits2014economicgrowthforecastsforsomecountries:
Повиши прогнозата за растеж на БВП на Обединеното кралство за 2014 г. до 2,4% и 1,5% през май;
>Подобряване на прогнозата за растеж на БВП на Франция за 2014 г. до 1,0% и 0,8% през май;
Подобряване на прогнозата за растеж на БВП на Япония за 2014 г. до 1,5% и 1,4% през май;
Повишете прогнозата за растеж на БВП на САЩ през 2014 г. до 2,9% от 2,8% през май.
SpeakingoftheEuropeaneconomy,theOECDstatedthattheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)policymustbemaintainedataveryaccommodativestate,andtheriskofdeflationintheeurozonehasincreased.Atthesametime,italsourgestheEuropeanCentralBanktorespondtotheimplementationofnegativeinterestratepoliciesandassetpurchases.Beopen.
Inaddition,theOECDstatedthattheFederalReserve(Fed)cutsinquantitativeeasing(QE)maybringriskstodevelopingeconomies.Atthesametime,itisexpectedthattheFedmayreduceitsbondpurchasesin2014andraiseitsbenchmarkinterestratein2015.TheOECDstatedthatthefiscaluncertaintyintheUnitedStatesisamajorhiddendangerthatthreatenstherecoveryoftheglobaleconomy.TheOECDurgestheUnitedStatestodevelopalong-termfiscalplan.
Организацията за икономическо сътрудничество и развитие (ОИСР) актуализира своя доклад за икономическа оценка на 11 март 2014 г.:
Theslowdowninactivitiesinmajoremergingmarketswillleadtomoderategrowthoftheglobaleconomyatbest,mostofwhicharedevelopedTheeconomywillreboundinthenextfewyears,buttheFedmustbecautiousinreducingQEandshowitsintentiontominimizetheimpactondevelopingcountries.
OECD също така предупреди, че ако има проблем с плащането на дълга, Китай може да изпита „рязък спад“.
TheOECDpointedoutthatincreasingfinancialmarketvolatilityandcapitaloutflowsfromemergingeconomiesareoneofthebiggestthreatstoglobalrecovery.
TheOECDbelievesthatsomeemergingeconomieshaveexposedtheirweaknessesduetocapitaloutflows,andthegrowthmomentumisexpectedtobegreatlyreduced.
ItisexpectedthateconomiessuchasBrazil,India,SouthAfricaandTurkeywillbeforcedtoraiseinterestratestoavoidtheimpactofcapitaloutflows.
Asforadvancedeconomies,theOECDbelievesthatthecoldwinterintheUnitedStatesandtheincreaseinconsumptiontaxinJapanareonlyshort-termfactors,andtheimpactisonlyone-off.
ConsideringtheuncertaintyoftheUSrecoveryandthepossibleimpactofQEreductionsondevelopingeconomies,theOECDbelievesthattheFedshouldgraduallywithdrawfromQEinthenexttwoyears.
OECD прогнозира:
·Thegrowthofmajordevelopedeconomiesin2014willbelowerthaninthesecondhalfof2013,butitisclearlybetterthantheendofthepreviousyearandthebeginningof2013.
·Като се вземе предвид въздействието на лошото време, прогнозата за растеж за Съединените щати през първото тримесечие е намалена от 3% на 1,7%, което е очевидно по-ниско от 2,4% през предходното тримесечие.
·Повишете прогнозата за растеж на Япония за първото тримесечие от 3,1% на 4,8%, тъй като се очаква потребителите да пазаруват преди повишаването на данъка върху потреблението на 1 април 2014 г.
·Повишете прогнозата за растеж за първото тримесечие за еврозоната от 1% на 1,9%.
OnAugust11,2014,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentreleasedacomprehensiveeconomicleadingindexreport,showingthattheoveralleconomicgrowthmomentumoftheregionscoveredbytheOECDremainedstable.
Thereportsaidthatoverall,therevisedoverallleadingindexoftheOECDregionhasremainedat100.5fornineconsecutivemonthssinceOctober2013,showingthemomentumofeconomicgrowth.TheoverallleadingindexoftheGroupofSevencountriesremainedat100.6pointsfromJanuarytoMay2014,anddroppedslightlyto100.5pointsinJune.TherevisedoverallleadingindexoftheEurozonehasrisenmonthbymonthsinceOctober2012,reaching101.0pointsinFebruary2014,andcontinuinguntilJune2014,showingthateconomicgrowthintheEurozonehasstabilized.Accordingtothereport,thegrowthmomentumoftheFrencheconomycontinuestobestable,theItalianeconomycontinuestoshowanupwardturningpoint,andtheGermaneconomicleadingindexhasdeclinedmonthbymonthsinceFebruary2014,indicatingaslightslowdowningrowth.AsofJune,therevisedleadingindexoftheUnitedStatesremainedat100.5pointsfortwoconsecutivemonths,theleadingeconomicindexoftheUnitedKingdomwas101.0pointsinJune,andtheleadingindexofJapandeclinedmonthbymonthsinceDecember2013,reaching100.1pointsinJune2014.
ThereportalsoshowsthattherevisedoverallleadingindexofChina,India,SouthKorea,Japan,andIndonesiahasstabilizedat99.4pointsinthepastfivemonths,indicatingthattheeconomicgrowthrateoftheregionhasstabilized.Amongtheemergingeconomies,theleadingindexesofChinaandRussiainJunewere99.0pointsand99.8points,respectively,closetothebenchmarklevel;whiletheleadingindexesofBrazilwere98.9points,bothslightlylowerthanthebenchmarklevel.
TheOECDregularlypublishesthecomprehensiveeconomicleadingindicatorsofitsmembercountriesandasmallnumberofnon-membercountriestopredicteconomicdevelopmenttrendsabouthalfayearinadvance.
DatareleasedbytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment("OECD")showedthattheunemploymentrateofitsmembercountriesremainedat6.8%inAugust2015,whichwas1.3pointslowerthanthepeakunemploymentinJanuary2013.percentagepoint.
Според статистиката нивото на безработица в еврозоните се стабилизира на 11,0% през август. За същия период нивото на безработица в Съединените щати спадна с 0,2 процентни пункта спрямо предходния месец до 5,1%, нивото на безработица в Япония се повиши с 0,1 процентни пункта до 3,4%, а нивото на безработица в Канада се повиши с 0,2 процентни пункта до 7,0%.
Statisticsshowthattheunemploymentrateamongyoungpeople(15to24yearsold)intheareascoveredbytheOECDhasdroppedto13.7%inAugust,thelowestlevelsinceOctober2008.However,thetotalnumberofunemployedyoungpeopleintheOECDareainAuguststillreached10million,accountingfor23.9%ofthetotalnumberofunemployedintheOECDarea.
Международна данъчна реформа
Международна данъчна реформа
Oneofthepillarsoftheinternationaltaxreformframeworkisthepartialtaxationoflargemultinationalcorporations.Therightisredistributedfromtheplaceofbusinessregistrationtotheplaceofbusinessandprofit;theotherpillaristheestablishmentoftheworld’slowestcorporatetaxrate,andtheendofnationalcorporatetaxcompetition.
TheOECDpredictsthatthroughthetwo-pillarinternationaltaxreformframework,thetaxationpowerofmorethan$100billioninprofitswillbetransferredtomarketjurisdictions;atthesametime,iftheglobalminimumcorporatetaxrateissetnotlessthan15%,theworldwilladdabout150billionU.S.dollarsintaxeseachyear.
TheOECDplanstocompletetheremainingtechnicalworkofthetaxreformframeworkinOctober2021,andimplementtheplanin2023.
Международни преговори за данъчна реформа
TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)hascoordinatedinternationaltaxreformnegotiationsfornearlyadecade,aimingtoensurethatlargemultinationalcompaniesPaytaxesinbusinessandprofitably,whileensuringthecertaintyandstabilityoftheinternationaltaxsystemtoadapttoeconomicglobalizationanddigitalization.OECDSecretary-GeneralMatthiasColemansaidthattheinternationaltaxreformframeworkisnottoeliminatetaxcompetition,buttosetlimitsoncompetitionandtakeintoaccounttheinterestsofallparties,includingsmalleconomies.
Координиране на хода на преговорите
OnJuly1,2021,theOECDissuedanannouncementstatingthatasofnow,itstwo-pillarinternationaltaxreformTheframeworkhasbeensupportedby130countriesandjurisdictions.