NewLocalReclamationRegulations
TheRegulationsontheAdministrationoftheUseofSeaAreasinZhejiangProvincewillbeimplementedonMarch1.Yesterday,aworkingconferencetopromoteandimplementthelocalregulationswasheldinHangzhou.
Beforetheimplementationofthenewregulations,Zhejiangwantedtoobtaintherighttouseapieceofseaarea,mostofwhichreliedonapplyingtothegovernment.Aftertheapproval,theseaareacanbeusedafterpaymentoftheseaareausefee.EithertidalflatfarmingorencirclingtheseaareaFishincagesareeitherreclaimedtocreateanewpieceofland.ChengWeishan,deputydirectoroftheStandingCommitteeoftheProvincialPeople'sCongress,saidthatwhentherighttouseseaareasistransferredbymeansofapproval,themarketvalueofseaareasasascarcestate-ownedresourcehasnotbeenfullyreflected,andthelowutilizationrateofseaareashasalsocausedproblemssuchas"seaenclosing".
Thenewregulationsstipulatethatindustrial,commercial,tourism,entertainmentandotherbusinessusesoftheseaandtwoormoreintendedseausersinthesameseaareawiththesameuseoftheseaareashallbethroughbidding,auction,andlistingObtaintherighttouseseaareas.
Enclosureinthesea,ifthepriceoflandiscomparedwiththelandonland,thepriceisreallylow.ThegoldstandardfortheuseoftheseaareaforlandreclamationinZhejiangisbetween20,000and90,000yuanpermu(1muisabout667squaremeters).Whenthepilotbiddingandauctionsarelisted,theauctionpriceisgenerallynomorethan10%-20%higherthanthereserveprice.Comparedwiththefloorpriceofurbanresidentialland,whichismorethan10thousandpersquaremeter,thepriceofreclaimedlandcanbedescribedascabbage.However,afterobtainingtherighttouseseaareas,itwillcostalotofmoneytoturnseawaterintoland.
Benefits
1.Effectiveproductionofflatlandforurbandevelopment.Thelandcreatedbyreclamationcanincreasethelandforurbanconstructionandindustrialproduction,suchasbuildinghouses,roads,andgreening.Theconstructionoffactories,etc.,canalleviatethepressureonlandsupply.Ofcourse,thereclamationoflandfromtheseamustbeplannedreasonablyanddevelopedeffectively.
2.Разкрасете крайбрежието и подобрете крайбрежния пейзаж.
Недостатъци
Прекомерната рекултивация ще стесни пристанището
1.Разрушава морскатаекология и засяга живота на морския живот.
2. Прекомерната рекултивация ще стесни пристанището, ще направи водния поток по-бърз и ще засегне навигацията на корабите.
Inthe1960sand1970s,Japan'seconomyenteredaperiodofrapiddevelopment,andalargenumberoffactoriesemerged,whichputitintoapredicamentinasmallcountry.Asaresult,Japanbeganlarge-scalelandreclamation.ThesenewlandshaveprovidedfavorableconstructionlandfortheadvancementofJapaneseindustry.From1945to1975,theJapanesegovernmentreclaimed118,000hectaresofland(equivalenttotheareaoftwoSingapores),carriedoutaunifiedindustriallayout,anddeployedresource-consumingenterprisessuchasoilrefining,petrochemical,andshipbuildinginthePacificOceansouthofTokyoBay.Inthebelt-shapedindustrialzone,therawmaterialdocksandproductdocksbecomepartofthefactory,whichreducesthetransitandtransportationcosts,therebypromotingtherapiddevelopmentofthesesectorsandindustrialsectorssuchasshipbuilding,machinery,andconstruction.
Донесе огромни последствия
Whileobtaininghugebenefits,thelarge-scalereclamationoflandtodeveloptheindustrialeconomyhasalsobroughthugesequelaetoJapan.From1945to1978,thecoastalbeachesacrossJapandecreasedbyabout39,000hectares,andtheystilldisappearedatarateofabout2,000hectareseveryyear."Themostobviousproblemismarinepollution.Manywatersclosetothelandhavenobiologicalactivities.Theself-purificationabilityofseawaterisweakenedandredtidesareflooding."Anexpertsaid,"Nowwemustusevariousmethodstochangeandrepairtheenvironment.Fundsandmanpower.”Nevertheless,itisverydifficulttorestoretheprevioussituation.Onsomecoastlines,largeareasofforestshavedisappeared,smallfishesandshrimpshavedisappeared,andfisherieshavesufferedheavylossesasaresult.
Много държави са спечелили повече от това.
InAsia,coastalcountriesandregionswithpoorlandresourcesattachgreatimportancetousingtidalflatsorbaystoreclaimland.Now,theprohibitionofdisorderlyreclamationhasbeenputbeforeallcountries."Comprehensiveseaareamanagement"hasbecomeatopicthatscholarsallovertheworldattachimportanceto.Disorderlydevelopmentwillbringimmeasurableconsequencestothemarineenvironment,andmanycountrieshaveoutweighedthegains.
Principlesofreclamation
Sinceenvironmentalistsbelievethatreclamationprojectswilldamagetheenvironment,theyallopposereclamationprojects.InHongKong,someenvironmentalistsfiledalawsuitoverareclamationprojectin2003,hopingtooverturntheplan.OnJanuary9,2004,theHongKongCourtofFinalAppealruledinfavorofenvironmentalistsandproposedthreeprinciplesforreclamation:
1.Спешни и първостепенни текущи нужди (включително икономически, екологични и социални нужди)
2.Има други приложими методи
3.Щетите за тези морски портове са сведени до минимум
Thisjudgmenthasfar-reachingimpactandmayaffectothersTheprincipleoffuturereclamationofthearea.
Legalnature
Oceanissues
Theoceanisacommunesomnium(rescommunesomnium)inRomanlaw,andtheoceanwithinanationalborderisapublicproperty(respublica).Theincreaseinlandalongthecoastlinecanbedividedintosiltationlandandartificiallandreclamation.Artificiallandreclamationcanbedividedintoartificialauxiliarysiltationandartificialreclamation.Fromalegalpointofview,thelattertwoincludehumanbehavior,whichcanberegardedasartificialattachment;whilethefirsttypeofsiltationlandiscausedbynaturalforces,soitisanaturalattachmentinlaw.InRomanlaw,siltlandisaslowandlatentexpansion,whichoccurswhenthesoilbroughtbytherivergraduallymergeswiththelandalongthecoastastheriverretreats.
Правото на рекламация
Правото на правото на рекламация
Fromtheperspectiveofcivillawpropertyrights,relevantunitsarepayingAftertheuseofseaareas,the"righttoreclamation"obtainedwiththeapprovalofthenationaloceanadministrationdepartmentshouldberegardedasakindofrealright,whichitselfhaspropertyvalue.
Тъй като рекултивацията не е да "използва" тези морета, а да "превърне морето в суша." Ето защо в Закона за управление на използването на морските зони трябва да се правят само програмни разпоредби за рекултивацията на земята и рекултивацията на земя трябва да се разглежда отделно в бъдеще.
Получаване на право на рекламация
Therightofreclamationmaybeobtainedforthefollowingreasons:
1.Obtainedduetoapproval.Theapplicantcanobtaintherightofreclamationafterobtainingtheapprovaloftherelevantstatedepartments.
2.Obtainedbytransfer.Forexample,CompanyAobtainedtherighttoreclamationofacertainseaareaafterobtainingtheapprovaloftheStateOceanicDepartment.However,CompanyAwasunabletoreclaimtheseaandtransferredtherightofreclamationtoCompanyB,andCompanyBobtainedtherightofreclamation.
3.Obtainedduetotherealizationofmortgagerights.AftercompanyAobtainstherightofreclamation,itwillsetamortgageontherightofreclamationandrequestaloanfromBankB.Whenthepaymentcannotberepaiddue,BankBauctionstherightofreclamation,andBankCobtainstherightofreclamation,thusobtainingtherightofreclamation.
Промени в правото на рекламация
Therightofreclamationisanon-exclusivepropertyrightwithpropertycontent.Therefore,therightofreclamationshouldbemortgaged,Canbetransferred.However,theStateOceanicAdministrationshouldsupervisetheunitsthathavebeenassignedtherightofreclamation.ThemortgageandtransferoflandreclamationrightsshallberegisteredwiththeStateOceanicAdministrationtodemonstrateitscredibilityandtheeffectivenessofitspropertyrights.Afterthetransferoftherightofreclamation,thenationaloceanadministrationdepartmentshouldsupervisethelegalpersonoftheunitthathastherightofreclamation,sothattheunitcancarryoutreclamationinaccordancewiththecontent,methodandscopeofthelicense,andpreventthephenomenonofexcessivereclamation.
Премахване на правото на рекламация
1.Therightofreclamationiseliminatedduetothecompletionofreclamation.Initially,therightcontentoftherightofreclamationwastherighttoreclamationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthenationaloceanmanagementdepartment,butoncethereclamationiscompleted,itwillbetransformedintotherighttousethelandgeneratedfromthereclaimedsea.Therefore,therightofreclamationitselfdisappearedandtransformedintolanduserights.Theowneroftheseaareauserightshall,withinthreemonthsfromthedateofcompletionofthereclamationproject,submitanapplicationforlandregistrationtothelandadministrativedepartmentofthepeople’sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelonthestrengthoftheseaareauserightcertificate,andthepeople’sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelshallregisterandchangeIssuestate-ownedlanduserightcertificatestoconfirmlanduserights.
2.Therightofreclamationwaseliminatedduetotheabandonmentoftherightofreclamation.Canreclamationrightsbeabandoned?TheabandonmentoftherighttoreclamationshouldbecarriedoutunderthesupervisionoftheStateOceanicAdministration.Aftertherightofreclamationisabandoned,therightofreclamationshallbecancelledintheregister.
3.Therightofreclamationwasrevokedbytheoceanadministrationdepartmentduetoillegalreclamationandwaseliminated.
4.Therightofreclamationwasextinguishedduetoresumption.Underspecialcircumstances,thestatemaywithdrawtherighttoreclamation.Ifthelandisnotsuitableforreclamationduetochangesinthenaturalenvironment,orthecountry’simportantmilitaryandstrategicneedsconsideritnecessary,orthecountry’smilitarystrategyconsidersitunsuitableforreclamation,thestatemarinedepartmentmaywithdrawtherighttoreclamation.Thestateoceanmanagementdepartmentshallreturntheseaareausefee(oceanresourcecompensationfee)whenitrecoverstherighttoreclamation.
Регистриране на правото на рекламация
Asapropertyright,therightofreclamationshalltakeeffectfromthetimeofregistration.Theacquisition,transfer,andmortgageoflandreclamationrightsshouldberegistered.Registrationisaneffectiverequirementfortherightofreclamation.Theabandonmentoftherightofreclamationshalltakeeffectfromthetimeofthecancellationofregistration.Therightofreclamationcannotbeacquiredfirstafterbeingabandoned.Therightofreclamationhasdisappearedsinceitwasabandoned.Theregistrationoftherightofreclamationisdifferentfromtheregistrationoflandandrealestate,andtheregistrationoftherightofreclamationbelongstotheregistrationofotherpropertyrights.Therefore,theregistrationauthorityforlandreclamationrightsshouldbeintheStateOceanicDepartment,notintheStateLandResourcesManagementDepartment.
Срок за право на рекламация
Becauseoftheunpredictablechangesintheocean,theexerciseoftherightofreclamationshouldbecarriedoutassoonaspossible.Thelawalsostipulatesathree-yearexclusionperiod.Thatis,iftherightofreclamationisnotexercisedwithinthreeyearsfromthedateofregistrationoftherightofreclamation,therightofreclamationshallbesubjecttotheexclusionperiod,andtheholderoftherightofreclamationwilleventuallylosetherightofreclamation.Oncetherightofreclamationbeginstobeexercised,thereclamationshallbecompletedwithinareasonabletime.Iftheownerofthereclamationrightisunabletoreclaimtheseawithinthespecifiedtimeandwithinthespecifiedrangeduetolackoffundsandotherreasons,therighttoreclamationshallbelost.Thepartiesmaytransfertherightofreclamation.Ifthegrantisnotgrantedwithoutreason,theStateOceanicAdministrationshallwithdrawtherightofreclamation.Dependingonthesituation,partoftheseaareausagefeewillberefunded.
Процедури за получаване на права за рекламация
Generalprojectsshouldbeundertakenbythenationalmaritimeadministrativedepartment,andunderspecialcircumstancesoriftheseaareaistoolarge,theStateCouncilApproval.Article18oftheLawontheAdministrationoftheUseofSeaAreasstipulatesthat“thefollowingprojectsshalluseseafortheapprovaloftheStateCouncil:(1)seaforprojectsofmorethan50hectaresofreclamation;(2)seaforprojectsofmorethan100hectaresofsea;”Aftertheapproval,theapplicantobtainstherightofreclamation.Landreclamationshouldbecarriedoutbythestateinaunifiedway,soastoavoidreclaiminglandindiscriminatelybydoingone'sownaffairs.
PropertyRightAttribute
RegardlessoflegalprinciplesorChina’scurrentlegislation,thelandcreatedbyreclamationshouldbeownedbythestate.Article32ofChina'sSeaAreaUseManagementLawclearlystipulatesthatthelandformedafterthecompletionofthereclamationprojectbelongstothestate.However,aunitwiththerighttoreclamationshallholdthelanduserightofthelandcreatedbyreclamationandshallbedeemedtobetransferable.Canbemortgaged.
Незаконна рекламация
1.Субектът на незаконната рекламация носи административна, гражданско-наказателна отговорност.
2.Ifthelandcausedbyillegalreclamationcanberestoredagain,itshouldberestored;ifitcannotberestored,thenewlandbelongstothestate,andtheillegalreclamationdepartmentcannotobtaintherighttousetheland,andthemarinedepartmentshouldThenewlyaddedlandwillbetransferredtothelandadministrationdepartmentandregisteredbythelandadministrationdepartment.
3.Ifthelandcreatedbyillegalreclamationisnotapproved,thenthelandcreatedbyreclamationbelongstothestatewithoutadoubt.Butwhohastherighttouseit?Itshouldbeconsideredthatthereclamationunitcannotobtainlanduserightsandshouldbepunished.
Thelandreclamationunitdoesnothavetherighttousethelandgeneratedbyover-scalereclamationandshouldbearlegalresponsibilityforit.
4.Wheretoxicandhazardousmaterialsareusedtofillthesea,orotherlossescausedbythereclamation,theyshallbearlegalresponsibilityandshallcompensatethedamagedunitsandindividuals.
ReclamationProject
Intheinitialstageofreclamation,thesand,mudandgravelgeneratedduringdevelopmentweredumpeddirectlyintothesea.Inthisway,thelandcreatedisclosesttothenaturalcoast.However,ifthecurrentofthereclamationlandisrelativelyrapid,theimpactofthecurrentonthecoastwillgraduallyerodethereclamationarea.Ifthelandfillareaisrelativelylarge,thebetterwayofreclamationistofirstbuildadikeinthereclamationareawithrelativelystablefillingmaterial,andthendumpthefillingmaterialintothelandfillarea.Thislandfillmethodisthemostcommonlyusedandisalsothemostcommonlandfillmethod.ThecurrentWestKowloonreclamationareainHongKongusesthismethodtoconnectthedikesoftheoriginalYauMaTeiTyphoonShelter,dumpsandandgravelintothedikes,waitforthefillertosettle,andthenstartconstructioninthenewreclamationarea.TheShaTinNewTownalsoadoptedthismethodforreclamationprojects.
Ifthefillingisonlysandandmud,itcanbedumpeddirectlyintothesea.However,ifthefillingmaterialissludgeorgarbage,theseabedmustbeleveledbeforereclamation.Thewaytoleveltheseabedistofirstdigupthesludgeontheseabed,andlayaplasticfilmontheseabedandembankmenttopreventsewageseepage,andthenpourthefillerintothelandfillarea.Otherwise,thesludgewillslideunderthepressureofthesurfacebuilding,causingunevensettlementontheground.