Общ преглед
Статистическите данни са данни, които посочват характеристиките, мащаба, структурата и нивото на природните икономически фактори в определена географска област. Това са основните данни за качествен, позициониращ и количествен статистически анализ. Например това, което обикновено наричаме статистически годишник.
Класификация на статистически данни
1. Изразът на статистически данни има две форми: статистическа таблица и статистическа карта.
Според метода на представяне той се разделя на:
①Divisionstatistics.Thatis,theareaofthegraphorthenumberofthesamegraphrepresentsthesumofallthesamephenomenainthedivisionunitwhereitislocated;forexample,theoveralldatasamplefileofthe2008AmericanCommunitySurveyforoneyear
②Classifiedstatistics.Thatis,intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thelevelsaredividedaccordingtoadministrativedivisionsoreconomiczones,andthedifferencesintherelativeindicatorsofthephenomenonarerepresentedbydifferentshadesofcolorordensity.
③Positioningstatistics.Intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thespecialphenomenaandchanginglawsatacertainpointareshown.
2.Accordingtostatisticalindicators,statisticsaredividedintomacroeconomicindicatorstatisticsandindustryeconomicindicatorstatistics.
Общите макроикономически показатели са: БВП, CPI, PPI, PMI и пари в брой.
Industryeconomicindicatorssuchastheanalysisofthecoalindustryandpetroleumindustry’sprosperity.
Typesofstatisticaldata
Statisticsistheresultofmeasuringthingsusingacertainmeasurementscale,anddifferenttypesofstatisticaldatacanbeobtainedbyusingdifferentmeasurementscales.Judgingfromtheresultsoftheabovefourmeasurementscales,statisticaldatacanbedividedintothefollowingfourtypes:
1.Категоризирани данни-изразени като категории, но не разграничават реда, определят се от категорията, измерена по мащаб.
2. Последователност на данни, изразени като категории, но по ред, който се формира от измерването на подредената скала.
3.Данни за фиксирано разстояние-изразени като цифрова стойност, която може да се добавя и изважда и да се деформира чрез измерване на скалата на фиксираното разстояние.
4. Константни данни-изразени като цифрова стойност, която може да се събира, изважда, умножава и дели и деформира чрез измерване на константна скала.
Thefirsttwotypesofdatadescribethequalitycharacteristicsofthingsandcannotberepresentedbydata.Theresultsareallexpressedascategories,alsocalledqualitativedataorqualitydata(Oualitativedata);thelattertwotypesofdataindicateItisthequantitativefeatureofthephenomenon,whichcanbeexpressedinnumericalvalues,soitisalsocalledquantitativedataorquantitativedata.Sincethefixeddistancescaleandthefixedratioscalebelongtothesamemeasurementlevel,thelattertwodatacanberegardedasthesametypeofdata,collectivelyreferredtoasquantitativedataornumericaldata.
Itisveryimportanttodistinguishthelevelofmeasurementandthetypeofdata,becausedifferenttypesofdatawillbeprocessedandanalyzedbydifferentstatisticalmethods.Forexample,forcategorizeddata,thefrequencyorfrequencyofeachgroupisusuallycalculated,themodeandtheratiooftheheterogeneityarecalculated,andthecontingencytableanalysisandx2testareperformed;forthesequentialdata,themedianandquartilecanbecalculatedDifferences,calculationofnon-parametricanalysissuchasrankcorrelationcoefficient;forfixeddistanceorfixedratiodata,morestatisticalmethodscanbeusedforprocessing,suchascalculationofvariousstatistics,parameterestimationandtesting,etc.Mostofwhatwedealwithisquantitativedata.
Whatneedstobepointedouthereisthatthestatisticalmethodsthataresuitableforlow-levelmeasurementdataarealsosuitableforhigher-levelmeasurementdata,becausethelatterhasthemathematicalcharacteristicsoftheformer.Forexample,whendescribingthecentraltendencyofdata,themodeisusuallycalculatedfortheclassifieddata,andthemedianisusuallycalculatedfortheordinaldata,butthemodeandthemediancanalsobecalculatedforthefixeddistanceandfixedratiodata.Conversely,statisticalmethodsthatareapplicabletohigh-levelmeasurementdatacannotbeusedforlower-levelmeasurementdata,becauselow-leveldatadoesnothavethemathematicalcharacteristicsofhigh-levelmeasurementdata.Forexample,forfixed-distanceandfixed-ratiodata,theaveragecanbecalculated,butforfixed-rangeandsequentialdata,theaveragecannotbecalculated.Understandingthispointisveryusefulforchoosingstatisticalanalysismethods.
Collectionofstatisticaldata
Statisticsaremainlyderivedfromtwosources:oneisfromdirectsurveysandscientificexperiments.Thisisthedirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledthefirstFirst-handordirectstatisticaldata;butdataderivedfromotherpeople’ssurveysorexperiments.Thisisanindirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledsecond-handorindirectstatisticaldata.
Организационни форми на събиране на статистически данни
Организационните форми на събиране на статистически данни включват общи проучвания, извадкови проучвания, статистически отчети, ключови проучвания, типични проучвания и др.
1.Census:Acensusisaone-timecomprehensivesurveyspeciallyorganizedforaspecificpurpose.Itisusedtocollectcomprehensiveinformationonimportantnationalconditions,nationalstrengthandresourceconditions,andprovidethegovernmentwithplans,guidelinesandpolicies.inaccordancewith.
2.Samplingsurvey:Samplingsurveyisthemostwidelyusedsurveymethodinpractice.Itrandomlyselectsapartoftheunitseatsamplefromthepopulationofthesurveysubjectsforsurvey,andinfersfromthesamplesurveyresultsAnon-comprehensivesurveymethodofoverallquantitativecharacteristics.
3.Statisticalreport:Statisticalreportisasurveymethodbasedoncomprehensiveinvestigation.Itisarrangedbythecompetentgovernmentdepartmentintheformofstatisticaltablesandadministrativemethodsfromtoptobottominaccordancewithstatisticallawsandregulations.Asurveymethodinwhichenterprisesandinstitutionscollectandreportfromthebottomtothetoptoprovidebasicstatisticaldata.
4.Keysurvey:Keysurveyisanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbySelectindividualorpartofthekeyunitsintheoverallsurveytounderstandthebasicsituationoftheoverall.
5.Typicalsurvey:Atypicalsurveyisalsoanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbyaspecialorganization.Itisbasedonthepurposeandrequirementsofthesurveyandresearch,basedonacomprehensiveanalysisoftheoverall,andconsciouslychoosesrepresentativesamongthemTypicalunitsofsexconductin-depthandmeticulousinvestigationstounderstandtheessentialcharacteristics,causality,andlawsofdevelopmentandchangesofthings.
Методи за събиране на статистически данни
При действителните проучвания специфичните методи за събиране на данни включват основно анкети с интервюта, анкети по пощата, телефонни анкети, семинари, индивидуални задълбочени интервюта и онлайн анкети.
1.Interviewinvestigation:Interviewinvestigationisalsocalleddispatchedinvestigation.Itisaninvestigationmethodinwhichtheinvestigatorandtherespondentobtaintherequiredinformationthroughface-to-faceconversation.
2.Mailsurvey:Amailsurveyisasurveyinwhichthequestionnaireissenttothesurveyedbymailorothermeans,andthesurveyedpersonfillsin,andthenthequestionnaireissentbackordroppedtothedesignatedcollectionpoint.method.
3.Telephonesurvey:Telephonesurveyisasurveymethodbywhichinvestigatorsusethetelephonetocommunicatewiththeintervieweestoobtaininformation.Theadvantagesoftelephonesurveysarequicktimelinessandlowcost;thedisadvantageisthatthenumberofsurveyquestionscannotbetoomuch.
4.Symposium:Thesymposiumisalsocalledthecollectiveinterviewmethod.Itisamethodofgatheringagroupofintervieweesatthesurveysiteandlettingthemexpresstheiropinionsonthesubjectofthesurveytoobtainsurveydata.method.Thismethodissuitableforcollectingthetendenciesandopinionsofafewpeoplewhoarecloselyrelatedtotheresearchtopic.
5.Individualin-depthinterview:Anindividualin-depthinterviewisaspecialqualitativestudyinwhichonlyonerespondentparticipatesatatime.Itisoftenusedinmotivationresearchtodiscoverthedeep-seatedopinionsoftheintervieweesthatarenotsuperficial.Thismethodismostsuitableforstudyingmoresecretissues,suchaspersonalprivacy;moresensitiveissues.
6. Онлайн разследване: Има три метода за онлайн разследване: електронна поща, интерактивна CATI система и интернет CGI програма.