TheoriginofUAVs
TheearliestdevelopmentofUAVswasafterWorldWarI.Inadditiontotheuseofdronestotrainanti-aircraftgunnersinWorldWarII,boththeUnitedStatesandGermanytriedTheplanecarriesalargeamountofexplosives,andiscontrolledbythepilotdirectlyorthroughanotherplanetocarryouthighlyaccurateattacksonspecialtargets.GermanyusedfighterjetsandunmannedbombersontheEasternFront.TheU.S.experimentallyusestheB-17bomberasavehicleforexplosives.Thepilotparachutesaftertheautomaticflightdeviceisactivatedinthefinalstage,andtheaircrafthitsthetargetafterthedefaultflight.
AftertheSecondWorldWar,therewereseveraldevelopmentroutes.Oneistoconvertretiredaircraftintospecialresearchortargetaircraft.Oneistousespeciallydesignedsmallunmannedaircraftforspecialreconnaissanceortestmissions,andthethirdistoreplacelargeaircraftwithsmallunmannedaircraft.Withtheadvancementofelectronictechnology,droneshavebeguntoshowtheirflexibilityandimportanceintheroleofreconnaissancemissions.DuringtheVietnamWar,theUnitedStatesusedalargenumberofunmannedaerialvehiclestoconductreconnaissanceworkonhigh-valueortightlydefensivetargets,soastoreducetheriskofcasualtiesorbeingcaptured.TheRPV(RemotelyPilotedVehicle)developedbytheU.S.militaryduringtheVietnamWar,thatis,theTeledyne-RyanAircraftCompany'sAGM-34Firebee,wasoneoftherepresentativeproductsoftheearlyunmannedaircraft.Inaddition,theD-12triplesonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcarriedbytheA-12reconnaissanceaircraftisanotherveryspecialbutunsuccessfulattempt.
Inthe1950s,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensemodifiedafewQH-50helicoptersoftheDASHprogramtoserveasareconnaissancemissioninVietnam.Inaddition,from1965to1967,Japanpurchasedatotalof20QH-50sfromtheUnitedStatesanddeployedthemonshipsoftheMaritimeSelf-DefenseForce.
In1982,IsraelAviationIndustryCorporation(IAI)pioneeredtheuseofdronesforothermilitarymissions.DuringtheGalileePeaceOperation(LebanonWar),theScoutUAVsystemusedtoplayanimportantcombatroleintheserviceoftheIsraeliArmyandtheIsraeliAirForce.TheIsraelDefenseForcesmainlyusedronesforreconnaissance,intelligencecollection,trackingandcommunications.DuringOperationDesertStormin1991,theU.S.militaryoncelaunchedaspeciallydesignedsmalldroneasadecoytodeceiveenemyradarsystems.
Първото поколение беше доминирано от разузнавателни самолети. През 21-ви век някои UAV са били оборудвани с оръжия (например RQ-1Predator е оборудван с AGM-114Hellfire ракети въздух-земя).
Israelisattheforefrontoftheworldinthedevelopmentandapplicationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Sincethe1970s,IsraelhasindependentlydevelopedorcooperatedwiththeUnitedStates,Switzerlandandothercountriestodevelopthreegenerationsofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,namelythefirstgenerationof"reconnaissancesoldiers",thesecondgenerationof"pioneers","prowlers",andthethirdgeneration."Searcher","Hound","Heron"and"Eyes"etc.Theseunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthaveanactiverangeofabout100km,upto1000km,andhavealifetimerangingfrom4hto40h.Theyareequippedwithdifferentreconnaissanceequipmentandcanperformphotographicreconnaissance,televisionreconnaissance,infraredimagingreconnaissanceorelectronicreconnaissance.Theinformationobtainedcanbetransmittedbacktothegroundcommandcenterdirectlyorviaradiorelayinrealtime.
TheUnitedStatesattachesgreatimportancetothedevelopmentoflong-endurance,unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcommontothethreeservices,anditstechnologyisattheworld'sleadinglevel.AccordingtotheU.S.military'sunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopmentplan,thefocusisonthedevelopmentoflong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.The"Neusquito750"and"Predator"medium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavebeensuccessfullydeveloped."Neus750"and"Predator"aremedium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,withaflighttimeofupto40hours,andcanpatroloverthetargetformorethan20hours.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedphotoelectricreconnaissanceequipment,electronicreconnaissanceequipmentanddatatransmissionequipment."Nanomosquito75"hascarriedoutseveralIOreconnaissanceandsurveillanceflightsduringtheconflictinBosniaandHerzegovina,providingclearreportstokeepabreastofchangesinthetheatersituationandformulaterelevantpolicies.InthelatterpartoftheBosnia-HerzegovinaWarandtheKosovoWar,"Predators"weresenttothebattlefieldtoperformreconnaissancemissions.The"GlobalHawk"isahigh-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.
TheEuropeanDefenseAgencyundertheEuropeanCommissionhelditsexecutivecommitteeinBrussels,Belgium,onNovember19,2013.EightcountriesincludingBritain,France,Germany,Greece,Spain,Italy,theNetherlandsandPolandwerepresentatthemeetingDuringthisperiod,aplantocooperateinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwassigned.
The"EuropeanDefenseAgency"consultedmultipledefenseministersbeforetheexecutivecommitteeconvened,andconductedresearchontheresearchanddevelopmentofequipmentneededforfutureEuropeandefense.FrenchDefenseMinisterJean-YvesLeDrianrevealedthatthedevelopmentofaEuropeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthenexttenyearswaslistedasa"toppriority"bymultipledefenseministers."EuropeanDefenseAgency"officialPeteHundsaidatapressconferenceheldthatdaythattheopinionsoftheEU'sdefenseministersindicatethatthetimeforlaunchingtheEuropean"RemoteControlAircraftSystem"(RPAS)isripe.
EuropeandefenseexpertsbelievethatEuropehasfallenbehindtheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesinthisfield.Asof2013,theUnitedStatesandIsraelhavereliedontheirfirst-moverscientificresearchadvantagestooccupymostoftheUAVmarket,andEuropemustcatchup.InJune2013,the"EuropeanDefenseAgency"notifiedaviationgiantsinFrance,Italyandothercountriestoacceleratethedevelopmentofdrones.
EuropeandefenseexpertspointedoutthatGermanyandFrance,thetwoleadingEUleaders,haverecognizedtheimportanceofdrones.TheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftintroducedbyGermanyfromIsraelhasalreadyperformedmissionsinAfghanistan,andtheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftimportedbyFrancefromtheUnitedStateshaveparticipatedinmilitaryoperationsinMali.GermanyandFrancesignedanagreementearliertostrengthentheirtechnicalcooperationintheaviationfieldwithaviewtoreducingtheirdependenceontheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesondrones.
"EuropeanDefenseAgency"analysispointedoutthatEuropeisexpectedtoindependentlydevelopmedium-rangeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftaround2020.WhenthemediaherereportedthatBritain,France,Germanyandothereightcountriescooperatedinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,theyusedthe"droneclub"todescribetheeightcountries'plans.Observersherebelievethatthemainpurposeoftheplanisto"checkandbalance"theUnitedStatesandIsrael,withaviewtotakingashareofthedronemarketinthefuture.
Accordingtotheinformationprovidedbythe"EuropeanDefenseAgency",unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeusednotonlyformilitarypurposes,butalsoforbordercontrol,firemonitoring,disasterpreventionandcontrol,etc.
В допълнение към Съединените щати и Израел, армията на някои страни също е оборудвана с безпилотни разузнавателни самолети. Например британският „феникс“, руският „Фигура 1243“, „Бревил“, съвместно разработен от Германия и Франция, южноафриканският „Vulture“ и други безпилотни разузнавателни самолети и канадския безпилотен разузнавателен хеликоптер CL-227.
Keytechnology
Pneumatictechnology
Asfutureunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavespecialrequirementsforflightperformanceandradarreflectionarea,variousadvancedtechnologiesarerequiredTheresearchofaerodynamiclayoutisparticularlyimportant,andbecausetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdoesnotneedtoconsiderfactorssuchaspilots,itcanadoptamoreradicalaerodynamiclayoutthanamannedreconnaissanceaircraft,suchasahighlyunstabletaillesslayout.
Powertechnology
Unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthe21stcenturygenerallyrequirelongrange,sohigh-efficiencypowertechnologymustbeused.Inaddition,newlightandhigh-efficiencyfuelscanbedeveloped,suchashigh-efficiencyaviationkeroseneandtheuseofsolarenergyaspower.Forexample,the"Apollo"solar-poweredunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftbeingtestedintheUnitedStates.Itusesnewthrustvectoringandsplitaileronsthatcanbematchedwiththeaerodynamiclayoutoftheairframeforflightcontrol.Thereisalsoajetmulti-axisthrustvectoringtechnology,whichcontrolstheflightattitudeanddirectionbycontrollingtheenginetothejetdirectionatthenozzle..Thistechnologyeliminatesthemovingpartsofthepreviousmechanicalthrustvectoringdevice,notonlymakesthefixednozzlelighter,butalsoreducestheradarcrosssectioninappearance,andcanquicklyreducethenozzletemperaturetoweakentheinfraredsignal.
Communicationtechnology
Thedatalinktechnologyofbroadbandandbigdataflowcanenableunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttotransmitinformationquicklyoverlongdistances.Theimplementationofsuper-toughlickinggiantcontrolisakeytechnologyforthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Ifreal-timecommunicationorreliableoperationisnotpossibleundertheconditionoflong-distanceorenemyinterference,informationcannotbesenttothecommandandcontrolcenter,andinstructionscannotbesenttotheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthatisunderinvestigation,humanscannotplayaroleinit,andunmannedreconnaissanceThemachinewillloseitsadvantage.
Launchandrecovery
Inthe21stcentury,thelaunchandrecoveryofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftarerequiredtobemoreconvenient.Theydonotrelyonrunwaytakeoffandlanding,andunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillhavegreatercompetitiveness.Therefore,whetherthezero-lengthlaunchtechnologyandsaferecoverytechnologyoflargeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanachievebreakthroughsisofgreatsignificance.
Miniaturization
Electronicequipmentwillbemoreadvancedandminiaturized,suchastheuseofembeddedsensorstoachieve3600cognitivecapabilities,throughtheuseofsyntheticapertureradar,lowinterceptionratecommunicationsTheequipmentwillimprovetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft'sabilitytograspthebattlefieldsituationandincreaseitsanti-jammingcapability.
Класически самолети от различни страни
Китай
Безпилотен разузнавателен самолет за далечни разстояния без разузнаване 5:Безпилотен разузнавателен самолет безпилотен разузнавателен самолет Non-5 (наричан още WZ-5) UAV, който все още е в служба на ВВС на Китайската народна освободителна армия. В началото на 1960 г., въздушните сили на китайската народна освободителна армия свалиха няколко безпилотни разузнавателни самолета тип Firebee под командването на стратегическите военновъздушни сили на САЩ, когато те изпълняваха разузнавателна мисия в континентален Китай. nautics ремонтира дрон "Firebee" и успешно се върна в синьото небе. В края на 1970-те години Китай започна да имитира UAV "Firebee" и го нарече WZ-5UAV, а моделът му за износ беше наречен CH-1 ("Changhong"-1). първоначално като специално модифициран бомбардировач Tu-4 "Bull", а по-късно беше променен на транспортния самолет Yun-8E, произведен от Xi 'компания за самолети. Този дрон се изважда с парашут. UAV Non-Reconnaissance-5 беше използван в контраатаката на китайско-виетнамската самоотбрана през 1979 г. и все още е единственият безпилотен разузнавателен самолет с голям обсег на въоръжение във ВВС на Китайската народна освободителна армия.
Accordingtothelatestreports,animprovedWZ-5/CH-1UAVhasenteredactiveservice.Thisnewtypeofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissaidtobeequippedwithaglobalpositioningsystemandaninertialnavigationsystem.ThisUAVusesaWP-11turbojetenginewithathrustof8.33kN.Thismachinecancarryequipmentsuchasoptics,TV,infraredcameraandsoon.
Данните за ефективността на зоните на WZ-5 са следните: размах на крилата 9,76 метра; капитан 8,97 метра; височина на самолета 2,18 метра; празно тегло 1060 кг; максимално тегло при излитане 1700 кг; оборудване за мисията 65 кг; тегло на горивото 62 кг; максималната скорост е 800 километра в час (на надморска височина от 17, 500 метра); обхватът е 2500 километра; издръжливостта е 3 часа; максималната височина на летене е 17 500 метра.
Неразузнавателен-9/-2000:Бъдещият стелт безпилотен разузнавателен самолет, на Zhuhai Air Showwin 2000, Китайската национална група за авиационна индустрия в Гуейджоу за първи път демонстрира своя функционален стелт безпилотен разузнавателен самолет с голям обсег Wuzhen-9 (известен също като WZ-9 или WZ-2000). Изчислено е, че този тип забавен летателен апарат, задвижван от двигател fan-jete, е разработван от средата на 90-те години на миналия век и прототипът може да е бил тестван.
AttheZhuhaiAirShowin2002,GuizhouAviationIndustryGroupexhibitedamorerefinedWZ-9/-2000UAVmodel,whichrevealedmoredetails.Fromtheoveralldesign,ithasmanyinvisiblefeaturessimilartoAmericanproducts.Thelargeheadprotrusioncanaccommodatesatellitecommunicationantennasforreal-timetransmissionofimagesandelectronicintelligencedatatothegroundcontrolcenter.
Thisunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeequippedwithvarioustypesofopticalandthermalimagingcamerasorreconnaissanceandsurveillanceradars,andcanalsobeusedasanaerialplatformforelectroniccountermeasuresandairborneearlywarning.Itmayalsocarryweaponsforgroundattacks,astheUSAirForcedidinthewaronterrorisminAfghanistan.AlthoughthistypeofUAVcannotbecomparedwiththeU.S.Army’s“GlobalHawk”UAVandhasnostrategicsignificance,itcanplayaroleasareconnaissancesatelliteandperformelectronicwarfare/Electroniccountermeasuremission.
Tianchihigh-altitudeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,"Skywing"UAV,alsoknownas"Tianyi-3"UAV."Tianyi3"isashort-rangereconnaissanceUAVsystemusedtoperformtacticalreconnaissanceandsurveillancetasksduringwartime.Thereconnaissanceinformationobtainedistransmittedtothegroundsurveyingandmappingstationinrealtime,providingintelligencesupportfortherapidmobileoperationsofthetroops,andconductingpatrolsandsurveillanceinpeacetime.Servingtheborderandcoastaldefenses.Inferredfromitslayout,sizeandappearancecharacteristics,theaircraftshouldbeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwithhighaltitudeandlongendurance.TheoverallconceptissimilartotheUS"GlobalHawk".Thewhitefairingofthenoseisestimatedtobeasatellitecommunicationantenna,whichisusedtoensurethatthegroundtargetinformationcollectedbytheaircraftcanbetransmittedtothesatelliteinrealtimeandatahighspeed,andsentbacktothegroundreceivingdevicethroughthesatelliterelay.
Israel
"Searcher"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Israel'sthird-generationunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillreplacethe"reconnaissance"droneAsthestandardequipmentoftheIsraeliarmy.Theuppersingle-wingstructureisadopted,andtheengineisplacedabovethetailofthefuselageandispropelledbyathree-bladepropeller.Thehorizontaltailisfixedontwobeamsextendingbackwardfromthetailofthefuselage,andtheslightlyinwardlyinclineddoubleverticaltailsareinstalledatbothendsofthetail.Thelandinggearisthefirstthree-pointtype,whichcanrolloffandlandonflatgroundorontherunway.Whennecessary,apneumaticcatapultorboosterrocketcanbeusedtohelptakeoff.Thelengthis5.15m,theheightis1.16m,thewingspanis7.22m,themaximumtake-offweightis372kg,thepayloadis63kg,theflyingheightis4575m,andtheflyingspeedis111}194km1h.Thereconnaissanceflighttimeperdispatchcanbeupto12h(flyingaltitude3050m,100kmawayfromthebase),andthelongestemptytimeis14h.Theactiveradiusofreconnaissanceflightis220kmwhenthereisaradiorelay,and120kmwhenthereisnorelay.oAirborneThephotoelectricreconnaissanceequipmentincludesaTVcamera,aforward-lookinginfraredinstrument,alasertargetindicator,andalaserrangefinder,whichareinstalledinarotatablesphericalshellatthelowerpartofthefuselage,withanazimuthangleof3600andanelevationangleof+10-10100.Dependingonwhetherthereconnaissancemissionorthetimeofthemissionisdayornight,thesedevicescanhavedifferentcombinations.Therearedatatransmissionequipmentonboard,whichcantransmittheimagesobtainedbyreconnaissancebacktothegroundstationinrealtime.
UnitedStates
"GlobalHawk"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Ahigh-altitude,high-speed,long-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheUnitedStates.Itismainlyusedforlarge-scalecontinuousreconnaissanceandsurveillanceinlow-andmedium-intensityconflicts.Ithasalengthof13.4m,awingspanof35.5m,amaximumtake-offweightof11610kg,amaximumfuelloadof6577kg,andapayloadof900kg.Aturbofanengineisplacedabovethefuselage,withamaximumflightspeedof740km/h,acruisingspeedof635km/h,arangeof26000km,andabatterylifeof42h.ItcantakeofffromtheUnitedStatesandreachanylocationintheworldforreconnaissance,orcontinuouslyreconnaissanceandsurveillanceoveratarget5500kmawayfromthebasefor24hours,andthenreturntothebase.Theaircraftisequippedwiththreetypesofreconnaissanceequipment:syntheticapertureradar,TVcamera,andinfrareddetector,aswellasdefensiveelectroniccountermeasureequipmentanddigitalcommunicationequipment.Thedetectionrangeofsyntheticapertureradaris20-200km,anditcanmonitoranareaof1.374x105km2inaday,andtheimageresolutionis0.9m,whichcandistinguishcarsandtrucks;orcarefullyobserve1900suspiciousareasof2kmx2km.Theresolutionis0.3m,whichcandistinguishbetweenstationaryandmovingtargets.TheTVcameraisusedtotakepicturesofthetarget,andtheimageresolutionisclosetothelevelofthephotographicfilm.Infrareddetectorscanfindcamouflagedtargetsanddistinguishbetweenmovingtargetsandstationarytargets.Thetargetimageobtainedbythereconnaissanceequipmentistransmittedtothegroundstationinrealtimeatarateof50Mb/sthroughsatellitecommunicationormicrowaverelaycommunication.Afterinformationprocessing,theintelligenceissenttothetheaterorbattlefieldcommandcenterfordecision-makingorbattlefielddamageassessmentforthecommander.Provideinformation.
Supersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:AnewtypeofsupersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.Thespeedofthisreconnaissanceaircraftwillreach6timesthespeedofsoundandwillItwillbetestedinthenextactualcombatmilitaryexerciseanditisexpectedtocreateanewunmannedflightrecord.TheU.S.DepartmentofDefensewillexplainthevariousequipmentoftheprototypeinapublicstatement.Infact,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensehasconductedthisresearchfordecades,becausethisreconnaissanceaircraftwillbecomea"all-rounder"withspacereconnaissance,supersonicreconnaissanceaircraftmannedflight,ultra-high-speedmissilesormilitaryaircraft,etc.Function.Anditispreciselybecauseofitsultra-hightechnicalcontentthatmakesthisresearchverydifficult.Atthesametime,theexistingU.S.reconnaissanceaircraftcannolongermeetthedemand.TheSR-71"Blackbird"strategicreconnaissanceaircraft,althoughtheflightspeedandaltitudemeettherequirements,hasalimitedtimeintheairandcannotcontinuetoconductreconnaissanceandsurveillance.Thecostwastoohigh,soitwasretiredfromactiveserviceinthe1990s.
Suchapowerfulperformancemakesitdifficultfortheengineersresponsibleforthedesignofthisreconnaissanceaircraft.Thegoalofonly6timesthespeedofsoundisdifficulttoachieve,becauseitisdifficultforengineerstoensurethatatsuchahighspeed,withtheexistingtechnicalconditions,itispossibletoensurethatthefuselageoftheaircraftwillnotdisintegrate.Anotherthornyissueisthepoweroftheaircraft.Sincethe20thcentury,thereconnaissanceaircraftstillusesordinaryturbojetengines.Thistimethedesignersplantoaddanotherengine.This"ultrasonicoxidationjetpropulsionengine"willhavenomovablepartsandallowtheaircrafttoflyathighspeeds.Abletogaintremendousmomentum.Ontheotherhand,thedesignersintendtousehydrogenasafuel,butthisrequiresahugegastank,andifthevolumeistoolarge,itwillaffectthespeed.Therefore,engineersturnedtothedual-oxygenjetpropulsionengine.
Безпилотен разузнавателен самолет PhantomRay:На церемония, проведена в Сейнт Луисън, 10 май 2010 г., Boeing представи своята усъвършенствана безпилотна летателна система (UAS)——Мистерията на „PhantomRay“. дължина 36 фута (приблизително 11 метра) и тегло 36 500 паунда (приблизително 16 556 килограма) .Неговата надморска височина може да достигне 40 000 фута (около 12 192 метра), което е с 10 000 фута (около 3048 метра) по-високо от обикновените търговски самолети на дълги разстояния; крейсерската му скорост надвишава скоростта на звука и може да достигне 614 мили в час (0,8 Маха, около всеки 988 километра sperhour).
"PhantomRay"isademonstrationaircraftdesignedtoserveasaflyingtestplatformtoexploreopportunitiesforfuturetechnologyresearchanddevelopment.ItwasdevelopedbyBoeingPhantomandisbasedonaprototypeoriginallydevelopedbyBoeingfortheUSmilitary.Intermsofdesign,the"PhantomRay"hasanextremelylowradarcrosssection,allowingittosneakintotheenemy'sairspacewithoutbeingdetected.Itsengineishiddeninthebodytoreduceinfraredcharacteristicsandcanlaunchmissilesduringflight.Likeanyweapon,the"phantomray"willonlybeusedwhenneeded.
Boeing’sDefense,Space,andSecuritySystemsCEODennisMyilenburgsaid:“Asatestingplatformforadvancedtechnologies,"PhantomRay"canprovideourcustomerswithavarietyofoptions,suchasintelligencecollection,Surveillanceandreconnaissance,suppressionofenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacksandself-propelledaerialrefueling-thepossibilitiesareendless."
Througharapidprototypingandmanufacturingprocess,Boeingdevelopeditinjusttwoyears"PhantomRay"comesout.Theunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbetestedinthesummerof2010,andwillmakeitsfirstflightinDecember,andwillmake10flightswithinsixmonths.DarrylDavis,presidentofBoeingPhantomFactory,said:“Wehaveenteredthefastlaneandthefirstflightisjustaroundthecorner.”“PhantomRay”isdesignedtoactasanadvancedtechnologytestplatformwhilesupportingintelligencecollection,surveillance,andreconnaissance.Suppressenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacks,airstrikesandself-propelledaerialrefuelingtasks.
Japan
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopadomesticUAVequippedwithhigh-sensitivityinfraredsensorstoenhanceitsearlydetectionofballisticmissiles.
ItisreportedthattheMinistryofDefenseplanstoapplyfor3billionyen(approximatelyUS$37.3million)inthe2013budgetforthe"aircraftdronesysteminthenextfouryears.Research".TheMinistryofDefenseplanstocarryoutthebasicdesignoftheUAVtestmachine.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thestrengthtestwillbecarriedout,anditwillbeputintousein2020.
Theunmannedaerialvehicletobedevelopedwillflyatanaltitudeof13,500meters.Itcandetectlow-altitudemovingobjectsfromtheseanearJapanandcansailcontinuouslyfor22hours.AfterJapandeploysUAVs,itcandetectthelaunchofballisticmissilesearlierthanground-basedradars,anditcanalsotrackthemissilesafterlaunching.
ThecurrentmissiledetectionsystemoftheMinistryofDefenseofJapanismainlycomposedofgroundradarandAegisships.Inaddition,theearlywarningsatellitesoftheUSmilitaryalsoprovideintelligencetoJapan.However,systemssuchasradarcanonlydetectthetargetobjectafteritreachesacertainheight.
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopthefirsttestmachineofanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftfrom2013.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thesystemwillbeenhancedonthisbasis.MinistryofDefenseofficialssaidthatthehigh-sensitivityinfrareddetectionsystemhasbeendevelopedandrelatedtechnologiesarebasicallyinplace.
TheJapanesegovernmentoncehopedtopurchasetheUSGlobalHawkunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,butithasnotreceivedapositiveresponsefromtheUS,soithasbecomeachoiceoftheJapanesegovernmenttoindependentlydevelopanewdomesticdrone.
Thenewsshowsthatifthislong-termairborneunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissuccessfullydeveloped,itwillnotonlybeabletodrivedirectlyintoNorthKoreaandRussia,butalsobeconnectedtothegroundradarsystemtodetectballisticmissilesattackingJapaninadvance.Andeffectivelyimplementinterception.Atthesametime,thetrajectoryofanartificialsatellitesimilartothatofNorthKorea'slaunchcanalsobeaccuratelygrasped.
SouthKorea
SouthKorea’sMinistryofDefenserecentlystatedthatNorthKorea’s"provocativethreat"stillexistsandisveryimportantforNorthKoreaninvestigations.TheMinistryofNationalDefenseisadvancingaplantoincreasethedronebudgetto35billionwon.TheSouthKoreanmilitaryintendstocompletetheresearchanddevelopmentoftheUAVsystemby2017andformallydeployitin2018.
В сравнение с разузнавателните самолети "KingKong" и "Whitehead", използвани в момента в Южна Корея, UAV има характеристиките на дълъг живот на батерията и силен стелт, но има по-добра производителност от американския UAV "Global Hawk". Малко по-слаб.
SouthKoreanmilitaryofficialssaidthatKorean-mademid-altitudeUAVsand"GlobalHawk"UAVscancooperatetobuildathree-dimensionalreconnaissancesystem.TheformercanbedeployednearthearmisticelinetocentrallymonitorthemovementoftheNorthKoreanarmyonthefrontline,whilethelattercanbeusedforinvestigationintherearoftheNorthKoreanarmy."UAVsarealsooneofthenecessaryconditionsforSouthKoreatobuilda'killchain'againstNorthKorea'snuclearandmissileattacks,"theofficialemphasized.
UnitedKingdom
The"phoenix"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:the"phoenix"unmannedaerialvehicleisakindofmediumdevelopedbytheBritishcompanyMarconiChengunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Theairframeismadeofcompositematerials,modularstructure,propulsionwingandtailbeam,replaceablewing,verticaltailwingtip,etc.Theaircrafthasgoodstealthperformance,highsurvivability,andiseasytomaintainandtransportonthebattlefield.Themaximumoperatingheightis2440m,thereconnaissanceradiusis60km,andthefieldofviewis800km2ataheightof1000m.Itsmainpurposeistoprovidereconnaissancephotosanddataforartilleryinterceptors.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedinfraredsensors,syntheticapertureradarandelectronicwarfaresystems.Afterthefirst"Pheasant"UAVwastestedinCanada,theBritishArmyreassessedthecombatneedsoftheUAVandmadefurtherimprovementstotheMarconi"Pheasant"UAV.Improvementsinclude:addingsyntheticapertureradars,radiorelaystations,lasertargetindicationsforguidedweapons,andremotelandminedetectiondevices,includingnewmissionloads.
FormerSovietUnion
Picturea243unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:ItisaUAVfromPicturea143bytheformerSovietUnionTupolevDesignBureauin1982.Improved.Itismainlyusedforairreconnaissanceinthebattledepthof150km,especiallyintheairdefensezoneoftheenemy'sairdefenseweaponsandpossiblenuclear,chemicalandbiologicalweaponscontaminatedareas,dayandnightairreconnaissanceunderanyclimaticconditions.Itcaneffectivelydiscovertheenemy’simportanttargets,suchasnuclearartillerybatteries,surface-to-surfacemissiles,airdefensemissiles,andtransportationhubs,positionsandtroopassemblyareas,anddivisioncommandposts.Thereconnaissanceintelligenceobtainedandrecordedwillbereceived,processed,anddecodedonthereconnaissanceaircraftandonthegroundinatimelymannertoidentifytargetsanddeterminetheircoordinates,makephotographicdocumentsandtransmitintelligence.
ThenavigationsystemofFigure1243canensurethatitfliesaccordingtothescheduledroute,accuratelyentersthereconnaissancearea,andreturnstolandaftercompletingthemission.Thereplaceablereconnaissanceequipmentcabinisinstalledinthenosepart.Itcanbeequippedwithtwotypesofreconnaissanceequipment:oneisAP-402Matmosphericcamerawith"Winter-M"infraredreconnaissanceequipment,andtheotheriswith"Crane-M',AP-402MatmosphericcameraequipmentforTVsystem.Whenperformingreconnaissancemissions,photographicandinfraredreconnaissanceintelligenceisrecordedontheUAVinFigure1.Theintelligenceobtainedthroughinfraredandtelevisionwillbesenttothegroundreceivingstationbyradio,andthereceivedsignalwillbeconvertedintoa475pxwideimage.Whenusingradiotransmission,theacquisitiontimeofthefirstbatchofreconnaissanceintelligenceis10tnin,andthetimeforsendingatmosphericphotographicfilmtothemobilereceivingstationis20min.Theaccuracyofthetargetcoordinatesis60}70m,andthereconnaissanceareaofonesortieisapproximately2100km.
Турция
Безпилотният разузнавателен самолет „Анка“успешно завърши различни експерименти и изпитателни полети на 18 февруари 2011 г. Този безпилотен разузнавателен самолет, наречен „Анка“, е разработен от 180 турски експерти и техници. Този безпилотен разузнавателен дрон може да продължи да лети Летейки на височина от 30 000 метра. Освен това UAV може да носи товар от 200 kg и да излита и каца при различни метеорологични условия. Той надмина безпилотния разузнавателен самолет "Heron", закупен от Израел .
TheadvancedunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthathavecompletedvarioustestswillfirstbeusedtocombatterroristorganizationsinsoutheasternTurkey,thusendingthehistoryofrentingandpurchasingdronesfromIsraeltocombatterroristforces.Thereportalsopointedoutthatin2011,5"Anka"UAVswillbeproduced,andby2012,thenumberofUAVsofthistypewillreach20.
Френско-германско сътрудничество
Безпилотен разузнавателен самолет "LUNA" с малък обсег:Оборудван в 3KZO компании за дронове за позициониране на цели. Като експериментална система LunaX2000 е използвана в Косово и Македония. Разстоянието за опознаване на "LunarGod" е около 40 километра, а времето за издръжливост е 2 часа. При скорост около 70 км /h(скоростта е свързана с вятъра), височината на опознаване е 300-500 метра. Самолетът е оборудван със сензори за дневни часове и инфрачервени сензори, така че може да изпълнява задачи през деня и нощта. от "Лунни" системи (една от които е закупена за отдели за специални операции): все още има нужда от тази система в рамките на организацията.
KZOtargetpositioningUAV,thedevelopmentplanofKZOUAVwasoriginallynegotiatedbytheMinistryofNationalDefenseofFranceandGermany.Germanyshares60%oftheresearchanddevelopmentcosts,andFranceshares40%.ThemanufactureristheEuropeanUAVCompany,whichproducedaprototypeandverifieditin1992.However,duetolackoffunds,FrancecancelleditsplantopurchaseKZOdrones.Sincethen,thedevelopmentoftheKZOUAVhasbecomeaseparateprojectcontractedbyGermany.RelevantfundsinGermanyarealsoabsentfromtimetotime,whichsloweddownthedevelopmentofthelatterpartofKZO,andthestraightforwardtestingwasdelayeduntil1998.TheKZOUAVhasundergonesystemtestsintheGermanArmy'sSpecialForcesandArtilleryUnits.Theentiretestwasbasicallycompletedinearly2004,andthenbegandeployment.Bythebeginningof2007,sixKZOUAVsystemshadenteredservicewithfourartillerycompaniesintheGermanArmy.
KZOUAVisanartillerytargetpositioningUAV.Itsmainmissionistodetect,identifyandcaptureenemylong-rangefiretargets,includinglong-rangeartillery,rocketlaunchersandtacticalmissilepositions.Thelauncherisarrangedonaflat-panellaunchvehicle,whichusesrocketpowertoboostthelaunch.Afterthelaunch,theboosterwasthrownaway,andatthesametimetheon-boardpistonenginebegantoworktoensuretheflightpoweroftheUAV.KZOUAVhasgoodstealthability,radarreflectioncrosssectionandinfraredsignalareverysmall.Front-viewinginfraredcameraandsurveillanceTVarethemainequipmentofKZO.Thedataandtargetimagesobtainedbyitaretransmittedtothegroundcommandinrealtimethroughthedatalink.Ithasalengthof2.3meters,aheightof900mm,awingspanof3.4meters,amaximumtake-offweightof150kg,abatterylifeof5.5hours,aceilingof4000meters,acruisingspeedof150km/h,amaximumflyingspeedof220km/h,andamaximumrangeof120km..
TheoversizedsystemmaybethemaindisadvantageoftheKZOUAVsystem.Inadditionto10KZOUAVs,eachsystemalsoincludes2groundstations,1commandvehicle,1launchvehicle,1sparevehicle,1maintenancevehicleanddatalinkterminal.Thepreparationtimeofthewholesystemisabout30minutes,andthelayoutareaisabout10,000squaremeters.
CL-289program-controlledUAV,CL-289canprovideaccuratebattlefieldsituation,targetandshootingeffectreconnaissanceresultswithinadistanceof170kilometers.Theflightspeedisabout740km/h,anditsailsabout400kilometers(round-tripdistance)within30minutesofendurance.Theaircraftisequippedwithinfraredsensorsanddayandnightsensors,sotheaircraftisnotrestrictedfordayandnightuse.Therangeofthesensoriscurrentlylimitedto12kilometers.Inanimprovementplantoimprovecombateffectiveness,byincreasingtheflightdistanceandthedetectiondistanceofsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilitywillonceagainbesignificantlyimproved.Inaddition,throughtheuseofradarsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilityundersevereweatherconditionswillbesignificantlyimproved.
Тенденция на развитие
Бойната мисия на безпилотните разузнавателни самолети се разшири от тактически до оперативен и стратегически обхват и постепенно замени пилотираните разузнавателни самолети. През 21-ви век Съединените щати посочиха дълготрайните дронове като фокус за развитие. дронове с голяма надморска височина и голяма издръжливост "Хищник", който ще играе като "преходна" роля, САЩ също така активно развиват и подобряват бойните си способности. -426 км/ч), увеличава тавана (12000 м) и натоварването (308 кг) и допълнително разширява разузнавателната и бойната живучест на "Хищника".
Theverticaltake-offandlandingunmannedaerialvehicle(VTUAV)willreplacethefixed-wingunmannedaerialvehicle.Existingfixed-wingUAVshavecomplextake-offandlandingproceduresonships,lowtargetpositioningaccuracy,highaccidentrates,anddifficultyinfulfillingcombatrequirements.Theverticaltake-offandlandingUAVhaslowrequirementsfortake-offandlandingconditions.Itcantakeoffandlandfromoffshoreplatformsandonlandundercomplexterrainandgroundconditions,andissuitableforship-borne,urbanandmountainousconditions.
Thedevelopmentofmicrounmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisrapid,andtheUAVequipmentwillbeextendedtothelowerlevel.Inordertomeettheneedsoffuturespecialoperationsandurbanoperations,thepaceofminiaturizationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisprogressingrapidly.Forexample,after2005,"handhelddrones"using"nano"technologywillbeequippedwithUSspecialforces,andtheequipmentlevelofthedroneswillextendtosquads,groups,andindividualsoldiersbelowthebattalion.Thiskindofdroneisdifficulttodetectwithradarorinfraredsensors,anditfliesveryquietly,makingitimpossibleforpeopletofeelitsexistence.
Themissionequipmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionofall-weather,high-resolution,long-distance,miniaturization,modularization,andlowcost.UAVsinthe21stcenturywillusehigh-definitiondigitaltelevisiontoreplacethecurrentstandardtelevision.Digitalcameraswithquasi-real-timetransmissionwillreplacefilmaerialreconnaissancecameras.Thethird-generationforward-lookinginfraredinstrumentwithhighresolution,highsensitivity,noscanningimaging,orevencooling,willbewidelyusedonUAVs.High-resolution,long-range,multi-mode,andminiaturizedsyntheticapertureradarwillbeusedonvarioustypesofUAVs.TheUAV'sall-weatherreconnaissancecapabilitiesandtheabilitytorecognizecamouflagedtargetswillbefurtherenhanced.Duetotechnologicalprogress,thecostofmissionequipmentforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillalsobereduced,makingitpossibletoequipalargenumberoftroops.
Themeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemoftheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionoflong-distance,securityandconfidentiality,generalization,digitization,andnetworking.Inthe21stcentury,theover-the-horizonlong-distancemeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemusingsatelliterelayshasbecomemorematureandcommoninlong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Themeasurementandcontrolstationforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbeserializedanduniversal.Theinteroperabilityofthereconnaissanceinformationofvarioustypesofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbesolved.Bythen,thesamegroundstationcanbeusedtocontroldifferenttypesofUAVsordifferentgroundstationscanbeusedtoreceivedatafromthesameUAV.TheintelligenceinformationobtainedbyUAVsusedbyvariousservicesandarmswillbeintegratedintotheC'ISRnetworktorealizeresourcesharing.
Stealthtechnologyiswidelyusedtofurtherimprovethestealthperformanceofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Thecombatstyleofmodernwarfarehastransformedinto"asymmetric"and"non-contact".Therefore,enhancingthestealthperformanceofUAVshasbecomeanurgentissueforthemilitaryofvariouscountriestosolve.Israelisdevelopingahigh-altitudelong-endurancestealthdrone.LockheedMartiniscurrentlysecretlydevelopingablackstealthdronefortheUSAirForce.Asof2013,thestealthtechnologyofdronesisstillinthedevelopmentstage.Continuetodeveloplong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttomakeitareal-timesurveillanceplatforminthefuture.