Overview
Whencomputerprogramsanddataaredistributedonmorethanonecomputerthroughanetwork,computingbecomes"distributed."Thepreviouscalculationswereusuallydonebythecomputingcenter.Althoughtherearestillsuchcomputingcenters,largeandsmallenterprisesaregraduallymoving(distributing)applicationstothemostefficientlocationintheenterprise,usuallydesktopworkstations,localareanetworkservers,departmentalservers,Webservers,andotherservers.mix.Themorepopularistheclient/servermodel.Theclientonlyhascertainfunctions,andotherfunctionsneedtobeobtainedfromtheserverthatprovidestheservice.TheHTTPprotocolisanexample.Inadistributedcomputingenvironment,datastorageandprocessingcanbeperformedonlocalworkstations.
Distributedcomputing
Distributedcomputingisanewcomputingmethodproposedinrecentyears.Theso-calleddistributedcomputingisthesharingofinformationbetweentwoormoresoftware.Thesesoftwarecanrunonthesamecomputeroronmultiplecomputersconnectedthroughanetwork.Distributedcomputingisacomputingmethod,asopposedtocentralizedcomputing.Withthedevelopmentofcomputingtechnology,someapplicationsrequirehugecomputingpowertocomplete.Forexample,centralizedcomputingrequiresalongtimetocomplete.Distributedcomputingdecomposestheapplicationintomanysmallparts,whicharedistributedtomultiplecomputersforprocessing.Thiscansavetheoverallcalculationtimeandgreatlyimprovethecalculationefficiency.
Comparedwithotheralgorithms,distributedcomputinghasthefollowingadvantages:
1.Vzácné zdrojelze sdílet;
2.DistributedcomputingcanbeusedinmanyBalancethecomputingloadonacomputer;
3.Program můžete zadat na počítač, který je pro jeho spuštění nejvhodnější;
Amongthem,sharingrareresourcesandbalancingtheloadarecomputerdistributedcomputingOneofthecoreideas.
Infact,gridcomputingisatypeofdistributedcomputing.Ifwesaythatacertainjobisdistributed,thenitmustbenotjustacomputer,butacomputernetworkthatparticipatesinthisjob.Obviously,this"antmovingmountain"approachwillhavestrongdataprocessingcapabilities.Theessenceofgridcomputingistocombineandshareresourcesandensuresystemsecurity.
Metoda distribuovaného počítače
DistributedcomputingisakindofcomputingthatusestheidleprocessingpoweroftheCPUofthecomputerontheInternettosolvelarge-scalecomputingproblemsscience.Below,let’sseehowitworks:
Firstofall,wemustdiscoveraproblemthatrequiresahugeamountofcomputingpowertosolve.Suchproblemsaregenerallyinterdisciplinary,extremelychallenging,andurgentresearchtopicsforhumanbeings.Themorefamousonesare:
1. Vyřešte složitější matematické problémy, jako je GIMPS (Najít největší Mersenneprime).
2. Prozkoumejte a najděte nejbezpečnější kryptografický systém, například: RC-72 (prolomení hesla).
3.Biologický patologický výzkum, např.:Folding@home (pro studium skládání proteinů, nedorozumění, polymerace a souvisejících nemocí způsobených tímto).
4.Hledání léků na různé nemoci, například:UnitedDevices (hledání účinných léků proti rakovině).
5.Zpracování signálu, například: SETI@Home (hledání mimozemské civilizace doma).
Fromthesepracticalexamples,itcanbeseenthattheseprojectsareverylargeandrequireanastonishingamountofcalculation.Itisabsolutelyimpossibleforasinglecomputerorindividualtocompletethecalculationinanacceptabletime.possible.Inthepast,theseproblemsshouldbesolvedbysupercomputers.However,thecostandmaintenanceofsupercomputersareveryexpensive,whichisnotwhatanordinaryscientificresearchorganizationcanafford.Withthedevelopmentofscience,acheap,efficient,andeasy-to-maintaincalculationmethodhasemerged-distributedcomputing!
DistributedcomputingandthepopularizationoftheInternet
Withthepopularizationofcomputers,personalcomputershavebeguntoentermillionsofhouseholds.Accompanyingitistheuseofcomputers.Moreandmorecomputersareinanidlestate,andthepotentialoftheCPUisfarfrombeingfullyutilizedevenwhenitisturnedon.Wecanimaginethatahomecomputerspendsmostofitstime"waiting".Evenwhentheuseractuallyusestheircomputer,theprocessorisstillsilentconsumption,andtherearestillcountlesswaiting(waitingforinput,butactuallydoingnothing).TheemergenceoftheInternethasmadeitarealitytoconnectandcallallthesecomputersystemswithidlecomputingresources.
DistributedComputingProject
So,someproblemsthatareverycomplexinthemselvesbutsuitablefordividingintoalargenumberofsmallercomputingfragmentsareproposed,andthensomeresearchTheorganizationhasdevelopedacomputingserverandclientthroughalotofhardwork.Theserverisresponsiblefordividingthecalculationproblemintomanysmallcalculationparts,andthenassigningthesepartstomanycomputersconnectedtothecalculationforparallelprocessing,andfinallycombiningthesecalculationresultstoobtainthefinalresult.
Ofcourse,thisseemsprimitiveanddifficult,butasthenumberofparticipantsandthenumberofcomputersinvolvedinthecalculationcontinuestoincrease,thecalculationplanhasbecomeveryrapid,andithasbeenproventobefeasibleinpractice.of.Theprocessingpowerofsomelargerdistributedcomputingprojectscanreachorevenexceedthefastestsupercomputersintheworld.
YoucanalsochoosetoparticipateincertainprojectstodonatetheCPUcoreprocessingtime.YouwillfindthattheCPUcoreprocessingtimeyouprovidewillappearintheproject'scontributionstatistics.Youcancompetewithotherparticipantsfortherankingofcontributiontime,youcanalsojoinanexistingcomputinggrouporformacomputinggroupyourself.Thismethodisveryhelpfultomobilizetheenthusiasmoftheparticipants.
Participateincomputing
Asthenumberofprivateteamsgraduallyincreased,manylargeorganizations(suchascompanies,schools,andvariouswebsites)havealsobeguntoformtheirownteams.Atthesametime,alargenumberofcommunitieswiththethemeofdistributedcomputingtechnologyandprojectdiscussionshavealsoformed.Mostofthesecommunitiesaretranslatingandproducingtutorialsfordistributedcomputingprojects,publishingrelatedtechnicalarticles,andprovidingnecessarytechnicalsupport.
Sowhomightjointheseprojects?Ofcourse,anyonecan!Ifyouhavealreadyjoinedaprojectandconsideredjoiningthecomputingteam,youwillbeintheChinaDistributedComputingCenterandFindyourhomeintheforum.Anyonecanjoinanydistributedcomputinggroupformedbyoursite.IhopeyouwillfindfuninChinaDistributedCentralStationandforums.
Participateindistributedcomputing-themostmeaningfulchoicethatcangivefullplaytotheusevalueofyourpersonalcomputer-onlyneedtodownloadtherelevantprogram,andthenthisprogramwillbeinthecomputerwiththelowestpriorityRunonthecomputer,whichhasalmostnoeffectonthenormaluseofthecomputer.Ifyouwanttouseyourfreetimeonyourcomputertodosomethinguseful,whydoyouhesitate?Actnow,yourinsignificantcontributionmaybeabletomakeyouleaveafortuneinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofhumanscience.
Distributedstoragesystem
Distributedstoragesystemistostoredatainmultipleindependentdevices.Thetraditionalnetworkstoragesystemusesacentralizedstorageservertostorealldata.Thestorageserverbecomesthebottleneckofsystemperformanceandthefocusofreliabilityandsecurity,whichcannotmeettheneedsoflarge-scalestorageapplications.Theadventoftheeraofbigdatamakestheresearchondistributedstoragesystemsofgreatsignificance:
Formassivedatastorage,distributeddatastoragehasgoodscalability.Robustnessandefficiencysurpassthetraditionalcentralizedstoragetechnology,butmanyofitsownperformanceindicatorssuchasdataredundancy,dataaccessspeed,bandwidthoccupancy,storagecostandreliability,etc.makedifferentsystemsanddifferentIndividualsandenterpriseshavedifferentemphasisonstoragerequirements.Datastoragemostlyconsidersaccessefficiencyandstoragecost,andthereisverylittleresearchondatainvulnerability.
Forthemanagementandmaintenanceofmassivedata,maintainingdataconsistencyisakeydirectionfordistributedstoragesystemstomaintaindata.Duetotheever-changingInternetenvironment,dataupdatespeedandconversionfrequencycontinuetoaccelerate,resultingindataconsistencymaintenanceFacingmanyproblems,suchasreliabilityproblems,dataredundancyproblems,networkturbulenceproblems,andmaliciousattacks,haveseriouslyaffectedtheformulationanddevelopmentofconsistencymaintenancestrategies.
P2Pdatastoragesystem
P2PdatastoragesystemadoptsthecharacteristicsofP2Pnetwork,thatis,eachuseristheacquirerandproviderofdata,andthereisnocentralnode,soeachuserTheyallexistonanequalfooting.AP2Pdatastoragesystembuiltwiththisfeaturecanstoredataonmultiplepeernodes.Whendataisneeded,afixedresourcesearchalgorithmcanbeusedtofinddataresourcestoobtainthedesireddata.
ThisfeatureofP2Pdatastoragesystemmakesitverysuitableforstoringlargeamountsofdata.Firstofall,becausethereisnocentralserver,thedataisdistributedandstoredoneachpeernode,sothatthereisnoproblemofexcessiveloadonacertainnode,andthescalabilityisgood;second,theabilitytoresistcyberattacksisstrong.Whenthereisanetworkattack,thedatalostbytheattackednodeisonlyasmallpartoftheentiredatastoragesystem,andmostoftheresourcesarestillinasafestate;finally,thankstotheexcellentscalabilityandeasymaintenanceoftheP2Pnetwork,P2PDatastoragesystemsalsohavetheseadvantages.
Cloudstoragesystem
Cloudstoragesystemisakindofnetworkstoragesystem,whichintegratesalargenumberofdatastorageserversandmanifestsasmultiplestorageserversworkingtogetherinternally.Thetaskofdatastoragedividesthetaskofdatastorageintomultiplesubtasksforparallelstorage,therebyreducingthetimeofdatastorageandincreasingdatasecurity.Toputitsimply,cloudstorageistostoredataorfilesinthecloud.DatauserscaneasilyaccessdatathroughtheInternetatanyplace,anddatastorageinthecloudhastheadvantagesofhighsecurityandlowcost.
Application
Theso-calleddistributedmeansthatthedataandprogramscannotbelocatedononeserver,butdistributedtomultipleservers,withgeographicalinformationdatadistributedonthenetworkandaffectedbyit.Theaffecteddatabaseoperationisatheoreticalcalculationmodeloftheresearchobject.Distributedisconducivetotaskallocationandoptimizationontheentirecomputersystem,overcomestheshortcomingsoftraditionalcentralizedsystemsthatcausecentralhostresourcetensionandresponsebottlenecks,andsolvesthedataheterogeneity,datasharing,andcomplexcalculationsthatexistinthenetworkGIS.Theproblemisamajoradvancementingeographicinformationsystemtechnology.
TraditionalcentralizedGISisdifficulttoapplytoatleasttwotypesofgeographicinformationsystems,andadistributedcomputingmodelisrequired.Thefirstcategoryisalarge-scaleprofessionalgeographicinformationsystem,thematicgeographicinformationsystemoraregionalgeographicinformationsystem.Thespatiotemporaldatasources,types,andstructuresoftheseinformationsystemsarediverse,andonlybydistributedcanthedivisionoflaborandcooperationindataresourcesharinganddataprocessingberealized.Forexample,inthecomprehensivemunicipalundergroundpipenetworksystem,thedataoftapwater,gas,andsewagearedistributedintheirrespectivemanagementorganizations.Tocollect,edit,store,extract,andanalyzethesedata,itisnecessarytousedistributedcomputingandmakethesetasks.Theyareallcarriedoutintheirrespectiveinstitutions,andtheirrespectivemanagementsystemsareestablishedassubsystemsoftheintegratedsystemtocompletethemanagementwork.Thetraditionalcentralizedtypecannotprovidethisnecessarydivisionoflabor.Thesecondcategoryisacomprehensiveinformationmanagementsystemwithinascope.Urbangeographicinformationsystemisaveryrepresentativeexampleofthiskindofsystem.Urbanmunicipalmanagementaccountsforalargeproportionofmanagementworkinallcountriesintheworld.Thedistributioncharacteristicsofurbaninformationandthegeographicaldispersionofurbaninformationmanagementdepartmentsdeterminethatmulti-level,multi-component,andmulti-contenturbaninformationmustadoptadistributedprocessingmodel.
Itisobviousthattraditionalcentralizedgeographicinformationsystemscannotmeettheneedsofamodernsocietywithacleardivisionoflabor,andthefurtherdevelopmentofdistributedgeographicinformationsystemshasanunstoppablemomentum.Moreover,distributedGISiscloselyrelatedtonetworkGIS,client/serverGIScomputingmodel,andWWWcomputingmodel.DistributedGISisawaytorealizenetworkGIS,anditisanimportantcalculationmodelforNGIS;CISmodelisactuallyaspecificcalculationmodelthatcanbeusedbydistributedGIS;WWWmodelisalsoakindofspecificcalculationmodelthatcanbeusedbydistributedGIS.ItisaspecificmodelofGIS,anditisalsoadistributedGISmodelwithconsiderabledevelopmentprospects.ThecloseconnectionbetweendistributedGISandthetechnologythatdominatesthedevelopmentdirectionofgeographicinformationsystemsmakesdistributedGIScorrespondinglythemaindevelopmenttrendofgeographicinformationsystems.