Východní dynastie Han

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Administrativní divize

Státní název

Starověké jméno

Toto místo

Přibližný rozsah

Okraje pod jurisdikcí

Politika

Centrální systém

Ústřední vláda dynastie EasternHan se řídila oficiálním systémem dynastie WesternHan, ale se třemi egy a devíti oficiálními strukturami byla převedena na základnu. .Císař východní HanDynasty vystoupil na trůn a často používal záznamové knihy Taifu nebo Taiweito a všeobecné záležitosti .EasternHanDynasty neměl premiéra(InthelateEasternHanDynasty, jmenování CaoCaa jako premiéra bylo zvláštním případem), guvernér se stal nejprve místním guvernérem první úrovně a síla Y byla udělena v tomto systému. Shizhong byl převeden z oficiální pozice v WesternHanDynasty na formální pozici a Shizhong Temple byl zřízen za oficiální kancelář Shizhong, která byla podřízena Shaofu.

DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynastyTaishi,Taifu,andTaibaoasShangGong,theEasternHanDynastyonlyregardsTaiFuasShangGong,andthereisnoTaiFuandTaiBao.AttheendofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,CaoCaomovedhiscapitaltoXuchangandbecamehisprefect.Thisisdonebyapowerfulministerwithoutauthorization,anditwillbeabolishedafterdeath.Accordingtotherecordsof"HanOfficials",theofficialsbelongedtotheTaiFu:onepersoninChangshi,onerankinonethousandstones,twenty-fourpersonsinthefamilyofLingshiand22personsineachoftheimperialfamily.ChangShiisthechiefofthestaffoftheTaifu'sHouse,ZhangZhang,andconsultant.Thesubordinatesarerelativelyhigh-levelsubordinates,whoareassignedtohandleaffairs.LingshiandYufuwererelativelylow-levelofficials,handlingclericalmatterssuchasdocuments,cartsandhorses.

TheEasternHanDynastyestablishedapoliticalsystemmoresuitableforitselfonthebasisoffollowingtheWesternHansystem.ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thebiggestfeatureoftheEasternHanDynastyofficialsystemis:"AlthoughtheSanGong,everythinggoesbacktotheTaiwanPavilion",therightsoftheSanGongwereweakened.Instead,therightsofthe"ShangShutai"andtheLiuCaoinstitutionsweregreatlystrengthened.Thisiswhathappenedlater.Theembryonicformofthe"ThreeProvincesandSixDepartmentsSystem".

LiuXiuhasimplementedaseriesofmeasurestostrengthenfeudalcentralization.TheofficialsoftheCentralGovernmentoftheEasternHanDynastyaredividedintothreesystems:provincialofficials,palaceofficials,andforeignofficials.Thedistinctionbetweeninternalofficialsandforeigndynastieshasexistedinancienttimes,andinthepalace,theemperor’sdailylivingareaiscalledShengzhong(alsoknownas"forbiddencentral"),sothereisadistinctionbetweenpalaceofficialsandprovincialofficialsamongtheofficialsoftheinnerpalace.Theeunuchsweretheeunuchswhoservedandtookcareoftheemperor'sdailylife.TheeunuchsintheprovincewereallunderthejurisdictionofHuangmenling.Eunuchsarealsoresponsiblefortheguardingworkintheprovince.

LiuXiu nastoupil na trůn a umístil DaSitu, DaSikong a DaSima.

DaSitu,inchargeofpeople'seducation,inchargeofetiquette,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSikong,andplaysthetitleafterthedecisionismade.

DaSikong,responsibleforwaterconservancyprojects,urbandefenseconstruction,palaceconstruction,etc.,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSitu,andwillplaythetitleafterthedecisionismade.

DaSimaisresponsiblefortheassessmentofofficersacrossthecountry.Attheendofeachyear,theemperorisevaluatedandplayedasthebasisforthepromotionanddemotionofofficers.

IntheEasternHanDynasty,duetotheemphasisonclassics,theTaifuwastheheadofthecourtofficials.TheTaiFuusedthistoinstillhispoliticalideasintothePrince.Afterthecrownprinceascendedthethrone,heoftenusedtheTaiFutorecordbookaffairsandbecamethedefactoprimeminister.Historically,ZhaoXi,DengBiao,ZhangYu,FengShi,FengBiao,HuanYan,andZhaoJunallusedTaiFutorecordbooks.ThedeathoftheTaiFumeansthattheofficialisremoved(nolongerappointed)toshowrespect.AtthetimeoftheHanLingEmperor,ChenFanwasusedastheTaiFutorecordthebookaffairs.Later,ChenFanwasexecutedandHuGuangsucceededhim.Thisistheonlyexception.

SanGong

SanGongreferstoTaiwei,Situ,andSikong,thehighestgrade,andthenominaldutyistocoachtheemperortopresideovernationalgovernmentaffairs;abovetheSanGongthereistheTaifu,whoisresponsibleforcoachingtheemperor,Butnotstanding.TheactualgovernmentaffairsintheEasternHanDynastybelongedtoShangshutai.Therefore,ifSangongandTaifudidnothavethetitleof"RecordingShangshushi",theywerevacantpostswithoutrealpower.Thethreeofficialshavealonghistory,andtwoorthirtyeach.Amongthem,ChangShiisthemaindeputyoftheSanGong,andYuandYuaretheheadsofthedepartmentsinchargeofspecificaffairs(Yuistheprincipalandthedeputyisthedeputy).ExceptfortheappointmentofChangShibythecourt,theotherofficialsarehiredbytheSanGong.

AccordingtothesystemoftheEasternHanDynastywiththreemalesleadingtheJiuqing,TaiweiledthethreeQings,Taichang,Weiwei,andGuangluxun.TheofficialsinTaiwei'sMansionconsistedofonepersoninChangshi,whowasinchargeoftheaffairsofeachCao.Thereare24peopleineachCaoYue,history,andgenus.AmongtheCaoCao,XiCaoisresponsiblefortheappointmentandremovalofofficialsinTaiwei'sMansion;DongCaoisresponsibleforthetransferoftwothousandstones;HuCaoisresponsibleforhouseholdregistration,sacrifices,andagriculturalmulberry;ZouCaoisresponsibleformemorializing;ResigningCaoisresponsibleforhearingcasesandacceptingappeals;FaCaoisresponsibleforstationaffairs;WeiCaoisresponsiblefortherecruitmentandtransportationofsoldiersandprisoners;ThievesCaoisresponsibleforarrestingthieves;DecisionCaoisresponsibleforadjudicatingcriminallaw;SoldierCaoisresponsibleformilitaryaffairs;JinCaoisresponsibleforcurrencyandsaltandironaffairs;CangCaoisresponsiblefornationalwarehouseaffairs.Inaddition,thereisHuangGe,themainbook,thechiefofyourofficials.Inaddition,therearetwenty-threemembersofLingshiandtheimperialfamily.YourExcellencyorderedShitobeinchargeofTaiwei'shonorarydeacon;JishishiwasresponsibleforthemanagementofvariousdocumentssuchasthememorialsoftheTaiwei'smansion;MenlingshiwasinchargeoftheguardoftheTaiwei'smansion.OtherLingshiwassubordinatetoZhuCaoandhandledclericalaffairs.JudgingfromtheestablishmentandresponsibilitiesofthecadresintheTaiwei’sMansionintheEasternHanDynasty,theTaiwei’sjurisdictionseemstobeverybroad,buttheyareallnominal.Thereisnorighttocommunicatewitheachother,andtheTaiweihasnoactualpowertocontroltheaffairsofthegovernment.

Jiuqing

JiuqingisTaichang,Guangluxun,Weiwei,Taipu,Tingwei,Dahongxun,Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofu.Theirrespectivegovernmentaffairsare:TaichangzhangCeremony,GuangluxunandWeiweiinchargeofthepalaceandprovinceguards,Taipuinchargeoftheemperor'scarriagesandhorses,courtofficialsinchargeofjustice,Dahongxuninchargeofreceivingprincesandafewclan,andZongzhenginchargeoftheroyalfamily.Foraffairs,thechieffarmerisinchargeofthecountry'sfiscalrevenuesandexpenditures,andthelessermansionisinchargeoftheemperor'scostumes.ThechiefoftheofficialsoftheJiuqingistheQing,andthedeputyisCheng;eachofthemisdividedintoofficialstomanagespecificaffairs,generallywithLingastheprincipalandChengasthedeputy.

DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynasty,JiuqingoftheEasternHanDynastywassubordinatetoSanGong.Taichang,Guangluxun,andWeiweibelongtoTaiwei;Taipu,Tingwei,andDahongxuanbelongtoSitu;Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofubelongtoSikong.ThenineQingsoftheEasternHanDynastyalladdedtheword"Qing"totheofficialtitle,suchasTaichangqing,etc.,withtwothousandstonesintherank.Inaddition,therearesomedifferencesbetweentheEasternHanJiuqingandtheWesternHanDynasty:1.GuangluxunisinadditiontotheWesternHan'sfive-feelingZhongLangJiang,ZuoZhongLangJiang,RightZhongLangJiang,TigerBenZhongLangJiang,andHabayashiZhongLangJiang.,TheadditionofEastZhongLangJiang,BeiZhongLangJiang,XiZhongLangJiangandNanZhongLangJiang.2.ShaofuShangshuwasrenamedShangshutai,fromtheWesternHanDynastyChangShiCao,TwoThousandStoneCao,MinCao,andHostandGuestCaotoSixCao:ChangShiCaowaschangedtoofficialCao,andthreemaleCaoCaowereadded,andthehostandguestCaoweredividedintosouthernhostandguest.CaoandthenorthhostandguestCao.Shangshutaiaddedtwopeopleontheleftandright,sixforeachofCaoShilang,threeforeachofLingshiandthreeforCao,andthreeforeachofCaoZengling,whohadcomplicatedaffairs.TheShangshutaiorganizationismuchmoreimportantandlargerthantheWesternHanShangshu.

ForeignofficialsatthesamelevelasJiuqing(alsoknownas"LieQing")alsohaveJinWu,JiangZemin,andDaChangqiu.Amongthem,JinWuisresponsibleforpublicsecurityoutsidethepalaceandinsidethecapital.Thecitygateisalsoguardedbyalieutenantatthegate;themasterwillberesponsibleforcivilengineeringworkssuchastheancestraltemplehallandpalacecemetery.HisdeputyisCheng,andthesubordinatedepartmentsarealsoresponsibleforWithLingastheprincipalpositionandChengasthedeputyposition;DaChangqiuisinchargeofthequeen'saffairs,whichissimilarinnaturetotheyoungmansioninthecourt,andisassumedbytheeunuch.

Afterthecrownheirtothethronewasformallyestablished,therewasanDongguanPalacespeciallyaffiliatedtothecrownprince.Theestablishmentofofficialsisgenerallysimilartothatofthegovernment,buttheclassificationisnotasdetailedasthelatter.TheofficialpositionsoftheEastPalacearecrowned"Prince",suchasthePrinceTaifu,PrinceShaofu,andPrinceFamilyOrder.

Shangshutai

Shangshutaiistheemperor’ssecretarialagency,anditsofficialofficesarelocatedinthepalaceandoutsidetheforbiddenprovince.Mainlyinchargearethemanagementofchaptersandmemorials,draftingedicts,butinfact,ShangShutaiisinchargeofgovernmentaffairsonbehalfofthemonarch,withgreatpower.Shangshutaihasonechief(order)andonedeputychief(servant),andtherearesixpeopledividedintoeighteenunderShangshutai.TheofficialswhocommunicatedbetweenShangShutaiandtheemperorincludedShiZhong,ZhongChangShi,HuangMenShiLangandsoon.Amongthem,theservantswerefilledbyscholars;theservantsofZhongchangandHuangmenwereassumedbyeunuchs.Attendantsentertheforbiddenprovinceonlyifthereissomethingtodo.AttorneysinZhongchangandAttorneysfromHuangmenliveintheprovincedaily.Therefore,althoughtherankofservantsisthehighestamongthethree,andthesecondisthedegreeofintimacywiththemonarch,thedegreeofintimacywiththemonarchisbasedonZhongchang.Forthemost.TheguardworkinsidethepalaceandoutsidetheprovinceisinchargeofGuangLuxunandWeiWeiintheJiuqing.GuangLuxunisinsideandWeiWeiisoutside.Guangluxunsubordinatesfivegeneralsincludingfivegenerals,includingfivegenerals,left,right,Huben,andYulin.ThegeneralsofZhonglangincludeZhonglang,Shilang,andLang.Guangluxun’sguardforceisLangGuan,andWeiWei’sguardforceisarmedguards.Therefore,thepositionofWeiWeiinpalaceandguardaffairsisquiteimportant.

Localgovernmentsystem

ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thelocalgovernmentsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisbasicallythesameatthecountyandcountylevels,buttheimportanceandpowerofthecountyismuchlowerthanthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Attheprefecturelevel,therearefundamentaldifferences.TheprefecturesintheEasternHanDynastyhaveevolvedintoafirst-levelplace,surpassingtheprefectures.Sofar,thelocaladministrativedivisioninancientChinachangedfromasystemofprefecturesandcountiestoathree-levelsystemofprefectures,counties,andcounties,whichlasteduntil"abandonedprefectures"intheSuiDynasty.

TheEasternHanDynastydividedtheareaoutsidethecapitalofLuoyangintotwelvestates,andeachsentagovernortothepost.Inaddition,thesevencountiesofJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,YouFufeng,Hedong,Henan,Hanoi,andHongnongarethedistrictsunderthejurisdictionofSiliXiaowei,andtheyarecalledSilibu.SiLiXiaoweiisaBeijingofficial,andhisjobistomonitortheillegalactivitiesofhundredsofofficialsinBeijing.IntheEasternHanDynasty,everytimethethreeofficerswereretired,itwascausedbythecorrectionofthelieutenantsofthelieutenant.Therefore,thetitleofthelieutenantofthelieutenantwas"Xiong".Whentheemperorconvenedthecourtmeeting,XiaoweiSiLi,YuShiZhongchengandShangShulinghadseparateseats,called"ThreeAlones".TherankofthelieutenantofSiLiwastwothousandshi,andtheofficerswereengagedintheranks,falseassistants,etc.,andcommandedanarmedpoliceforcecomposedof1,200slaves.TheofficialnameofthelieutenantofSiLiwasalsoderivedfromthis.

TheprefecturesfollowedtheWesternHanDynastyandtheHanDynastyEmperor'ssystem,withoneprefectureandoneshepherdandtwothousandstoneranks.IntheeighteenthyearofJianwu(42years),thegovernor'shistorywaschangedtosixhundredstones.Inthe5thyearofEmperorZhongpingoftheHanLingEmperor(188years),hechangedthestatetoanimalhusbandryandrankedtwothousandstones.ThegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastyhasafixedstationandofficialoffice,andtheprefectsoftheprefectsoftherectificationpostdonotneedtobeverifiedbythethreepublicofficialsintheWesternHansystem,andtheycanbedirectlyremoved.Afterthestatewaschangedtopastoralism,healsoledthemilitaryandadministration,andhadahighposition.ItwasabitsimilartotheJieduShioftheTangDynasty,andthevastareaof​​jurisdictionwasnotcomparabletothatoftheJieduShi.SimilartotheWesternHanDynasty,thegovernoralsohadtotraveltotheprefecturetospyonthepoliticalsituationandreturntoBeijingtoreplayattheendoftheyear.However,thegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastydidnothavetogobacktoBeijinginperson,butsenthissubordinatestosubmitdocumentstotheSituMansion.

EasternHanDynastyhasatotalof105counties:27kingdoms,7countiesunderthesubordinates,and71counties.ExceptforthesevenprefecturesunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofLiability,theKingdomandtheprefecturesareequallydividedintotheprefectures.Amongthem,Yuzhouleadsthesixprefectures,Jizhounine,Yanzhoueight,Xuzhoufive,Binzhounine,Youzhoueleven,andQingzhou.Leadingsix,Jingzhouleadingseven,Yangzhouleadingsix,YizhouandLiangzhoueachleadingtwelve,andJiaozhileadingninecounties.

IntheEasternHanDynastysystem,theprinceappointedtheking,andthecountywasthestate.EachcountryhasoneFuandXiang.Fuisinchargeofthepalace,andhispositionisliketheprefectoftheHanDynasty;theministerisliketheprefectofthecounty,inchargeofgovernmentaffairs;theministerhasalonghistory,andthepositionislikethechiefofthecounty.Anotherlieutenant,witharankoftwothousandstones,wasappointedasacountycaptain,anofficerinchargeofmilitaryaffairsandarrestingthieves.

Theroyalmansionorderedoneman,Zhiqianshi,andhispositionwassimilartothatoftheHandynasty.Hewasinchargeofthedoctorandlangofthepalace;theservant,Zhiqianshi,wasresponsibleforthetraininganddrivingoftheroyalpalace’scarriagesandhorses;Thenumberofpeopleinthebook,therankofsixhundredstones,islikeShangshu;thenumberofpeoplewhoaregreeted,therankoffourhundredstones,thepositionisenvoybytheorderoftheking;therearealsothechiefofritualsandmusic,thechiefguard,thechiefmedicalengineer,thechiefYongcang,andthechiefpriestofthetemple,etc.Theranksareallfourhundredstones.

Therankoftheprefectofthecountyistwothousandshi,onlyHenanCountyislocatedbecauseofthecapital,andthegovernorcalledHenanYin,therankishigherthantheJiuqing,andtherankistwothousandshi.EachcountyhasoneChengshi,theprefect,andsixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofcivilaffairs;thebordercountyhasanotherChangshi,whoissixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.Underthelonghistory,Simawasresponsibleforspecificmilitarycommand.TherewerenocountycaptainsintheinterioroftheEasternHanDynasty,andtheTaishouledthetroops.Thefrontiercountyhasacaptainoracaptainofasubordinatecountryleadingthearmyandgovernsthecounty,anditsstatusisslightlysimilartothatofthesmallercountiesinthemainland.Forexample,inthefirstyearofHanheEmperorYongyuan(89),thecaptainoftheXihecountryandthecaptainoftheShangjuncountrywereplaced;inthefifteenthyearofYonghe(105)wasplacedthecapitaloftheeasternandwesternpartsofLiaoning.Wei;EmperorHan'ansettherighttoFufengDuwei,JingzhaoHuyaDuweiandsoon.

Thecounty-levellocalorganizationsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisthesameasthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.WhenLiehoutookthecountyasafief,hewascalledtheHouState,andtheHouStatehadoneminister,whichwasequivalenttothemagistrateorheadofthecounty(dependingonthesizeoftheHouState).Ifthenumberofhouseholdsinthecountryismorethan1,000,theywillhaveonefamilymemberandoneconcubine.TheyareofficialsoftheHoufuanddonotmanagecivilaffairs.Thosewhoarenotsatisfiedwithonethousandhouseholdswillonlyhaveoneconcubine.IntheEasternHanDynasty,theHouhadanothertownshipandapavilion,andthelandwasatownshipandapavilion.Thefiefsoftheempress,empressdowager,andprincessarecalledeup,andthesystemofsettingordersandlengthisequivalenttothatoftheHoustate.Roadsaresetupinareaswhereethnicminoritiesliveandbelongtocounties,mostlyinthesouthwesternregionssuchasBaandShu,withtheleadersofethnicminoritytribesasroadchiefs.Forcountieswithmorethan10,000households,onecountymagistrateisinchargeofQianshi;onecountychiefisinchargeofcivilaffairs,documents,andwarehouses;andtwocountylieutenantsareinchargeofpublicsecurity.Forcountieswithlessthan10,000households,thereisonecountyhead,witharankofthreehundredorfourhundredshi;onecountyprinceandonecountylieutenant.IfsaltwasproducedinthecountiesoftheEasternHanDynasty,thesaltofficerwasresponsibleforthemanagementofsaltfarmsandmines,andthecollectionofsalttaxes.Thecountyironofficialwhoproducesironisresponsibleforsmeltingandcasting.Inthecountywherethehandicraftindustryisdeveloped,theworkerofficerisresponsibleformanagingthecraftsmanandcollectingindustrialandcommercialtaxes.Incountieswithwell-developedfisheries,waterofficialsareresponsibleformanagingfisheriesandcollectingtaxes.Theabove-mentionedofficialsarenotaffiliatedtocountiesandcounties,butaresubordinatetotheShaofuandbelongtothedispatchedagency.TheofficialsystemoftheEasternHanDynastybelowthecountylevelisnodifferentfromthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Fordetails,pleaserefertotheofficialsystemoftheWesternHanDynasty.

Systém výběru úředníků

Viz: Pozorování, zkouška a rekvizice

Inspection,ExaminationandRequisitionisthesystemofselectingofficialsintheEasternHanDynasty.Theso-calledinvestigationreferstothelocalprefecturesandcountiesrecommendingpeoplewithreputationsandvirtuesunderthenamesof"goodness","filialpiety",and"talentedtalents",andafterexaminations,theyareappointedtoofficialpositions.Theso-calledrequisitionreferstothedirectrecruitmentofsomeonetobeanofficialbytheimperialcourtorgovernment.

Inname,thosewhoarebeingprosecutedandexpropriatedmusthave"hightalentswiththesamename",whichishighlyregardedbythetownshippartypublicopinion.Therefore,inordertofightforinvestigationandexpropriation,thescholar-bureaucratsatthattimepaidmuchattentiontomodifyingtheircharacter,inordertoarousefameandraisetheirvalue.Somepeopleareevenmorepretentious,sellingfameandreputation,inordertowinhigh-rankingofficials.Duringtheinvestigationandexpropriation,briberyandentrustment,privilegesrampant,havebecomeacommonphenomenon.Eventhesupremerulerhastoadmitthatthe"electionsareobedient".AssoonasEmperorHanMingcametothethrone,hesaid:"Theelectionisnottruetoday,andtheevilspiritshavenotgone;pleaseentrustthepowertothehandicappedofficials."Itisunderthisdecadentelectoralsystemthatpowerfullandlordscontrolalllevelsofpoliticalpowerinafeudalway.Thehierarchicalrelationshiphasbecomeincreasinglysolidified,andagroupofwealthymagnatesand"Confucianfamilies"who"havebeenofficialsfromgenerationtogeneration"havebeguntotakeshape.Forexample,DengYu'sfamilyhas2membersofgeneralpublic,29membersofHou,13membersofgeneralsandbelow,14membersofmid-2000s,48​​membersofprefectsandcounties,andtherestoftheofficialpositionsareinnumerable.TheYangfamilyofHongnongandtheYuanfamilyofRunanwerealsofamousforthefourgenerationsandthreegongs.Thesearistocraticfamilieswilllaterdevelopintofamilyclans.

Military

Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,theseniorofficialsofthecentralgovernmentwhoarequitethreemenincludegenerals,generalshussars,generalschariots,andgenerals.GeneralYouandYouarenotstanding.Theabove-mentionedgeneralsallopenedtheirresidences.TheresidencesconsistedofChangshiandSima,twenty-ninemembers,thirty-onemembersofLingshiYubelongedto31people,twomembersofZhonglangandLang,andstaffofficers,allofwhomwereappointedbytheimperialcourt.Ifthegeneralsdirectlyleadthetroops,theyshallsetupcommanderssuchasschoollieutenants,Sima,junhou,andmilitarycommandersonthebuildingsoftheMinistry,Qu,andTun.

Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theQueenMothercametothecourt,andherrelativesruledasageneral.TogetherwiththeTaifuSangong,theywerecalledWufu.Thereisalsotheso-calledgeneralmiscellaneousnumber,setupontheoccasion,andwithdrawaftertheevent.GeneralWeiDuLiaowasundercivilstrifefromtimetotimeduetotheSouthernHuns,andhehasbeenstandingsincetheeighthyearofYongping(65years).TheEmperorofHanLingsetupeightlieutenantsintheWestGardentocommandthearmygarrisonedinLuoyang,thecapital,withtheeunuchastheleader.

Thestandingarmyiscomposedofthecentralandlocalarmy(countynationalarmy).IntheCentralArmy,thegarrisontroopsoftheBeijingDivisionwereledbytheChengmenColonel,andthefieldtroops(NorthernArmy)wereledbytheNorthernArmyZhonghou.TheNorthernArmyadministersfivearmsoftheMinistry,thedesignationsareTunqi(cavalry),Yueqi(specialforces),infantry,Changshui(waterarmy),andarchery(bowandarrow).ThecommanderistheschoollieutenantandthedeputyisSima.Thetotalnumberoftheentirearmyislessthan5,000.TheNorthernArmyusuallystationedinthecapitalinchargeofthemonarchSuweiandassistanttothecapital’spublicsecurity,andtheoccurrenceofwarbecamethecoreoftheformationoftheexpeditionforce.ThelocalcountysoldierswereabolishedandreducedmanytimesintheearlyEasternHanDynasty,leavingonlyafewgarrisonsintheborderareasandtheinlandpass.Intheeventofawar,theywereeithertemporarilyrecruitingtroopsormobilizingthenorthernarmyofthecapitaltofight.

Ekonomika

Zemědělství

• Výrobní nástroje

Ve východní HanDynastii se objevil krátký stočený oxpluh, který byl flexibilní v provozu a byl vhodný pro orbu na malých pozemcích mimo armaturu. Ve srovnání s předchozími pluhy ve tvaru V se úhel konce radlice postupně zmenšoval, což nejen šetří práci na půdě, ale umožňuje i hlubokou orbu. Kromě toho se nové typy klesajících-železných zemědělských nástrojů postupně zvyšují. ,jak je vidět na vytesaném kamenném portrétu útesu Leshancliff v Sichuanu,je nástroj kultivátoru, který je vhodný pro hubení plevele;železný hák nacházející se v Mianyangu v Sichuanu o délce 35 cm je jako nástroj malé farmy určený ke sklizni a je velmi pohodlný k obsluze.

Accordingtorecords,inthelastyearsofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,YongzhougovernorZhangJionceorderedrichman-madehousesinLongxi,Tianshui,andNan'ancounties.Itcanbeseenthatwatertankshavebeenwidelyusedatthattime.Shuizhuisatoolforpoundingstonewithwaterpower.Itisnotonlylabor-saving,butalsomoreefficientthanbeforeusingamortarorfoottopoundrice.Archaeologicalexcavationshavealsocontinuedtounearthmodelsofpotterywindmillsandpotterymillstones,whichindicatethatagriculturalproductsprocessingtoolshavemadesignificantprogress.

• LingquWaterConservancy

Ve východních Hantombech, které se nacházejí všude, můžete často vidět v modelu kombinace rýžoviště a rybníka, existuje artézský vodní kanál vedoucí z rybníka do rýžového pole a někteří mají také bránu na východě. ople a vytvořil rollovers and žíznivé černé, což výrazně zlepšilo úroveň zavlažování.

DuringtheEasternHanDynasty,notonlymanyabandonedPitangswererestoredandexpanded,butalsoanumberofnewirrigationprojectswerebuilt.Forexample,theHongqiaopiintheRunanareawasabandonedintheWesternHanDynasty.AtthebeginningoftheEasternHanDynasty,DengChenservedastheprefectofRunan,repairingit,andirrigatingthousandsofhectaresoffertileland.Later,itcontinuedtobeexpanded.DuringtheHanDynastyandEmperors,HeChang,theprefect,repairedthechannelsthereandcultivatedmorethan30,000hectaresoffertileland.PuyangpiinthenorthofPixuCounty,ShaopiintheLujiangRiver,andJinghuLakeinKuaijiwereallwell-knownirrigationprojectsatthattime.

EasternHanDynastyDuPoetryOdvod vody(5 fotografií)

IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,manyirrigationchannelswereduginvariousplaces,suchasSanfu,Hanoi,Shanyang,Hedong,andShangTheDang,Taiyuan,Zhao,Wei,HexiandJiangnanregionsalso"irrigatedthroughcanals,"andsomeareasopenedupalotofricefields.ThetreatmentoftheYellowRiverwasahugewaterconservancyprojectatthattime.Atthebeginningofthe1stcenturyAD,theYellowRiverbrokeitsembankmentatthejunctionofHenanandHebei,andtherivermovedsouth,changingfromQiancheng(northofGaowan,Shandong)tothesea.Theriverfloodedandfloodeddozensofcounties.DuringEmperorHanMingDynasty,undertheauspicesoffamouswaterconservancyexpertsWangJingandWangWu,theJunyiDitchwasbuiltwiththe"weirflowmethod",andthecanalwasbuiltmorethanathousandmilesfromXingyang(nowZhengzhouXingyangCity,Henan)toQianchengHaikou.SoastodiverttheriverandBian.TheYellowRiverisconstrainedbytwodikes,andthewaterisstrongenoughtowashawaythesandandflowintothesea.Afterthehardworkofthepeople,thefloodsoftheYellowRiverwerefinallyovercome.Intheeighthundredyearssincethen,theYellowRiverhasnotbeendiverted,andthefloodshavealsodecreased.

• Technologie chovu dobytka

Technologie chovu dobytka získala širokou pozornost. V té době někteří místní úředníci věnovali pozornost propagaci technologie chovu dobytka a technologii chovu skotu s železným pluhem na severní náhorní plošině a na jižním pásmu Jiiangnana v oblasti H. ianzi Township,Helinger,Vnitřní Mongolsko.Chov dobytka na kamenném reliéfuVýchodníHanDynastievSuideCount,Shaanxi,achov dobytkaVýchodníHanDynastyvMizhiCounty,dokazují,žetechnikychovu dobytkavNernímneboRodinskémŠtanskuz ins.RenYan se stal prefektem Jiuzhenu a propagoval chov dobytka v místní oblasti. Intenzivní kultivační metoda, která se objevila v dynastii WesternHanDynasty, se rychle zpopularizovala v dynastii EasternHan.

InCuiShi’s"SiminyueOrder",somesituationsofintensivefarmingandmanagementinthelandlord’sfarmaredescribed.Theagriculturalmanagementofthisfarmlandpaysgreatattentiontoseasonalsolarterms,andemphasizesonkillingweedsandfertilizing.Accordingtothenatureofdifferentsoils,differentcropsareplantedanddifferentplantingdensitiesareused.Itcanalsoturnthesoilanddrythefieldsintime,androtatecropsintwoseasonstoimprovetheutilizationrateoftheland.

Ruční průmysl

• Technologie tavení železa

EasternHanHuanShouKnife(6 fotografií)

Ironweaponsbegantograduallyreplacebronzeweaponsafterthemid-WesternHanDynasty,whenanewtechnologyforsmeltingironandsteelappearedatthattime-"HundredSteelmaking".Theso-called"100-smeltingsteel"referstotherepeatedheating,foldingandforgingofblockirontomakethesteelstructuredense,uniformincomposition,andreduceimpurities,therebyimprovingthequalityofthesteel.Theswordmadewiththistechnology-the"ringheadknife",hasametalringattheendofthehandleforeasymanipulation.Thebladeisstraightandthebladeislong,hardandsharp.Thequalityiscompletelyimpeccable,anditeasilyoverwhelmsthebronzesword.Itwasthemostadvancedandlethalclose-bodycoldweaponintheworldatthattime,anditwasalsoaweaponofextraordinarysignificanceinhumanhistory.

ThegestationstageoftheringfirstknifeandhundredsteelmakingtechnologywasintheWesternHanDynasty,whilethematurityandpopularizationwereintheEasternHanDynasty,andthecompletereplacementofthelongswordwasattheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.DuetotheadvancementofironsmeltingtechnologyandefficiencyintheEasternHanDynasty,thenumberofsteelknivesforgingandforginghasincreasedfrom10timesto30oreven50timesintheWesternHanDynasty.InJuly1974,aring-headknifeoftheEasternHanDynastywasunearthedintheCangshanareaof​​Linyi,Shandong.Theknifewasalsoengravedwith18charactersintheofficialscript:"Yongchu6thyear(112)MayBingwu"Thirty-six-thousand-swordsJiyangyi'sdescendants"."Thirty-seven"meansthirtyrefining,thatis,thisknifeusedthe"100-steel-making"techniquetofoldandforgethesteeluptothirtytimes,andthebladeofthisknifewasalsofoundtohavebeen"quenched".Toincreasethesurfacehardness.ItwaswiththesupportofthisadvancedweaponandthepowerfulnationalpoweroftheHanEmpirethattheEasternHanarmycompletelyeliminatedtheNorthernHunsandtheSouthernHunswerecompletelySinicized.Intheend,thispartofthedescendantsoftheNorthernHunswhomovedwestwardcametoEuropeandwascalledtheHuns,whichupendedtheWesternRomanEmpireintheirtwilightyears.

Během východní dynastie bylo uhlí(uhlíkové uhlí)používáno jako palivo v průmyslu tavení železa. V místě tavení železa v Gongyi City, Zhengzhou, Henan byly nalezeny brikety smíchané s půdou a travními stéblami, které naznačují, že přírodní popel se používá vronu. ilsalt.

• Textilní průmysl

V textilním průmyslu je tkaní květin v raném roce dynastie EasternHan vetkaná do barevného brokátu se složitými vzory. V té době byl Shubrocade dobře známý po celé zemi a hedvábný průmysl. brzké materiály také dokazují, že se průmysl tkaní hedvábí velmi rozvinul v příhraničních oblastech. Vzory šálků se odlévaly z Hantombs na mnoha místech v Xinjiang jsou tkané rovnoměrně a mají pravidelné vzory, které odrážejí vysokou úroveň řemeslné výroby hedvábí. vysoce vyvinutá technologie vlněných textilií v té době na severozápadě.

• Lacquerwareindustry

Ostatní řemeslná průmyslová odvětví, jako je lakový průmysl a keramický průmysl, ve východní dynastii jsou zde další vývoj. teplota vypalování porcelánové myčky byla nižší a absorpce vody nádobím byla slabší. Soudě podle artefaktů v zemi je velmi blízko pozdějšímu celadonu.

Komerční

• Výroba a řízení ve stylu country

EasternHandDynastyVýkonní majitelé půdy zabírají velké množství půdy a obvykle přijímají způsoby výroby a řízení ve stylu farmy. Na farmách v té době existovala různá odvětví včetně zemědělství, lesnictví, živočišné výroby nebo některých řemesel a výroby v odvětví rybolovu. které byly mimořádně soběstačné. Například farma, kterou vlastní tchyně LiuXiu, FanHong, v Huyangu, má několik kilometrů Fanbei s více než 300 hektary půdy .Na tomto statku je mnoho domů a pavilonů, "bambus a stromy dělají les, šest zvířat se pase", "santalové dřevo a moruše, zavřené dveře na trhu", což ukazuje, jak velký rozsah a vlastnosti.diverzifikovaných provozů. „Farma je také vidět na portrétech nalezených v Sichuanu.

The"SiminyueOrder"writtenbyCuiShireflectstheoperationofthelandlord’sfarmindetail.Theso-called:Thefarmsareplantedwithgraincropssuchaswheat,barley,springwheat,millet,millet,japonicarice,soybeans,andadzukibeans,cashcropssuchasflax,sesame,edibleedulis,fruitsandothervegetables;makevarioussauces,wine,vinegarandCaramelandotherfoods;andplantmedicinalplantstopreparemedicines.Inthislargefarm,variousforesttreesandfruittreesarealsoplanted,andfarmanimalssuchashorsesandcattleanddomesticanimalsareraised.Inmanualproduction,heraisessilkwormshimself,weavesvariouslinenandsilkfabrics,makesclothesandshoes,andmakesfarmtoolsandweapons.Inaddition,grainandagriculturalby-productsarealsotradedinthefarms.Itcanbeseenthatinthelandlord’sfarm,allkindsofsubsistencematerialscanbasicallybeself-sufficient.

• Pokročilé ekonomické regiony

ThegeneralpromotionofirontoolsandtheimprovementofcattlefarmingtechniquesareenhancedIthasimprovedtheabilityofpeopletofightagainstthenaturalworld,andinparticular,ithasmadepossiblethelarge-scaledevelopmentoftheriver-netswampareainthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Inadditiontovarioussocialreasonsatthattime,theeconomicareaof​​theEasternHanDynastybegantoundergoobviouschanges.

BeforetheEasternHanDynasty,theadvancedareasofChina'seconomyweremainlynorthoftheHuaiRiver,especiallythemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiverincludingGuanzhong.ThepopulationdistributionatthattimewasalsomainlyconcentratedintheYellowRiverBasin.InthelateEasternHanDynasty,thissituationbegantochangesignificantly.SomeareasoftheYellowRiverBasinhavedecreasedinpopulationandareshowingsignsofdecline.Inthesouth,neweconomicdevelopmentareashaveemerged,andthepopulationhasrisensharply.

Withtheincreaseinpopulation,thedevelopmentspeedofmanyareasinthesouthhasaccelerated.Forexample,theTaihuLakeandQiantangRiverbasinswereunderthejurisdictionofKuaijiCountyduringtheWesternHanDynasty,andweredividedintoWuandKuaijiCountyduringtheEasternHanDynasty.Thisisadirectresultofeconomicdevelopment.Otherareas,suchasPoyangLake,DongtingLakeandtheChengduPlain,areconstantlydevelopingandbecomingneweconomicallydevelopedareas.However,duringtheEasternHanDynasty,mostofthepopulationwasstillconcentratedinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Therefore,theYellowRiverBasinwasstilltheeconomicandpoliticalcenteratthattime.

Population

Duetotheconstructionoffarmlandwaterconservancyprojects,theimprovementoffarmingtools,theimprovementofagriculturalfarmingtechniquesandthepromotionofintensivefarmingmethods,socialproductivityhasbeengreatlyincreased,andagriculturalproductionintheEasternHanDynastyTherehasbeenagreatdevelopment.Forexample,intheWesternHanDynasty,theJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,andYouFufengareasnearthecapitalwerelocatedintheGuanzhongareawithaparticularlydensepopulationofmorethan2.4million.BythetimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,theGuanzhongwarswerestillfrequentanddilapidated,andthepopulationdroppedsharplytomorethan500,000.Yanzhoualsoreducedfrommorethan7.8milliontoabout4million.Onthecontrary,thepopulationsofthesouthernstateshaveincreasedinvaryingdegrees.ThepopulationofYangzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.2milliontomorethan4.3million;thepopulationofJingzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.5milliontomorethan6.2million;thepopulationofYizhoualsoincreasedfrommorethan4.7milliontomorethan7.2million.

ThepeakoftheofficialhukoustatisticsoftheEasternHanDynastywasinthethreeyearsofYongshou(157years).Therewere10,677,960householdsand56476856inthecountry.Modernscholarsconsideredthatalargenumberofpeoplewereoccupiedorshelteredbypowerfullandlordsatthattime.MostofthegroupssuchasTufu,clans,guests,tribes,andslaves,aswellastheHuns,Qiang,Di,andBaiyuewhomigratedtotheHanregion,werenotincludedinthehouseholdregistrationstatistics.Therefore,itisbelievedthatthepeakpopulationoftheEasternHanDynastyreached65million.

Kultura

Východní Handynasty se řídila mnoha pokyny a politikami WesternHanDynastie a v některých aspektech provedla úpravy a reformy. písek stabilizoval zemi, daleko přesáhl úroveň WesternHanDynasty mezi ekonomikou, kulturou, vědou a technologií.

Thought

AttheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,thetheologicalConfucianismthatbeganwithDongZhongshucontinuedtodevelop,andthesuperstitionofZhenweibegantospreadwidely.LiuXiuusedFuRuiTuzhentoprovehiminordertobecomeemperor.Tobeanemperoristhe"mandateofheaven",itisthewillofGod.AfterLiuXiuestablishedtheregimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,hebelievedinZhenweievenmore.Alldecision-makingonmajorissuesshouldbebasedondivinity;divinityisalsousedto"determinesuspicion";theinterpretationofConfucianclassicsisbasedondivinity.

Technologie

• Výroba papíru

V dynastii EasternHanDynastie bylo dosaženo velkých úspěchů v papírenském průmyslu. V dynastii WesternHan byl proces výroby papíru stále ve fázi průzkumu."The Book of the LaterHanDynasty"zaznamenávátechnologie,která se zaznamenává během zkoušky a pokusuHanFynastya tavením kůry, konopí, hadrů a starých rybářských sítí jako surovin pro výrobu papíru. Proces výroby nového papíru přinesl velké průlomy v klíčových procesech, jako je chemické zpracování a bělení buničiny. za a usnadnit popularizaci. CaiLunovy úspěchy jsou nesmrtelné, a svět v té době nazýval "CaiHouPaper". Od té doby papír rychle nahradil minulé bambusové pásky, dřevěné skluzavky a hedvábí, což značně usnadnilo šíření a propagaci vědy a kultury. V 8. století. použití papíru je velkým přínosem Číny ke světové civilizaci.

In105AD,CaiLuntransformedthepapermanufacturingtechnologyonthebasisofhispredecessors,whichmadetheChinesewritingrecordawayfromtheeraofusingbambooslips.Atthesametime,papermakingwasalsousedasthefourancientChinesemastersthatwearefamiliarwith.Oneoftheinventionshasspreadtothisday.AnothercontributionoftheEasternHanDynastytolatergenerationswasthedevelopmentofthepotteryindustry,whichallowedChinatocompletelybreakawayfromthematerialconstraintsoftheBronzeAgeandbroughtsomeproductsthatwerepreviouslyexclusivetothewealthyandnoblesintothehomesofordinarypeople.

• Přírodní věda

Mezipřírodní vědy, zastoupené Zhang Hengem, Keshengem, v Nanyangu Akademické kruhy dynastie EasternHan dosáhly velmi vysokých úspěchů. přístroje jsou stále široce používány.Zejména pro seismografy nebyly v Evropě objeveny podobné přístroje až o více než 1700 let později. Jeho vysvětlení příčiny zatmění Měsíce v astronomickém mistrovském díle "Lingxian" z něj udělalo první osobu na světě, která tuto příčinu vědecky odhalila.

Medicine

EasternHanDynastyisanimportantperiodfortheestablishmentoftraditionalChinesemedicine.HuaTuo,afamousdoctorinthelateEasternHanDynasty,wasthefirstsurgeonevertouseanesthesiatechnologytoperformsurgicaltreatmentonpatients.Thiswasaveryremarkableachievementinthefeudalerawhenmedicinewasrelativelybackward.The"WuQinXi"createdbyhimisChina'sfirstsetofgymnasticfitnessactivities."TreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases"byZhangZhongjing,anativeofNanyang,isanimmortalworkinthehistoryofChinesemedicineandhasbecomethemainfounderofChinesemedicine.Knownasthe"ancestorofmedicalprescriptions".

Painting

IntheEasternHanDynasty,calligraphyandpaintingwerenotsimplyusedastextandgraphicsymbols.Theirartisticstatusgraduallyemerged,althoughtherearenotmanyartworkshandeddownintheEasternHanDynastytoday.,ButyoucanstillgetaglimpseofthestyleandfeaturesofHanculturefromit.

Literature

EasternHanDynastygreatlyprosperedConfucianism,Taixueisfullofscholars,andtheacademicatmosphereisstrong.Therefore,theEasternHanDynastyoccupiesaveryprominentpositioninthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandcultureinChinesehistory,andhasachievedunprecedentedgreatness.Achievement.

Původcem studia čínských postav se navíc stal „ShuowenJiezi“, který napsal XuShen, známý jako předchůdce WenzongZi, a budoucí generace si při studiu čínských postav musí nejprve přečíst „Shuowen“.

History

ThemostimportanthistoricalworkintheEasternHanDynastyis"HanShu"byBanGu.TheBookofHanoriginatedfromLiuBang,theemperoroftheHanDynasty,andendedwithEmperorPingandWangMang.ItwrotethehistoryoftheWesternHanDynastyformorethantwohundredyearsandwasthefirsthistoryofChina.

Náboženství

• Buddhismus

Buddhismus byl poprvé zaveden do Číny. Přesný čas zatím není jasný, ale stal se veřejným komentářem, který byl do Číny zaveden v doběHanDynastynejnovější. cipleof Dr. Jinglu, vyslanec DaYueshi, vyslanec krále dal "Sutra of the Buddha". >,protože císař Ming nebo LiuzhuangYemengJinrenwentwest,CaiYan aQinJing byli posláni Tianzhuprosit se za Buddhismus.Cai,Qina jiní používali bílé koně k převozu mnoha soch Buddha a Písma Buddhistu,které přivezli z jednoho z mých dvou Moseniů nebo z Tianzhu theway.Císař HanMing nařídil postavit klášter ve stylu Tianzhufortu, v němž žili dva vysocí mniši, a nazval klášter „Chrám bílého koně“, aby si zapamatoval přednosti Buddhismu Bílého koně. oblíbení nejvyšší třídou. Od ChuKing LiuYing, císaře HanMinga po císaře Huana, jsou všichni dobří Buddhové. To nevyhnutelně bude hrát určitou roli při rozšiřování vlivu Buddhismin společnosti. DaqiBuddha Temple" a "DaqiBuddha Temple."

InthetwentyyearsfromthesecondyearofEmperorHuan'sJianhe(148)tothefourthyearofLingdiJianning(171),AnShigaotranslated"AnBanShouYiJing"and"YinZhi"EnteringClassics,“TheTwelveDoorClassics,”“LittleTwelveDoorClassics,”“OneHundredSixtyClassics”andsoon.ThetranslatedscripturesaremainlybasedontheclassicsonZen,withabriefintroductiontoAbhidhamma.ZhizhecametoLuoyanginthelastyearsofEmperorHuan,andtranslated"PrajnaRoadJourney","BanzhouSamadhiSutra","ShouShurangamaSamadhiSutra"andsoonatthetimeofEmperorHuan.ZhuFoshuo,AnXuan,ZhiYao,andKangMengxiang,whowerethesametwotranslatorsasAnShigaoandZhiJian,alsohavetheirowninterpretations.InadditiontothetranslatorsfromtheWesternRegions,ShamenYanfodiaooftheHanDynastyisalsoanoutstandingpersonwhoparticipatedinthetranslationwork.

• Primitivní taoismus

Pod vlivem buddhismu se alchymisté chopili kultivace, vedení qi, dlouhověkosti života, nesmrtelné dlouhověkosti, obětování duchů a bohů, figurín amuletů, čarodějnictví a pověry, atd., "Tazi" je spojeno s "jedním uměním". Daoistická klasika, která se objevila v době císaře Shunofa z HanDynastie. Zhang Jiao se prohlásil za „velkého a moudrého učitele“ a založil Taiping Taoistway Bylo prohlášeno, že "nebe je mrtvé, žlutá obloha bude stát a věk je v Jiazi, svět bude prosperující" a spustil povstání Žlutého Turbanu.

ThedoctrineofWudoumidaoissimilartothatofTaipingdao,anditsfounderisZhangLingfromPeiren.ZhangLingwroteaTaoistbookduringEmperorShun'sreign.ThosewhoreceivetheTaowillproducefivebucketsofrice,soitiscalledthefivebucketsofrice.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,theWudouRiceRoadwasmainlyactiveinYongandYizhou,anditsbasewasinHanzhong.AfterZhangLing'sdeath,hissonZhangHengpreachedhisteachings,andZhangHengdiedandhissonZhangLufollowed.ZhangLutook"Laozi"asthemainclassicoftheFiveDouMidao,andannotatedit,called"LaoziXiangerNote".TheTaoism,Yin-YangandFiveElements,andmagicalmagicintheHancultureareorganicallyintegratedwiththebeliefsofSouthwestminorityethnicgroups,formingChina'snativereligionTaoism.InthehistoricaldocumentsoftheHanandJinDynasties,TaoismofZhangLingwasoftencalled"GhostTao",anditsTaoistswerecalled"GuiZu".ThedirectoriginofZhangLingzheng'sDaoofMightyAllianceistheprimitivewitchreligionoftheDiqiangpeopleinBashu-GhostDao.OnesaidthatthetruefounderofWudouMiDaowasZhangXiu.AfterZhangLukilledZhangXiuandseizedtherighttoteach,heentrustedZhangLingtocreateeducation.

Taoismus je ovlivněn Buddhisem zavlečeným do Číny. Proto se také zbavují svých hříchů, přesvědčují ostatní, aby se chovali dobra, nebo organizovali podniky veřejného blahobytu – to jsou všechny charitativní akty (dāna) vysoce ceněné buddhismem. To, že Lao Tzuova strana „změny“ byla také inspirována Buddhovou „inkarnací“ (nirmāna-kāya).

Nationalities

IntheEasternHanDynasty,therewerefrequentforeignexchanges.ThefamouspersonwhowasfamousintheWesternRegionshadbeenstationedintheWesternRegionsformorethan30years,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheWesternRegionscontrolledbytheHuns.NotonlydidtheWesterncountriessubordinatetotheHanDynastyonebyone,butalsoopeneduptheculturalexchangesbetweentheEastandtheWest.Duringthisperiod,healsosentGanYingtotheGreatQinKingdomintheWesternRegions.Althoughhewasunsuccessful,hisfootprintshavereachedthecountriesofthePersianGulf.

Inaddition,theEasternHanDynastydestroyedtheNorthXiongnuin1991.TheSouthernHunsareattachedtotheHanDynasty.In216AD,thelastHuchuquanShanyuoftheSouthernHunswenttoYechengtovisitCaoCao.CaoCaodividedtheSouthernHunsintofiveparts.TheXiongnuKhanateceasedtoexist,andtheNorthernForeignTroublesthathadplaguedtheHanDynastyforhundredsofyearsfinallycametoanend.

TheXiongnu

• SouthernXiongnu

Jianwu22Za rok(46 let) vypukl boj mezi Xiongnuaristokraty, kteří byli navzájem podezřelí, a objevily se trhliny. nurozdělili se na dvě části, sever na jih. LiuXiu přijal přílohu SouthernHunsa nechal je žít v oblacích.Vláda dynastie Eastern Hand poskytla SouthHuns určité množství obilí, dobytka, koní ,hedvábí a hedvábí každý rok.NandanYuze zařadil tyto sluhy do dynastie a rozdělil kmeny do osmi hraničních hrabství Beidi,Shuofang,Wuyuan,Yunzhong,Dingxiang,Yanmen,Daijun aXihetopomáhalvýchodnímNenduneboDynastyvH.

ThebattleoftheEasternHanDynastytodestroytheNorthernHunsandtheNorthernHuns'westwardmigration(3photos)

• NorthernHuns

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Po připojení Jižních Hunů k dynastii Východní Han byli Severští Hunové, kteří zůstali na mongolských travnatých porostech, značně oslabeni. (73 let),Východní dynastie Han provedla velký protiútok,DouGugu rozdělil jednotky do našich skupin, pronikl do vnitrozemí Severních Hunů, dosáhl velkého vojenského vítězství a pronásledoval na sever k PuLeiX Seainjiangi>,andstayinYiwuluCity(XinjiangHami).

BythetimeofEmperorZhangoftheHanDynasty,theNorthernHunsbecameweakerandweaker,andhundredsofthousandsofpeoplesurrenderedintothecongestion.InthefirstyearofYongyuan(89),DouXian,GengBingandothersledtheHanarmytojointheSouthernHunstomarchnorthwardandfoughtwithBeidanyu.LienChanwonthebattle,andthedescendantsweremorethan200,000people..Inthenexttwoyears,theNorthernHunscontinuedtofailandmigratedwestward,afterwhichpartoftheNorthernHunsmovedacrossCentralAsiaandWestAsiatoEurope.

WesternRegions

WhenXinmang,theXiongnucontrolledtheWesternRegions.(29years)inthefifthyearofthefoundingofWu,DouRongchengLikangwasappointedasthechiefcaptainoftheWesternRegions,whobelongedtothe55countriesoftheWesternRegions.Inthefuture,Shache,Shanshan,Cheshi,Yanqiandothercountriessuccessivelysentenvoysastribute,andrequestedthecentralgovernmenttosetupguardsintheWesternRegions.However,LiuXiuwasunabletomanagetheWesternRegionsduetotheinitialdecisionoftheCentralPlains,sohereturnedthewaiter.Afterthat,theWesternRegionswereinastateofchaos,andmostoftheregimesbelongedtotheHuns.

In73AD,BanChaofirstarrivedinShanshan.BanChao,withthedeterminationto"donotenterthetiger'slair,andwinthetiger'schild",ledhismentoattackandkillmorethan100NorthernHunsenvoys,andShanShanwasshocked.Later,hebroughtKhotanbacktotheCentralCommittee.Inthespringofthesecondyear,BanchaoabolishedtheShuleKingoftheKuchapeopleestablishedbytheNorthernHuns,andaccordingtothewishesoftheShulepeople,hereplacedtheoldprinceofShule.AfterBanChao'sresolutestruggle,theforcesoftheNorthernHunswereeliminatedonebyoneintheSouthernDao,andthecountriesoftheSouthernDaowerefreedfromtheruleoftheNorthernHuns.

BanChao’sactivitiesintheWesternRegionshavemadehistoricalcontributionstoenhancethefriendshipbetweentheHanpeopleandthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegions,strengthenthepoliticalandeconomictiesbetweentheCentralPlainsandtheWesternRegions,andmaintaintheunityofmulti-ethniccountries.TheBanchaozhanwassuccessfulbecauseitmetthedesireoftheHanpeopletorestorerelationswiththeWesternRegions,andthedesireofthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegionstogetridoftheslaveryoftheNorthernHunsandstrengthenthehistoricalconnectionwiththeHanpeople.

Wuhuan

In46AD,theHunssplitinternally,andthevariousministriesofWuhuantooktheopportunitytogetridofthecontroloftheHuns.AftertheSouthernHunswereannexedtotheEasternHanDynasty,WuhuanalsoexpressedsurrendertotheEasternHangovernment.LiuXiufeng,HaoDan,andmorethan80chiefsofallsizeswerethechiefsofKingHou,whomadethemliveinthetencountiesontheborderofYouandBinErzhou.TheyrecruitedWuhuanpeopletobeattachedtotheminNingCounty,ShangguCounty(northwestXuanhuaCounty,Hebei).)TheWuhuanschoollieutenantwasappointedtoguardandsupervisethevariousministriesofWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyprovidedfoodandclothingtotheWuhuanpeople,andusedtheirabilitytorideandshoottohelpthemdefendtheborder.ThevarioustribesofWuhuanguardedthefrontiersoftheEasternHanDynastyforgenerations,andinfactbecameahereditarymercenaryarmy.UntiltheWeiandJinDynasties,Wuhuancavalrywasstillfamousintheworld.

Xianbei

AftertheSouthernXiongnuandWuhuansuccessivelyreturnedtotheEasternHanDynasty,thevarioustribesofXianbeialsodispatchedtheirenvoys.(54)inthe30thyearofJianwu,XianbeiacceptedthetitleoftheCentralCommitteeoftheEasternHanDynasty,andwasalsounderthesupervisionofLieutenantWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyalsoboughttheadultsoftheXianbeitribeandmadethemspecializeindealingwiththeNorthernHuns.Inthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theremnantsoftheNorthernHunsmovedwestward,andtheXianbeitooktheopportunitytooccupythehomelandoftheHuns.Theymergedwiththemorethan100,000Hunsscatteredinthesameplace,andtheirpowerquicklybecamestronger.Fromthenon,theXianbeipeoplegotridoftheirattachmenttotheEasternHanDynastyandbecameathreatforceinthenorthduringthemiddleandlateEasternHanDynasty.

Qiangnationality

IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,LiuXiurestoredtheQiangschoollieutenanttoprotecttheQiangtribesafterheflattenedtheseparatistforcesinLongxi.County(easternGansuandwesternShaanxi).In58AD,afterDouGuandothersbrokethroughtheunsurrenderedShaoDangtribesinQinghai,theymovedtotheGuanzhongarea.InordertoisolatetheQiangtribeslivinginthehinterlandfromtheunsubmittedQianginQinghai,andpreventthemfromunitingresistance,theEasternHangovernmentestablishedTuntiandistrictsinXiningandLedu,Qinghaitoday,andstationedtroopsforlong-termcultivation.FromthetimeofEmperorHan'an,theQiangpeoplelaunchedthreelarge-scaleuprisings,whichlastedfor50to60years.ThestruggleoftheQiangpeopleechoedthepeasantuprisingsinvariousplaces,anddealtafatalblowtotheEasternHanDynasty.Duetotheprolongedbrutalwar,theentirenorthwesternregionwasdevastatedandsocialproductionsufferedtremendousdamage.

Barbarians

DuringthesocialturmoiloftheWesternHanDynastyandXinmang,alargenumberofHanpeopleflowedintotheWulingMountainsinwesternHunantoescapethewar,livinginamixedplacewiththelocalpeople.AftertheestablishmentoftheEasternHanDynasty,thelocalcountiesandcountiesalsoclashedwiththelocalpeopleinordertoregaincontroloftheseexiles.Inthetwenty-thirdyearofJianwu(47years),thelocalsinWulingrebelledandattackedthelocalcountiesandcounties.EmperorGuangwusentLiuShangandledmorethan10,000troopstocountertherebellion,buttheentirearmywaswipedout.Inthesecondyear,SupervisorsLiSongandMaChengmarchedintosuppression,buttheystillcouldnotwin.Inthethirdyear,GeneralFuboMaYuantooktheinitiativetoinviteYingandledmorethan40,000peopletoattack.Becausethesoldiersinthenorthwereunaccustomedtothesoilandtheterrain,mostoftheHan'scasualtieswerekilledandinjured,andMaYuanalsodiedoftheepidemic.Intheend,thelocalrebellioninWuling,whichlastedthreeyears,wasputdown.

Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,duetoincreasedcontrolandsearchofthebarbarians,theresultwasagreatuprisingofthebarbariansinvariousplaces.ThecontinuousstruggleoftheBarbarianpeoplecontinueduntilthefalloftheEasternHanDynasty.

Theeconomyandcultureofthe"SouthwesternYi"areahasdevelopedgreatly,andtheproductsareveryrich.InthewestofYizhouCounty,therearemanyAilaoyipeople.InthetwelfthyearofYongping(69years),thekingofAilao,Liumao,sentmorethan550,000peopletotheEasternHandynasty.EmperorMingoftheHansetupAilaoandBonancountiesinhisplace,aswellasthewesterncapitalofYizhou.尉所属六县合建为永昌郡，自此将整个云贵地区纳入版图。东汉时期，四川、云南西部地区少数民族诸部，都相继归附东汉，汉文化传入当地后，改变了当地风俗，提高了当地的经济文化水平。

外交

东亚

• 朝鲜半岛

在东汉末年，朝鲜半岛北部先后兴起高句丽、百济两个国家，两国的发展水平虽略有不同，但都处在由原始社会向阶级社会过渡阶段。他们在东汉的强烈影响下，并没有向奴隶社会发展，而是模仿汉朝的剥削方式和政治制度，从而走上了封建化的道路。

• 日本列岛

在日本列岛上居住着大和民族的先祖，东汉时有一百多个小国。建武中元二年（57年），日本国王遣使入都城洛阳进贡，愿为汉臣藩，求汉皇赐名。汉以其人矮，遂赐“倭国”。其王又求汉皇赐封，光武帝又赐其为“倭奴王”，并赐封“汉委奴国王金印”金印。这颗金印已于1784年在日本九州志贺岛出土，成了日本国宝，并作为中日两国最早友好交往的证明，今收藏于福冈市博物馆。

南亚和越南

东汉时期，印度、缅甸等国与中国的关系也更为密切。据记载：永元六年（94年），永昌境外的敦忍乙王莫延曾派遣使者来访，双方互赠礼物。公元97年，缅甸北部的掸国王雍由调派遣使者向汉王朝赠送珍宝。东汉政府则以金印回赠。永宁元年（120年），雍由调再次遣使来汉，并“献乐及幻人”，缅甸的音乐和杂技，在当时深受欢迎。自从佛教传入中国以后，汉与印度的联系就日趋密切。特别是汉明帝派人去印度取经以后，印度的僧侣大量来到中国，译佛经，传佛学，对中国的文化思想产生了重大影响。

东汉时，越南北部设置交趾、九真、日南三郡。东汉初，锡光任交趾太守，任延任九真太守，教越民耕种技术，设立学校，传播先进文化，对改变当地落后状态起了很大促进作用。但后来苏充任交趾太守，对越人加重剥削，引起越人的强烈不满。建武十六年（40年），交趾征侧、征贰起兵反抗，得到九真、日南等地人的响应，很快攻占六十多座城池。征侧、征贰自立为王，这就是越南历史上著名的二征王。二征王不久就被伏波将军马援镇压。东汉在镇压二征之后，在政治、经济等方面进行了一些改革，如穿渠溉田，发展农业生产，废除残暴的“越律”十余条等。东汉先进的经济文化给越南以深刻的影响。

西方

自张骞出使西域之后，通过丝绸之路，汉朝与中亚、西亚建立了经常的贸易关系。西汉末年，丝绸之路荒废，到东汉初，永元九年（97年），班超曾派副使甘英出使大秦国（罗马帝国），一直到达条支海（波斯湾）。也是完整的丝绸之路路线，西端从欧洲，东端到东汉京师洛阳。延熹九年（166年），大秦商人由海路来到东汉京师洛阳，以大秦王安敦的名义，觐见汉桓帝并赠送汉桓帝一些礼物。此后汉与罗马的贸易关系更为频繁。

东汉时期的欧亚大陆(4张)

皇帝世系

注释：

1. 在汉顺帝之前本来是阎太后（汉安帝皇后）拥立的（前）少帝刘懿，刘懿做了半年皇帝即死亡，顺帝趁机即位。史书和学者都没有把刘懿归于汉朝皇帝一类，有的则称为北乡侯。

2. 献帝以前是（后）少帝刘辩，当了四个月皇帝，而且还有许多时间都在避难之中。史书和学者都没有把刘辩归于汉朝皇帝一类。但董卓毒杀少帝刘辩以后，改谥为弘农怀王，故，世称（后）少帝为”弘农王“。

3. 蜀汉昭烈皇帝所上谥为“孝愍皇帝”，但上谥时刘协并未去世。

4. 建安中，诏除显宗以下诸帝庙号。

5. 永汉元年(189)十二月，诏除光熹、昭宁、永汉三号，复称中平六年。

6. 刘庆、开、翼、淑、苌之帝谥，为汉安、桓、灵三帝追崇。