Historie
Ve skutečnosti koncept embedded existoval již dávno. Komunikační rozhraní, vestavěné systémy se používaly k ovládání elektronických mechanických telefonních ústředen v 60. letech a v té době se jim říkalo „StoredProgramControl“ (StoredProgramControl).
Therealdevelopmentofembeddedcomputerswasaftertheadventofmicroprocessors.InNovember1971,Intelsuccessfullyintegratedthearithmeticunitandthecontrollercircuit,andlaunchedthefirstmicroprocessorIntel4004.Sincethen,variousmanufacturershavesuccessivelyintroducedmany8-bitand16-bitmicroprocessors.IncludingIntel8080/8085,8086,Motorola's6800,68000,andZilog'sZ80,Z8000,etc.Thesystemcomposedofthesemicroprocessorsasthecoreiswidelyusedinthefieldsofinstrumentation,medicalequipment,robots,andhouseholdappliances.Theextensiveapplicationofmicroprocessorshasformedabroadembeddedapplicationmarket.ComputermanufacturershavebeguntoprovideuserswithOEMproductsinalargenumberofplug-ins,andthenuserscanchooseasetofsuitableCPUboards,memoryboardsandvarioustypesaccordingtotheirneeds.TheI/Oplug-inboardconstitutesadedicatedembeddedcomputersystemandembedsitinitsownsystemequipment.
Forthesakeofflexibilityandcompatibility,serializedandmodularsingle-boardcomputershaveappeared.Popularsingle-boardcomputersincludeIntel’siSBCseriesandZilog’sMCB.Later,peoplecandesignadedicatedembeddedcomputerwithoutchoosingthechip,butaslongasselectingeachfunctionalmodule,adedicatedcomputersystemcanbebuilt.BothusersanddevelopershopetopurchasethemostsuitableOEMproductsfromdifferentmanufacturersandinsertthemintothepurchasedorself-madechassistoformanewsystem.Inthisway,itishopedthattheplug-insarecompatiblewitheachother,whichleadstotheindustrialcontrolmicrocomputersystembus.Birth.IntelintroducedMultibusin1976andexpandedtoMultibusIIwithabandwidthof40MB/sin1983.ThesimpleSTDbusdesignedbyPrologin1978iswidelyusedinsmallembeddedsystems.
The1980scanbesaidtobeanerawhenallkindsofbusesemergedinanendlessstream.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofmicroelectronicstechnology,integratedcircuitmanufacturersbegantointegratethemicroprocessor,I/Ointerface,A/D,D/Aconversion,serialinterface,RAM,ROMandothercomponentsrequiredinembeddedapplications.IntegrateintoaVLSI,therebymanufacturingamicrocontrollerforI/Odesign,whichiswhatwecommonlycallasingle-chipmicrocomputer,andbecomearookieintheemergenceofembeddedcomputersystems.SubsequentdevelopmentofDSPproductsfurtherimprovedthetechnicallevelofembeddedcomputersystems,andquicklypenetratedintovariousfieldssuchasconsumerelectronics,medicalelectronics,intelligentcontrol,communicationelectronics,instrumentation,andtransportation.
Inthe1990s,drivenbyhugedemandsfordistributedcontrol,flexiblemanufacturing,digitalcommunications,andinformationappliances,embeddedsystemsfurtheracceleratedtheirdevelopment.DSPproductsforreal-timesignalprocessingalgorithmsaredevelopingtowardshighspeed,highprecision,andlowpowerconsumption.Texaslaunchedthethird-generationDSPchipTMS320C30,leadingthedevelopmentofmicrocontrollersto32-bithigh-speedintelligence.Intermsofapplications,handheldcomputers,handheldPCs,andset-topboxesarerelativelymatureanddeveloprapidly.Especiallyhandheldcomputers.In1997,therewereonlyfourorfivebrandsofhandheldcomputersintheUSmarket.Attheendof1998,varioushandheldcomputershavesprungup.Inaddition,Nokialaunchedsmartphones,Siemenslaunchedset-topboxes,Wyselaunchedsmartterminals,andNSlaunchedWebPAD.Thesmallcomputermountedonthecarcannotonlycontrolvariousdevices(suchasaudio,etc.)inthecar,butcanalsobeconnectedtotheGPStoautomaticallycontrolthecar.
The21stcenturyisundoubtedlyaneraofnetworks,andtheapplicationofembeddedcomputersystemstovariousnetworksmustalsobeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofembeddedsystems.
Funkce
1)Jádro systému je malé
Vzhledem k tomu, že vestavěné systémy se obecně používají v malých elektronických zařízeních, jsou systémové zdroje relativně omezené, takže jádro je tradičnější Operační systém je mnohem menší.
2)Highspecificity
Embeddedsystemsarehighlypersonalized,andthesoftwaresystemandhardwareareverytightlyintegrated.Generally,thesystemmustbetransplantedtothehardware,eveninTheproductsofthesamebrandandthesameseriesalsoneedtobecontinuouslymodifiedaccordingtothechanges,additionsandreductionsofthesystemhardware.Atthesametime,fordifferenttasks,itisoftennecessarytomakemajorchangestothesystem.Thecompilationanddownloadofprogramsmustbecombinedwiththesystem.Thismodificationandthe"upgrade"ofgeneralsoftwarearecompletelytwoconcepts.
3)Systemsimplification
Embeddedsystemsgenerallydonothaveacleardistinctionbetweensystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware,anddonotrequiretheirfunctionaldesignandimplementationtobetoocomplicated,whichwillhelpcontrolsystemcostsontheonehand,Butalsoconducivetotherealizationofsystemsecurity.
4) Vysoký výkon v reálném čase
Systémový software (OS) s vysokým výkonem je základním požadavkem vestavěného softwaru. A software vyžaduje úložiště v pevném stavu, aby se zvýšila rychlost; softwarový kód vyžaduje vysokou kvalitu a vysokou spolehlivost.
5)Multitaskingoperatingsystem
Ifembeddedsoftwaredevelopmentistobestandardized,itmustuseamultitaskingoperatingsystem.Embeddedsystemapplicationscanrundirectlyonthechipwithoutanoperatingsystem;butinordertorationallyschedulemultipletasks,utilizesystemresources,systemfunctions,andinterfacewithspeciallibraryfunctions,usersmustchooseRTOS(Real-TimeOperatingSystem)bythemselvesDevelopmentplatform,soastoensurethereal-timeperformanceandreliabilityofprogramexecution,reducedevelopmenttime,andensuresoftwarequality.
6)Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequired
Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequiredforembeddedsystemdevelopment.Becauseitdoesnothavetheabilityofindependentdevelopment,usersusuallycannotmodifytheprogramfunctionsevenafterthedesigniscompleted.Asetofdevelopmenttoolsandenvironmentscanbeusedfordevelopment.Thesetoolsandenvironmentsaregenerallybasedonsoftwareandhardwareongeneral-purposecomputers.Equipmentandvariouslogicanalyzers,mixedsignaloscilloscopes,etc.Thereisoftentheconceptofahostandatargetmachineduringdevelopment.Thehostisusedforprogramdevelopment,andthetargetmachineisthefinalexecutionmachine.Thedevelopmentneedstobecombinedalternately.
Jádro
Jádro vestavěného systému je vestavěný mikroprocesor. Vestavěné mikroprocesory mají obecně následující čtyři vlastnosti:
1)Ithasstrongsupportforreal-timetasks,cancompletemulti-tasksandhasashortinterruptresponsetime,sothattheinternalcodeandreal-timeTheexecutiontimeoftheinnercoreisreducedtoaminimum.
2)Ithasaverypowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction.Thisisbecausethesoftwarestructureoftheembeddedsystemhasbeenmodularized,andinordertoavoidfalsecross-effectsbetweensoftwaremodules,itisnecessarytodesignapowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction,whichisalsoconducivetosoftwarediagnosis.
3)Extensibleprocessorstructure,inordertobeabletodevelopthehighestperformanceembeddedmicroprocessorthatmeetstheapplicationmostquickly.
4)Embeddedmicroprocessorsmusthavelowpowerconsumption,especiallyforbattery-poweredembeddedsystemsusedinportablewirelessandmobilecomputingandcommunicationdevices.mWorevenμWlevel.
Klasifikace
Odděleno od hardwaru a softwaru.
Basedonhardware
Vestavěný mikroprocesor (MicroProcessorUnit, MPU)
EmbeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.Itscharacteristicisthatithasa32-bitormoreprocessor,withhigherperformance,andofcourseitspriceiscorrespondinglyhigher.Butunlikecomputerprocessors,inactualembeddedapplications,onlyfunctionalhardwarecloselyrelatedtoembeddedapplicationsisretained,andotherredundantfunctionalpartsareremoved,sothatembeddedapplicationscanbeimplementedwiththelowestpowerconsumptionandresources.specialrequirements.Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.ThemainembeddedprocessortypesareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARMseries,etc.
Mezi ně patří Arm/StrongArmis vestavěný mikroprocesor nebo speciálně vyvinutý pro ruční zařízení, což je cena v polovině.
EmbeddedMicrocontrollerUnit (MCU)
Thetypicalrepresentativeofembeddedmicrocontrolleristhesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Fromtheappearanceofsingle-chipmicrocomputerinthelate1970stotoday,Althoughmorethan30yearshavepassed,this8-bitelectronicdevicestillhasanextremelywiderangeofapplicationsinembeddeddevices.ThemicrocontrollerchipintegratesROM/EPROM,RAM,bus,buslogic,timer/counter,watchdog,I/O,serialport,pulsewidthmodulationoutput,A/D,D/A,FlashRAM,EEPROM,etc.Kindsofnecessaryfunctionsandperipherals.Comparedwithembeddedmicroprocessors,thebiggestfeatureofmicrocontrollersismonolithicandgreatlyreducedvolume,whichreducespowerconsumptionandcost,andimprovesreliability.Theon-chipperipheralresourcesofamicrocontrolleraregenerallyricherandsuitableforcontrol,soitiscalledamicrocontroller.
Vzhledem k nízké ceně a vynikajícím funkcím MCU má nejvýraznější množství a množství. Mezi reprezentativnější patří 8051,MCS-251,MCS-96/196/296,P51XA,C166/167,68KsérieandMCU/54X1C93,podpora C54,454,CAN,20 Bus, LCD a mnoho vyhrazených MCU a kompatibilní řady, MCU představovalo asi 70 % podílu na trhu vestavěných systémů, vyrobených společností Atmel díky integraci FPGA a dalších zařízení, takže má velmi vysoký nákladový výkon ,je zavázána podpořit vyšší rozvoj jednočipových mikropočítačů.
EmbeddedDigitalSignalProcessor (EDSP)
DSPprocessorisaprocessordedicatedtosignalprocessing.Thesystemstructureandinstructionalgorithmarespeciallydesigned,withhighcompilationefficiencyandinstructionexecutionspeed.DSPhasbeenwidelyusedinvariousinstrumentssuchasdigitalfiltering,FFT,andspectrumanalysis.
ThetheoreticalalgorithmofDSPhasappearedinthe1970s,butsincethespecializedDSPprocessorhasnotyetappeared,thistheoreticalalgorithmcanonlyberealizedbydiscretecomponentssuchasMPU.ThelowerprocessingspeedofMPUcannotmeetthealgorithmrequirementsofDSP,anditsapplicationfieldislimitedtosomecutting-edgehigh-techfields.Withthedevelopmentoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuittechnology,theworld'sfirstDSPchipwasbornin1982.ItscomputingspeedisdozensoftimesfasterthanMPU,andithasbeenwidelyusedinspeechsynthesisandcodecs.Bythemid-1980s,withtheadvancementanddevelopmentofCMOStechnology,thesecondgenerationofDSPchipsbasedonCMOStechnologycameintobeing,andtheirstoragecapacityandcomputingspeedweredoubled,becomingthebasisofvoiceprocessingandimagehardwareprocessingtechnology.Bythelate1980s,thecomputingspeedofDSPwasfurtherimproved,andtheapplicationfieldexpandedfromtheabove-mentionedscopetocommunicationsandcomputers.Afterthe1990s,DSPhasdevelopedtothefifthgenerationofproducts,withhigherintegrationandawiderrangeofapplications.
Nejrozšířenější je řada TMS320C2000/C5000 od TI. Kromě toho mají modely MCS-296 Intel a Siemens TriCoreal také vlastní rozsahy aplikací.
EmbeddedSystemOnChip
SoCpursuesthemosttolerantintegrateddevicesintheproductsystemandisoneofthehottopicsintheembeddedapplicationfield.ThebiggestfeatureofSOCisthatithassuccessfullyrealizedtheseamlessintegrationofsoftwareandhardware,anddirectlyembedsthecodemoduleoftheoperatingsystemintheprocessorchip.AndSOChasextremelyhighcomprehensiveness,usingVHDLandotherhardwaredescriptionlanguagesinsideasiliconchiptorealizeacomplexsystem.Usersnolongerneedtodrawhugeandcomplexcircuitboardsandmakealittleconnectionandsolderingliketraditionalsystemdesign.Theyonlyneedtousepreciselanguageandcomprehensivetimingdesigntodirectlycallvariousgeneral-purposeprocessorstandardsinthedevicelibrary,andthenAfterthesimulation,itcanbedirectlydeliveredtothechipmanufacturerforproduction.Sincemostofthesystemcomponentsareinsidethesystem,theentiresystemisparticularlysimple,whichnotonlyreducesthesizeandpowerconsumptionofthesystem,butalsoimprovesthereliabilityofthesystemandimprovesthedesignandproductionefficiency.
Vzhledem k tomu, že jsou SOC často vyhrazeny, většina z nich jsou neznámí uživatelé. Atypický produkt SOC je Philips SmartXA. Několik sérií pro obecné účely, jako jsou TriCoreofSiemens,M-CoreofMotorola,některá zařízení řady ARM,Neuronchip společně vyvinuté a vyvinuté společně na motoru.
Itisexpectedthatinthenearfuture,somelargechipcompanieswillrepelcompetitorsinonefellswoopbylaunchingmatureSOCchipsthatcanoccupymostmarkets.SOCchipswillalsoplayanimportantroleinapplicationfieldssuchassound,image,film,networkandsystemlogic.
Basedonsoftware
Z hlediska softwaru jej lze rozdělit především podle typu operačního systému. Existují dva hlavní typy softwaru pro vestavěné systémy: systémy v reálném čase a systémy sdílení času. Mezi nimi.systémy v reálném čase jsou rozděleny do dvou kategorií: systémy v reálném čase
Thereal-timeembeddedsystemisdesignedtoperformspecificfunctionsandcanperformfunctionsstrictlyaccordingtotimesequence.Itsbiggestfeatureisthattheexecutionoftheprogramisdeterministic.Inareal-timesystem,ifthesystemfailstoachieveacertaintaskwithinaspecifiedtime,itwillleadtoacompletefailureofthesystem,thesystemiscalledahardreal-timesystem.Inasoftreal-timesystem,althoughresponsetimeisequallyimportant,overtimedoesnotcausefatalerrors.Ahardreal-timesystemoftenneedstoaddacontrolchipdedicatedtotimeandprioritymanagementonthehardware,whileasoftreal-timesystemmainlyimplementstimelimitmanagementthroughprogramminginsoftware.Forexample,WindowsCEisamultitaskingtime-sharingsystem,whileUcos-IIisatypicalreal-timeoperatingsystem.
Složení
Hardwarová vrstva
Hardwarová vrstva zahrnuje vestavěný mikroprocesor, paměť (SDRAM, ROM, Flash atd.), obecné rozhraní zařízení a rozhraní I/O (A/D, D/A, I/O atd. .).Přidání napájecího obvodu,obvodu hodinapamětiobvoduzákladuvestavěnéhoprocesorunebopředstavujevestavěnýjádrovýřídicímodul.Operační systémaaplikačníprogramy lze upevnit vROM.
Vestavěný mikroprocesor
Thecoreofthehardwarelayeroftheembeddedsystemistheembeddedmicroprocessor.ThebiggestdifferencebetweentheembeddedmicroprocessorandthegeneralCPUistheembeddedMostoftheembeddedmicroprocessorsworkinsystemsspeciallydesignedforspecificusergroups.Itintegratesmanytaskscompletedbytheboardinthegeneral-purposeCPUinsidethechip,whichisconducivetothetrendofminiaturizationinthedesignofembeddedsystems,anditalsohasVeryhighefficiencyandreliability.
ThearchitectureoftheembeddedmicroprocessorcanadoptthevonNeumannsystemortheHarvardarchitecture;theinstructionsystemcanchoosethereducedinstructionsystem(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,RISC)andthecomplexinstructionsystemCISC(ComplexInstruction)SetComputer,CISC).TheRISCcomputeronlycontainsthemostusefulinstructionsinthechannel,ensuringthatthedatachannelexecuteseachinstructionquickly,therebyimprovingtheexecutionefficiencyandmakingtheCPUhardwarestructuredesignsimpler.
Embeddedmicroprocessorshaveavarietyofdifferentsystems.Eveninthesamesystem,theymayhavedifferentclockfrequenciesanddatabuswidths,orintegratedifferentperipheralsandinterfaces.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,therearemorethan1,000kindsofembeddedmicroprocessorsintheworld,andtherearemorethan30seriesofarchitectures,amongwhichthemainstreamsystemsareARM,MIPS,PowerPC,X86andSH.ButunliketheglobalPCmarket,noembeddedmicroprocessorcandominatethemarket.Intermsof32-bitproductsalone,therearemorethan100embeddedmicroprocessors.Thechoiceofembeddedmicroprocessorisdeterminedaccordingtothespecificapplication.
Paměť
Embeddedsystemsneedmemorytostoreandexecutecode.ThememoryoftheembeddedsystemincludesCache,mainmemoryandauxiliarymemory.
1) Mezipaměť
Cacheisasmall-capacity,fast-speedmemoryarray.Itislocatedbetweenthemainmemoryandtheembeddedmicroprocessorcore.Whendatareadoperationsarerequired,ThemicroprocessorreadsdatafromtheCacheasmuchaspossible,ratherthanfromthemainmemory,whichgreatlyimprovestheperformanceofthesystemandincreasesthedatatransferratebetweenthemicroprocessorandthemainmemory.ThemaingoalofCacheistoreducethememoryaccessbottleneckcausedbythememory(suchasmainmemoryandauxiliarymemory)tothemicroprocessorcore,sothattheprocessingspeedisfasterandthereal-timeperformanceisstronger.
Intheembeddedsystem,Cacheisallintegratedintheembeddedmicroprocessor,andcanbedividedintodataCache,instructionCacheorhybridCache.ThesizeofCachedependsondifferentprocessors.Cacheisgenerallyintegratedintohigh-endembeddedmicroprocessors.
2)Hlavní paměť
Themainmemoryisaregisterthattheembeddedmicroprocessorcandirectlyaccess,usedtostoresystemanduserprogramsanddata.Itcanbelocatedinsideoroutsidethemicroprocessor,anditscapacityis256KB~1GB,dependingonthespecificapplication.Generally,theon-chipmemoryhasasmallcapacity,highspeed,andalargeoff-chipmemory.
Obvykle používané paměti jako hlavní paměti jsou:
ROM typeNORFlash,EPROMandPROM atd.
Typy RAMSRAM,DRAMaSDRAM atd.
Amongthem,NORFlashhasbeenwidelyusedintheembeddedfieldduetoitsadvantagessuchasmanyerasingtimes,faststoragespeed,largestoragecapacity,andlowprice.
3) Pomocná paměť
Auxiliarymemoryisusedtostoreprogramcodesorinformationwithalargeamountofdata.Ithasalargecapacity,butitsreadingspeedismuchslowerthanthatofmainmemory.,Usedforlong-termpreservationofuserinformation.Commonlyusedexternalstorageinembeddedsystemsare:harddisk,NANDFlash,CFcard,MMCandSDcard,etc.
Univerzální rozhraní zařízení a rozhraní I/O
Interactionbetweenembeddedsystemandtheoutsideworldrequiresacertainformofuniversaldeviceinterface,suchasA/D,D/A.I/O,etc.Peripheralsrealizetheinput/outputfunctionofthemicroprocessorthroughtheconnectionwithotherdevicesorsensorsoutsidethechip.Eachperipheralusuallyhasonlyasinglefunction,anditcanbeoutsidethechiporbuiltintothechip.Therearemanytypesofperipherals,rangingfromasimpleserialcommunicationdevicetoaverycomplex802.11wirelessdevice.
CommondeviceinterfacescommonlyusedinembeddedsystemsincludeA/D(analog/digitalconversioninterface),D/A(digital/analogconversioninterface),andI/OinterfaceshaveRS-232interfaces(serialLinecommunicationinterface),Ethernet(Ethernetinterface),USB(universalserialbusinterface),audiointerface,VGAvideooutputinterface,I2C(fieldbus),SPI (sériové periferní rozhraní) a IrDA (infračervené rozhraní), atd..
Intermediatelayer
Thereisanintermediatelayerbetweenthehardwarelayerandthesoftwarelayer,alsoknownastheHardwareAbstractLayer(HAL)orBoardSupportPackage(BoardSupportPackage,BSP),whichseparatestheupper-layersoftware(application)ofthesystemfromthelower-layerhardware,sothatthelower-layerdriverofthesystemhasnothingtodowiththeupperlayer.Theupper-layersoftwaredevelopersdonotneedtocareaboutthespecificconditionsoftheunderlyinghardware,andcanproceedaccordingtotheinterfaceprovidedbytheBSPlayer.Development.Thislayergenerallyincludestheinitializationofrelatedunderlyinghardware,datainput/outputoperations,andhardwaredeviceconfigurationfunctions.BSPhasthefollowingtwocharacteristics.
Hardwarerelevance:Becausethehardwareenvironmentofembeddedreal-timesystemshasapplicationrelevance,asaninterfacebetweenupper-levelsoftwareandhardwareplatforms,BSPneedstoprovideoperatingsystemswithmethodstooperateandcontrolspecifichardware.
Operatingsystemrelevance:Differentoperatingsystemshavetheirownsoftwarehierarchicalstructure,therefore,differentoperatingsystemshavespecifichardwareinterfaceforms.
Actually,BSPisasoftwarelevelbetweentheoperatingsystemandtheunderlyinghardware,includingmostofthesoftwaremodulesinthesystemthatarecloselyrelatedtothehardware.DesigningacompleteBSPneedstocompletetwoparts:thehardwareinitializationoftheembeddedsystemandtheBSPfunction,andthedesignofhardware-relateddevicedrivers.
Inicializace hardwaru vestavěného systému
Proces inicializace systému lze rozdělit na 3 hlavní odkazy, které jsou v pořadí zdola nahoru, od hardwaru k softwaru.: Inicializace na úrovni čipu, inicializace na úrovni desky a inicializace na úrovni systému.
Inicializace na úrovni čipu
Completetheinitializationoftheembeddedmicroprocessor,includingsettingthecoreregisterandcontrolregisteroftheembeddedmicroprocessor,thecoreworkingmodeoftheembeddedmicroprocessorandtheembeddedmicroprocessorLocalbusmodeandsoon.Chip-levelinitializationgraduallysetstheembeddedmicroprocessorfromthedefaultstatewhenitispoweredontotheworkingstaterequiredbythesystem.Thisisapurehardwareinitializationprocess.
Inicializace na úrovni desky
Completetheinitializationofhardwaredevicesotherthanembeddedmicroprocessors.Inaddition,somesoftwaredatastructuresandparametersneedtobesettoestablishahardwareandsoftwareenvironmentforsubsequentsystem-levelinitializationandapplicationprogramoperation.Thisisaninitializationprocessthatincludesbothsoftwareandhardware.
Systeminicializace
Theinitializationprocessismainlysoftwareinitialization,mainlyfortheinitializationoftheoperatingsystem.TheBSPtransfersthecontroloftheembeddedmicroprocessortotheembeddedoperatingsystem,andtheoperatingsystemcompletestheremaininginitializationoperations,includingloadingandinitializingdevicedriversthathavenothingtodowithhardware,establishingasystemmemoryarea,loadingandinitializingothersystemsoftwaremodules,Suchasnetworksystems,filesystems,etc.Finally,theoperatingsystemcreatestheapplicationenvironmentandpassescontroltotheentranceoftheapplication.
Zařízení související s hardwaremOvladače
AnothermainfunctionofBSPishardware-relateddevicedrivers.Theinitializationofhardware-relateddevicedriversisusuallyaprocessfromhightolow.AlthoughtheBSPcontainshardware-relateddevicedrivers,thesedevicedriversareusuallynotdirectlyusedbytheBSP.Instead,theBSPassociatesthemwiththegeneraldevicedriversintheoperatingsystemduringthesysteminitializationprocess,andthenlaterTheapplicationiscalledbythegeneraldevicedrivertorealizetheoperationofthehardwaredevice.DriversrelatedtohardwareareanotherverycriticallinkinBSPdesignanddevelopment.
SystemSoftwareLayer
Systémová softwarová vrstva se skládá z Operačního systému v reálném čase (RTOS), souborového systému, grafického uživatelského rozhraní (GUI), síťového systému a modulů společných součástí. RTOS je základní a vývojová platforma vestavěného aplikačního softwaru.
EmbeddedOperatingSystem
EmbeddedOperationSystem(EOS)isawide-rangingsystemsoftware.Inthepast,itwasmainlyusedinThefieldofindustrialcontrolanddefensesystems.EOSisresponsiblefortheallocationofallsoftwareandhardwareresourcesembeddedinthesystem,taskscheduling,andcontrolandcoordinationofconcurrentactivities.Itmustreflectthecharacteristicsofthesysteminwhichitislocated,andbeabletoachievetherequiredfunctionsofthesystembyloadingandunloadingcertainmodules.SomeEOSproductserieswithrelativelysuccessfulapplicationshavebeenlaunched.WiththedevelopmentofInternettechnology,thepopularizationandapplicationofinformationappliances,andtheminiaturizationandspecializationofEOS,EOShasbeguntodevelopfromasingleweakfunctiontoahighlyspecializedandstrongfunction.Theembeddedoperatingsystemhasmoreprominentfeaturesinthereal-timeefficiencyofthesystem,thedependencyofthehardware,thesolidificationofthesoftware,andthespecificityoftheapplication.EOSisrelativetothegeneraloperatingsystem.Inadditiontothemostbasicfunctionsofthegeneraloperatingsystem,EOSalsohasthefollowingfunctions:suchastaskscheduling,synchronizationmechanism,interruptprocessing,fileprocessing,etc.
Applications
IndustrialControl
Industrialautomationequipmentbasedonembeddedchipswillmakegreatprogress.Therearealreadyalargenumberof8,16,32-bitembeddedmicrocomputers.Intheapplicationofcontrollers,networkingisthemainwaytoimproveproductionefficiency,productquality,andreducehumanresources,suchasindustrialprocesscontrol,digitalmachinetools,powersystems,powergridsecurity,powergridequipmentmonitoring,andpetrochemicalsystems.Asfarastraditionalindustrialcontrolproductsareconcerned,thelow-endmodelsoftenuse8-bitmicrocontrollers.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,32-bitand64-bitprocessorshavegraduallybecomethecoreofindustrialcontrolequipment,andtheywillsurelyachieveconsiderabledevelopmentinthenextfewyears.
Trafficmanagement
Intheaspectsofvehiclenavigation,flowcontrol,informationmonitoringandcarservices,embeddedsystemtechnologyhasbeenwidelyused.EmbeddedGPSmodule,GSMmodulemobilePositioningterminalshavebeensuccessfullyusedinvarioustransportationindustries.GPSequipmenthasenteredthehomesofordinarypeoplefromcutting-edgeproducts,andyoucanfindyourlocationanytimeandanywherewithonlyafewthousandyuan.
Informationappliances
Thiswillbecalledthelargestapplicationfieldofembeddedsystems.Thenetworkingandintelligenceofrefrigeratorsandairconditionerswillleadpeople'slivesintoabrandnewspace.Evenifyouarenotathome,youcanremotelycontrolitviatelephonelineandinternet.Inthesedevices,embeddedsystemswillbeveryuseful.
Smarthomemanagement
Dálkový automatický odečet vodoměrů, elektroměrů a plynoměrů, bezpečnostní protipožární systém, systém proti krádeži a v něm zabudovaný vyhrazený kontrolní čip nahradí tradiční ruční kontrolu a dosáhnou vyššího, přesnějšího a bezpečnějšího výkonu v servisní oblasti. zemřel.
POSnetwork
Systém vydávání bezkontaktních čipových karet veřejné dopravy (ContactlessSmartcard, CSC), systém vydávání veřejných telefonních karet, automaty, různé inteligentní terminály ATM budou plně integrovány do života lidí, když budete mít kartu, můžete cestovat po celém světě.
EnvironmentalEngineeringandNature
Real-timemonitoringofhydrologicaldata,floodcontrolsystemandwaterandsoilqualitymonitoring,damsafety,earthquakemonitoringnetwork,real-timeweatherinformationnetwork,watersourceandairpollutionmonitoring.Inmanyareaswithharshenvironmentsandcomplexterrain,embeddedsystemswillrealizeunmannedmonitoring.
Robots
Thedevelopmentofembeddedchipswillmakerobotsmoreobviousinminiaturizationandhighintelligence.Atthesametime,theywillgreatlyreducethepriceofrobots,makingthemmoresuitableforindustrialapplicationsandservices.Thefieldhasbeenwidelyused.
Intheseapplications,youcanfocusontheapplicationofcontrol.Asfarasremotehomeappliancecontrolisconcerned,inadditiontodevelopingembeddedsystemsthatsupportTCP/IP,homeapplianceproductcontrolprotocolsalsoneedtobeformulatedandunified,whichrequireshomeappliancemanufacturerstodo.Inthesameway,allnetwork-basedremotecontroldevicesneedtorealizeaninterfacewiththeembeddedsystem,andthentheembeddedsystemcontrolsandrealizescontrolthroughthenetwork.Therefore,itisveryimportanttodevelopanddiscussembeddedsystems.
Applicationofelectromechanicalproducts
Comparedwithotherfields,electromechanicalproductscanbesaidtobeoneofthemosttypicalandbroadestapplicationsofembeddedsystems.Therearehugemarketsforsingle-chipmicrocomputers,industrialcomputers,andSOCsinvariouselectromechanicalproducts.
MobileInternetfield
ManymobileInternetfieldsalsorequireembeddeddevelopmenttechnology
Trendy
EmbeddedVložený operační systém bude nepostradatelnou součástí budoucího vestavěného systému. Jeho budoucí trendy vývoje zahrnují:
1.Customization:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillprovideasimplifiedsystemcallinterfaceforspecificapplications.Supportoneoronetypeofembeddedapplications.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillalsohaveascalableandscalablesystemarchitecture,providingamulti-levelsystemarchitecture.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillincludevariousplug-and-playdevicedriverinterfaces;
2.Energysaving:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillcontinuetousemicrokerneltechnologytoachievesmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,andlowcost.Supportsmallelectronicdevices.Atthesametime,improvethereliabilityandmaintainabilityoftheproduct.Embeddedoperatingsystemwillformaminimumcoreprocessingset,reducesystemoverhead,improveoperatingefficiency,andcanbeusedinvariousnon-computerequipment;
3,humanization:embeddedoperatingsystemwillprovidesophisticatedmultimediaHuman-machineinterfacetomeettheever-increasingneedsofusers;
4.Security:Theembeddedoperatingsystemshouldbeabletoprovideasecurityguaranteemechanism,andthereliabilityofthesourcecodeisgettinghigherandhigher;
5.Networking:Forthenetworkandforspecificapplications,theembeddedoperatingsystemrequiresastandardnetworkcommunicationinterface.Thedevelopmentofembeddedoperatingsystemswillbecomeeasiertotransplantandnetwork.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillhavenetworkaccessfunctions,provideTCP/UDP/IP/PPPprotocolsupportandaunifiedMACaccesslayerinterface,andreserveinterfacesforvariousmobilecomputingdevices;
6.Standardization:Withthedevelopmentofthewidespreadapplicationofembeddedoperatingsystems,theemergenceofproblemssuchasinformationexchangeandresourcesharingopportunities,itisnecessarytoestablishcorrespondingstandardstoregulateitsapplications.
Vnořené operační systémy mají jistý výkon v reálném čase, snadno se stříhají a škálují a mohou být vhodné pro různé ARMCPU a různé stupně aplikací od ARM7 po Xscale. Vestavěné operační systémy mohou používat široce oblíbené nástroje pro vývoj ARM, jako jsou SDT/ADS a RealView ARM, kanály vytvořené Gware/vyvinuté prostředí. Na trhu existují skutečné speciální vývojové nástroje, jako je Tornado, μC/View, μC/KA, CODE/Lab, Metroworks atd.
NewproductsfromMicrosoft
MicrosoftplanstolaunchtheWindowsEmbedded8embeddedoperatingsysteminMarch2013,whichisthepuzzleformofWindows8.TheWindowsEmbedded8StandardoperatingsystemisamodularTheversionofWindows,whichrunssimilartoLinux-stylecustomization,allowsmanufacturerstomodifyandcustomizeit,andnewtouchandgesture-basedinterfaceswillbeappliedonthisembeddedoperatingsystem.
PeoplearealreadyfamiliarwithdeviceswithembeddedoperatingsystemssuchasVOIPphones,DVDplayers,GPSreceivers,andprinters.Asmoreandmoredevicesareaddedtocomputerchipsusingembeddedoperatingsystems,ithasbecomeanever-increasingdemandtomanagethesedevicesthroughsoftware.Inthepast,thebarebonesversionofLINUXwasanoptionforembeddedoperatingsystems,thankstoitslowsystemrequirementsandeasycustomization.Moreandmorehouseholditemsareenteringthefieldofintelligenceanddigital,arousingpeople'sinterestinthe"InternetofThings",andthisnetworkcanconnectallthecomputerizeditemsinyourhome,makingthemeasyfortheirownerstocontrolandsearch.Thingsareassimpleasfindingfilesonacomputer.
WindowsEmbedded8maybejustonestepinMicrosoft'srevivalplan.ThisplanwilltransformMicrosoftfromasoftwarecompanyintoacompanyof"devicesandservices".TheMicrosoftfolksareseekingtoreleaseanembeddedroadmap,mostlikelytoshowstockholdersthattheyarenotbulkydinosaursthatwillbedestroyedbythecomingwaveofmobile.Infact,theWindowsembeddedoperatingsystemhasexistedforsometime,andtheearliestWin3.xhasanembeddedversionthatcanrunonPOSterminals.ButtherealWindowsembeddeddevicewasbuiltin1999calledWindowsNTEmbedded.TheWindowsXPcodewasusedtocreate"XPembedded"atthattime.FollowingitspaceisWindowsEmbeddedcompact,somepeopleareveryunfamiliarwiththisname,butyoumusthaveheardofitsotherwell-knownname,WindowsCE.Thisproductismoreusedinset-topboxes,especiallyafteritisusedintheSegaill-fatedDreamcastconsole,itiswidelyknown.
In2009,WindowsXPEmbeddedwasupgradedtoWindowsEmbeddedStandard.ItprovidesacompleteWin32API,butunlikeWindowsCE,itcanrunonARM,MIPSandSuperHprocessors.WindowsEmbeddedStandardCanonlyrunonx86.Itisfullycompatiblewith"standard"projects,suchasNETframework,IE7,WindowsMediaPlayer,Silverlight,etc.WindowsEmbeddedStandardallowsmanufacturerstocustomizethesystem,deleteunnecessaryparts,whileretainingthecorefunctionsofthesystem.AndthisfeaturehasbeenusedbysomesmartpeopleinthepastforWindowson-siteCDSproductionsuchasBartPE.
Commonsystem
μTenux
uC/OSII
RT-vlákno
uCLinux
FreeRTOS
RTX
Arm-Linux
VxWorks
RTEMS
pSOS
Jádro
PalmOS
WindowsCE
WindowsXPEmbedded
WindowsVistaEmbedded
EmbeddedLinux
ECOS
QNX
Rys
Symbian
NADĚJE
Android
Maemo
Meego