Domov Technika Vestavěný operační systém

Vestavěný operační systém



Historie

Ve skutečnosti koncept embedded existoval již dávno. Komunikační rozhraní, vestavěné systémy se používaly k ovládání elektronických mechanických telefonních ústředen v 60. letech a v té době se jim říkalo „StoredProgramControl“ (StoredProgramControl).

Therealdevelopmentofembeddedcomputerswasaftertheadventofmicroprocessors.InNovember1971,Intelsuccessfullyintegratedthearithmeticunitandthecontrollercircuit,andlaunchedthefirstmicroprocessorIntel4004.Sincethen,variousmanufacturershavesuccessivelyintroducedmany8-bitand16-bitmicroprocessors.IncludingIntel8080/8085,8086,Motorola's6800,68000,andZilog'sZ80,Z8000,etc.Thesystemcomposedofthesemicroprocessorsasthecoreiswidelyusedinthefieldsofinstrumentation,medicalequipment,robots,andhouseholdappliances.Theextensiveapplicationofmicroprocessorshasformedabroadembeddedapplicationmarket.ComputermanufacturershavebeguntoprovideuserswithOEMproductsinalargenumberofplug-ins,andthenuserscanchooseasetofsuitableCPUboards,memoryboardsandvarioustypesaccordingtotheirneeds.TheI/Oplug-inboardconstitutesadedicatedembeddedcomputersystemandembedsitinitsownsystemequipment.

Forthesakeofflexibilityandcompatibility,serializedandmodularsingle-boardcomputershaveappeared.Popularsingle-boardcomputersincludeIntel’siSBCseriesandZilog’sMCB.Later,peoplecandesignadedicatedembeddedcomputerwithoutchoosingthechip,butaslongasselectingeachfunctionalmodule,adedicatedcomputersystemcanbebuilt.BothusersanddevelopershopetopurchasethemostsuitableOEMproductsfromdifferentmanufacturersandinsertthemintothepurchasedorself-madechassistoformanewsystem.Inthisway,itishopedthattheplug-insarecompatiblewitheachother,whichleadstotheindustrialcontrolmicrocomputersystembus.Birth.IntelintroducedMultibusin1976andexpandedtoMultibusIIwithabandwidthof40MB/sin1983.ThesimpleSTDbusdesignedbyPrologin1978iswidelyusedinsmallembeddedsystems.

The1980scanbesaidtobeanerawhenallkindsofbusesemergedinanendlessstream.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofmicroelectronicstechnology,integratedcircuitmanufacturersbegantointegratethemicroprocessor,I/Ointerface,A/D,D/Aconversion,serialinterface,RAM,ROMandothercomponentsrequiredinembeddedapplications.IntegrateintoaVLSI,therebymanufacturingamicrocontrollerforI/Odesign,whichiswhatwecommonlycallasingle-chipmicrocomputer,andbecomearookieintheemergenceofembeddedcomputersystems.SubsequentdevelopmentofDSPproductsfurtherimprovedthetechnicallevelofembeddedcomputersystems,andquicklypenetratedintovariousfieldssuchasconsumerelectronics,medicalelectronics,intelligentcontrol,communicationelectronics,instrumentation,andtransportation.

Inthe1990s,drivenbyhugedemandsfordistributedcontrol,flexiblemanufacturing,digitalcommunications,andinformationappliances,embeddedsystemsfurtheracceleratedtheirdevelopment.DSPproductsforreal-timesignalprocessingalgorithmsaredevelopingtowardshighspeed,highprecision,andlowpowerconsumption.Texaslaunchedthethird-generationDSPchipTMS320C30,leadingthedevelopmentofmicrocontrollersto32-bithigh-speedintelligence.Intermsofapplications,handheldcomputers,handheldPCs,andset-topboxesarerelativelymatureanddeveloprapidly.Especiallyhandheldcomputers.In1997,therewereonlyfourorfivebrandsofhandheldcomputersintheUSmarket.Attheendof1998,varioushandheldcomputershavesprungup.Inaddition,Nokialaunchedsmartphones,Siemenslaunchedset-topboxes,Wyselaunchedsmartterminals,andNSlaunchedWebPAD.Thesmallcomputermountedonthecarcannotonlycontrolvariousdevices(suchasaudio,etc.)inthecar,butcanalsobeconnectedtotheGPStoautomaticallycontrolthecar.

The21stcenturyisundoubtedlyaneraofnetworks,andtheapplicationofembeddedcomputersystemstovariousnetworksmustalsobeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofembeddedsystems.

Funkce

1)Jádro systému je malé

Vzhledem k tomu, že vestavěné systémy se obecně používají v malých elektronických zařízeních, jsou systémové zdroje relativně omezené, takže jádro je tradičnější Operační systém je mnohem menší.

2)Highspecificity

Embeddedsystemsarehighlypersonalized,andthesoftwaresystemandhardwareareverytightlyintegrated.Generally,thesystemmustbetransplantedtothehardware,eveninTheproductsofthesamebrandandthesameseriesalsoneedtobecontinuouslymodifiedaccordingtothechanges,additionsandreductionsofthesystemhardware.Atthesametime,fordifferenttasks,itisoftennecessarytomakemajorchangestothesystem.Thecompilationanddownloadofprogramsmustbecombinedwiththesystem.Thismodificationandthe"upgrade"ofgeneralsoftwarearecompletelytwoconcepts.

3)Systemsimplification

Embeddedsystemsgenerallydonothaveacleardistinctionbetweensystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware,anddonotrequiretheirfunctionaldesignandimplementationtobetoocomplicated,whichwillhelpcontrolsystemcostsontheonehand,Butalsoconducivetotherealizationofsystemsecurity.

4) Vysoký výkon v reálném čase

Systémový software (OS) s vysokým výkonem je základním požadavkem vestavěného softwaru. A software vyžaduje úložiště v pevném stavu, aby se zvýšila rychlost; softwarový kód vyžaduje vysokou kvalitu a vysokou spolehlivost.

5)Multitaskingoperatingsystem

Ifembeddedsoftwaredevelopmentistobestandardized,itmustuseamultitaskingoperatingsystem.Embeddedsystemapplicationscanrundirectlyonthechipwithoutanoperatingsystem;butinordertorationallyschedulemultipletasks,utilizesystemresources,systemfunctions,andinterfacewithspeciallibraryfunctions,usersmustchooseRTOS(Real-TimeOperatingSystem)bythemselvesDevelopmentplatform,soastoensurethereal-timeperformanceandreliabilityofprogramexecution,reducedevelopmenttime,andensuresoftwarequality.

6)Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequired

Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequiredforembeddedsystemdevelopment.Becauseitdoesnothavetheabilityofindependentdevelopment,usersusuallycannotmodifytheprogramfunctionsevenafterthedesigniscompleted.Asetofdevelopmenttoolsandenvironmentscanbeusedfordevelopment.Thesetoolsandenvironmentsaregenerallybasedonsoftwareandhardwareongeneral-purposecomputers.Equipmentandvariouslogicanalyzers,mixedsignaloscilloscopes,etc.Thereisoftentheconceptofahostandatargetmachineduringdevelopment.Thehostisusedforprogramdevelopment,andthetargetmachineisthefinalexecutionmachine.Thedevelopmentneedstobecombinedalternately.

Jádro

Jádro vestavěného systému je vestavěný mikroprocesor. Vestavěné mikroprocesory mají obecně následující čtyři vlastnosti:

1)Ithasstrongsupportforreal-timetasks,cancompletemulti-tasksandhasashortinterruptresponsetime,sothattheinternalcodeandreal-timeTheexecutiontimeoftheinnercoreisreducedtoaminimum.

2)Ithasaverypowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction.Thisisbecausethesoftwarestructureoftheembeddedsystemhasbeenmodularized,andinordertoavoidfalsecross-effectsbetweensoftwaremodules,itisnecessarytodesignapowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction,whichisalsoconducivetosoftwarediagnosis.

3)Extensibleprocessorstructure,inordertobeabletodevelopthehighestperformanceembeddedmicroprocessorthatmeetstheapplicationmostquickly.

4)Embeddedmicroprocessorsmusthavelowpowerconsumption,especiallyforbattery-poweredembeddedsystemsusedinportablewirelessandmobilecomputingandcommunicationdevices.mWorevenμWlevel.

Klasifikace

Odděleno od hardwaru a softwaru.

Basedonhardware

Vestavěný mikroprocesor (MicroProcessorUnit, MPU)

EmbeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.Itscharacteristicisthatithasa32-bitormoreprocessor,withhigherperformance,andofcourseitspriceiscorrespondinglyhigher.Butunlikecomputerprocessors,inactualembeddedapplications,onlyfunctionalhardwarecloselyrelatedtoembeddedapplicationsisretained,andotherredundantfunctionalpartsareremoved,sothatembeddedapplicationscanbeimplementedwiththelowestpowerconsumptionandresources.specialrequirements.Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.ThemainembeddedprocessortypesareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARMseries,etc.

Mezi ně patří Arm/StrongArmis vestavěný mikroprocesor nebo speciálně vyvinutý pro ruční zařízení, což je cena v polovině.

EmbeddedMicrocontrollerUnit (MCU)

Thetypicalrepresentativeofembeddedmicrocontrolleristhesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Fromtheappearanceofsingle-chipmicrocomputerinthelate1970stotoday,Althoughmorethan30yearshavepassed,this8-bitelectronicdevicestillhasanextremelywiderangeofapplicationsinembeddeddevices.ThemicrocontrollerchipintegratesROM/EPROM,RAM,bus,buslogic,timer/counter,watchdog,I/O,serialport,pulsewidthmodulationoutput,A/D,D/A,FlashRAM,EEPROM,etc.Kindsofnecessaryfunctionsandperipherals.Comparedwithembeddedmicroprocessors,thebiggestfeatureofmicrocontrollersismonolithicandgreatlyreducedvolume,whichreducespowerconsumptionandcost,andimprovesreliability.Theon-chipperipheralresourcesofamicrocontrolleraregenerallyricherandsuitableforcontrol,soitiscalledamicrocontroller.

Vzhledem k nízké ceně a vynikajícím funkcím MCU má nejvýraznější množství a množství. Mezi reprezentativnější patří 8051,MCS-251,MCS-96/196/296,P51XA,C166/167,68KsérieandMCU/54X1C93,podpora C54,454,CAN,20 Bus, LCD a mnoho vyhrazených MCU a kompatibilní řady, MCU představovalo asi 70 % podílu na trhu vestavěných systémů, vyrobených společností Atmel díky integraci FPGA a dalších zařízení, takže má velmi vysoký nákladový výkon ,je zavázána podpořit vyšší rozvoj jednočipových mikropočítačů.

EmbeddedDigitalSignalProcessor (EDSP)

DSPprocessorisaprocessordedicatedtosignalprocessing.Thesystemstructureandinstructionalgorithmarespeciallydesigned,withhighcompilationefficiencyandinstructionexecutionspeed.DSPhasbeenwidelyusedinvariousinstrumentssuchasdigitalfiltering,FFT,andspectrumanalysis.

ThetheoreticalalgorithmofDSPhasappearedinthe1970s,butsincethespecializedDSPprocessorhasnotyetappeared,thistheoreticalalgorithmcanonlyberealizedbydiscretecomponentssuchasMPU.ThelowerprocessingspeedofMPUcannotmeetthealgorithmrequirementsofDSP,anditsapplicationfieldislimitedtosomecutting-edgehigh-techfields.Withthedevelopmentoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuittechnology,theworld'sfirstDSPchipwasbornin1982.ItscomputingspeedisdozensoftimesfasterthanMPU,andithasbeenwidelyusedinspeechsynthesisandcodecs.Bythemid-1980s,withtheadvancementanddevelopmentofCMOStechnology,thesecondgenerationofDSPchipsbasedonCMOStechnologycameintobeing,andtheirstoragecapacityandcomputingspeedweredoubled,becomingthebasisofvoiceprocessingandimagehardwareprocessingtechnology.Bythelate1980s,thecomputingspeedofDSPwasfurtherimproved,andtheapplicationfieldexpandedfromtheabove-mentionedscopetocommunicationsandcomputers.Afterthe1990s,DSPhasdevelopedtothefifthgenerationofproducts,withhigherintegrationandawiderrangeofapplications.

Nejrozšířenější je řada TMS320C2000/C5000 od TI. Kromě toho mají modely MCS-296 Intel a Siemens TriCoreal také vlastní rozsahy aplikací.

EmbeddedSystemOnChip

SoCpursuesthemosttolerantintegrateddevicesintheproductsystemandisoneofthehottopicsintheembeddedapplicationfield.ThebiggestfeatureofSOCisthatithassuccessfullyrealizedtheseamlessintegrationofsoftwareandhardware,anddirectlyembedsthecodemoduleoftheoperatingsystemintheprocessorchip.AndSOChasextremelyhighcomprehensiveness,usingVHDLandotherhardwaredescriptionlanguages​​insideasiliconchiptorealizeacomplexsystem.Usersnolongerneedtodrawhugeandcomplexcircuitboardsandmakealittleconnectionandsolderingliketraditionalsystemdesign.Theyonlyneedtousepreciselanguageandcomprehensivetimingdesigntodirectlycallvariousgeneral-purposeprocessorstandardsinthedevicelibrary,andthenAfterthesimulation,itcanbedirectlydeliveredtothechipmanufacturerforproduction.Sincemostofthesystemcomponentsareinsidethesystem,theentiresystemisparticularlysimple,whichnotonlyreducesthesizeandpowerconsumptionofthesystem,butalsoimprovesthereliabilityofthesystemandimprovesthedesignandproductionefficiency.

Vzhledem k tomu, že jsou SOC často vyhrazeny, většina z nich jsou neznámí uživatelé. Atypický produkt SOC je Philips SmartXA. Několik sérií pro obecné účely, jako jsou TriCoreofSiemens,M-CoreofMotorola,některá zařízení řady ARM,Neuronchip společně vyvinuté a vyvinuté společně na motoru.

Itisexpectedthatinthenearfuture,somelargechipcompanieswillrepelcompetitorsinonefellswoopbylaunchingmatureSOCchipsthatcanoccupymostmarkets.SOCchipswillalsoplayanimportantroleinapplicationfieldssuchassound,image,film,networkandsystemlogic.

Basedonsoftware

Z hlediska softwaru jej lze rozdělit především podle typu operačního systému. Existují dva hlavní typy softwaru pro vestavěné systémy: systémy v reálném čase a systémy sdílení času. Mezi nimi.systémy v reálném čase jsou rozděleny do dvou kategorií: systémy v reálném čase

Thereal-timeembeddedsystemisdesignedtoperformspecificfunctionsandcanperformfunctionsstrictlyaccordingtotimesequence.Itsbiggestfeatureisthattheexecutionoftheprogramisdeterministic.Inareal-timesystem,ifthesystemfailstoachieveacertaintaskwithinaspecifiedtime,itwillleadtoacompletefailureofthesystem,thesystemiscalledahardreal-timesystem.Inasoftreal-timesystem,althoughresponsetimeisequallyimportant,overtimedoesnotcausefatalerrors.Ahardreal-timesystemoftenneedstoaddacontrolchipdedicatedtotimeandprioritymanagementonthehardware,whileasoftreal-timesystemmainlyimplementstimelimitmanagementthroughprogramminginsoftware.Forexample,WindowsCEisamultitaskingtime-sharingsystem,whileUcos-IIisatypicalreal-timeoperatingsystem.

Složení

Hardwarová vrstva

Hardwarová vrstva zahrnuje vestavěný mikroprocesor, paměť (SDRAM, ROM, Flash atd.), obecné rozhraní zařízení a rozhraní I/O (A/D, D/A, I/O atd. .).Přidání napájecího obvodu,obvodu hodinapamětiobvoduzákladuvestavěnéhoprocesorunebopředstavujevestavěnýjádrovýřídicímodul.Operační systémaaplikačníprogramy lze upevnit vROM.

Vestavěný mikroprocesor

Thecoreofthehardwarelayeroftheembeddedsystemistheembeddedmicroprocessor.ThebiggestdifferencebetweentheembeddedmicroprocessorandthegeneralCPUistheembeddedMostoftheembeddedmicroprocessorsworkinsystemsspeciallydesignedforspecificusergroups.Itintegratesmanytaskscompletedbytheboardinthegeneral-purposeCPUinsidethechip,whichisconducivetothetrendofminiaturizationinthedesignofembeddedsystems,anditalsohasVeryhighefficiencyandreliability.

ThearchitectureoftheembeddedmicroprocessorcanadoptthevonNeumannsystemortheHarvardarchitecture;theinstructionsystemcanchoosethereducedinstructionsystem(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,RISC)andthecomplexinstructionsystemCISC(ComplexInstruction)SetComputer,CISC).TheRISCcomputeronlycontainsthemostusefulinstructionsinthechannel,ensuringthatthedatachannelexecuteseachinstructionquickly,therebyimprovingtheexecutionefficiencyandmakingtheCPUhardwarestructuredesignsimpler.

Embeddedmicroprocessorshaveavarietyofdifferentsystems.Eveninthesamesystem,theymayhavedifferentclockfrequenciesanddatabuswidths,orintegratedifferentperipheralsandinterfaces.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,therearemorethan1,000kindsofembeddedmicroprocessorsintheworld,andtherearemorethan30seriesofarchitectures,amongwhichthemainstreamsystemsareARM,MIPS,PowerPC,X86andSH.ButunliketheglobalPCmarket,noembeddedmicroprocessorcandominatethemarket.Intermsof32-bitproductsalone,therearemorethan100embeddedmicroprocessors.Thechoiceofembeddedmicroprocessorisdeterminedaccordingtothespecificapplication.

Paměť

Embeddedsystemsneedmemorytostoreandexecutecode.ThememoryoftheembeddedsystemincludesCache,mainmemoryandauxiliarymemory.

1) Mezipaměť

Cacheisasmall-capacity,fast-speedmemoryarray.Itislocatedbetweenthemainmemoryandtheembeddedmicroprocessorcore.Whendatareadoperationsarerequired,ThemicroprocessorreadsdatafromtheCacheasmuchaspossible,ratherthanfromthemainmemory,whichgreatlyimprovestheperformanceofthesystemandincreasesthedatatransferratebetweenthemicroprocessorandthemainmemory.ThemaingoalofCacheistoreducethememoryaccessbottleneckcausedbythememory(suchasmainmemoryandauxiliarymemory)tothemicroprocessorcore,sothattheprocessingspeedisfasterandthereal-timeperformanceisstronger.

Intheembeddedsystem,Cacheisallintegratedintheembeddedmicroprocessor,andcanbedividedintodataCache,instructionCacheorhybridCache.ThesizeofCachedependsondifferentprocessors.Cacheisgenerallyintegratedintohigh-endembeddedmicroprocessors.

2)Hlavní paměť

Themainmemoryisaregisterthattheembeddedmicroprocessorcandirectlyaccess,usedtostoresystemanduserprogramsanddata.Itcanbelocatedinsideoroutsidethemicroprocessor,anditscapacityis256KB~1GB,dependingonthespecificapplication.Generally,theon-chipmemoryhasasmallcapacity,highspeed,andalargeoff-chipmemory.

Obvykle používané paměti jako hlavní paměti jsou:

ROM typeNORFlash,EPROMandPROM atd.

Typy RAMSRAM,DRAMaSDRAM atd.

Amongthem,NORFlashhasbeenwidelyusedintheembeddedfieldduetoitsadvantagessuchasmanyerasingtimes,faststoragespeed,largestoragecapacity,andlowprice.

3) Pomocná paměť

Auxiliarymemoryisusedtostoreprogramcodesorinformationwithalargeamountofdata.Ithasalargecapacity,butitsreadingspeedismuchslowerthanthatofmainmemory.,Usedforlong-termpreservationofuserinformation.Commonlyusedexternalstorageinembeddedsystemsare:harddisk,NANDFlash,CFcard,MMCandSDcard,etc.

Univerzální rozhraní zařízení a rozhraní I/O

Interactionbetweenembeddedsystemandtheoutsideworldrequiresacertainformofuniversaldeviceinterface,suchasA/D,D/A.I/O,etc.Peripheralsrealizetheinput/outputfunctionofthemicroprocessorthroughtheconnectionwithotherdevicesorsensorsoutsidethechip.Eachperipheralusuallyhasonlyasinglefunction,anditcanbeoutsidethechiporbuiltintothechip.Therearemanytypesofperipherals,rangingfromasimpleserialcommunicationdevicetoaverycomplex802.11wirelessdevice.

CommondeviceinterfacescommonlyusedinembeddedsystemsincludeA/D(analog/digitalconversioninterface),D/A(digital/analogconversioninterface),andI/OinterfaceshaveRS-232interfaces(serialLinecommunicationinterface),Ethernet(Ethernetinterface),USB(universalserialbusinterface),audiointerface,VGAvideooutputinterface,I2C(fieldbus),SPI (sériové periferní rozhraní) a IrDA (infračervené rozhraní), atd..

Intermediatelayer

Thereisanintermediatelayerbetweenthehardwarelayerandthesoftwarelayer,alsoknownastheHardwareAbstractLayer(HAL)orBoardSupportPackage(BoardSupportPackage,BSP),whichseparatestheupper-layersoftware(application)ofthesystemfromthelower-layerhardware,sothatthelower-layerdriverofthesystemhasnothingtodowiththeupperlayer.Theupper-layersoftwaredevelopersdonotneedtocareaboutthespecificconditionsoftheunderlyinghardware,andcanproceedaccordingtotheinterfaceprovidedbytheBSPlayer.Development.Thislayergenerallyincludestheinitializationofrelatedunderlyinghardware,datainput/outputoperations,andhardwaredeviceconfigurationfunctions.BSPhasthefollowingtwocharacteristics.

Hardwarerelevance:Becausethehardwareenvironmentofembeddedreal-timesystemshasapplicationrelevance,asaninterfacebetweenupper-levelsoftwareandhardwareplatforms,BSPneedstoprovideoperatingsystemswithmethodstooperateandcontrolspecifichardware.

Operatingsystemrelevance:Differentoperatingsystemshavetheirownsoftwarehierarchicalstructure,therefore,differentoperatingsystemshavespecifichardwareinterfaceforms.

Actually,BSPisasoftwarelevelbetweentheoperatingsystemandtheunderlyinghardware,includingmostofthesoftwaremodulesinthesystemthatarecloselyrelatedtothehardware.DesigningacompleteBSPneedstocompletetwoparts:thehardwareinitializationoftheembeddedsystemandtheBSPfunction,andthedesignofhardware-relateddevicedrivers.

Inicializace hardwaru vestavěného systému

Proces inicializace systému lze rozdělit na 3 hlavní odkazy, které jsou v pořadí zdola nahoru, od hardwaru k softwaru.: Inicializace na úrovni čipu, inicializace na úrovni desky a inicializace na úrovni systému.

Inicializace na úrovni čipu

Completetheinitializationoftheembeddedmicroprocessor,includingsettingthecoreregisterandcontrolregisteroftheembeddedmicroprocessor,thecoreworkingmodeoftheembeddedmicroprocessorandtheembeddedmicroprocessorLocalbusmodeandsoon.Chip-levelinitializationgraduallysetstheembeddedmicroprocessorfromthedefaultstatewhenitispoweredontotheworkingstaterequiredbythesystem.Thisisapurehardwareinitializationprocess.

Inicializace na úrovni desky

Completetheinitializationofhardwaredevicesotherthanembeddedmicroprocessors.Inaddition,somesoftwaredatastructuresandparametersneedtobesettoestablishahardwareandsoftwareenvironmentforsubsequentsystem-levelinitializationandapplicationprogramoperation.Thisisaninitializationprocessthatincludesbothsoftwareandhardware.

Systeminicializace

Theinitializationprocessismainlysoftwareinitialization,mainlyfortheinitializationoftheoperatingsystem.TheBSPtransfersthecontroloftheembeddedmicroprocessortotheembeddedoperatingsystem,andtheoperatingsystemcompletestheremaininginitializationoperations,includingloadingandinitializingdevicedriversthathavenothingtodowithhardware,establishingasystemmemoryarea,loadingandinitializingothersystemsoftwaremodules,Suchasnetworksystems,filesystems,etc.Finally,theoperatingsystemcreatestheapplicationenvironmentandpassescontroltotheentranceoftheapplication.

Zařízení související s hardwaremOvladače

AnothermainfunctionofBSPishardware-relateddevicedrivers.Theinitializationofhardware-relateddevicedriversisusuallyaprocessfromhightolow.AlthoughtheBSPcontainshardware-relateddevicedrivers,thesedevicedriversareusuallynotdirectlyusedbytheBSP.Instead,theBSPassociatesthemwiththegeneraldevicedriversintheoperatingsystemduringthesysteminitializationprocess,andthenlaterTheapplicationiscalledbythegeneraldevicedrivertorealizetheoperationofthehardwaredevice.DriversrelatedtohardwareareanotherverycriticallinkinBSPdesignanddevelopment.

SystemSoftwareLayer

Systémová softwarová vrstva se skládá z Operačního systému v reálném čase (RTOS), souborového systému, grafického uživatelského rozhraní (GUI), síťového systému a modulů společných součástí. RTOS je základní a vývojová platforma vestavěného aplikačního softwaru.

EmbeddedOperatingSystem

EmbeddedOperationSystem(EOS)isawide-rangingsystemsoftware.Inthepast,itwasmainlyusedinThefieldofindustrialcontrolanddefensesystems.EOSisresponsiblefortheallocationofallsoftwareandhardwareresourcesembeddedinthesystem,taskscheduling,andcontrolandcoordinationofconcurrentactivities.Itmustreflectthecharacteristicsofthesysteminwhichitislocated,andbeabletoachievetherequiredfunctionsofthesystembyloadingandunloadingcertainmodules.SomeEOSproductserieswithrelativelysuccessfulapplicationshavebeenlaunched.WiththedevelopmentofInternettechnology,thepopularizationandapplicationofinformationappliances,andtheminiaturizationandspecializationofEOS,EOShasbeguntodevelopfromasingleweakfunctiontoahighlyspecializedandstrongfunction.Theembeddedoperatingsystemhasmoreprominentfeaturesinthereal-timeefficiencyofthesystem,thedependencyofthehardware,thesolidificationofthesoftware,andthespecificityoftheapplication.EOSisrelativetothegeneraloperatingsystem.Inadditiontothemostbasicfunctionsofthegeneraloperatingsystem,EOSalsohasthefollowingfunctions:suchastaskscheduling,synchronizationmechanism,interruptprocessing,fileprocessing,etc.

Applications

IndustrialControl

Industrialautomationequipmentbasedonembeddedchipswillmakegreatprogress.Therearealreadyalargenumberof8,16,32-bitembeddedmicrocomputers.Intheapplicationofcontrollers,networkingisthemainwaytoimproveproductionefficiency,productquality,andreducehumanresources,suchasindustrialprocesscontrol,digitalmachinetools,powersystems,powergridsecurity,powergridequipmentmonitoring,andpetrochemicalsystems.Asfarastraditionalindustrialcontrolproductsareconcerned,thelow-endmodelsoftenuse8-bitmicrocontrollers.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,32-bitand64-bitprocessorshavegraduallybecomethecoreofindustrialcontrolequipment,andtheywillsurelyachieveconsiderabledevelopmentinthenextfewyears.

Trafficmanagement

Intheaspectsofvehiclenavigation,flowcontrol,informationmonitoringandcarservices,embeddedsystemtechnologyhasbeenwidelyused.EmbeddedGPSmodule,GSMmodulemobilePositioningterminalshavebeensuccessfullyusedinvarioustransportationindustries.GPSequipmenthasenteredthehomesofordinarypeoplefromcutting-edgeproducts,andyoucanfindyourlocationanytimeandanywherewithonlyafewthousandyuan.

Informationappliances

Thiswillbecalledthelargestapplicationfieldofembeddedsystems.Thenetworkingandintelligenceofrefrigeratorsandairconditionerswillleadpeople'slivesintoabrandnewspace.Evenifyouarenotathome,youcanremotelycontrolitviatelephonelineandinternet.Inthesedevices,embeddedsystemswillbeveryuseful.

Smarthomemanagement

Dálkový automatický odečet vodoměrů, elektroměrů a plynoměrů, bezpečnostní protipožární systém, systém proti krádeži a v něm zabudovaný vyhrazený kontrolní čip nahradí tradiční ruční kontrolu a dosáhnou vyššího, přesnějšího a bezpečnějšího výkonu v servisní oblasti. zemřel.

POSnetwork

Systém vydávání bezkontaktních čipových karet veřejné dopravy (ContactlessSmartcard, CSC), systém vydávání veřejných telefonních karet, automaty, různé inteligentní terminály ATM budou plně integrovány do života lidí, když budete mít kartu, můžete cestovat po celém světě.

EnvironmentalEngineeringandNature

Real-timemonitoringofhydrologicaldata,floodcontrolsystemandwaterandsoilqualitymonitoring,damsafety,earthquakemonitoringnetwork,real-timeweatherinformationnetwork,watersourceandairpollutionmonitoring.Inmanyareaswithharshenvironmentsandcomplexterrain,embeddedsystemswillrealizeunmannedmonitoring.

Robots

Thedevelopmentofembeddedchipswillmakerobotsmoreobviousinminiaturizationandhighintelligence.Atthesametime,theywillgreatlyreducethepriceofrobots,makingthemmoresuitableforindustrialapplicationsandservices.Thefieldhasbeenwidelyused.

Intheseapplications,youcanfocusontheapplicationofcontrol.Asfarasremotehomeappliancecontrolisconcerned,inadditiontodevelopingembeddedsystemsthatsupportTCP/IP,homeapplianceproductcontrolprotocolsalsoneedtobeformulatedandunified,whichrequireshomeappliancemanufacturerstodo.Inthesameway,allnetwork-basedremotecontroldevicesneedtorealizeaninterfacewiththeembeddedsystem,andthentheembeddedsystemcontrolsandrealizescontrolthroughthenetwork.Therefore,itisveryimportanttodevelopanddiscussembeddedsystems.

Applicationofelectromechanicalproducts

Comparedwithotherfields,electromechanicalproductscanbesaidtobeoneofthemosttypicalandbroadestapplicationsofembeddedsystems.Therearehugemarketsforsingle-chipmicrocomputers,industrialcomputers,andSOCsinvariouselectromechanicalproducts.

MobileInternetfield

ManymobileInternetfieldsalsorequireembeddeddevelopmenttechnology

Trendy

EmbeddedVložený operační systém bude nepostradatelnou součástí budoucího vestavěného systému. Jeho budoucí trendy vývoje zahrnují:

1.Customization:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillprovideasimplifiedsystemcallinterfaceforspecificapplications.Supportoneoronetypeofembeddedapplications.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillalsohaveascalableandscalablesystemarchitecture,providingamulti-levelsystemarchitecture.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillincludevariousplug-and-playdevicedriverinterfaces;

2.Energysaving:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillcontinuetousemicrokerneltechnologytoachievesmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,andlowcost.Supportsmallelectronicdevices.Atthesametime,improvethereliabilityandmaintainabilityoftheproduct.Embeddedoperatingsystemwillformaminimumcoreprocessingset,reducesystemoverhead,improveoperatingefficiency,andcanbeusedinvariousnon-computerequipment;

3,humanization:embeddedoperatingsystemwillprovidesophisticatedmultimediaHuman-machineinterfacetomeettheever-increasingneedsofusers;

4.Security:Theembeddedoperatingsystemshouldbeabletoprovideasecurityguaranteemechanism,andthereliabilityofthesourcecodeisgettinghigherandhigher;

5.Networking:Forthenetworkandforspecificapplications,theembeddedoperatingsystemrequiresastandardnetworkcommunicationinterface.Thedevelopmentofembeddedoperatingsystemswillbecomeeasiertotransplantandnetwork.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillhavenetworkaccessfunctions,provideTCP/UDP/IP/PPPprotocolsupportandaunifiedMACaccesslayerinterface,andreserveinterfacesforvariousmobilecomputingdevices;

6.Standardization:Withthedevelopmentofthewidespreadapplicationofembeddedoperatingsystems,theemergenceofproblemssuchasinformationexchangeandresourcesharingopportunities,itisnecessarytoestablishcorrespondingstandardstoregulateitsapplications.

Vnořené operační systémy mají jistý výkon v reálném čase, snadno se stříhají a škálují a mohou být vhodné pro různé ARMCPU a různé stupně aplikací od ARM7 po Xscale. Vestavěné operační systémy mohou používat široce oblíbené nástroje pro vývoj ARM, jako jsou SDT/ADS a RealView ARM, kanály vytvořené Gware/vyvinuté prostředí. Na trhu existují skutečné speciální vývojové nástroje, jako je Tornado, μC/View, μC/KA, CODE/Lab, Metroworks atd.

NewproductsfromMicrosoft

MicrosoftplanstolaunchtheWindowsEmbedded8embeddedoperatingsysteminMarch2013,whichisthepuzzleformofWindows8.TheWindowsEmbedded8StandardoperatingsystemisamodularTheversionofWindows,whichrunssimilartoLinux-stylecustomization,allowsmanufacturerstomodifyandcustomizeit,andnewtouchandgesture-basedinterfaceswillbeappliedonthisembeddedoperatingsystem.

PeoplearealreadyfamiliarwithdeviceswithembeddedoperatingsystemssuchasVOIPphones,DVDplayers,GPSreceivers,andprinters.Asmoreandmoredevicesareaddedtocomputerchipsusingembeddedoperatingsystems,ithasbecomeanever-increasingdemandtomanagethesedevicesthroughsoftware.Inthepast,thebarebonesversionofLINUXwasanoptionforembeddedoperatingsystems,thankstoitslowsystemrequirementsandeasycustomization.Moreandmorehouseholditemsareenteringthefieldofintelligenceanddigital,arousingpeople'sinterestinthe"InternetofThings",andthisnetworkcanconnectallthecomputerizeditemsinyourhome,makingthemeasyfortheirownerstocontrolandsearch.Thingsareassimpleasfindingfilesonacomputer.

WindowsEmbedded8maybejustonestepinMicrosoft'srevivalplan.ThisplanwilltransformMicrosoftfromasoftwarecompanyintoacompanyof"devicesandservices".TheMicrosoftfolksareseekingtoreleaseanembeddedroadmap,mostlikelytoshowstockholdersthattheyarenotbulkydinosaursthatwillbedestroyedbythecomingwaveofmobile.Infact,theWindowsembeddedoperatingsystemhasexistedforsometime,andtheearliestWin3.xhasanembeddedversionthatcanrunonPOSterminals.ButtherealWindowsembeddeddevicewasbuiltin1999calledWindowsNTEmbedded.TheWindowsXPcodewasusedtocreate"XPembedded"atthattime.FollowingitspaceisWindowsEmbeddedcompact,somepeopleareveryunfamiliarwiththisname,butyoumusthaveheardofitsotherwell-knownname,WindowsCE.Thisproductismoreusedinset-topboxes,especiallyafteritisusedintheSegaill-fatedDreamcastconsole,itiswidelyknown.

In2009,WindowsXPEmbeddedwasupgradedtoWindowsEmbeddedStandard.ItprovidesacompleteWin32API,butunlikeWindowsCE,itcanrunonARM,MIPSandSuperHprocessors.WindowsEmbeddedStandardCanonlyrunonx86.Itisfullycompatiblewith"standard"projects,suchasNETframework,IE7,WindowsMediaPlayer,Silverlight,etc.WindowsEmbeddedStandardallowsmanufacturerstocustomizethesystem,deleteunnecessaryparts,whileretainingthecorefunctionsofthesystem.AndthisfeaturehasbeenusedbysomesmartpeopleinthepastforWindowson-siteCDSproductionsuchasBartPE.

Commonsystem

μTenux

uC/OSII

RT-vlákno

uCLinux

FreeRTOS

RTX

Arm-Linux

VxWorks

RTEMS

pSOS

Jádro

PalmOS

WindowsCE

WindowsXPEmbedded

WindowsVistaEmbedded

EmbeddedLinux

ECOS

QNX

Rys

Symbian

NADĚJE

Android

Maemo

Meego

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