Generalalgorithm
HirschmanproposedanindexforjudgingthedegreeofequalityofdistributionbasedontheLorenzcurve.SupposetheareabetweentheactualincomedistributioncurveandtheabsoluteequalitycurveofincomedistributionisA,andtheareaatthebottomrightoftheactualincomedistributioncurveisB.AndthequotientofAdividedby(A+B)indicatesthedegreeofinequality.ThisvalueiscalledtheGinicoefficientorLorenzcoefficient.IfAiszero,theGinicoefficientiszero,whichmeansthattheincomedistributioniscompletelyequal;ifBiszero,thecoefficientis1,andtheincomedistributionisabsolutelyunequal.Themoretheincomedistributiontendstobeequal,thesmallerthearcoftheLorenzcurveandthesmallertheGinicoefficient.Conversely,themoreincomedistributiontendstobeinequality,thegreaterthearcoftheLorenzcurve,thelargertheGinicoefficient.Inaddition,youcanrefertotheParetoIndex(referstoameasureofthedegreeofunevenincomedistribution).
TheGinicoefficienthasanintuitivemathematicalmeaning.Supposetwopeoplearerandomlydrawnfromthetotalpopulation,andtheirincomesareand.Sothericherofthetwohasanincome,andthepooreronehasanincome.Inthelanguageofprobabilitytheory,Mandmaretheorderstatisticsoftheincomeofthesetwoindividualsdrawnatrandom.FromthedefinitionoftheLorentzcurveabove,itcanbededucedthattheGinicoefficientsatisfies
whereisthemathematicalexpectation,and1≥2≥μistheoverallpercapitaincome.TheaboveformulaisconvenienttounderstandthemeaningoftheGinicoefficient.Itissimilartothecoefficientofvariationσ/μ,usedtodescribethedegreeofdispersionofaconstantpositivedistribution,andhasscaleinvariance.Forexample,ifeveryone’sincomeismultipliedby2,theGinicoefficientisconstant.TheLorentzcurvemethodismoreconvenienttocalculatethevalueoftheGinicoefficientfromtheactualsurveystatisticsofincomequintilesanddeciles.
Mnoho domácích vědců prozkoumalo specifickou metodu výpočtu efektivního Ginico a navrhlo více než tendenci různých vzorců pro výpočty. dintongroups.Za předpokladu, že kumulativní příjempopulace z první až t-té skupiny připadá na podíl z celkového příjmu z celé populace jako i, pak Lorentzova křivka prochází bodem (i/n, wi). /sub>=0andwn=1,thenatotalofi=0,1,2,...,bez Lorentzovy křivky se nezíská jako n+1 bod.Takže můžete použít lichoběžníkovépravidloprointegraciLorentzovykřivkyv oblastiB.AndA+B=1/2jeúčinná plocha pravoúhlého trojúhelníku. /(A+B)=1–2B.Zvýšením počtu skupinn pomocí Simpsonovy integrační metody může být výsledek výpočtu přesnější.
Thereisalsoasimpleandeasycalculationmethod,whichistoestimatetheGinicoefficientbasedontheproportionofthemediantotheaverage.Whenusingthismethod,youneedtoassumethattheincomeobeysthelog-normaldistribution,andthencalculatetheGinibasedonandCoefficient
whereerfistheerrorfunction.TheconversiontableofthepercentageofmedianandGinicoefficientisasfollows:
0 % | 20 % | 40 % | 50 % | 60 % | 70 % | 80 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | |
Gini | 1 000 | 0,795 | 0,662 | 0,595 | 0,525 | 0,450 | 0,363 | 0,255 | 0,179 | 0,000 |
Ekonomické implikace
Koeficient příjmu Gini
Jeho specifický význam se vztahuje k podílu příjmu, který se používá pro nerovnoměrné rozdělení příjmů obyvatel. je absolutně nerovnoměrné, to je 100% příjmy zabírají všichni lidé v jednotce; zatímco to znamená, že rozdělování příjmů mezi občany je naprosto rovnoměrné, to znamená, že příjmy mezi lidmi jsou zcela stejné a neexistuje žádný rozdíl. Míra může být pouze mezi 0 a 1. Menší Ginikoeficient,čím vícerozdělenípříjmůavětšíGinikoefektivní,tímnejrovnoměrnějšírozdělenípříjmů.Mezinárodně se 0,4 obvykle používá jako varovná čára pro mezeru mezi bohatými a chudými.
WealthGiniCoefficient
InadditiontotheincomeGinicoefficient(IncomeGini),thereisalsoawealthGinicoefficient(WealthGini).TheapproximatealgorithmisthesameastheincomeGinicoefficient.ThedifferenceisthattheincomeGinicoefficientdatacomesfromhouseholdincomestatisticsinacertainarea,andthewealthGinicoefficientdatacomesfromthehouseholdtotalassetsstatisticsinacertainarea.IntheGinicoefficient,thewealthGinicoefficientisoftensignificantlylargerthantheincomeGinicoefficient.Theprincipleiseasytounderstand.Wealthistheaccumulationofincome,soitisoftenmoreextreme.
NotethattheactualvalueofthewealthGinicoefficientcanonlybebetween0-1,butitdoesnotmeanthatthesumofthewealthofanypartofthepersonislessthan100%,becausetherearesometotalhouseholdassetsThisisobvious:thetop80%ofmostEuropeancountriesalreadyhave100%oftheirwealth.IntheUnitedStates,thebottom14%ofincomeisnegative,andthetotalofthebottom36%iszero.
Segmentace
Program OSN pro rozvoj a další organizace stanoví:
Pokud je menší než 0,2, je úroveň indexu velmi nízká (vysoká průměrná);
0,2-0,29 znamená, že úroveň indexu je nízká (průměrná);
0,3-0,39 znamená úroveň indexu (relativně přiměřená);
0,4-0,59 střední úroveň indexu (větší mezera);
nad 0,6 znamená úroveň indexu Velmi vysoká (thegapishuge).
Giniindex obvykle zaujímá 0,4 jako "varovnou čáru" mezery v rozdělování příjmů. Podle zákona o zlatém řezu by jeho přesná hodnota měla být 0,382. Obecně platí, že index Ginirozvinutých zemí je mezi 0,24 a 0,36, zatímco na 2. Čínská statistika oznámila, že Ginicoefficient byl 0,474 v roce 2012, 0,473 v roce 2013, 0,469 v roce 2014, 0,462 v roce 2015, a 0,465 v roce 2016.
Chinahasenteredtheranksofincomedisparity,andthedistributionofwealthisveryuneven.However,thisdataiscontroversialandquestionedbymanyindustryscholars.ScholarsYueXimingandLiShizaiwroteinTheWallStreetJournalthatthereporthostedbyGanLiclaimedthatthestatisticalsamplewastoosmallandtherewereproblemswiththeinformationneededforhouseholdincome,sothestatisticalvaluewastoolarge.GanLithenwroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalonJanuary24,2013inresponsetothecorrespondingquestions.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal,believingthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequerieswell.TheyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andre-calculated.question.YangYiyong,directoroftheInstituteofSocialDevelopmentoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,believesthatXicai’sGinicoefficientismoreliketheGinicoefficientofbankfinancialassetsthantheGinicoefficientofincome.Inaddition,thefollow-upsurveyofChinesefamiliesbyPekingUniversityshowedthattheGinicoefficientofChinain2012was0.49.TheChinaSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversityreleasedthe"ChinaMinshengDevelopmentReport2014".Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.
DatareleasedbytheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChinashowedthattheGinicoefficientin2015was0.462,whichwastheseventhconsecutiveyearofdeclineandthelowestvaluesinceofficialstatisticswereavailable.WiththesmoothimplementationofChina's"13thFive-YearPlan"(2016-2020)guidedbythefivemajordevelopmentconcepts,theGinicoefficientforjudgingthefairnessofincomedistributionisexpectedtofallbelowtheinternationalwarninglineinthenextfiveyears.
Influencingfactors
TheinfluencingfactorsoftheGinicoefficientincludethelevelofeconomicdevelopment,socialandculturaltraditions,politicalandeconomicsystems,etc.Oneoftheimportantfactorsiswhatkindofgoalsthepolicymakershopetoachievewiththeincomedistributionsystem,whethertheyfocusonthestimulusandincentiveeffectofdistributiondifferences,ortheadjustmentandguaranteeroleofthedistributionpolicy.
Inreality,JapanisoneofthecountrieswiththelowestGinicoefficientintheworld.AccordingtoKyodoNewsonOctober11,2013,the2011surveyreportreleasedbytheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareofJapanonFridayshowedthatJapan’sdomesticGinicoefficientwas0.2708,arecordhigh.Accordingtoreports,since1984,Japan'sGinicoefficienthascontinuedtorise.Thesurveyis0.2708,whichisanincreaseof0.0218comparedwiththedatain2008,whichisarecordhigh.TheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfarebelievesthattheincreaseinlow-incomeelderlyandsinglehouseholdshasledtoawideningofthegap.ItisreportedthattheGinicoefficientisanimportantanalysisindexusedinternationallytocomprehensivelyexaminetheincomedistributiondifferencesamongresidentsofacountryorregion.TheclosertheGinicoefficientisto1,thelargertheincomedistributiongap.InJapan,theGinicoefficientsurveyisconductedeverythreeyearsorso,andthisisthe16thtime.TheGinicoefficientofJapanisgenerallyaround0.25,andthatofGermanyisaround0.3,whiletheGinicoefficientoftheUnitedStateshasexceededthewarninglineof0.4.TheGinicoefficientofdevelopingcountriesisgenerallyhigh,roughlyaround0.4.AnimportantreasonforthelowGinicoefficientinJapanisthatthegovernmenthasimplementedahighprogressivetaxsystemto"robtherichandhelpthepoor".Thehighestincometaxrateforhigh-incomegroupsreaches75%,whilethegenerallow-incomegroupisonly15%.ThetaxratefortheaveragemiddleclassintheUnitedStatesisroughly15%or25%,andtherichermiddleclassmayhavetopay35%.However,sincethetaxrateapplicabletotheinvestmentincomeofthesuper-richdoesnotexceed15%,whichismuchlowerthanthetaxratepayableonwageincome,thetaxrateapplicabletotheincomeofmanyrichpeopleismuchlowerthanthatoftheaveragemiddleclass.
Japan,whichfocusesontheroleofsalarysecurityinthedesignofthesalarysystem,hasarelativelysmallsalaryincomegap;whileintheUnitedStates,whichfocusesonincentives,thesalaryincomegapisoftendozensorevenhundredsoftimes.Asaresult,theAmericaneconomyandsocietyhavestrongvitalityandinnovation,butthesocialfragmentationandfragmentationareobvious;whileJapanesesocietyisrelativelystable.Evenifamajorcrisissuchas1998occurred,nomajorsocialproblemsoccurred,butSocialvitalityandinnovationarealsoinsufficient.
Význam pro Čínu
Účinek Ginico před reformou a otevřením Číny byl 0,16.
In2007,itexceededthewarninglineof0.4andreached0.48.Atthattime,theGinicoefficienthadalreadyexceeded0.5.Duetotheexistenceofhiddenbenefitsforsomegroups,thegapinactualincomeinChinaisevenhigher.Thisshouldarouseahighdegreeofvigilance,otherwiseitwillcauseaseriesofsocialproblems,andthencausesocialunrestandendangerthesocialistpeople'spower.
Hodnocení kladů a záporů
Pros
BecausetheGinicoefficientgivesaquantitativeboundaryreflectingthedegreeofthedifferencebetweentherichandthepooramongresidents,Itcanobjectivelyandintuitivelyreflectandmonitorthegapbetweentherichandthepooramongtheresidents,forecast,warnandpreventthepolarizationbetweentherichandthepoor.Therefore,ithasbeenwidelyrecognizedandwidelyadoptedbycountriesallovertheworld.
Nevýhody
Neukazuje, kde je nespravedlivá distribuce.
Mezinárodně neexistuje žádný standard pro nastavení Ginicoeficientu. Některé problémy, jako zda by měly být vyloučeny daně, zda by měli být vyloučeni příjemci veřejné podpory, zda nemístní obyvatelé, nebo zda se zapojit do vládního blahobytu není konzistentní.
ChinaCoefficient
Rok | National Bureauof Statistics(PerCapitaDisposableIncome | PekingUniversityChinaSocialScienceResearchCenter(NetProperty) |
---|---|---|
2000 | ||
2001 | ||
2002 | 0,55 | |
2003 | 0,479 | |
2004 | 0,473 | |
2005 | 0,485 | |
2006 | 0,487 | |
2007 | 0,484 | |
2008 | 0,491 | |
2009 | 0,490 | |
2010 | 0,481 | |
2011 | 0,477 | |
2012 | 0,474 | 0,73 |
2013 | 0,473 | |
2014 | 0,469 | |
2015 | 0,462 | |
2016 | 0,465 |
Zdroj údajů v tabulce:(1)"GiniCoefficientofNationalResidents'PercapitaDisposableIncomeod 2003 to 2016"(2)"New Book Holdby the Chinese SocialScienceResearchCenter"Preference of Peking"
Coefficientsituation
TheChinaNationalLivelihoodDevelopmentReport2014wasreleasedbytheChineseSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversity.Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.
V roce 2010 dva výzkumníci z agentury Xinhua News Agency poukázali na to, že čínský Ginicoefficient ve skutečnosti překročil 0,5. který byl mnohem vyšší než globální průměr 0,44.
ThereportdatafromSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsshowsthatin2010,theGinicoefficientofChinesehouseholdswas0.61,theGinicoefficientofurbanhouseholdswas0.56,andtheGinicoefficientofruralhouseholdswas0.60.Intermsofregions,theGinicoefficientineasternChinais0.59,theGinicoefficientincentralChinais0.57,andtheGinicoefficientinwesternChinais0.55.Theinvestigationteambelievesthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,central,andwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.
However,thisreporthascausedcontroversy.YueXiming,aprofessorattheSchoolofFinanceofRenminUniversityofChina,andLiShizai,aprofessorattheIncomeDistributionInstituteofBeijingNormalUniversity,wroteintheWallStreetJournalthatthestatisticalsampleistoosmallandhouseholdincomeneedsinformationThereareproblemswiththeaboveandtheimbalanceofthesamplestructure,sothestatisticalresultsaretoolarge.GanLisubsequentlywroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalinresponsetorelatedquestions,pointingoutthatweightscanbeusedtoadjusttheimbalanceofthesample.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal.TheybelievedthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequestionswell,andpointedoutthatXicai’ssurveyresultswerelackinginsomestructuresandcouldnotbepassed.Weightcorrectionandotherissues.Atthesametime,theyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andfoundthattheresultsofXicaicouldnotbereplicated,andXicai'sprocessingoftheheadandtaildatawasarbitrary,sotheyquestionedagain.
Furthermore,thePekingUniversityChinaFamilyDynamicsTrackingSurveyshowedthatChina’sGinicoefficientwas0.49in2012.
Itisworthnotingthattheincomegapbetweenpensionsandpensionsisoneoftheimportantreasonsfortheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralresidents,accountingfor25.3%oftheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralhouseholds.DatafromtheChinaFamilyFinanceSurveyshowsthatin2010,about45%offamilymembersretiredwithoutanysocialpensioninsuranceandretirementwages.
Koeficient Gini 2013
Xinhuanet,Čchengdu,24.února.Nedávno byl na ManagementSummitFóru zveřejněna zpráva ChinaHouseholdFinance Survey and Research Center of Southwestern of Financial University. 11 a Ginicoeficient klesl z 0,761 na 0,717.
Výsledky analýzy
1. Příjmy čínských obyvatel se neustále zvyšují
TheincomegapofChineseresidentshasincreased,whichisspecificallyusedforstatisticsTheGiniCoefficient,astatisticalindicatorofincomedisparityinacountryorregion,showsthattheincomedisparityofChineseresidentscontinuestogrow.TheGinicoefficientisastatisticalindicatorthatreflectsthelevelofincomedisparityamongresidentsinacountryorregion.Itcanreflectthefairnessofincomedistributioninacountryoraregion.
Za druhé, čínský koeficient Gini
In1978,China’sGinicoefficientwas0.317.Since1994,ithascrossedthe0.4warningline(exceptin1999).Andtheoveralltrendisincreasingyearbyyear,exceeding0.465in2004.Sincethen,theNationalBureauofStatisticsnolongerpublishesthedomesticGinicoefficient.Sincethen,theGinicoefficientismostlyestimatedbyeconomists.AreportfromtheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesstatedthatChina'sGinicoefficientreached0.496in2006.In2010,tworesearchersfromXinhuaNewsAgencyevenjudgedthatChina'sGinicoefficientactuallyexceeded0.5.
3. Situace struktury zájmů Číny
TherearethreeaspectstodiscusstheissueofChina’sintereststructurefromarelativelylargeperspective:First,thefourthaspectoftheintereststructure.Twoformsandthreevariables;second,theanalysisofthecurrentsituationthatChina’sinterestpatternhasbeendistorted;andthird,thereformstrategytocorrecttheinterestpattern.
1. Politický význam zájmového vzoru
Firstofall,Iwanttodefinetheinterestpatternitself.Theso-calledinterestpatternreferstotheformofsocialinterestformedunderacertainsocialandinstitutionalenvironmentwitheconomicbenefitsasthemainmanifestation.Theformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyandsocialmembers.Whyisitsaidthattheformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers?Ifasocietyisafriendlyformofsocialinterest,itisastabilizerforthebenigndevelopmentofsocietyandsocialharmony;ifitisaformofbadsocialinterest,itisalsosocialinstabilityorevensocialinstability.Animportantsourceofturmoil,soithasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers.
Inanycountry,theproblemofthepatternofinterestsisnotasimpleeconomicproblem,butapoliticalproblemmanifestedbyeconomicproblems.Thereareatleastthreereasons:First,economicissuesareoftenintertwinedwithpoliticalissues,anditisdifficulttofindthattheinterestpatternisalleconomicissues.Iftheinterestpatternisdistortedorbenign,itisallrelatedtopoliticalfactors;second,evenifitispoliticalIntheend,allstrugglesarerelatedtoeconomicbenefits;thethirdisthatpoliticalfactorsaremoredominantanddecisiveinsolvingeconomicbenefits.Fromthesethreeperspectives,Ithinkthatstudyingtheissueofthepatternofinterestsisnotjustaneconomicissue,butapoliticalissue.
2.Tři proměnné, které ovlivní zájmovou značku.
Therearethreemainelementsthatdeterminethebasicformoftheinterestpattern.Thefirstistherationalityoftheincomedistributionsystem;thesecondisthefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies;thethirdistheeffectivenessofpublicpowerconstraints.Thesethreefactorsdeterminewhetherasocietyisabenigninterestpatternoraviciousinterestpattern.Anychangeinanyofthesethreevariableswillhaveaprofoundimpactonotherfactors.
3.Je to vnitřní vztah mezi těmito třemi proměnnými a čtyřmi různými vzory zájmů.
Thechangeofeachofthesethreevariableswillhaveanimpactontheentirestructure.Thegrowthanddeclineofthethreevariablesmayresultinfourdifferentpatternsofinterests.Thefirst:abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern,theincomedistributionsystemitselfisrelativelyreasonable,thegovernment'spublicpoliciescanreflectfairnessandjustice,andtheexerciseofpublicpowercanbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Thesethreevariablesarewithintherangeofreasonablefactors,andasawhole,abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpatternwillbepresented.IgenerallywanttofindacorrespondingrelationshipwiththeGinicoefficient.Ofcourse,thiscorrespondencemaynotbeaccurate.Itisentirelymypersonalthinking.IthinkthatwhentheGinicoefficientisbetween0.2and0.3,itbelongstoabenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern.Thesecondtype:thepatternofmildsocialinterestsisdistorted.Therearesomeobviousunreasonablefactorsintheincomedistributionsystemitself,whichmaycauseaslightdistortionofthesocialinterestpattern,butthefairnessandimpartialityofgovernmentpoliciesdoesnotcausemajorproblems,andtheoperationofpublicpowercanbecontrolledandrestricted.ThelattertwoThevariablesarehealthy.Achangeinthefirstvariablemaycauseaslightdistortionoftheprofitpattern.IthinkthecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughly0.3-0.4.Atthistime,itwasmainlythoughtthatthereformandadjustmentoftheunreasonablesystemitself.Thethirdtype:thepatternofmoderateinterestsisdistorted.Theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,andthereisaproblemwiththefairnessandjusticeofgovernmentpublicpolicies,butthesituationofpublicpowercangenerallybeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Atthistime,thecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughlybetween0.4and0.5.Atthistime,thekeyreformsareunreasonable.Thedistributionsystemandguaranteethefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies.Fourth:Thepatternofsocialinterestsisseverelydistorted,allthreevariableshaveproblems,theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment'spublicpoliciesareproblematic,andthesituationofpublicpowercannotbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.ThecorrespondingGinicoefficientAbove0.5,ifatthisstage,theintereststructureisseverelydistorted,anall-roundreformofthethreeelementsmustbecarriedout.
Čtyři. Analýza současného stavu pokřivené zájmové struktury v Číně
1.Analysisoftheunreasonabletrendoftheincomedistributionsystem.Thegoalofgettingrichfirsthasbeenachieved,andthegoalofcommonprosperityhasfailed.Thefourmajorgapshavebeenenlargedinthereformanddevelopment,andthegapsbetweentherichandthepoor,urbanandruralareas,industries,andregionsareallbeingenlarged.Intheearly1990s,intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationaccountedfor53.4%ofGDP.By2008,itfellto39.4%.Intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationwassqueezedtoaverysmallspace.Theexpenditureonpeople’slivelihoodinthesecondarydistributionstillaccountsforarelativelylowproportionofthetotalfiscalexpenditure.Indevelopedcountries,itaccountsfor56%to70%ofthefourmajorexpenditures.However,Chinahascontinuouslyincreaseditsinvestmentinpeople’slivelihoodovertheyears,accountingforonly28.8in2009.%.
2.Thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment’spublicpolicieshasproblemsinsomeaspects,manifestedinthreeaspects.Oneisthatenterprisesandenterprisesarenotonthestartinglineofthesamecompetition.Thereisnolevelplayingfieldwithenterprises;second,thereareseriousinequalitiesineducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurityinthesociety,andthisgroupandthatgroupareinanunequalposition;thirdisthedevelopmentopportunitiesformembersofsocietyInequalityandunfairnessareveryserious.WhenaruralchildcannotfindadecentjobevenafterpassingTsinghuaUniversityandPekingUniversity,thesocietyisincrisis.
3.Thepowerofrestraintandbalanceofpublicpowerlacksaneffectivesystemguarantee.Manyofourconstraintsonpublicpowerhavenotformedaninstitutionalframework.Infact,Chinahasformedthreevestedinterestgroups.Graypower,graycapital,andgrayprofiteeringareflooding,andhugegrayprofiteeringcanbeobtainedovernighttobecomearichman..Thereisaproblemwiththesethreevariables.TheGinicoefficientisprobablyabove0.6.China'sGinicoefficientsometimesexceeds0.65.ItisaconsensusthatthegapbetweentherichandthepoorinChinahaswidenedseverely.
Za páté, reformní strategie k nápravě zájmového vzoru
Facedwithsuchaseverelydistortedinterestpattern,correctingtheinterestpatternrequiresathree-prongedapproach.Itistointroduceanincomedistributionsystemreformplanassoonaspossible,increasetheproportionoflaborremunerationintheprimarydistribution,andincreasetheproportionofhouseholdconsumptioninnationalconsumption;inthesecondarydistribution,itisnecessarytofurtherincreaseinvestmentinpeople'slivelihoodandincreasetheproportionofpeople'slivelihoodexpenditureinfiscalexpenditure..Thesecondistoadjustgovernmentpublicpoliciestoensurefairnessandjustice,reformthemonopolystatusofstate-ownedenterprises,provideaninstitutionalenvironmentforfaircompetitionfordifferenttypesofenterprises,andbedeterminedtoresolveinstitutionalunfairnessinthefieldsofmedicalcare,education,andsocialsecurity.Factorsthatmakeitgraduallymovetowardsfairnessandjustice,andarelativelyfairdevelopmentenvironmentmustbeprovidedformembersofsociety.Thethirdistostrengthentherestraintandsupervisionofpublicpower,curbthespreadofthe"threeash"phenomenon,andbuildaneffectiveframeworkforrestrictingpublicpowerthroughanti-corruption.Strictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'involvementincommercialactivities,andstrictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'spousesandchildren'sparticipationincommercialactivities.Abolishtheactualadministrativelevelsofallstate-ownedenterprises,re-examinethecurrentleadershipsystemandmanagementmethodsofChina'sstate-ownedenterprises,implementmarketizationforallstate-ownedenterprises'managersandoperators,andabolishthegovernment-business-take-allsystem.Implementfreemedicalcareforthewholepeopletoensurethehealthofthewholepeople.
Bude to pro Čínu důležitý úkol ke zmírnění nebo vyřešení příjmů během 6. a 12. pětiletého období plánu
Theeconomicconstructionofthe12thFive-YearPlanwillbefullylaunched.ItwillbeanimportanttaskforChinatoresolvethegapbetweentherichandthepoorandnarrowtheincomegapinChina.
Světový koeficient
V roce 2009 zveřejnila Světová banka údaje, které ukazují, že průměrný příjem z nejvyššího příjmu 20 % populace a nejnižšího příjmu 20 % populace, sada dvouPoměr počtu je 10,7 krát za 4 časy v Číně 9 U.us. v Indii a nejnižším Japonsku, což pouze 3,4krát.
Místem s nejvyšším ginikoeficientem na světě je Namibie v Africe a ginkoefekty pevninské Číny a Hongkongu, Číny v Asii překročily 0,4. nejzávažnější rozdíly mezi bohatými a chudými; i když jsou zahrnuty rozvojové země, Hongkong, Čína, patří mezi nejzávažnější rozdíly na světě, až na druhém místě za ElSalvadorem, Kolumbií, Hondurasem, Chile, Guatemalou, Panama, Brazílie ,Zimbabwe,Jižní Afrika,Paraguay,Bolívie,Haiti,Středoafrická republika,SierraLeone,Botswana,Lesotho,Namibie se umístily na 18. místě odspoda.
Beyondthewarningline
Internationally,economistsusuallyusetheGiniindextoshowthewealthdistributionofacountryandregion.Thisindexisbetweenzeroandone.Thelowerthevalue,themoreeventhedistributionofwealthamongmembersofsociety,andviceversa.
Podle nařízení příslušných organizací Spojených národů: je-li Ginikoeficient nižší než 0,2, znamená to absolutní průměrný příjem; 0,2-0,3 znamená relativně průměrný; 0,3-0,4 znamená relativně rozumný; 0,4-0,5 znamená větší hodnotu.
Mezinárodně se 0,4 obvykle považuje za "varovnou linii" mezery v rozdělování příjmů. Obecně je index Gini ve vyspělých zemích mezi 0,24 a 0,36, zatímco ve Spojených státech je relativně vysoký, na úrovni 0,4. Ginicoefficient dosáhl 0,415, což překročilo 0,4 varovnou linii.
QuotedfromanarticlebyXinhuaNewsAgencyandChinaEconomicNetonMay10,2010:
TheDirectoroftheLaborandWageResearchInstituteoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity,andtheProfessionalCommitteeoftheChineseSocietyofLaborChangSuHainanbelievesthatChina'sincomegapisshowingatrendofwideningandmulti-levelexpansion.Atpresent,theincomeratioofurbanandruralresidentsinChinahasreached3.3times,thehighestintheworldisabout2times;thewagegapbetweenworkersisalsoveryobviousbetweenindustries,thedifferencebetweenthehighestandthelowestisabout15times;theincomegapbetweendifferentgroupsisalsorapidlywidening.Theincomegapbetweentheexecutivesoflistedstate-ownedenterprisesandthefront-lineemployeesisabout18times,andthegapbetweentheaveragesalaryofstate-ownedenterpriseexecutivesandthesocietyis128times.
LiShi,directoroftheIncomeDistributionandPovertyResearchCenterofBeijingNormalUniversity,hasparticipatedin4large-scaleresidents’incomesurveyssincethe1980s.Hesaidthattheincomegapbetweenthetop10%andthebottom10%hasincreasedfrom7.3timesin1988to23timesin2007.Xinhuanet,Chengdu,February24.Recently,theSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChinaHouseholdFinanceSurveyandResearchCenterreleasedareportatthe"2014ChinaWealthManagementSummitForum".Thereportpointedoutthatin2013,thetop10%ofChinesehouseholdsowned60.6%ofassets,adecreaseof3.3%comparedwith2011,andtheGinicoefficientdroppedfrom0.761to0.717.
Expertopinion
Changethesystemshortcomingsofthecurrenttaxsysteminregulatingincomedistribution,improvethetaxregulationsystem,andmakethefunctionoftaxregulationanddistributioninresidents’income,stockassets,investmentincome,etc.Thelinkhasbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay.
Inresponsetothesingle,missing,andweakenedtaxregulationinChina,amulti-tax,three-dimensional,andfull-processtaxregulationsystemhasbeenestablished.Itisnecessarytoimprovetaxationpoliciesandgraduallyestablishacomprehensivecoordinationandcooperationthatcoverstheentireprocessofresidents'incomeoperations,withpersonalincometaxasthemainbody,propertytaxandsocialsecuritytaxasthetwowings,andothertaxesassupplementaryincomedistributiontaxcontrolsystem,usingcomprehensivecontrolMeanstostrengthenthetaxregulationofthehigh-incomeclass.
Thefirstistospeedupthereformofpersonalincometaxandestablishataxsystemthatcombinescomprehensiveandclassifiedtaxation.
Thesecondistodeepenthereformoftheconsumptiontaxsystem.Givefullplaytothetaxredistributionfunctionofconsumptiontaxproducts,applylowtaxratesortaxexemptionstonecessities,andapplyhightaxratestoluxurygoods.
Thirdly,itispossibletoconsideradoptingaprogressivetaxrateforthepersonalincometaxleviedoninterestonsavingsdeposits,aswellaslevyingtaxessuchaspropertytaxandinheritancetax.
Put"therichpeoplefirst"asanewstageofeconomicdevelopmentandamajoreconomicpolicytosolvetheproblemofincreasingtheGinicoefficient,andimplementactivetaxsupportpoliciesforlow-incomeearners.
Thefirstistoimprovetaxationpoliciesandmeasurestosupportagriculturaldevelopment.Thebasicstatusofagricultureandthecharacteristicsoflow-qualityindustriesrequirethegovernmenttofurtherincreasethelevelofspecializationandscaleofagriculturalproduction,vigorouslydevelopagriculturalindustrialclusters,andimprovethemodernagriculturalproductmarketsystemaftertheabolitionofagriculturaltaxes.Amorefavorablevalue-addedtaxrateisadoptedforagriculturalproductionmaterialstolowerthepriceofproductionmaterialsandreducetheburdenonfarmers.
Thesecondistoincreasesupportforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,sothattheprivateeconomyhasachievedrapiddevelopment.TheimportantroleplayedbyChineseSMEsinsolvingsocialemploymentandmaintainingsocialstabilityisobvious.
Thethirdistoincreasetaxsupportforthereemploymentoflaid-offandunemployedpeopleincitiesandtownstopromoteemploymentandreemployment.
Za čtvrté, doporučuje se vybírat daně ze sociálního zabezpečení.
Improvesupportingmeasuresandincreasethesupervisionoftheincomeofabnormalhigh-incomegroups.Thehigh-incomeclassismainlyentrepreneurs,filmandtelevisionstars,monopolyindustrypractitioners,governmentofficials"rent-seeking"grayincomeearners,andillegalundergroundeconomicupstarts.Establishinganeffectivepersonalincomemonitoringmechanismandmonitoringpersonalincometaxsourcesisaveryimportantbasicwork.
Thefirstistostrengthenthesupervisionofmonopolyincome.
Thesecondistoactivelyimplementthereal-namesystemfordeposits,andgraduallycreateconditionstoimplementthereal-namesystemforfinancialassetstolimitillegalincome.
Thethirdistotakeeffectivemeasurestocrackdownonblackincome,corruptincome,grayincome,andabnormalincomederivedfromvariouspolicyloopholes.
Ofcourse,theroleoftaxationinsolvingthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoorandresolvingthe"surpassingpolice"oftheGinicoefficientis,afterall,limited.ItmustworktogetherwithothergovernmentmacroeconomicpoliciestobettersolveChinaTheproblemofwideningincomedistributiongap,therebypromotingthehealthyandharmoniousdevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.
GlobalGiniCoefficient
Grassgreen:méně než 0,25
Růžozelená:0,25–0,29
Světlezelená:0,30–0,34
Nebeská modrá:0,35–0,39
Kobaltová modř:0,40–0,44
Fialová: 0,45–0,49
purpurová: 0,50–0,54
Oranžová: 0,55–0,59
Rumělka: ne méně než 0,60
Šedá:Nodata
CountriesareusedasthedivisionunitTheGinicoefficientsectionofthegraph,theclosertothepurple,themoreuneventheincome.Theclosertoblue-green,themoreeventheincome.
Content
Accordingtothedivisionofregions,theGinicoefficientoftheeasternregionis0.59,theGinicoefficientofthecentralregionis0.57,andtheGinicoefficientofthewesternregionis0.55.Itcanbeseenthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,centralandwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.
"Fromtheperspectiveoftheeconomicdevelopmentofvariouscountries,thehighGinicoefficientisacommonphenomenonintheprocessofrapideconomicdevelopmentandanaturalresultoftheeffectiveallocationofresourcesbythemarket.WesterndevelopedcountriesdidnotcarryoutsecondarydistributionwhenTheGinicoefficientisalsoveryhigh.Forexample,atthetime,Italywas0.53,theUnitedStateswas0.49,andGermanywas0.5.Afterwesterndevelopedcountriesimplementedredistribution,theGinicoefficientwasabout0.3.Buttheprobleminourcountryisthatthereisbasicallynosecondarydistribution."GanLisaid.