Vysokoteplotní supravodič

Úvod

Vysokoteplotní supravodiče obvykle odkazují na materiály, které jsou supravodivé nad teplotou kapalného dusíku (77 K). Uplynulo pět let od té doby, všechny supravodiče, které byly objeveny, vykazují supravodivost pouze při extrémně nízkých teplotách (23 K), takže jejich aplikace byla značně omezena.

Discovery

In1986,BernozandMullerdiscoveredthe35Ksuperconductinglanthanumbariumcopperoxygensystem.Thisbreakthroughdiscoveryledtothediscoveryofaseriesofrareearthbariumcopperoxidesuperconductorsathighertemperatures.Throughelementreplacement,atthebeginningof1987,WuMaokun(ZhuJingwu)oftheUnitedStatesandZhaoZhongxianoftheChineseInstituteofPhysicsannouncedthediscoveryofa90Kyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductor,achievingthefirstbreakthroughinthetemperaturebarrierofliquidnitrogentemperature(77K).BernozandMulleralsowonthe1987NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirpioneeringwork.

Thistypeofsuperconductorisusuallycalledahigh-temperaturesuperconductorbecauseitscriticaltemperatureisabovethetemperatureofliquidnitrogen(77K).Thediscoveryofyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductorsabovethetemperatureofliquidnitrogenhasprovidedordinaryphysicslaboratorieswiththeconditionsforconductingsuperconductingexperiments.Therefore,therehasbeenanupsurgeinexploringnewhigh-temperaturesuperconductorsaroundtheworld.Attheendof1987,ChinesescholarShengZhengzhiandothersfirstdiscoveredthefirstrareearth-freethallium-barium-copper-oxygenhigh-temperaturesuperconductor.Inearly1988,Japandevelopedabismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxygensuperconductorwithacriticaltemperatureof110K.InFebruary1988,ShengZhengzhiandothersfurtherdiscoveredthe125Kthalliumbariumcalciumcopperoxygensuperconductor.Afewyearslater(1993)Frenchscientistsdiscovereda135Kmercury-barium-calcium-copper-oxygensuperconductor.

Classification

High-temperaturesuperconductorsincludefourcategories:90Krareearthseries,110Kbismuthseries,125Kthalliumseries,and135Kmercuryseries.Theyallcontaincopperandoxygen,sotheyarecollectivelyreferredtoascopper-basedsuperconductors.Theyhaveasimilarlayeredcrystallinestructure,andthecopperoxidelayerisasuperconductinglayer.High-temperaturesuperconductorshavealreadyachievedpracticalapplicationsandhavebeguntobenefitmankind.Forexample,yttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductorsandbismuthsuperconductorshavebeenmadeintohigh-qualitysuperconductingcables.Thedevicemadeofthallium,barium,calcium,copperandoxygensuperconductingfilmwasinstalledinthetransmissiontowerofmobilephonesasearlyastheendofthelastcenturytoincreasecapacityandreducedisconnectionandinterference.

Příklady

Vysokoteplotní supravodivé supravodiče oxidů mědi zahrnujía1,85Ba0,15CuO4 a YBCO (sloučenina yttrium-barium-měď-kyslík), což jsou oba známé materiály pro proražení kapalného dusíku"(Teplota 7KB).

Teplota

(Kelvin)

Materiál

Typ

Výhled

Průzkum nových a vyšších teplotních supravodičů probíhá intenzivně. čas od času nebyly učiněny skutečné nové průlomy.

Whydomanysuperconductingmaterialsneedtobesuperconductingataverylowtemperature?Itisbecauseatroomtemperature,therearegapsbetweenconductoratoms.Whenelectronsmovebetweenatoms,theymustpassthroughthesegapsandcollidewiththeatoms,causingtheatomstovibrateandheattoformresistance.Atextremelylowtemperatures,therearealmostnogapsbetweenconductoratoms,andelectronscanpassfreelywithoutcollidingwithatoms.Inthefuture,theresearchofroomtemperaturesuperconductingmaterialsshouldselectappropriatemixturesofdifferentelements,sothatatomsofdifferentsizesandshapesarecombinedtogether,sothattherearenogapsbetweenatoms,sothatelectronscanpassthroughfreelyanddonotcollidewithatoms.Thedifficultyinthedevelopmentofroomtemperaturesuperconductingmaterialsisthattheatomsofmanymaterialswillvibrateatroomtemperature,andthegapsbetweentheatomsarerelativelylarge.Aslongasthemixingelementsareproperlyselected,superconductingmaterialsatroomtemperaturecansoonbemass-produced.

WebelievethatthedescendantsofYanhuang,whohavemadeoutstandingachievementsinthefieldofcopper-basedhigh-temperaturesuperconductors,willcertainlymakemorebrilliantcontributionstothejourneyofrealizingthedreamofhumanroomtemperaturesuperconductors.