Domov Technika lingvistika

lingvistika



Basicintroduction

Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageresearch.Theobjectofitsresearchishumanlanguage,anditstaskistostudyanddescribethestructure,functionandhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage,revealtheessenceoflanguage,andexplorethecommonlawsoflanguage.

Relatedclassifications

Linguisticsinabroadsenseincludeslinguistics.Thestudyoflanguageinacertainperiodoftimeiscalledsynchroniclinguistics;thestudyoflanguagechangesindifferentperiodsiscalledDiachroniclinguistics;comprehensiveresearchonmultiplelanguages,tryingtofindcommonrulesamongthem,calledgenerallinguistics;applyinglinguisticknowledgetopracticalwork,calledappliedlinguistics;tracingcertainlanguages​​throughthecomparisonofphoneticsandmorphologyThekinshipofthetwolanguages​​iscalledhistoricalcomparativelinguistics;theuseofcomparativemethodstodiscoversomecommonphenomenainvarioushumanlanguages​​iscalledtypelinguistics;thecomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwolanguages​​inordertosolveteachingortranslationproblemsiscalledcontrastivelinguistics.

Jazyk má pět společných významů:(1)Akt vyslovení konkrétní věty v konkrétním kontextu;(2)Specifický styl mluvy konkrétního mluvčího, také nazývaný idiolekt;(3)Odkazuje na konkrétní variantu jazyka;(4)Odkazuje na abstraktní systém vytažený z řečového aktu;(5)Systém abs.

Předměty fonetiky, gramatiky, slovní zásoby a psaní se všechny zaměřují na strukturu samotného jazyka, který je centrem lingvistiky. Někteří lidé nazývají mikrolingvistiku.

Theresearchonthephysicalpropertiesofspeech,humanpronunciationmethods,andthephysiologicalprocessesofspeechperceptionisphonetics.

Thestudyofhowmanydifferentsoundsalanguagehas,andhowtheyaredifferentandrelatedtoeachotherisphonologyorphonology.

Theresearchonthewayofwordformationandinflectionismorphology,alsocalledmorphology;theresearchonhowtocomposewordsintophrasesorsentencesisthestudyofsentenceformation,alsocalledsyntax.Accordingtotraditionalgrammar,thecombinationofmorphologyandsentencemakingisgrammar.

Theresearchofvocabularyitems,lexicalmeaning,andwordevolutionislexicology;thesourceandhistoryofwordsaretracedbacktoetymology;theonethatcollectsmanylexicalitems,classifies,compares,andannotatesthemislexicology.

Tostudytherelationshipbetweentermsandconceptsandreferents,tofigureoutthesimilaritiesanddifferences,prosandcons,upperandlower,andcrossrelationsofvariouswordmeanings,andtoanalyzethemeaningoftheentiresentenceorsomeofitscomponents.Thisissemantics.Thedisciplinethatstudiestheshape,system,origin,evolutionanddevelopmentofcharactersisphilology.

History

Thehistoryoflinguisticsisveryold.Theearliestlanguageresearchofmankindbeganwiththeinterpretationofancientdocuments,andthestudyoflanguageforthepurposeofstudyingphilosophy,historyandliterature.DuringtheHanDynasty,Chinaproducedelementaryschools,includingwriting,phonologyandexegesis.InIndiaandGreece,grammarwasestablishedfromthe4thtothe3rdcenturyBC.Modernlinguisticswasestablishedintheearly18thcentury.AsWesternlinguistsdiscoveredthesimilaritiesbetweenIndo-Europeanlanguages​​andSanskrit,historicalcomparativelinguisticscameintobeing,whichaimedtofindtheoriginallanguageofvariouslanguages.

Role

Languageisauniquewayofcommunicationforhumanbeings.Itreflectsthehighlyevolvedmentalabilitiesofhumanbeingsonthebiologicalorpsychologicallevel,andreflectstheprogressofhumancivilizationonthesocialandculturallevel.Linguisticsistostudythecoreinstinctofhumanlanguageability,throughtheanalysisandresearchofspokenlanguage,writtenlanguageandevensignlanguage,andthenunderstandthenatureofhumanbeings.

Inadditiontounderstandingtheessenceofhumanlanguage,linguisticresearchalsohasavarietyofapplications.Intermsoflanguageeducation,throughtheunderstandingofthelanguageitself,variousdictionaries,grammarbooks,andtextbooksarecompiledforpeopletolearnthelanguage,whichalsohelpstoimprovetheabilitytodealwiththedifficultiesanderrorsencounteredintheprocessoflanguagelearning.Intermsoftranslationindifferentlanguages,linguistictheoryprovidesmorespecificguidancefortranslationandinterpretation,anditalsohelpstousetechnologyformachinetranslation.

Objekty výzkumu

Hlavními objekty výzkumu moderní lingvistiky jsou jazyk a znaky.Joboflingvistika je studiem:

Jazyková struktura

Fonetický

Formování slov

Syntaxe

Sémantický

Kapitola diskurzu

Jazyková aplikace

Pragmatika

Výuka a výuka jazyků

Překlad

Základní škola

Lingvistika

Fonologie

Dílčí disciplíny

Lingvistika má mnoho dílčích disciplín:

Synchronní lingvistika

Diachronická lingvistika

Obecná lingvistika a mikrolingvistika

Fonetika

Fonologie

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Formování slov

Gramatika

Sémantika

Pragmatika

Lexikologie

Dialektologie

Rétorika

Slova

Etymologie

Slovník

Stylistika

Srovnávací lingvistika

Srovnávací historická lingvistika

TypeLingvistika

Kontrastivní lingvistika

Srovnávací lingvistika

LanguageGeography

Sociolingvistika

Dialektologie:DialectGeography

Stylistika

Psycholingvistika

Kognitivní lingvistika

Aplikovaná lingvistika

Výuka jazyků

FirstLanguageTeaching

Výuka druhého jazyka:Výuka angličtiny

Výuka cizích jazyků

Lingvistika diskurzu

Experimentální lingvistika

Matematická lingvistika

Algebraická lingvistika

Statistická lingvistika

Aplikovaná matematická lingvistika

Výpočetní lingvistika

Překladové studie korpusové lingvistiky

Síťová lingvistika

Neurolingvistika

Doprovodná lingvistika

Humanlingvistika

Etnická lingvistika

Fonologie

Synonyma

Psaní

Mezinárodní lingvistika

Exegetics

ContextStudies

Biolingvistika

CosmoLinguistics

Obecná lingvistika

MainSchools

LinguisticSchool

Přírodní škola

Nová gramatická škola

Sociologická škola

Estetická škola

Strukturalistická škola

Funkční škola

Jazyková škola

AmericanDescriptiveLinguisticSchool

Institucionální škola

Škola idealismu

CaseGrammarSchool(CaseGrammar)

RelationalGrammarSchool(RelationGrammar)

Formalismus

Generativní gramatika

Generativní sémantika

Lexical-FunctionalGrammar

Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar

Kognitivní funkcionalismus

Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar

Kognitivní funkcionalismus

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Funkční gramatika

Systemicfunkční lingvistika

RoleandReferenceGrammar

CognitiveGrammar

FutureDevelopment

Asanancientdiscipline,themajoroflinguisticsisusedbytheChinesenationtounderstandChinesehistoryandstudyChinesecultureAtooltoimproveourownqualityhasextremelysignificanthumanisticandsocialsciencevalueforsocialdevelopment.Becauseofthis,accordingtosurveys,almost80%ofcollegesanduniversitieshaveestablishedlinguisticsmajorssincetheestablishmentoftheirschools,andtheyrecruitnewstudentsatasteadyrateeveryyear.Aconsiderablenumberofpeoplechooselinguisticsastheirmajorafterenteringtheuniversity.Itisafactrecognizedbythesocietythatmorethan90%ofpeoplebelievethatthelinguisticsmajorofnormalcollegeshasmoredevelopmentpotential.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyBei’anCollegeEntranceExaminationNetwork,in2004,theteachingprofessionhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularprofessions.Oneisthestabilityandautonomyofthejob,andtheotheristhatthesalaryofteachershasbeensteadilyimprovedinrecentyears,andtherehavebeengratifyingchanges.In2005,thedemandfornormalstudentswasstillverylarge.

Ingeneral,theestablishmentofthelanguageandliteraturemajorhasmanymeanings.Fromapracticalpointofview,thehighemploymentrateandabundantemploymentbenefitsoflinguisticsareenoughtoenableaconsiderablenumberofpeopletolivearelativelyprosperouslife.Atthesametime,thehardworkofworkersontheeducationfronthaseliminatedamajorproblemforthesociety.Somesocialinstabilityfactors;fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,duetothestrongatmosphereofChinesecultureandthestrongattractionofnationalspirit,sincetheinitialestablishmentofthelinguisticsmajor,itsgradualimprovementandrapiddevelopmentareobvioustoall.Becauseofthisinfluence,Chineselanguageandliteraturemajors,especiallylinguisticsmajorsinnormaluniversities,willsurelycreateabroaderdevelopmentspaceforstudentsinanincreasinglydiversifiedsocialenvironment.

Famouslinguist

Chineselinguist

GuYanwu(1613-1682),formerlynamedJiangJiang,withthewordZhongqing.AfterthedeathofMingDynasty,hechangedhisnametoYanwu,withthewordNingren,andalsosignedJiangShan'sservant.ThescholarrespectsMr.Tinglin.AnativeofKunshan,Jiangsu.Awell-knownthinker,historian,andlinguistinthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties.Hehasmadegreatcontributionstothecountry.HeparticipatedinthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyandlaterdevotedhimselftoacademicresearch.Inhislateryears,hefocusedonthetextualresearchofConfucianclassics,andeditedtheancientpronunciation,dividedinto10ancientrhymes.Theauthorof"Rizhilu","FiveBooksofPhonology",etc.,hewasthepioneerofancientrhymeintheQingDynasty,andhehasmademanyachievements;healsocontributedtothestudyofrhyme,butnotasmuchashiscontributiontothestudyofancientrhyme.ThegreatestfeatureofGuTinglin’sacademicstudiesistheidealisticmetaphysicsthatcontradictstheSong-MingNeo-Confucianism,whileemphasizingobjectiveinvestigationandresearch,creatinganewgenerationofnewstyles,andproposing"agentlemanlearnsbyunderstandingthewayandsavingtheworld.Itisonlybypoetry.That'sit,howgoodistheso-calledcarvingandsealcarving?"

LiLinsi(1896-1970),formerlyknownasLiJiaxiang,anativeofHangzhou,Zhejiang,wasadirectdescendantofLiE,awell-knownwriterintheQingDynasty,andafamousmodernlinguist.Inhisearlyyears,hestudiedinJapanandGermanyformorethantenyears,andobtainedamaster'sdegreeinlawfromtheUniversityofJenainGermanyandadoctorateinphilosophyfromtheUniversityofHeidelberg.HehasasolidfoundationinChinesestudiesandisproficientinGerman,Japanese,Englishandotherlanguages.Hehasintroducedandtranslatedandpublishedalargenumberofforeignbooksandfilmandtelevisionworks.Atthesametime,hehasintroducedChina'sexcellenttraditionalculturetotheWesternworld.DuringhistenureasaprofessoratNationalCentralUniversity,JinanUniversity,andShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,hetrainedalargenumberoftalentsforthecountry.HealsotranslatedandintroducedalargenumberofJapaneseandGermanmilitaryworks,andmadeimportantcontributionstothevictoryoftheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan.

Westernlinguist

NoamChomsky,themostfamouscontemporaryAmericanlinguist,MITprofessor,founderofstructuralgenerativegrammar,hasaprofoundinfluenceHehaswrittenlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,andcomputerscience.HeisalsoadecisivefigureincontemporaryWesternintellectualsopposinghegemonism.Hehaswrittenalargenumberofpoliticalessaysandworks.Whenevertheinternationalpoliticallandscapeundergoesmajorchanges,Westernintellectualsoften"LookuptoChomsky",andhehasrepeatedlymadelandmarkspeechesatthesemoments.After"September11",Chomskyacceptedinterviewsfromalmostallfamousmediaintheworld,andhisuniversitylecturesalsoattractedhundredsofmetersofticket-collectingteams.

EdwardSapir, americký lingvista.Firth (J·R·Firth) byl prvním jazykem v Británii. Přijal myšlenku​​"jazykového prostředí" a rozvinul se do "systému" myšlenkového výzkumu jazyků.

SwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)isanimportantfounderofmodernlinguisticsandoneofthepioneersofstructuralism.Heiscalledthefatherofmodernlinguisticsandtheoriginatorofstructuralismbylatergenerations."CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale"(CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale)isSaussure'srepresentativework,whichembodieshisbasiclinguisticideasandhasaprofoundinfluenceonmodernlinguisticresearchinthe20thcentury.Atthesametime,duetothegeneralityandprofoundnessofitsresearchperspectiveandmethodology,theideasinthebookhavebecomeanimportantsourceofthoughtforstructuralism,animportantphilosophicalschoolinthe20thcentury.

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