nálada

Projev emocí

Externí výkon

Emoce jsou vnitřní subjektivní prožitky, ale když se vyskytnou emoce, vždy je doprovází určitý externí výkon. Tento externí výkon je také určitými charakteristikami chování.

1. Výraz obličeje

Facialexpressionreferstotheexpressionofvariousemotionalstatesthroughchangesineyemuscles,facialmusclesandmouthmuscles.Humaneyesarethebestatexpressingemotions,anddifferenteyescanexpressdifferentemotionsandemotions.Forexample,"openeyesandsmile"whenhappyandexcited,"glare"whenangry,"stunned"whenafraid,"withouteyes"whensad,"gazewithbotheyes"whensurprised,andsoon.Theeyescannotonlyconveyfeelings,butalsoexchangeideas.Thereareoftenmanythingsamongpeoplethatcanonlybeunderstood,cannotorareinconvenienttotalkabout.Inthiscase,byobservingaperson’seyes,onecanunderstandhis(her)innerthoughtsandwishes,andinfertheirattitude:fororagainst,acceptStillrefuse,likeordislike,sincereorfalse,etc.Itcanbeseenthateyecontactisaveryimportantmeansofnonverbalcommunication.Whendescribingthecharacteristicsofcharactersandportrayingtheirpersonalities,artistsattachgreatimportancetoexpressingpeople'sinneremotionsthroughthedescriptionofeyes,andvividlyshowthespiritofthecharacters.

Morální svalové změny jsou velmi důležitým klíčem pro vyjádření emocí. Například, když si "brousíte zuby", když nenávidíte, "otevřete jazyk", když jste nervózní atd., všechny vyjadřují určité pocity prostřednictvím změn v ústních svalech.

Relatedexperimentsshowthatdifferentpartsofthefacehavedifferentexpressioneffects.Forexample,theeyesarethemostimportantforexpressingsadness,themouthisthemostimportantforexpressinghappinessanddisgust,andtheforeheadcanprovideasignalofsurprise,andtheeyes,mouth,andforeheadareimportantforexpressinganger.Therearealsoexperimentalstudiesthatshowthatmouthmusclesaremoreimportantforexpressingemotionssuchasjoyandresentmentthaneyemuscles;whileeyemusclesaremoreimportantforexpressingemotionssuchassadnessandhorrorthanmouthmuscles.

2.Výrazy držení těla

Postureexpressionscanbedividedintobodyexpressionsandgestureexpressions.

Při různých emocionálních stavech, změně polohy těla člověka, jako je „smích na břiše“, když je šťastný, zmenšuje se ramena, když se bojí, a „ošívá se“, když je nervózní atd.

Gesturesareusuallyusedtogetherwithwordstoexpressattitudesandthoughtssuchasapprovalordisapproval,acceptanceorrejection,likeordislike.Gesturescanalsobeusedalonetoexpressemotions,thoughts,orgiveinstructions.Undertheconditionthatverbalcommunicationisnotpossible,gesturesalonecanexpressthoughtsandfeelingssuchasstartingorstopping,movingforwardorbackward,agreeingordisapproving.Gesturessuchas"raiseyourarms","spreadyourhands",and"danceyourhandsanddance",respectively,expresspersonalemotionssuchasanger,helplessness,andhappiness.Psychologists’researchshowsthatgestureexpressionsarelearnedthroughlearning.Itnotonlyhasindividualdifferences,butalsoethnicorgroupdifferences,whichshowtheinfluenceofsocialcultureandtraditionalhabits.Thesamegestureisusedtoexpressdifferentemotionsindifferentethnicgroups.

3.Intonační výraz

Inadditiontofacialexpressionsandpostureexpressions,speechandintonationexpressions(intonationexpression)arealsoimportantformsofexpressingemotions.Longlaughterexpresseshappyemotions,whilemoansexpresspainfulemotions.Speechisatoolforpeopletocommunicatetheirthoughts.Atthesametime,thelevel,strength,andupsanddownsofspeecharealsoameansofexpressingthespeaker'semotions.Forexample,whentheannouncerbroadcastedthelivegameoftabletennis,hisvoicewassharp,hurried,andhoarse,expressinganervousandexcitedemotion;whenhebroadcastedtheobituaryofthedeathofacertainleader,histonewasslowanddeep.,Expressedafeelingofgriefandregret.

Inshort,facialexpressions,postureexpressions,andintonationexpressionsconstitutetheformofhumannonverbalcommunication,whichpsychologistsandlinguistscall"bodylanguage".Inadditiontousinglanguagetocommunicatetoachievemutualunderstanding,peoplecanalsoexpresstheirthoughts,feelings,andattitudesthroughbodylanguagecomposedoffaces,bodypostures,gestures,andintonation.Onmanyoccasions,peopledonotneedtouselanguage,justlookattheface,gestures,movements,andlistentothetoneofvoicetoknowtheother'sintentionsandemotions.Someonestudiedthemovementexpressionsofleadersinindustrialenterprisesandfoundthatthefacialexpressions,intonations,andgesturesofleadersatdifferentlevelsaredifferentwhenperformingmanagementtasks.

4.Smyslová zpětná vazba

People'semotionsareexpressedthroughtheactivitiesoffacialmusclesandskeletalmusclesystems.Inrecentdecades,peoplehavediscoveredthatphysicalfeedbackactivitiescanenhanceemotionalexperience.Thebodypostureintheexpressioncanalsoprovidesensoryfeedbackandaffecttheemotionsoftheperson.Stretchingposturecaninvigoratethespirit;contractionposturecanreducevitality.Speechactsalsoaffectpeople'semotions.

Emotionalstate

Emotionalstatereferstoacertainemotiongeneratedwithinacertainperiodoftimeundertheinfluenceofacertaineventorsituation.Amongthemoretypicalemotionalstatesaremood,Therearethreekindsofpassionandstress.

1. Nálada

Moodreferstoaperson'scalmandlastingemotionalstate.Thestateofmindisdiffuse.Itisnotaspecificexperienceofacertainthing,butanexperienceoftreatingeverythingwiththesameattitude.

Thereisabigdifferenceinthedurationofmood.Somemoodsmaylastforafewhours;othersmaylastforweeks,months,orlonger.Thedurationofamooddependsonthenatureoftheobjectivestimulusthatcausedthemood.Forexample,thelossofalovedoneoftenmakespeoplefeeldepressedforalongtime.Apersonhasmadesignificantachievements(suchasbeingadmittedtothecollegeentranceexamination,successfulexperiments,firstpublicationofworks,etc.),whichwillmakepeopleinapositiveandhappymoodforaperiodoftime.Personalitycharacteristicscanalsoaffectthedurationofthemood.Thesameeventhaslessinfluenceonsomepeople'smood,whileithasagreaterinfluenceonothers.Peoplewithcheerfuldispositionsoftennolongerthinkaboutthingsthatpass,whilepeoplewithintrovertstendtoworryaboutit.

Therearemanyreasonsformood.Goodtimesandadversitiesinlife,successandfailureinwork,whetherinterpersonalrelationshipsareharmonious,personalhealth,changesinthenaturalenvironment,etc.,mayallbecomethecauseofacertainmood.

Themoodhasagreatinfluenceonpeople'slife,work,study,andhealth.Apositiveandoptimisticmoodcanincreasetheefficiencyofpeople'sactivities,increaseconfidence,andbefullofhopeforthefuture,whichisbeneficialtohealth;anegativeandpessimisticmoodwillreducetheefficiencyofcognitiveactivitiesandmakepeopleloseconfidenceandhope.Ofteninastateofanxiety,itisdetrimentaltohealth.People'sworldview,idealsandbeliefsdeterminethebasictendencyofthestateofmind,andplayanimportantroleinregulatingthestateofmind.

2. Vášeň

Passionisastrong,explosiveandshort-livedemotionalstate.Thisemotionalstateisusuallycausedbyeventsofgreatsignificancetotheindividual.Theecstasyafteramajorsuccess,thedespairafteratragicfailure,theextremesorrowcausedbythesuddendeathofalovedone,theabnormalfearcausedbythesuddendanger,etc.,areallpassionatestates.

Vášeň doprovázejí fyzické změny a zjevné vnější chování. Například, když jsou rozzlobené, svaly celého těla jsou napjaté, oči jsou oslňující, rozzlobené, zuby se zatínají, pěsti jsou zaťaté atd.; a nebezpečí může vést k vyčerpání, mdlobám, omámení a dokonce i takzvanému šoku z vášně, který se někdy projevuje nadměrným vzrušením, poruchou řeči a pohybovými poruchami.

Inthestateofpassion,peopleoftenhavethephenomenonof"narrowconsciousness",thatis,thescopeofcognitiveactivitiesisreduced,theabilityofrationalanalysisisinhibited,andtheabilityofself-controlisweakened,whichmakespeople'sbehavioroutofcontrolandevenmakessomeRecklessactionorbehavior.Somepeopleusepassiontoforgivetheirmistakes.Theythinkthattheyarecompletelyirrationalandcannotcontrolthemselveswhentheyarepassionate.Thisisacontroversialstatement.Itisgenerallybelievedthatpeoplecanbeawareoftheirpassionstate,andcanalsoconsciouslyregulateandcontrolit.Therefore,individualsareresponsibleforthenegativeconsequencescausedbyuncontrolledbehaviorinastateofpassion.

Begoodatcontrollingyourpassionandbethemasterofyouremotions.Cultivatingstrongwillandimprovingself-controlcanachievethisgoal.However,passionisnotalwaysnegative.Theelationofthedeveloperswhenthesatellitewassuccessfullylaunched,theecstasyoftheathleteswhentheywongoldmedalsininternationalcompetitions,thesepassionscontainstrongpatriotism,whichisapowerfulmotivationtomotivatepeopletomoveforward..

3. Stres

Stressreferstoaperson'sadaptiveresponsetoanunexpectedenvironmentalstimulus.Whenpeopleencountercertainunexpecteddangersorfacecertainsuddenevents,theymustusetheirownwisdomandexperience,mobilizealltheirstrength,quicklymakechoices,andtakeeffectiveactions.Excitedstate.Forexample,whenanairplaneisinflight,theenginesuddenlyfails,andthedrivermakesanemergencycontactwiththegroundtoland;whenanormal-drivingcaraccidentallyencountersamalfunction,thedriverbrakessuddenly;thesoldier'snervousandcarefulbehaviorwhenremovingatimebomb,andsoon.Thegenerationofthestressstateisrelatedtothesituationthatpeoplefaceandpeople'sestimationoftheirownabilities.Whenasituationplacesdemandsonaperson,andherealizesthatheisunabletocopewiththeexcessivedemandsofthecurrentsituation,hewillexperiencetensionandbeinastateofstress.

Whenapersonisunderstress,itwillcauseaseriesofbiologicalreactionsofthebody,suchasmuscletension,bloodpressure,heartrate,respiration,andglandularactivitieswillallhaveobviouschanges.Thesechangeshelptoadapttotherapidlychangingenvironmentalstimuliandmaintaintheintegrityofthebody'sfunctions.

Emoční charakteristiky

Rozměr emocí se vztahuje k určitým charakteristikám vlastních emocí, jako je dynamika, vzrušení, intenzita a napětí emocí. Rozsah změn v těchto charakteristikách je bipolární, tedy existují dva protichůdné stavy.

Themotivationofemotionshastwopoles:increasinganddecreasing.Generallyspeaking,thepositiveemotionsthatarisewhentheneedsaremetarepower-increasingandcanimprovepeople'smobility;thenegativeemotionsthatarisewhentheneedsarenotsatisfiedarethepower-reducingandwillreducethepeople'smobility.

Emotionalexcitementhastwoextremes:excitementandcalmness.Excitementisastrong,overtemotionalstate,suchasirritation,ecstasy,extremefear,etc.Itiscausedbysomeimportantevents,suchasasuddenearthquakecancauseextremefearinpeople.Calmnessreferstoastableandquietemotionalstate,whichisthebasicemotionalstateofpeopleinnormallife,studyandwork,andalsothebasicworkingconditions.

Theintensityofemotionscanbestrongandweak,rangingfrompleasuretoecstasy,andfromslightsuspensetoanger.Therearevariousdifferentintensitiesbetweenthestrengthofemotions,suchasanger,anger,andragebetweenslightstunnedandfurious.Theintensityofemotiondependsonthesignificanceoftheemotionaleventtotheindividual.

Therearetensionsandrelaxationextremesinemotions.Thedegreeofemotionaltensiondependsontheurgencyoffacingthesituation,theindividual'smentalpreparednessandabilitytorespond.Ifthesituationismorecomplicated,theindividual'spsychologicalpreparationisinsufficient,andtheabilitytorespondisrelativelypoor,peopletendtobenervousorevenataloss.Ifthesituationisnottoourgent,theindividual'spsychologicalpreparationisrelativelysufficient,theabilitytorespondisrelativelystrong,andthepersonisnotnervous,sohewillfeelmorerelaxed.

Metoda měření

Existují různé metody měření pro různé emoce. Například běžnou metodou pro měření úzkosti je sebehodnotící škála úzkosti (SAS), která se používá k posouzení subjektivních pocitů u úzkostných pacientů.

Theessenceofemotion

Emotionisapsychologicalphenomenonmediatedbythesubject’sneedsanddesires.Emotionshaveuniquethreecomponents:physiologicalarousal,subjectiveexperienceandexternalmanifestation.Meetingtheneedsanddesiresofthesubjectwillcausepositiveandaffirmativeemotions,onthecontraryitwillcausenegativeandnegativeemotions.

Subjectiveexperienceisanindividual’sself-perceptionofdifferentemotionalstates.Eachemotionhasadifferentsubjectiveexperience.Theyrepresentdifferentfeelingsofpeople,suchashappinessorpain,andconstitutethepsychologicalcontentoftheemotion.Emotionalexperienceisasubjectivefeeling.Itisdifficulttodeterminewhattheobjectivestimulusistoproduceemotionalexperience,anddifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentemotionstothesamestimulus.Therefore,researchonemotionalexperiencegenerallyadoptsself-reportingmethods.

Theexternalmanifestationofemotions,usuallycalledfacialexpressions.Itisaquantifiedformofmovementofvariouspartsofthebodywhenanemotionalstateoccurs,includingfacialexpressions,postureexpressionsandintonationexpressions.Facialexpressionisapatterncomposedofallfacialmusclechanges,suchasflatteningtheforehead,raisingthecheeks,andraisingthecornersofthemouthwhenhappy.Facialexpressionpatternscanfinelyexpressemotionsofdifferentnatures,sotheyarethemainindicatorforidentifyingemotions.Postureexpressionsrefertotheexpressionsofotherpartsofthebodyotherthantheface,includinggestures,bodypostures,etc.,suchaspeoplebeatingtheirchestsandfeetwhentheyareinpain,andflexingtheirhandswhentheyareangry.Intonationisalsoanimportantformofexpressingemotions.Intonationexpressionsareexpressedthroughchangesinthetone,rhythm,andspeedofspeech,suchashighintonationandfastspeakingwhenhappy;lowintonationandslowspeakingwheninpain.

Physiologicalarousalreferstothephysiologicalreactionproducedbyemotion.Itinvolvesawiderangeofnervestructures,suchasthebrainstem,centralgraymatter,thalamus,amygdala,hypothalamus,locuscoeruleus,pinealgland,prefrontalcortex,andperipheralnervoussystemandendocrineandexocrineglands.Physiologicalarousalisaphysiologicalactivationlevel.Thephysiologicalresponsepatternsofdifferentemotionsaredifferent.Forexample,theheartbeatrhythmisnormalwhensatisfiedandhappy;whenfearoranger,theheartbeatspeedsup,bloodpressurerises,breathingrateincreases,andevenintermittentorpauseoccurs;bloodvesselvolumedecreaseswhenpainful,etc.

Researchonemotions

Researchershavebeenarguingaboutwhichemotionsarebasicemotions,andevenwhethertherearebasicemotions.Thebasicemotionsarethethreeprimarycolorsofemotion,red,yellow,andblue,andthousandsofemotionscanbemixedonthisbasis.ThefindingsofPaulEkman,apsychologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,haveconfirmedtoacertainextentthatthereareindeedafewcoreemotionsinhumanbeings.Aikmanpointedoutthatthespecificfacialexpressionscorrespondingtothefourbasichumanemotions(happiness,anger,sorrow,andfear)arerecognizedbydifferentculturesaroundtheworld,includingpeoplewhohavenowordsandhavenotbeencontaminatedbymoviesandtelevision.ThisshowsthatEmotionsareuniversal.(Note:Itisjoy,anger,sorrow,fear-joy,anger,sadness,fear,notthejoy,anger,sorrowandjoywetalkaboutindailylife.)

Researchmethod

YesThestudyofemotionhasitspeculiarities.Animportantprobleminemotionresearchisthatwealmostneverinduceasstrongemotionsaspeopleinreallifeinthelaboratory.Itisonethingtoseeapersonoffendingothersinamovie,anditcanevenmakeanindividualrecallhisownexperience,butbeinginsultedinrealityisanotherentirely.Itisdifficulttoinducestrongemotionswithoutviolatingsomeimportantresearchethics(forexample,wecannotlietothesubjectthathisbestfriendwasjustkilledbyacar).Therefore,researchersmustrememberthattheemotionalstatestudiedinthelaboratorymayonlybeareflectionofpeople'semotionalexperienceinreallife.Therefore,thestudyofemotionsusuallyrequiresvariousmeasurements.Theresearchmethodsofemotionmainlyincludeself-report,physiologicalmeasurementandbehavioralresponse.

1. Vlastní hlášení

Thecollectionofself-reportdataisverysimpleanddoesnotrequireexplanation.Inthismethod,researcherssimplyaskpeopletodescribetheircurrent,past,orcommonemotions.Participantsmayevaluatetheirlevelsoftension,happiness,andotheremotionsonascale.

Self-reportscannotbeaccurate,becauseeveryone’sstandardsaredifferent.Ifanindividualevaluateshistensionas"5",his5maybedifferentfromothers'5,andevenhis5willbedifferentatdifferenttimes,becausesometimespeople'stearscomefromhappiness,entertainmentorrelease.However,whenuncertain,weassumethatthecryingpersonislikelytobesad.Inotherwords,webelieveinobjectivebehavioralobservationsmorethansubjectiveself-reports.Anotherlimitationofself-reportsistostudytheemotionsofinfants,peoplewithbraininjuries,animals,andotherpeoplewhocannotspeak.Andforpeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguages,thetranslationissometimesinaccurate,especiallyinsubtledifferences.

Althoughtheseproblemsareserious,self-reportsareusefulformanyresearchgoals.Evenifanindividual's5isdifferentfromsomeoneelse's5,thischangecanalsoindicatethathistensionhasdecreased.Besides,thereisreallynootherwaytomeasureemotionalfeelingsotherthanself-report.

2.Fyziologické měření

Physiologicalmeasurementofemotionsexaminesthewaythebodypreparesforthesebehaviors.Manyemotionalconditionsarestatesofarousalfromtension-rapidheartbeat,tighteningoftheabdomen,andthebeginningofhandsout.Theincreasedactivityofthesympatheticnervoussystem(SNS)isveryimportantforawakeningandpreparingthebodyfor"fightorflight"actions.Itpromotesphysiologicalchangesandincreasesbloodflowandmuscleoxygensupply,allowingindividualstoprepareformorecomplexphysicalactivities.Thesympatheticnervoussystemalsoreducesdigestiveactivity(takesenergyawayfromskeletalmusclecontractions)andsexualarousal(whentheindividuallivesandfights,sexbecomesameaninglessdistraction).Onthecontrary,theparasympatheticnervoussystem(PNS)helpstoproduceandimprovemaintenancefunctionstoretainenergyforsubsequentuseandpromotegrowthanddevelopment.

3.Pozorování chování

Researcherssupplementself-reportingbyobservingbehavior,becausepeopleoftencannotorareunwillingtoaccuratelyreporttheiremotions.Researchersareoftenparticularlyinterestedinthecontractionsofspecificfacialmusclegroupsbecausetheycanproduceexpressions.Forexample,whenpeopleareangry,theyoftenlowertheireyebrows,foldthemtogether,squinttheireyes,andclosetheirlips.UsingtheFacialActionCodingSystem(FACS),researcherscanrecordwhichmuscleshavecontracted,howlongitlasted,andtheintensityofthecontraction.Whenencounteringinjusticeorbeingoffended,peoplecanreliablymakeexpressionslikeanger.Forthisreason,researcherscansometimesusemusclecontractionpatternsasanonverbalmeasureofpeople'semotions.

Historyandprogress

Theresearchofpsychologyonlypaidattentiontoemotionatalaterperiod.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,behaviorismcompletelyruledexperimentalpsychology,andtherewasverylittleresearchonemotions.Whenlaboratoryresearchappeared,itwasmainlylimitedto"conditionedemotionalresponse".Researchersusedtheclassicalconditionedreflexmethodforresearch,ratherthantheresearchmethodofemotionitself.Behaviorismregardsemotionsasprivateandunobservable,soitisonlysuitableforresearchthrough"seriousconversation."Sincethe1970s,emotionresearchhasgrownrapidlyinbothquantityandquality.Researchersfromthefieldsofsocialpsychology,developmentalpsychology,andneurosciencehaveall"discovered"emotionsandhavemanyinterestingstoriestotell.Thisisnottosaythatbehavioristsarewrong.Toalargeextenttheyarecorrect:emotionsareinherentinnatureanddifficulttomeasure.Despitethesechallenges,researchershaveinventednewandcleverwaystoinduceandmeasureemotionsinthelaboratoryandintherealworld.

Althoughatthebeginningofthebirthofpsychology,thestudyofemotionhasreceivedattention,butforalongtimeafterthat,ithasbeen"raisedinadeepboudoirwithoutknowingit"-theneglectoftheresearchmethodofemotionThisisanimportantreason.Attheendofthetwentiethcentury,withtheriseofcognitiveneuroscience,researchers'interestinemotionswasawakenedagain.Animportantreasonwasthepromotionofnewresearchmethodsandnewtechnologies.Functionalmagneticresonancetechnology(fMRI),event-relatedpotentialtechnology(ERPs),multi-channelphysiologicalrecordingtechnology,biofeedbacktechnology,eyemovementrecordingtechnology,cognitivebehaviorexperimentandevenhormonemeasurementandothertechnologiesandmethodsareallinemotionalassessment,EmotionalDisorderDiagnosisandEmotionalRegulationandotherresearchfieldshavebeenwidelyused.

Teorie emocí

1.Počáteční teorie

(1)James-LangeTheory.AmericanpsychologistJamesandDanishphysiologistLangerespectivelyproposedatheoryofemotionswiththesamecontent.Theyemphasizethattheproductionofemotionistheproductofautonomicnerveactivity.Latergenerationscalledittheperipheraltheoryofemotions.Thatis,emotionalstimulationcausesthebody'sphysiologicalresponse,andthephysiologicalresponsefurtherleadstotheproductionofemotionalexperience.Jamesproposedthatemotionsareperceptionsofchangesinthebody.Inhisview,itisthebiologicalchangesoftheorganismbeforetheemotions.Sosadnessiscausedbycrying,andfeariscausedbytrembling;Langebelievesthatemotionsaretheresultofvisceralactivity.Heparticularlyemphasizedtherelationshipbetweenemotionsandvascularchanges.James-Langetheoryseesthedirectrelationshipbetweenemotionsandchangesinthebody,andemphasizestheroleoftheautonomicnervoussystemintheproductionofemotions;however,theyunilaterallyemphasizetheroleoftheautonomicnervoussystemandignoretheregulationandcontrolofthecentralnervoussystem.Thishascausedalotofcontroversy.

(2)Cannon-Buddtheory.Itisbelievedthatthecenterofemotionisnotintheperipheralnervoussystem,butinthethalamusofthecentralnervoussystem,andemphasizesthereleaseofthebrain'sinhibitionofthethalamus,whichactivatestheautonomicnerves,strengthensthephysicalresponseofthebody,andgeneratesemotions.Externalstimulicausenerveimpulsesfromthesensoryorgans,whicharetransmittedtothethalamus,andthenthethalamussendsnerveimpulsestothebrainandautonomicnervoussystematthesametime,therebygeneratingsubjectiveemotionalexperienceinthebrainandtheautonomicnervoussystemproducingindividualphysiologicalchanges.Thetheorybelievesthattheemotionalstimulationisprocessedbythethalamusandtheinformationissenttothebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theinformationthatreachesthecerebralcortexproducesemotionalexperience,andtheinformationthatreachestheinternalorgansandskeletalmusclesactivatesphysiologicalresponses.Therefore,thebodychangesSimultaneouslywithemotionalexperience.

2. Kognitivní teorie

(1)Arnold's"assessment-excitement"theory.AmericanpsychologistArnoldproposed.Itisbelievedthatthestimulussituationdoesnotdirectlydeterminethenatureoftheemotion.Fromtheappearanceofthestimulustothegenerationoftheemotion,thestimulusmustbeevaluatedandevaluated.Thebasicprocessofemotiongenerationisstimulatingsituation-evaluation-emotion.Thesamestimulusscenariowillproducedifferentemotionalresponsesduetodifferentevaluationsofit.Emotionsaretheresultofthecoordinatedactivitiesofthecerebralcortexandsubcutaneoustissues.Theexcitementofthecerebralcortexisthemostimportantconditionforemotionalbehavior.

(2)Schacht’stwo-factoremotionaltheory.AmericanpsychologistsSchachtandSinghproposed.Itisbelievedthattherearetwoindispensablefactorsfortheproductionofemotions:oneisthattheindividualmustexperienceahighdegreeofphysicalarousal;theotheristhattheindividualmustbecognitivelyawakenedtochangesinthephysiologicalstate.Emotionalstateistheresultoftheintegrationofcognitiveprocesses,physiologicalstates,andenvironmentalfactorsinthecerebralcortex.Thiscantransformtheabovetheoryintoaworkingsystemcalledtheemotionalarousalmodel.

(3)Lazarus'cognitive-evaluationtheory.Thinkthatemotionsaretheproductoftheinteractionbetweenpeopleandtheenvironment.Inemotionalactivities,peoplenotonlyreflecttheimpactofstimuliintheenvironmentonthemselves,butalsoadjusttheirresponsetostimuli.Inotherwords,emotionisanindividual'sresponsetotheenvironmentthatisharmfulorbeneficial.Therefore,peopleneedtoconstantlyevaluatetherelationshipbetweenthestimulusandthemselves.Therearethreelevelsofevaluation:initialevaluation,secondaryevaluation,andre-evaluation.

3.Teorie diferenciace

ThistheoryisrepresentedbyIzard.Izardbelievesthatemotionsareanintegralpartofthepersonalitysystemandthecoreofthepowerofthepersonalitysystem.Theemotionalsystemestablishesaconnectionwiththehumangridsystemsuchascognitionandbehavior,andrealizestheinteractionbetweenemotionandothersystems.Themaincontentofthistheoryisbrieflyintroducedbelow.

(1)Emoce jsou diferencované

Izardbelievesthatemotionsaredifferentiated.Thereareindependentemotionswithdifferentexperiences,andtheseindependentemotionsallhavemotivationalcharacteristics.Heassumedthatthereare10basicemotions,namely,interest,happiness,surprise,sadness,anger,disgust,contempt,fear,shynessandtimidity,whichconstitutethemotivationsystemofhumanbeings.Eachbasicemotionisuniqueinorganization,motivationandexperience.Differentemotionshavedifferentinternalexperiences:thisinternalexperiencewillhavedifferenteffectsoncognitionandbehavior.Theemotionalprocessandtheinternaldynamicbalance,drivesystem,perceptionandcognitionoftheorganisminteractwitheachother.

(2)Stav a role emocí v systému osobnosti

Izardbelievesthatpersonalityiscomposedofthehomeostaticsystem,theinternaldrivesystem,theemotionalsystem,theperceptionsystem,andtherecognitionsystem.Itconsistsofsixsub-systems:theknowledgesystemandtheactionsystem.Emotionisacomponentofthepersonalitysystem,anditisalsothecoredrivingforceofthepersonalitysystem.Thesubjectivecomponentofemotion-experienceisthepsychologicalmechanismofthetriggerfunctionandthepowerthatdrivestheorganismtotakeaction.Thedevelopmentofthepersonalitysystemistheprocessofthecontinuousformationanddevelopmentoftheself-developmentofthesesubsystemsandtheconnectionbetweenthesystems.

(3)Funkce emočního systému

Fromanevolutionarypointofview,Izardproposedthegrowthandfunctionaldifferentiationoftheneocortexofthebrain,thedifferentiationofthefacialmusculoskeletalsystem,andThedifferentiationofemotionsisparallelandsynchronized.Thedifferentiationofemotionsisaproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.Ithasflexibleanddiverseadaptivefunctionsandplaysacentralroleintheadaptationandsurvivaloforganisms.Eachspecificemotionhasitsoriginandspecificadaptivefunction.

Relevantní výzkum

1. Vztah s barvou

Differentcolorscanaffectthehumanendocrinesystemthroughvision,resultinginanincreaseordecreaseinhumanhormones,soPeople'semotionschange.Studieshaveshownthatredcanmakepeople’smentalactivitiesactive,yellowcaninvigoratepeople,greencanrelievepeople’spsychologicaltension,purplecanmakepeoplefeeldepressed,graycanmakepeoplefeeldepressed,whitecanmakepeoplelively,andcoffeecanalleviatepeople’sloneliness.Lightbluecangivepeopleacoolfeeling.

ThereisabridgeinLondon,England.Itwasoriginallyblack.Everyyear,peoplecameheretothrowthemselvesintotheriver.Later,thecolorofthebridgewaschangedtoyellow.Thenumberofpeoplewhocommittedsuicideherewasreducedbyhalf,whichfullyconfirmedthecolor.Thefunctionof.

2.Experiment resekce mozku

In1892,Goldsdiscoveredthatdogswhohadtheircerebralcortexremovedbecameveryfierce.In1925,Canonandothersconductedaclassicstudyoncatswhosecerebralcortexwasremovedanddeterminedthesurgicalmethodof"falseanger"animalspecimens.In1934,Bardintroducedtheterm"falseanger"intophysiologicalpsychology.Hepointedoutthataftertheremovalofthecat'scerebralcortex,thecatshowedextremelyexaggeratedaggressivebehaviorstovariousunpleasantstimulisuchaslighttouchandairflow:bowing,erectinghair,roaring,screaming,andspreadingteethandclaws.Thesebehaviorslackdirectivity,anditisdifficulttosaythatanimalshaveaninnerexperienceofanger,sothisbehavioriscalled"falseanger."Thebrainmechanismis:aslongastheneuralconnectionbetweenthelimbiccortex,cerebralcortexandhypothalamusisdestroyed,theinhibitionofthecerebralcortexonthehypothalamusislifted,hypothalamichyperfunctionwillappear"falseanger".Fortheseexperimentalfacts,thephysiologicalandpsychologicalcirclesarewidelyaccepted.Theacceptedviewisthatthehypothalamusplaysanimportantroleintheperformanceofemotions.

3.Další experimenty

AncientArabscholarAvicennaonceputtwolambsborninonechildindifferentexternalenvironments:alittlelambfollowedThesheeplivehappilyinthewaterandgrass;andawolfistiednexttoanotherlamb.Italwaysseesthethreatofthebeastinfrontofit.Inastateofextremepanic,itcan’teatanythingatall.Panickedanddied.

Medicalpsychologistsalsousedogsasajealousyexperiment:putahungrydog​​inanironcage,andletanotherdogoutsidethecageeatmeatandbonesinfrontofit,insidethecageInthenegativeemotionalstateofirritability,angerandjealousy,thedogproducedaneuroticpathologicalreaction.Experimentstellusthatnegativeemotionssuchasfear,anxiety,depression,jealousy,hostility,andimpulsivityaredestructiveemotions,andbeingtroubledbytheseemotionsforalongtimecanleadtophysicalandmentalillness.Themoreaperson’sunderstandingandevaluationofhimselfinlifematchhisactualsituation,thestrongerhissocialadaptabilityandthemorehecanturnpressureintomotivation.

Themechanismofemotionproduction

Emotionandthehypothalamus

Thehypothalamusregulatesthechangesofthebodythroughtwophysiologicalsystems-theautonomicnervoussystemandhormones.Thehypothalamususestheautonomicnervoussystemfornon-emotionalregulation:whenthetemperatureistoohigh,itactivatesthesweatglands,whenthetemperatureistoolow,itconstrictsthebloodvesselsandreducesthelossofheat;whentheindividualexercises,itwillbreathefasterandinhalemoreWithoxygen,thebodyreleasesmoreglucoseintotheblood,andtheheartbeatsfasterandstrongertotransportthesethings.Whenthehypothalamusdetectsanimbalanceinthebody,itinitiatesthesechanges.However,thehypothalamusalsoreceivescluesthatthebody'sbalanceisverylikelytobeimpairedbyfutureactivities,andhelpsthebodytoprepareaccordingly.Thispreparationseemstobeaparticularlyimportantfeatureofemotions.

Theendocrinesystemcontrolledbythehypothalamushassimilarflexibility.Whenthehypothalamusdetectsthatanindividual’sbloodpressureistoolow,itinstructsthepituitaryglandunderthebraintoreleaseahormonethatinhibitsurineproduction,knownasantidiuretichormone,whichallowsthekidneystoreabsorbfluidintothebodyinsteadofexpellingittothebladder.However,asthepsychologicalpressurecontinues,thehypothalamuswillguidethepituitaryglandtohelpreleasecortisol.Therefore,whenweexperiencestrongemotions,thehypothalamusisthekeystructurethatcontrolsthechangesinthebody.

Becauseitdirectstheautonomicnervoussystem's"fightorflight"responseandthereleaseofstresshormones,thehypothalamusseemstoinvolveonlynegativeemotions.However,thehypothalamusisalsoimportantforatleastsomepositiveemotions.Thehypothalamusplaysanimportantroleinsexualdesire.Ontheonehand,itcontrolstheactivationoftheautonomicnervoussystemassociatedwithsexualarousalandorgasm,andontheotherhandguidesthepituitaryglandtohelpreleasesexhormonesintothebloodstream.

Emotionsandendocrine

PaulKleinkiniandAnnieKleinkinihavecombinedthemaincomponentspreviouslydefinedandproposedadefinition:emotionisasubjectivefactor,Theresultoftheinteractionofenvironmentalfactors,neuralprocesses,andendocrineprocesses.Foremotionalresponse,certainhormonesaremoreimportantthanothers.Moodresearchersareparticularlyinterestedinadrenalhormonesandcortisol,whichplayavitalroleintheindividual’sresponsetostress.Thoseindividualswhohaveexperiencedpuberty,pregnancyormenopausewillbeawareoftheeffectsofestrogenandtestosteroneonmood.Highlevelsofestrogenseemtohaveamood-enhancingeffect,andarapiddeclineinestrogenisthoughttocausedepressionsymptoms.Moreimportantly,itseemsthatchangesinestrogenlevels,ratherthantheabsolutelevelsofhormonesthemselves,causeemotionaleffects.Thisiswhytherapidfluctuationsofestrogenduringadolescenceandmenopauseareassociatedwithmoodfluctuations,andthisiswhymooddisordersincertainlifestagesofthefemalepopulation(suchaschildhoodandpostmenopause),thatis,lowandcontinuouslevelsofestrogenThereasonisthatthestageisnotsocommon.Testosteronealsohasawiderangeofeffectsonmood.Formenandwomen,testosteroneplaysanimportantroleinenhancingsexualdrive.Inaddition,formen,testosteronehasamood-enhancingeffect,justliketheeffectofestrogenonwomen,althoughwearenotparticularlyclearabouttheeffectsoftheseeffects.Finally,testosteroneisconsideredtobeanimportantfactoraffectingangerandhostility,althoughtheresultsofrelatedstudiesarenotyetstable.

Emotionsandgastrointestinalflora

Modernbiologistshavediscoveredthatalargenumberofbacteriaareparasiticinourrespiratoryanddigestivetracts,andhalfofthemareneutralbacteriathatareharmlesstous.Itisalsonotbeneficial,suchasenterobacteria,yeastsandenterococci;about10%areharmfulbacteria,suchasStaphylococcus,Helicobacter,etc.;andabout30%arebeneficialbacteria,suchaslacticacidbacteria,bifidobacteria,etc.Wedon'thavetoworryaboutharmfulbacteria,becausetheiractivitiesarestrictlycontrolledbybeneficialandneutralbacteria.

Don'tunderestimatethesesmallbacteriathatparasitizeintheintestines.Theyplayanimportantroleinchangingourmoodandbehavior.Ontheonehand,thesebacteriaaffectthebody’snutrientmetabolism,andifindigestion,itwillcauseemotionalabnormalities;ontheotherhand,ifthebody’smetabolismisdisturbed,thesebacteriawillproducehydrogensulfide,ammoniaandothergasestopoisonournerves,therebycausingusAbnormalemotionsandevenextremebehaviors.

Thefrequencyofpeople’semotionalabnormalitiesandbehavioralout-of-controlisincreasingyearbyyear.Fromthelivingenvironmentofbacteriaintheintestines,therearetwomainreasonsforthisphenomenon.Oneispesticides,foodadditivesandantibiotics.abuse.Thesedrugsorchemicalsenteringthehumanbodywillkillalargenumberofintestinalbacteria,leadingtometabolicdisordersandindigestion,whichcanleadtomooddisordersandmentalillness.Second,afterthelivingstandardshaveimprovedinrecentyears,somepeoplehaveeatentoomuch.Becausetheexcessiveintakeofhighproteininthehumanbodylacksbeneficialbacteriaorneutralbacteriaforitsdecompositionandmetabolism,theywillproducealargeamountofhydrogensulfide,ammoniaandothersubstancesthataretoxictonervesunderthedecompositionofmiscellaneousbacteria.Thesesubstanceswilldestroythesynthesisofserotonin,whichinhibitsimpulseactioninthehumanbody,andleadtoabnormalemotionsandexcessivebehaviors.

Thefunctionofemotion

Thefunctionofadaptation

Therearemanywaystoadapttotheorganismintheprocessofsurvivalanddevelopment.Emotionsareanimportantwayfororganismstoadapttosurvivalanddevelopment.Forexample,thefearofananimalwhenitencountersdangerisameansforanimalstosurvive.

Emotionsarethemeansbywhichhumanbeingsliveintheearlydays.Whenbabiesareborn,theydonothaveindependentsurvivalabilityandspeechcommunicationability.Atthistime,theymainlyrelyonemotionstotransmitinformation,communicatewithadults,andberaisedbyadults.Adultsalsoprovideinfantswithvariouslivingconditionsintimethroughtheemotionalresponseofinfants.Inadultlife,emotionsarerelatedtopeople'sbasicadaptivebehaviors,includingaggressivebehavior,avoidancebehavior,seekingcomfort,helpingothers,reproductivebehavior,andsoon.Thesebehaviorshelppeoplesurviveandsuccessfullyadapttothesurroundingenvironment.Emotionsdirectlyreflectpeople’slivingconditionsandarearaingaugeforpeople’spsychologicalactivities.Forexample,happinesscanindicateagoodsituation,paincanindicatedifficulties;peoplealsouseemotionstoadapttosociety,suchassmilingtoexpressfriendship,andtomove.Emotionmaintainsinterpersonalrelationships,understandstheemotionalstateoftheotherpartybyobservingwords,observationsandcolors,andthenadoptscorrespondingmeasuresorcountermeasures.Inshort,peopleunderstandthesituationofthemselvesorothersthroughemotions,adapttotheneedsofsociety,andgetbettersurvivalanddevelopment.Ofcourse,emotionssometimeshaveanegativeeffect.Forexample,somefanswillbeaffectedbynegativeemotionstomaketroubles,fights,damagepublicproperty,andevencausepersonalinjuriesbecauseoftheirlosses.

Motivationfunction

Emotionisoneofthesourcesofmotivationandabasiccomponentofthemotivationsystem.Itcanmotivatepeople'sactivitiesandimprovetheefficiencyofpeople'sactivities.Moderateemotionalexcitementcanmakethebodyandmindinthebeststateofactivityandpromotepeopletocompletetaskseffectively.Studieshaveshownthatmoderatetensionandanxietycanpromptpeopletoactivelythinkandsolveproblems.Atthesametime,emotionsalsohavetheeffectofamplifyingsignalsforphysiologicaldrive,becomingapowerfuldrivingforcethatdrivespeople'sbehavior.Forexample,inthecaseofhypoxia,apersonhasaphysiologicalneedforsupplementaloxygen.Thisphysiologicaldrivemaynothaveenoughpowertostimulatebehavior,butatthistime,theperson’ssenseofpanicandurgencywillamplifyandenhancetheinternaldrive.,Makingitapowerfuldrivingforceforbehavior.

Organizationalfunction

Theorganizationalfunctionofemotionreferstotheinfluenceofemotiononothermentalprocesses.Emotionalpsychologistsbelievethatemotion,asadetectionsysteminthebrain,hasanorganizingeffectonothermentalactivities.Thiseffectismanifestedinthecoordinationofpositiveemotionsandthedestructionanddisintegrationofnegativeemotions.Moderatelyintensifiedpleasantemotionsareconducivetoimprovingtheeffectofcognitiveactivities,whilenegativeemotionssuchasfearandpainwillhaveanegativeimpactontheoperation.Thehighertheactivationlevelofnegativeemotions,theworsetheoperationeffect.

Theorganizationalfunctionofemotionsisalsomanifestedinpeople'sbehavior.Whenpeopleareinapositiveandoptimisticemotionalstate,theyareeasytonoticethegoodsideofthings,theirbehaviorsaremoreopen,andtheyarewillingtoacceptexternalthings;Whenpeopleareinanegativeemotionalstate,theytendtobedisappointed,pessimistic,giveuptheirwishes,orproduceaggressivebehavior.

Socialfunction

Emotionhasthefunctionoftransmittinginformationandcommunicatingthoughtsamongpeople.Thisfunctionisachievedthroughtheexternalexpressionofemotions,thatis,facialexpressions.Emoticonsaresignalsofthought,suchassmilingtoexpressappreciation,noddingtoexpressacquiescence,etc.Expressionsarealsoanimportantsupplementtoverbalcommunication,suchasgesturesandintonation,whichcanmakeverbalinformationmoreobviousorcertain.Fromthepointofviewoftheoccurrenceofinformationexchange,facialexpressioncommunicationismuchearlierthanverbalcommunication.Forexample,inthepre-verbalstage,theonlymeansforinfantsandadultstocommunicatewitheachotherisemotion.Emotionshaveawiderangeoffunctionsinsocialactivitiesbetweenpeople.Itcanbeusedasasocialgluetobringpeopleclosetocertainpeople;itcanalsobeusedasasocialbarriertokeeppeopleawayfromcertainpeople.Ifsomeoneisfurious,youmaybackofforsuppressyournegativeemotionsduetohisidentity,sothatyoudon'tletitshow.Thisshowsthattheemotionsexperiencedbypeoplehaveamajorimpactontheirsocialbehavior.

Regulationofemotions

Wecanclassifyemotionregulationstrategiesaccordingtowhentheyoccurintheprocessofemotionregulation,andthisclassificationcanhelpusunderstandwhydifferentstrategiesareHavedifferenteffectsonemotionsandproducedifferenteffects.Accordingtotheresearch,therearethreemainemotionregulationstrategies.

Situationalattentionstrategyisusedtocontrolthesituation.Itworksbyselectingthesituationorchangingthesituationtosomeextent.Thecognitiveattentionstrategyrequiresustodirectourattentiontocertainaspectsofthesituationorchangethewayweviewthesituationtopromotecertainemotionsand/oreliminateotheremotions.Thethirdstrategyisthereactionandattentionstrategy,whichrequiresustochangetheeffectofemotionsoncetheemotionsaregenerated.Thereactiveattentionstrategyassumesthattheindividualhasdevelopedacertainemotionandwantstochangecertainaspectsoftheemotion.Thismayinclude:"removingitfromtheindividual'ssystem"bytalkingaboutthisemotion;tryingtoshutdowntheemotionalexperiencebysleeping,takingmedication,ordrinkingalcohol;ortryingtosuppresstheexpressionofemotionsothatotherscannotseehowyoufeel.

Emotionsmakeourlivescolorful,butalsoaffectourlivesandbehaviors.Whentherearebademotions,itisbesttoadjustthemsothattheydonothaveabadinfluenceonone'slifeandbody.

1.Useexpressionstoregulateemotions.Studieshavefoundthatangryandhappyfacialmusclesmakeindividualshavecorrespondingexperiences.Angryexpressionscanbringangryemotionalexperiences.Sowhenweareupset,useSmilingtoregulateyouremotionsmaybeagoodchoice.

2.Interpersonaladjustment.Thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsliesintheirsocialattributes.Whentheyareinabadmood,theycanaskthepeoplearoundthemforhelp.Chattingwithfriendsandentertainingcanmakepeopleforgettheirworriestemporarily.Peoplewhohavehadapleasantexperienceincommoncanarousethepleasantfeelingatthattime.

3.Environmentaladjustment,beautifulscenerymakespeoplehappy,anddirtyenvironmentmakespeopleirritable.Whenyouareinabadmood,youcanchooseaplacewithabeautifulenvironment.Intheperfectnature,themoodwillnaturallyrelax.Youcanalsogotoplaceswhereyouhavebeenhappybefore,asmemorieswillremindyouofpleasantthings.

4.Cognitiveregulation,thereasonwhypeoplehaveemotionsisthatwehavemadedifferentinterpretationsofthings,andpeoplewhohavedifferentopinionsoneachthingwillproducedifferentemotionalreactions.Sowecanchangeouremotionsbychangingourperceptions.Forexample,whenyouareupsetabouteverything,youcanre-evaluatethings,lookattheproblemfromanotherangle,andchangeourstereotypedwayoflookingattheproblem.

5.Avoidtheproblemsthatcauseemotions.Ifwecanneitherchangeourviewsnorsolvetheproblemsthatcauseemotions,wecanchoosetoavoidtheproblem.First,avoidtheproblemtemporarily,don’tthinkaboutit,andwait.Whenthemoodisstable,solvetheproblemagain,andsometimesthesolutiontotheproblemwillbeinadvertentlyfiguredoutwhendoingotherthings.