Energie oceánu

Basicconcepts

Marineenergyisakindofrenewableenergycontainedintheocean,includingtidalenergy,mechanicalenergyandthermalenergycausedbywaves.Oceanenergyalsoinvolvesabroadercategory,includingwindenergyoverthesea,solarenergyontheseasurfaceandbiomassenergyinthesea.Chinahas18,000kilometersofcoastlineand6,960islandswithatotalareaof​​6,700squarekilometers.Mostoftheseislandsarefarawayfromthelandandthereforelackenergysupply.Therefore,inordertorealizethesustainabledevelopmentofmycountry'scoastalandislandeconomy,wemustvigorouslydevelopmycountry'soceanenergyresources.

Oceánská energie se vztahuje k jiné obnovitelné energii připojené k moři. Oceán přijímá, ukládá a vysílá energii prostřednictvím různých fyzikálních procesů. Viditelná energie existuje ve formě přílivů, vln, teplotních rozdílů, gradientů slanosti, oceánských proudů atd. Na hladině je 8 × 1 oceán. nahoru>km²,z toho 1.pozemníplocha. 49×10⁸km²29 %;rozloha oceánů 3,61×10⁸km².Mezimoře,průměrná převýšenípádujeasi840m, zatímco průměrná hloubka oceánu je 380 m. Objem celé mořské vody je 1,37×10⁹km³.Nekonečné moře pouze poskytuje lidem přepravu, vodu a bohatá minerální ložiska, ale také obsahují. chanicalenergyinthese,na rozdíl od země a vzduchu.Easytolose.

Seawatertemperaturedifferenceenergyisakindofheatenergy.Theseasurfaceatlowlatitudeshasahighertemperature,whichcreatesatemperaturedifferencewiththedeepwater,whichcancauseheatexchange.Itsenergyisproportionaltothesizeofthetemperaturedifferenceandtheamountofheatexchangewater.Tidalenergy,tidalcurrentenergy,oceancurrentenergy,andwaveenergyareallmechanicalenergy.Theenergyofthetideisproportionaltothesizeofthetidalrangeandthetidalvolume.Theenergyofawaveisproportionaltothesquareofthewaveheightandtheareaof​​thewavedwaterarea.Thereisstillseawatersalinityenergy(alsoknownasseawaterchemicalenergy)intheestuarywaters,andthereisasalinitydifferencebetweenthefreshwaterthatenterstheseaandtheoceansaltwater.Ifasemi-permeablemembraneisused,thefreshwaterpenetratestotheseawaterside

,Cangenerateosmoticpressure,anditsenergyisproportionaltothepressuredifferenceandtheosmoticenergy.

Energetické vlastnosti

1.Oceánská energie má obrovské zásoby v celém vodním útvaru oceánu, zatímco objem jednotky energie, jednotková plocha a délka jednotky jsou relativně malé. To znamená, že chcete získat dvougeneraci, musíte ji získat z velkého množství mořské vody.

2.Oceanenergyisrenewable.Oceanenergycomesfromthegravitationalforcebetweensolarradiationenergyandcelestialbodies.Aslongasthesun,moonandothercelestialbodiescoexistwiththeearth,thiskindofenergywillberegenerated,anditwillbeinexhaustibleandinexhaustible.

3.Oceanenergycanbedividedintorelativelystableandunstableenergysources.Themorestableonesaretemperaturedifferenceenergy,salinitydifferenceenergyandoceancurrentenergy.Unstableenergyisdividedintotwotypes:regularchangesandirregularchanges.Tidalenergyandtidalenergyareunstablebutchangeregularly.Accordingtothechanginglawsoftidesandtides,peoplecompiletideandtideforecastsdaybydayandhourbydayinvariousplaces,andpredictthesizeandstrengthoftidesatvarioustimesinthefuture.Tidalpowerstationsandtidalpowerstationscanbearrangedforpowergenerationandoperationaccordingtotheforecasttable.Whatisunstableandirregulariswaveenergy.

4.Oceánská energie je čistý zdroj energie, tedy jednou vyvinutá energie oceánu, má malý dopad na znečištění životního prostředí.

Energyform

Tidalenergy

Tidalenergyreferstothepotentialenergygeneratedduringhightideandlowtide.Theintensityoftidalenergyisrelatedtothenumberoftidalheadsandthedrop.Generally,tideswithaheaddropgreaterthan3mhavethevalueofcapacityutilization.Tidalenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration.

Waveenergy

Waveenergyreferstothekineticenergyandpotentialenergyofwavesonthesurfaceoftheocean.Itisgeneratedundertheactionofwindandisderivedfrompotentialenergyandkineticenergy.Mechanicalenergystoredinshort-periodwaves.Waveenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration,butcanalsobeusedtotransportandpumpwater,heating,seawaterdesalinationandhydrogenproduction.

Temperaturedifferenceenergy

Seawatertemperaturedifferenceenergyreferstothethermalenergyofthedifferenceinwatertemperaturebetweenoceansurfacewateranddeepoceanwater,andisanimportantformofoceanenergy.Theseasurfaceatlowlatitudeshasahigherwatertemperature,andthereisatemperaturedifferencewiththedeepcoldwater,andthethermalenergyofthetemperaturedifferenceisstored,anditsenergyisproportionaltothesizeofthetemperaturedifferenceandtheamountofwater.

Themainuseoftemperaturedifferenceenergyispowergeneration.TheFrenchphysicistAssonvalfirstproposedtheideaof​​usingseawatertemperaturedifferencetogenerateelectricity.In1926,Assonvale’sstudentClaudesuccessfullyexperimentedwithseawatertemperaturedifferencepowergeneration.In1930,Claudebuilttheworld'sfirstseawatertemperaturedifferencepowerstationontheCubancoast,andobtained10kWofpower.

Thebiggestdifficultyintheuseoftemperaturedifferenceenergyisthesizeofthetemperaturedifference,lowenergydensity,itsefficiencyisonlyabout3%,andtheheatexchangeareaislarge,andtheconstructioncostishigh.Countriesarestillactivelyexploring.

Salinitydifferenceenergy

Saltdifferenceenergyreferstothechemicalpotentialdifferenceenergybetweenseawaterandfreshwaterorbetweentwoseawaterswithdifferentsaltconcentrations,whichappearsintheformofchemicalenergyOceanEnergy.Itmainlyexistsatthejunctionoftheriverandthesea.Atthesametime,saltlakesandundergroundsaltminesinfreshwater-richareascanalsousesaltdifferenceenergy.Salinityenergyisakindofrenewableenergywiththehighestenergydensityinoceanenergy.

Itisestimatedthatthesaltdifferenceintheestuariesoftheworldcanreach30TW,and2.6TWmaybeused.Thesalinitydifferenceinmycountryisestimatedtobe1.1×10^8kw,whichismainlyconcentratedintheoutletsofmajorrivers.Atthesametime,therearestillmanyinlandsaltlakesinmycountry'sQinghaiProvinceandotherplacesthatcanbeused.TheresearchonsaltdifferenceenergyisbasedontheresearchoftheUnitedStatesandIsrael,andsomeresearcheshavealsobeencarriedoutinChina,SwedenandJapan.Butingeneral,theresearchonthenewenergyofsaltdifferenceenergyisstillattheleveloflaboratoryexperiments,andthereisstillalongwaytogobeforedemonstrationapplications.

Currentenergy

Currentenergyreferstothekineticenergyofseawaterflow,mainlyreferstotherelativelystableflowinsubmarinewaterwaysandstraits,andtheregularflowofseawatercausedbytides.Energyisanotheroceanenergythatappearsintheformofkineticenergy.

Theuseofoceancurrentenergyismainlypowergeneration,anditsprincipleissimilartowindpowergeneration.Thetheoreticalestimateofoceancurrentenergyintheworldisabout10⁸kW.Usingvariousobservationsandanalysisdataof130waterwaysandnavigationgatesalongthecoastofChina,calculationsandstatisticshaveobtainedthetheoreticalvalueoftheannualaveragepowerofChina'scoastaloceancurrentstobeabout1.4X10⁷kW.Itisoneoftheregionswiththehighestpowerdensityintheworld.TheoceancurrentsalongthecoastsofLiaoning,Shandong,Zhejiang,FujianandTaiwanaremoreabundant.Manywaterwayshaveenergydensitiesof15-30kW/m².Gooddevelopmentvalue.EspeciallyintheJintang,GuishanandXihoumenwaterwaysofZhoushanIslandsinZhejiangProvince,theaveragepowerdensityisabove20kW/m²,andthedevelopmentenvironmentandconditionsareverygood.

Seawindenergy

Offshorewindenergyisthekineticenergygeneratedbythelargeamountofairmovementonthesurfaceoftheearth.Ontheocean,thewindisstrongerthanonland,andthedirectionismoreuniform.Accordingtoexpertestimates,anoceanwindturbinewiththesamepowercanproduce70%moreelectricityinayearthanalandwindturbine.Theprincipleofwindpowergeneration:windactsontheimpellertoconvertkineticenergyintomechanicalenergy,therebydrivingtheimpellertorotate,andthenthespeedofrotationisincreasedbythespeedincreasertopromotethegeneratortogenerateelectricity.mycountry'soffshorewindenergyresourcesarethreetimesthatofonshorewindenergyresources,andthereare750millionkWofwindenergyreservesthatcanbedevelopedandutilized.ThesoutheastcoastanditsislandsbetweentheYangtzeRiverandNan'aoIslandaremycountry'slargestwindenergyresourceareaandanarearichinwindenergyresources.Theresource-richareasincludeShandong,theLiaodongPeninsula,thecoastoftheYellowSea,thecoastoftheSouthChinaSeawestofNanaoIsland,HainanIslandandtheSouthChinaSeaIslands

OceanThermalEnergy

MarinethermalenergyreferstothecombinationofoceansurfacewaterbodiesandThermalenergycausedbytemperaturedifferencesindeepwaterbodies.Inadditiontopowergeneration,oceanthermalenergycanalsobeusedforseawaterdesalination,airconditioning,anddeep-seamineraldepositdevelopment.

Výhody a nevýhody

Nevýhody:Neexistuje shoda o nejlepší cestě k získání energie. Projekty velkého rozsahu mohou poškodit přirozené vodní toky, příliv a odliv a ekosystémy.

Výhody: Nevyčerpatelné obnovitelné zdroje, přílivová energie se musí řídit a rozsah rozvoje může být velký nebo malý.

Marineenergyresourcesgenerallyrefertotherenewablenaturalenergycontainedintheocean,includingtidalenergy,waveenergy,oceancurrentenergy(tidalenergy),seatemperaturedifferenceenergy,seasaltdifferenceenergy,etc.Theseenergysourceshavetheadvantagesofbeingrenewableandnon-pollutingtheenvironment,andareanewenergysourceofstrategicsignificancethaturgentlyneedstobedevelopedandutilized.

Wavepowergeneration,accordingtoscientists,theelectricenergycontainedinwavesontheearthisashighas90trilliondegrees.Largewavegeneratorsetshavealsocomeout.mycountryisalsoconductingresearchandtestingonwavepowergeneration,andmadepowergenerationdevicesfornavigationlights.Inthefutureworld,therewillbewavepowerplantsbelongingtoChinaineveryocean.Waveenergywillmakeagreatcontributiontomycountry'selectricalindustry.

Tidalpowergeneration,accordingtoestimatesbytheWorldPowerConference,by2020,theworld’stidalpowergenerationwillreach100-300billionkilowatts.ThelargesttidalpowerstationintheworldistheRanceEstuaryPowerStationontheEnglishChannelinnorthernFrance.Ithasageneratingcapacityof240,000kilowattsandhasbeeninoperationformorethan30years.ChinabuilttheJiangxiatidalpowerstationinZhejiangProvincewithatotalcapacityof3,000kilowatts.

Využití energie

Metoda využití

Existují dva způsoby generování tepelné tepelné energie:

ThefirstoneistoheatthelowboilingpointworkingfluidIntosteam;

Thesecondistosendwarmwaterdirectlyintothevacuumchambertomakeitboilandturnintosteam.Thesteamisusedtodrivethesteamturbinegeneratortogenerateelectricity.Finally,coldwaterispumpedfromadepthof600to1000meterstocondensethesteam.

První přijímá uzavřenou smyčku a druhý přijímá otevřenou smyčku.

ThefirsttestwassuccessfulinFrancein1930,buttheelectricitygeneratedatthattimewasnotaslargeastheelectricityconsumed,soitcouldnotbeimplemented.Manycountriesareconductingresearchonseawatertemperaturedifferencepowergeneration.Practicehasprovedthattheopencyclehasmoreadvantagesthantheclosedcycle:①Usingwarmseawaterastheworkingmedium,itcanavoidthepollutionoftheoceanbytoxicsubstancessuchasammoniaordichlorodifluoromethane;②TheopencyclesystemdirectlycontactstheheatexchangeTheheatexchangerischeapandefficient;③Thedirectcontactheatexchangercanbemadeofplastic,whichhashighcorrosionresistanceinwarmseawater;④Itcanproduceby-product-distilledwater.Theopencyclealsohasdisadvantages:thedensityofsteamproducedislow,andthesteamturbineislarge;aftertheseawaterthatturnsintosteamisdischargedbacktotheocean,itwillaffectthelivingenvironmentofnearbyorganisms.

1. Tepelná výroba energie

Usinganon-azeotropicmedium(amixtureofFreon-22andFreon-12)asthemedium,theoutputpoweris1.1to1.2timestheprevious.Thetrialoperationofa75-kilowattpilotplantprovedthatbecausetheheatexchangeradoptsaflatplatedevice,therequiredpumpingcapacityissmall,thetransmissionpowerconsumptionissmall,andthecostofotheraccessoriesisalsolow.Inaddition,thenetelectricoutputpowercanbecontrolledbyacomputer.Upto70%oftheratedpower.A3,000-kilowatt-classpowerstationcostslessthan50yenperkilowatt-hourofpowergeneration,whichislowerthanthepriceofdieselpowergeneration.Itispredictedthattheuseofoceantemperaturedifferencetogenerateelectricity,ifitcanberealizedwithinacentury,canbecomeanewstartingpointforthedevelopmentofnewenergy.

2.Tidalpowergeneration

Intheturbulentsea,undertheinfluenceofthesunandmoon,thetidesometimesrisesbyhundredsoffeetandsometimesquietlyrecedes,leavingbehindasandybeach.Theoceanundulateslikethis,dayandnight,yearafteryear,soregular,sorhythmic,asifpeoplearebreathing.Thisregularfluctuationofseawateriscalledtides.

Tidalpowergenerationisanimportantwaytoutilizetidalenergy.Accordingtopreliminaryestimates,therearemorethan1billionkilowattsoftidalenergyintheworld,whichcangenerate2to3trillionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityeachyear.mycountry’scoastlineis18,000kilometerslong.Accordingtotheresultsofthe1958Census,itisestimatedthatthereareatleast28millionkilowattsoftidalpowerresources,andtheminimumannualpowergenerationcapacityisnolessthan70billionkilowatt-hours.

Světově proslulá oblast je anglický kanál, kde je nejvyšší přílivový rozsah 14,6 metrů a přílivový rozsah podél Atlantického oceánu je také 4 až 7,4 metrů.

ItisestimatedthatonlythenorthbranchoftheYangtzeRiverestuarycanbuild800,000-kilowatttidalpowerstationsinChina,withanannualpowergenerationof2.3billionkWh,whichisclosetothetotalpowergenerationcapacityofXin'anRiverandFuchunRiverhydropowerstations;QiantangRiverestuarycanbebuiltThe5millionkilowatttidalpowerstationhasanannualpowergenerationcapacityofmorethan18billionkilowatt-hours,whichisapproximatelyequivalenttothepowergenerationcapacityof10Xin'anjianghydropowerstations.

Asearlyasthe12thcentury,humansbegantousetidalenergy.A"tidalmill"wasbuiltinBrittanyontheFrenchcoast,usingtidalenergyinsteadofmanpowertopushthemill.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,peoplebegantobuilddamsandbuildtidalpowerstations.

Francehasbuilttheworld'sfirstlarge-scaletidalpowerstationinBrittany.Thepowerstationishuge.Thedamis750meterslongandthetopofthedamisaroad.Theaveragetidalrangeis8.5meters,andthemaximumtidalrangeis13.5meters.Theannualpowergenerationcapacityis544millionkilowatt-hours.

Po osvobození Číny bylo podél pobřeží postaveno několik malých přílivových elektráren. Například DaliangTidal PowerStation v Shunde County, Guangdong Province (144kW), HuameiTaikooTidal PowerStation v Xiamen, Fujian (Fujian) ling, Zhejiang a XiangshanGaotang Tidal PowerStation (450 kW).

3. Generování vlnové energie

"Three-footwaveswithoutwind"isatrueportrayaloftheendlesssea.Thewaveshaveamazingpower.Awaveof5metershighhas10tonsofpressurepersquaremeter.Bigwavescanthrow13tonsofrockstoaheightof20meters,flip1,700tonsofrocks,andevenpushtensofthousandsoftonsofhugeshipsashore.

Thetotalenergycontainedinthewavesisamazing.Itisestimatedthattheenergycontainedinthewavesoftheearthisequivalentto90trillionkilowatt-hoursofelectricalenergy.

Utilizationstatus

Someoftheabove-mentioneddifferentformsofenergyhavebeenusedbyhumans,andsomehavebeenincludedinthedevelopmentandutilizationplan,butthedegreeofdevelopmentandutilizationofoceanenergybypeopleisstillverylow..Althoughtherearevariousdifferencesbetweenthesemarineenergyresources,theyalsohavesomecommoncharacteristics.Eachoceanenergyresourcehasaconsiderableenergyflux:tidalenergyandsalinitygradientenergyareabout2TW;waveenergyisalsoonthisorder;andoceanthermalenergyisatleasttwoordersofmagnitudelargerthanthis.Buttheseenergiesarescatteredinawidegeographicalarea,soinfacttheirenergyflowdensityisquitelow,andmostoftheseresourcesarestoredintheseaawayfromthecentralareaof​​electricity.Therefore,onlyasmallpartoftheoceanenergyresourcescanbedevelopedandutilized.

1. Problémy

Therearetwomainreasonswhymanyoceanenergyresourceshavenotbeenusedsofar:First,economicbenefitsPoor,highcost.Second,sometechnicalissueshavenotyetbeenresolved.Nevertheless,manycountriesareorganizingresearchtosolvetheseproblems,whileatthesametimeformulatinggrandoceanenergyutilizationplans.Forexample,Franceplanstousetidalenergytogenerate35billionkilowatt-hoursbytheendofthiscentury,Britainplanstobuilda1millionkilowattwavepowerstation,andtheUnitedStatesplanstobuild500oceanthermalpowerstationsontheeastcoast.Fromtheperspectiveofdevelopmenttrends,oceanenergyisboundtobecomeoneoftheimportantenergysourcesforcoastalcountries,especiallydevelopedcoastalcountries.

2. Vyhlídky

Thereisalargeamountofrenewableoceanenergyintheworld.AccordingtoestimatesfromaUNESCOpublicationin1981,thetheoreticallyrenewabletotalofthefivetypesofoceanenergyis76.6billionkilowatts.Amongthem,thetemperaturedifferenceenergyis40billionkilowatts,thesalinitydifferenceenergyis30billionkilowatts,thetidalandwaveenergyareeach3billionkilowatts,andtheoceancurrentenergyis600millionkilowatts.However,asmentionedabove,itisdifficulttoextractalltheabove-mentionedenergy.Itisassumedthatonlystrongoceancurrents,tidesandwavescanbeused;thesalinitydifferenceintheareawithheavyrainfallisused,andtheutilizationofthetemperaturedifferenceislimitedbytheCarnotefficiencyoftheheatengine.Therefore,itisestimatedthatthetechnicallyallowableutilizationofpoweris6.4billionkilowatts,ofwhichthesalinityenergyis3billionkilowatts,thetemperaturedifferenceenergyis2billionkilowatts,thewaveenergyis1billionkilowatts,theoceancurrentenergyis300millionkilowatts,andthetidalenergyis100millionkilowatts(estimatedfigures).

Theintensityofoceanenergyislowerthanconventionalenergy.Theseawatertemperaturedifferenceissmall,andthelargetemperaturedifferencebetweentheseasurfaceandthe500-1000metersdeepwaterisonlyabout20℃;thetidalandwavewaterleveldifferenceissmall,thelargetidalrangeisonly7-10meters,andthelargewaveheightisonly3meters;tidalcurrents,oceancurrentsThespeedissmall,andthelargerflowrateisonly4to7knots.Evenso,amongrenewableenergysources,oceanenergystillhasaconsiderableenergyflowdensity.Takingwaveenergyasanexample,theaveragewavepowerpermeterofcoastlineintherichestseaareais50kilowatts,generally5to6kilowatts;thelatterisequivalenttothesolarfluxdensityof1kilowatt/m2).Anotherexampleistidalcurrentenergy.TheZhoushanIslandstidalcurrentwithamaximumvelocityof3m/shasanaveragetidalpowerof4.5kW/m2inatidalcycle.Asanaturalenergysource,oceanenergyisconstantlychanging.However,theoceanisahugeenergystoragereservoir,whichstoressolarenergyandderivedwindenergyintheformofheatandmechanicalenergyinthesea,whichisnotaseasytoloseasitisonlandandintheair.Theseatemperaturedifference,salinitydifferenceandoceancurrentarerelativelystable,24hoursadaywithoutinterruption,smallfluctuationsbetweendayandnight,andonlyslightlyseasonalchanges.Tidesandcurrentsmakeconstantperiodicchanges,whichcanaccuratelypredictspringtides,smalltides,hightides,lowtides,tidelevels,tidespeeds,anddirections.Oceanwavesarethemostunstableintheocean,withseasonalityandperiodicity,andadjacentcyclesarealsochanging.However,oceanwavesarethesumofwindwavesandswells,andswellsoriginatefromwindenergyinthevastoceanforalongtime.Theyarenotaseasytoriseandstopasthelocalsunandwindandareaffectedbylocalweather.

Theutilizationofoceanenergyisstillveryexpensive.TaketheLancetidalpowerstationinFranceasanexample.ItsunitkilowattinstalledcapacityisUS$1,500(pricein1980),whichishigherthanconventionalthermalpowerstations.However,incoastalareas(includingislands)whereenergyisseverelylacking,itisstilladvisabletouseoceanenergyasasupplementaryenergysource.

mycountry'scurrentsituation

Ingeneral,mycountry'soceanenergyresourcesareveryrich,andtheamountofdevelopmentandutilizationcanreach1billionkW.Amongthem,thetotalinstalledcapacityoftidalenergyresourcesonthecoastofmycountryis2179kW;thetheoreticalaveragepowerofwaveenergyis12.85millionkW;thetheoreticalaveragepowerof130tidalchannelsis13.94millionkW;thetotalamountofthermalenergyresourcesavailablefordevelopmentinoffshoreandadjacentseaareasTheinstalledcapacityisabout1.747billionto21.865billionkW;thetheoreticalpowerofcoastalsaltenergyresourcesisabout114millionkW;offshorewindenergyresourcesreach750millionkW.

Developmentprocess

mycountry’soceanenergydevelopmenthasahistoryofnearly40years.Sofar,8tidalpowerstationshavebeenbuilt.Sincethe1980s,Zhejiang,Fujianandotherplaceshavebeenaffectedbyseverallargeandmedium-sizedtidalpowerplants.Forthepowerstation,alargenumberofpreliminarypreparationshavebeencarriedout,suchasinspection,survey,planneddesign,andfeasibilitystudy.Inshort,mycountry'soceanpowergenerationtechnologyhasagoodfoundationandrichexperience,andthesmall-scaletidalpowergenerationtechnologyisbasicallymature,andithasthetechnicalconditionsforthedevelopmentofmedium-sizedtidalpowerstations.However,theoverallscaleandunitcapacityoftheexistingtidalpowerstationsarestillsmall,andthecostperkilowattishigherthanthatofconventionalhydropowerstations.Theconstructionofhydraulicstructuresisstillrelativelybackward,andthehydro-turbinegeneratorsetshavenotyetbeenfinalizedandstandardized.Theseareallproblemsinthedevelopmentoftidalenergyinourcountry.Thekeyproblemisthatthetechnicalproblemsofthehydro-generatorunitsofthemedium-sizedtidalpowerstationhavenotbeencompletelysolved,andthecostofthepowerstationneedstobereducedurgently.

mycountry'swavepowertechnologyresearchbeganinthe1970s,andhasbeendevelopingrapidlysincethe1980s.Microtidalpowergenerationdevicesfornavigationlightshavebecomecommercialized.Hundredsofthemhavebeenproducedincoastalwaters.Andpopularizeandapplyonlargelightboats.Theback-benttubebuoypowergenerationdevicedevelopedincooperationwithJapanhasbeenexportedtoforeigncountries,andthetechnologyisattheinternationalleadinglevel.Theshore-sidefixedwavepowerstationdevelopedonDawanshanIslandinthePearlRiverEstuary,thefirstdevicewithaninstalledcapacityof3kW,wassuccessfullytestedforpowergenerationin1990.The"EighthFive-YearPlan"scientificandtechnologicalresearchprojecthasashorewavepowerteststationwithatotalinstalledcapacityof20kWandan8kWpendulumwavepowerteststation,bothofwhichhavebeensuccessfullyconstructed.Inshort,althoughmycountry'swavepowergenerationstartedlate,ithasdevelopedrapidly.Microwavepowertechnologyhasmatured,andsmallshorewavepowertechnologyhasenteredtheworld'sadvancedranks.However,thescaleofwaveenergydevelopmentinmycountryismuchsmallerthanthatofNorwayandtheUnitedKingdom,andsmallwavepowergenerationisstillfarfrompractical.

Theresearchontidalcurrentpowergenerationbeganinthemid-1970sinternationally.TheUnitedStates,Japan,andtheUnitedKingdomaremainlyengagedintidalcurrentpowergenerationtestresearch.Sofar,thereisnoreportontheactualpowergenerationdevice.Theresearchontidalcurrentpowergenerationinmycountrybeganinthelate1970s,andtheprincipletestof8kWtidalcurrentgeneratingunitswasfirstcarriedoutintheZhoushanwaters.Inthe1980s,thevertical-shaftself-adjustingbladeturbinetidalcurrentpowergenerationdevicehasbeentestedandresearched,andthisprincipleisbeingusedfortheresearchof70kWtidalcurrenttestpowerstation.ThesiteofthestationintheZhoushanwatershasbeenselected.mycountryhasbeguntoresearchandbuildphysicalpowerstations,anditisinaleadingpositionintheworld,buttherearestillaseriesoftechnicalproblemstobesolved.

Comparedwithotherenergysources,tidalcurrentenergyhasthefollowingadvantages:strongregularityandpredictability;highpowerdensity,stableenergy,easytomanagethegenerationanddistributionofthepowergrid,anditisakindofExcellentrenewableenergy;theuseoftidalenergyisusuallyopenandwillnothaveabigimpactonthemarineenvironment.

Inthepast20years,drivenbythefossilfuelenergycrisisandthepressureofenvironmentalchanges,theoceanenergybusiness,oneofthemainrenewableenergysources,hasmadegreatprogress.Withthesupportofrelevanthigh-techsupport,Oceanenergyapplicationtechnologyisbecomingmoreandmoremature,showingabrightprospectformankindtomakefulluseofoceanenergyinthenextcentury.mycountryhasamainlandcoastlineofmorethan18,000kilometers,morethan6,960largeandsmallislands,atotalareaof​​6,700squarekilometers,morethan430inhabitedislands,andatotalpopulationofmorethan4.5million.Coastsandislandsarenotonlythebasesforexport-orientedeconomy,butalsotheoutpostsformarinetransportationandmarinedevelopment,andtheyplayanimportantroleinconsolidatingnationaldefenseandsafeguardingtherightsandinterestsofthemotherland.Sincethereformandopeningup,withthedevelopmentofthecoastaleconomy,thedevelopmentofislandsisimminent,andtheshortageofenergyhasseverelyrestrictedtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandards.ForeignbusinessmenandoverseasChinesearereluctanttoinvestduetothelackofenergyintheislands;thetroopsstationedontheislandshavedifficultyinusingelectricity,whichisnotconducivetotheconstructionofnationaldefense;especiallytheislandsfarawayfromthemainlandsuchasXishaandNansharelyonthemainlandforenergysupply.hard.Inordertoensurethesustainedandrapiddevelopmentofthecoastalandislandeconomiesandthecontinuousimprovementofpeople'slivingstandards,itisurgenttofindawaytosolvetheshortageofenergysupply.

Technologystatus

Accordingtodata,sincethe1980s,mycountryhassuccessivelybuiltabatchofsmallandmediumtidalpowerstationsinvariouscoastalareasandputthemintooperationforpowergeneration.ThelargesttidalpowerstationistheJiangxiaTidalTestPowerStationinWenlingCity,ZhejiangProvince,whichwasbuiltinMay1980.Itisalsooneofthelargertwo-waytidalpowerstationsbuiltintheworld.Thetotalstoragecapacityis4.9millioncubicmeters,andtheeffectivestoragecapacityforpowergenerationis2.7millioncubicmeters.Themaximumtidalrangehereis8.39metersandtheaveragetidalrangeis5.08meters;thepowerofthepowerstationis3,200kilowatts.ItisunderstoodthattheJiangxiaPowerStationcangenerateelectricityfor14-15hoursadayandnight,whichis30%-40%morethantheunidirectionaltidalpowerstation.TheJiangxiaPowerStationcanprovide10billionwatts/hourofelectricityfortheWenlingandHuangyanpowergridseveryyear.

Inadditiontotidalenergy,thefocusisonthedevelopmentofwaveenergyandseawaterthermalenergy.Statisticsshowthatoceanwavesgenerate200,000kilowattsofenergyonthesurfaceof1squarekilometerpersecond.Theavailablewavesintheworld’soceansareabout2.7to3billionkilowatts,whilethereservesofwavesinmycountry’scoastalwatersareabout150million.Kilowatts,whichcanbeexploitedandutilizedisabout30-35millionkilowatts.Somedevelopedcountrieshavebeguntobuildsmallwavepowerstations.

Thethermalenergyofseawateristhattheseawaterontheseasurfaceisheatedbythesun,anditisdecompressedinavacuumpumptoturntheseawaterintosteam,whichthendrivesasteamturbinetogenerateelectricity.Atthesametime,thesteamisbroughtinagainandrecoveredasfreshwateraftercooling.Thesetwotechnologiesareunderresearchanddevelopmentinmycountry.

Existingpowerstation

OnMay4,1980,thefirstunitoftheJiangxiaTidalPowerStationinWenling,ZhejiangProvince,wasconnectedtothegridforpowergeneration,unveilingthelarge-scaleconstructionoftidalpowerstationsinChina.Theprologue.Thepowerstationisequippedwith6500-kilowatthydroelectricgeneratingunitswithatotalinstalledcapacityof3,000kilowatts.Thetidalbarrageis670meterslongandtheeffectivereservoircapacityis2.7millioncubicmeters.Itisamoderntidalpowerstationofalargescale.ItnotonlymakesduecontributionstosolvingtheenergyshortageinZhejiang,butalsohastheabilitytocompeteeconomically.TheunitcostoftheJiangxiatidalpowerstationis2500yuanperkilowatt,whichisequivalenttothecostofasmallhydropowerstation.Thesmall40-kilowatttidalpowerstationinShashan,Zhejiang,hasbeeningoodconditionsinceitscompletionin1959,withaninvestmentof40,000yuanandanincomeofmorethan350,000yuan.TheHaishanTidalPowerStationhasaninstalledcapacityof150kilowatts,anannualpowergenerationof290,000kilowatt-hours,andanincomeof20,000yuan.Italsobreedscockles,fishandshrimpandmakesbrickswithanannualincomeof200,000yuan.

Therearethreeformsoftidalpowergeneration:oneissingle-storageunidirectionalpowergeneration.Itistobuilddams,powerhousesandsluicesinthebay(orestuary)toseparatethebay(orestuary)fromtheopensea.Thesluiceisopenedathightide,andthetidefillsthereservoir.Atlowtide,thedifferencebetweenthewaterlevelinsideandoutsidethereservoirisusedtoformastrongThepowerfulfaucetimpactsthehydro-generatorunittogenerateelectricity.Thismethodcanonlygenerateelectricityatlowtide,soitiscalledsingle-storageone-waypowergeneration.Thesecondtypeissingle-storagetwo-waypowergeneration,whichalsoonlybuildsareservoir,adoptscleverhydraulicdesignoradoptstwo-wayhydroelectricgeneratorsets,sothatthepowerstationcangenerateelectricitywhenthetiderisesandfalls.However,neitherofthesetwopowergenerationmethodscangeneratepowerwhenthetideislow.Thethirdtypeisdual-storagetwo-waypowergeneration.Itistobuildtworeservoirsinthebaywithfavorableconditions.Duringthehightideandlowtide,thewaterlevelofthetworeservoirsalwaysmaintainsacertaindrop.Thewaterturbinegeneratorisinstalledbetweenthetworeservoirstocontinuouslygenerateelectricity.

Tidalpowergenerationhasmanyadvantages.Forexample,thetidescomeandgoregularlyandarenotaffectedbyfloodsorlowwaters;takingestuariesorbaysasnaturalreservoirswillnotfloodalotofland;theydonotpollutetheenvironment;theydonotconsumefuel,etc.However,tidalpowerstationsalsohavedisadvantagessuchasarduousengineering,highcost,andthecorrosiveeffectofseawateronunderwaterequipment.However,thecomprehensiveeconomiccomparisonshowsthatthecostoftidalpowergenerationislowerthanthatofthermalpower.