Qu Qiubai

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• ManželkaYangZhihua

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• FatherQuShiwei

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• MotherJinxuan

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• Bývalá manželka WangJianhong

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• Step-daughterQuDuyi

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• BrotherQuYunbai

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Život postavy

Škola mládeže

29. ledna 1899,QuQiubaishengNachází se ve druhém patře budovy Tianxiang,BaguitangGarden,QingguoLane (nyní č.82),Changzhou provincie Jiangsu.

Otec, QuShiwei,je dobrý v malbě,šermu a lékařství.Je od přírody jiný,neřídí rodinný podnik,žije v domě svého strýce a finančně závisí na pomoci rodiny QuShihu,magistrátu Zhejiang.

In1904,heenteredaprivateschoolforenlightenment,andin1905hewastransferredtoGuanyingPrimarySchool.Therewasanessayinwhichthehusbandgaveafullscoreandshowedittotheprincipal.Becauseofthegoodwriting,headdedanotherfivepoints.

InthespringofthefirstyearofXuantongoftheQingDynasty(1909),hewasadmittedtothepreparatorycourseofChangzhouFuMiddleSchool(nowChangzhouSeniorMiddleSchoolinJiangsuProvince).AffectedbytherevolutionarythoughtofTuYuanbo,theprincipal.

AftertheRevolutionof1911,QuShihu'suncleQuShihuabandonedhisofficialresidencetoliveinHangzhouandstoppedfundingQuShiwei'sfamily.QuQiubai’sfamilywascaughtineconomicdifficultiesandmovedtotheChengxiTemplealongtheQu’sAncestralHallinTing,wherehelivedonpawnsandborrowedmoney.

Onthefifthdayofthefirstlunarmonthof1916,hismotherJinXuancommittedsuicidebytakingpoison.

Attheendof1916,hewenttoHankouandlivedinthehomeofQuChunbai,acousinwhowasaninterpreterintheBeijing-HanRailwayBureau,andenteredWuchangForeignLanguageSchooltolearnEnglish.

Inthespringof1917,IwenttoBeijingwithmycousin.IoriginallyhadtoapplyforPekingUniversity,butIcouldn'taffordthetuitionandmeals.Participatinginthegeneralcivilserviceexaminationwasnottaken.Later,hewasadmittedtotheRussianSpecialistTrainingCenteroftheMinistryofForeignAffairswherehe"hasnotuitionandhasabackground"tolearnRussian.ParticipatedintheMayFourthMovementin1919.HewasarrestedonJune3andgaveaspeechinthestreet.HewasreleasedonJune8.OnAugust23,theygatheredatXinhuamenwithstudentrepresentativesfromalloverthecountrytoprotestagainstthearrestof"MaLiangandLu"bytheNationalPoliceAgency.OnAugust30,theNationalPoliceAgencyreleasedallpetitionrepresentatives.AftertheMayFourthMovement,hejoinedtheMarxistResearchAssociationinitiatedbyLiDazhaoandZhangSongnian.

LifeinRussia

V srpnu 1920 byl jako zvláštní korespondent od Beijing MorningNews a Shanghai Shixinbao na rozhovor v Moskvě.

OnJuly6,1921,IsawtherevolutionaryteacherLeninintheAndreHallandhadabriefconversationinthemeeting.OnNovember7,1921,onthefourthanniversaryoftheOctoberRevolutioninRussia,Iparticipatedintheworkers'memorialassemblyattheThirdElectricLaborFactoryinMoscow.IsawLeninagainandlistenedtoaspeech.Intheautumnof1921,OrientalUniversityopenedaChineseclass.AstheonlytranslatorinMoscowatthattime,heenteredtheschoolasatranslatorandassistantteacher.TheChineseclasswasorganizedasaseparateclass.ThestudentsincludedLiuShaoqi,LuoYinong,PengShuzhi,RenBishi,KeQingshi,WangYifei,XiaoJinguang,etc.,QuQiubaitaughtRussian,materialistdialectics,politicaleconomy,andactedasaninterpreterforpoliticaltheorycourses.InMay1921,ZhangTaileiintroducedhimtotheCommunistPartyofChina,andinSeptemberhebecameafullpartymember.

Na jaře roku 1922 se formálně připojil ke Komunistické straně Číny.

Attheendof1922,ChenDuxiuwenttoMoscowonbehalfoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andQuQiubaiservedasatranslator.

Návrat do práce v Číně

21. prosince 1922, pozván ChenDuxiu, z Moskvy se vrátil do práce v Číně. Přijel do Pekingu 13. ledna 1923.

Únor 1923,částečně přeloženo „Na základu leninismu“, přeloženo část „Shrnutí leninismu“ ve Stalinově knize „Na základu leninismu“, 22. dubna v publikaci „New Youth“ č. 1. historii mezinárodního komunistického hnutí.

Inthesummerof1923,YuYourenandDengZhongxiafoundedShanghaiUniversity,andQuQiubaiwenttoShanghaiUniversityasthedeanofsociology.InAugust,hewroteandpublishedthe"ShanghaiUniversity"thatmodernChinashouldhave,formulatingaplanforthedevelopmentofShanghaiUniversity,envisagedthatShanghaiUniversitywillbecomea"newculturalsportscenterintheSouth",andproceededtoformulateschoolregulationsandrectifythefaculty,Carryingouttheprincipleofcombiningtheorywithpractice,improvingteachingquality,andestablishingbasic-levelorganizationsoftheCommunistParty.Atthesametime,heisalsoinchargeofthepropagandaworkoftheChineseCommunistParty,servingastheeditor-in-chiefofthequarterlymagazine"NewYouth",andatthesametimetheeditor-in-chiefofanothercentralagencypublication"Qianfeng",participatingintheeditingof"Guide".

Attheendof1923,heparticipatedinthedraftingofthedraftdeclarationofthefirstNationalCongressoftheKuomintang.ThedeclarationestablishedthenewThreePeople'sPrinciplespolicyofunitingRussia,unitingtheCommunistParty,andhelpingworkersandpeasants.

OnJanuary20,1924,thefirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangopenedinGuangzhou.Atthemeeting,hewaselectedasthealternatecentralexecutivememberoftheKuomintang.HerushedbetweenShanghaiandGuangzhoutohandletheissueofcooperationbetweenthetwoparties.

InJuly1924,accordingtoSunYat-sen'sproposal,theKuomintangCentralCommitteeestablishedapoliticalcommitteewithSunYat-senasthechairmanandQuQiubaiasamember.Duringthisperiod,QuQiubaialsoparticipatedintheguidanceworkoftheKMTShanghaiExecutiveDepartmentasanalternateexecutivememberoftheCentralCommittee.Atthesametime,healsoservedastheeditoroftheShanghaiKMTorgannewspaper"RepublicofChinaDaily".

SinceJanuary1925,attheFourth,Fifth,andSixthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,hewaselectedasamemberoftheCentralCommittee,amemberoftheCentralBureauandamemberofthePoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommittee,andbecameoneoftheleadersoftheCommunistPartyofChina.OnMay30,1925,the"May30thMassacre"occurredandledthepatrioticanti-imperialistmovementwithChenDuxiu,CaiHesen,LiLisan,YunDaiying,andLiuShaoqi.OnJune4,theeditor-in-chiefpublishedtheCommunistParty’sfirstdailynewspaper,the“HotBloodDaily”,whichreportedontheanti-imperialiststruggleinShanghaiandthewholecountry.Inthespringof1926,hewasseriouslyillandwashospitalized,andwrotethebook"RussianBourgeoisRevolutionandtheProblemofthePeasants".

OnFebruary7,1927,IeditedQuQiubai'sEssaysbymyself.OnFebruary22,Shanghaiworkerslaunchedthesecondarmeduprising.QuQiubairushedtotheRafadRoadRiotCommandPosttoparticipateinleadingtheuprising.Intheevening,heattendedthejointmeetingoftheCentralandDistrictPartyCommitteesanddraftedthe"PolicyandWorkPlanOpinionsaftertheFebruary22RiotinShanghai"overnightandsubmittedittotheCentralSpecialCommittee.FromFebruary25thtoMarch2nd,attendedthemeetingoftheCentralSpecialCommitteetodiscussthethirdarmeduprisingofShanghaiworkersandputforwardimportantguidingopinions.FromShanghaitoHankouinMarch,responsiblefortheFifthCongress.OnApril11,hewrotetheprefaceforMaoZedong's"InvestigationReportonHunanPeasantMovement".FromApril27thtoMay9th,theFifthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinawasheld.Onthefirstday,ChenDuxiugaveareporttotheCentralCommittee.Onthesecondday,QuQiubaicirculated"ProblemsofControversyintheChineseRevolution",criticizingChenDuxiuandtherepresentativesoftheCommunistInternationalfortheirrightopportunisticmistakes.ElectedasamemberoftheCentralCommittee,amemberofthePolitburo,andamemberofthePolitburoStandingCommittee.

OnJuly12,1927,theCommunistInternationalorderedthereorganizationoftheleadershipoftheCPCCentralCommittee.ChenDuxiuwassuspendedandZhangGuotaoactedasatemporaryagenttopresideovertheworkoftheCentralCommittee.OnJuly13,wewenttoLushansecretlywithBorodintodiscusstheleadershipreorganizationoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandplananarmedriot.HereturnedtoWuhaninthelasttendaysandattendedtheenlargedmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheCentralCommitteeheldonJuly25todiscussandagreetoNanchang'sproposal.OnAugust1stNanchangUprising.OnAugust7th,theCommunistInternationalrepresentativeLuoMinnazpresidedoverameeting(theAugust7thmeeting),formallyremovedChenDuxiu(absent),appointedQuQiubaiasatemporarymemberofthePolitburoStandingCommittee,andpresidedovertheworkoftheCentralCommittee.AfterChenDuxiu,hebecamethesecondhighestleaderoftheCommunistPartyofChina.

InMarchandAprilof1928,theinterimstandingcommitteemadeself-criticism,whichbasicallyendedthenationwideleft-leaningblindmoveerrorinpractice.

HearrivedinMoscowinmid-May1928andhostedtheSixthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinainthetownofZvenigorodontheoutskirtsofMoscowinJune.Afterthat,hecontinuedtostayinMoscowandservedastheheadoftheCCP'sdelegationtotheCommunistInternationalfortwoyears.TheactualdirectleaderoftheCCPinChinawasLiLisanandXiangZhongfa.Inthesummerof1927,MiFuandWangMingfabricatedthe"JiangsuandZhejiangClassmatesAssociation"incident.Inthesummerof1929,WangMingandotherstookadvantageoftheanti-rightistQingpartymovementoftheCommunistPartytosetoffawaveofSunYat-senUniversity,helda"ten-daymeeting"toforma"twenty-eightandahalfBolsheviks",andeventuallyledtothe"disappearanceofQuQiubai'sthirdbrother,JingBai."".

Inthespringof1930,withthesupportoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheCommunistInternational,hewasremovedfromthepositionoftherepresentativeoftheCommunistPartyofChinainMoscowandreturnedtoChinawithhiswife.HewenttoShanghaionAugust26.AttheendofSeptember,theSixthThirdPlenarySessionoftheCentralCommitteewasheldtocriticizetheadventurismlineofsettingupthree.Since"theLisanlinewasnotrecognizedasfundamentallydifferentfromtheinternationalline",thecriticismoftheLisanlinewasnotthoroughenough.

OnJanuary7,1931,underthecontrolofMiff,theFourthPlenarySessionoftheSixthCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinawasheldinShanghai.LiLisanwasexpelledfromtheCentralCommitteeandQuQiubaiwasalsoremovedfromthecentralleadershipposition.Sofar,MifuhasachievedthegoalofcontrollingtheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andWangMinghasalsorisentotheskyinonestep.AftergoingtoMoscowastherepresentativeoftheChineseCommunistPartytotheCommunistInternational,Bogu(QinBangxian)tookoverastheinterimheadoftheCentralCommittee.QuQiubaistayedinShanghaitorecuperate(tuberculosis),didliterarycreationandtranslation,forgedadeepfriendshipwithMaoDunandLuXun,andledtheleft-wingmovement.HewasorderedtoleaveShanghaiin1934.

OnFebruary5,1934,hearrivedinRuijin,thecentralrevolutionarybase,andservedasamemberoftheCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheChineseSovietRepublic,amemberofthePeople'sEducationCommission,andtheMinisterofEducationoftheCentralGovernmentoftheChineseSovietRepublic.AftertheRedArmydecidedontheLongMarch,theyaskedtojointhearmyintheLongMarch,buttheywerestillleftinRuijin,whichwasabouttofall.

Arrestedforjustice

DuringtheLongMarch,themainforceoftheRedArmy,QuQiubaisufferedfromalungdiseaseandstayedinRuijin,Jiangxitoinsistonguerrillawarfare,andservedasthePropagandaDirectoroftheCentralBureauoftheCommunistPartyofChina.OnFebruary24,1935,inChangtingCounty,FujianProvince,hewasdiscoveredbythelocalreactionaryarmedsecuritygroupandwasarrestedforfailingtobreakthrough.Atthattime,underthepseudonymLinQixiang,hewasadoctorbyprofession.InearlyApril,theEighthDivisionoftheKuomintangcapturedXu,thewifeofWanYongcheng,secretaryoftheFujianProvincialPartyCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andconfessedthatQuQiubaihadbeencapturedinChangtingCounty.TheKuomintangfoundQuQiubaiamongthecapturedpersonsbasedontheinformationprovidedbyXu.HealsoaskedthecapturedtraitorZhengDapeng,whohadbeenasenderandreceiver,toidentifyinthedark,confirmingthat"LinQixiang"wasindeedQuQiubai.

Dne 9. května 1935 byl QuQiubai odsouzen ke změně. Během svého zadržení (23. května) QuQiubai napsal „zbytečná slova“, vyjadřující zvraty a obraty politické kariéry jeho literátů. ve věku 36 let.

Osobní život

Členové rodiny

EmotionalLife

S WangJianhong

Thefirstlover,WangJianhong,SheisaclosefriendofthefamouswriterDingLingatShanghaiUniversity,asmartwomanofthetimes.In1923,QuQiubaimetandfellinlovewithher,andtheymarriedinlessthanhalfayear.Unfortunately,afteronly7monthsofmarriage,WangJianhongdiedoftuberculosis.

S YangZhihua

Thesecondwife,YangZhihua,isQuDuyi’smother.BorninXiaoshan,Zhejiangin1900,sheisagentlemaninthefamily.Miss.In1922,YangZhihuawenttoShanghaialonetoparticipateinthewomen'smovement,metXiangJingyu,WangJianhongandothers,andwasadmittedtotheDepartmentofSociologyofShanghaiUniversityattheendof1923.HemarriedQuQiubaionNovember7,1924.

CoachingatShanghaiUniversity

In1923,QuQiubaibecamethedeanoftheDepartmentofSociologyatShanghaiUniversity.Hesaidthat"wemustusesomespiritandtakesomeresponsibilities",andstrivetomakeShanghaiUniversitya"centerofthenewculturalmovementintheSouth",andplannedamagnificentblueprintfortheschool'sfuture:theestablishmentofanacademyofsocialsciencesandanacademyofliteratureandart.SeparateDepartmentofSociology,DepartmentofEconomics,DepartmentofLaw,DepartmentofPhilosophy,DepartmentofHistory,DepartmentofPsychology,DepartmentofEducation;DepartmentofChineseLiterature,DepartmentofEnglishLiterature,DepartmentofRussianLiterature,DepartmentofFrenchLiterature,DepartmentofGermanLiterature;DepartmentofPainting,MusicDepartment,SculptureDepartmentandsoon.Studentsarerequiredtohavebasicknowledge,solidskills,andproficiencyinlanguagetools,suchasthefirstandsecondforeignlanguages,ancientcharacters,andtextualresearchmethods,andsoon.Weencouragestudentstoorganizeassociationsandresearchassociations,expresstheiropinionsfreely,invigoratetheacademicatmosphere,integrateacademicresearchandunderstandingofsociety,andcultivatestudents'abilitytoanalyzeproblemsandworkindependently.HeemphasizedthatShanghaiUniversityshouldbecontemporaryandrevolutionaryinordertoundertaketheimportanttaskoftransformingsociety.

QuQiubaiisdeterminedtoruntheDepartmentofSociology,makingitthelargestdepartmentofShanghaiUniversityandthestrongestandmostactivepositionoftherevolutionaryforces.CaiHesen,YunDaiying,XiaoChunv,etc.havealltaughthere.

QuQiubaisuccessivelyopenedcoursessuchas"ModernSocialPhilosophy","ModernSociology","ModernEthnicIssues","IntroductiontoSocialSciences","NewEconomicPolicy"andothercoursesforShanghaiUniversityandtheSummerSchoolLectureSocietyorganizedbyit..Throughthesecourses,hetaughtthestudentsthebasicknowledgeofalmostallaspectsofMarxistsocialscience,andarmedthestudents'minds.QuQiubai's"ModernSociology","IntroductiontoSocialSciences","SummaryofSocialPhilosophy"andthe"MaterialisticOverviewoftheUniverse"writtenlater,madeoutstandingcontributionstothespreadofMarxistphilosophyandthecreationofChineseproletarianphilosophy.

Hlavní práce

Hodnocení postav

QuQiubai, jeden z hlavních vůdců rané komunistické strany Číny, velký marxista, kromě proletářského revolucionáře, teoretický propagandista a propagátor, je čínský revoluční literárně průmyslový podnik, jeden z mnoha.

MaoZedong ho velmi chválil a řekl: "V obtížných letech této revoluce trval na svém sheroickém postoji a šel by k popravčímu řeznickému visutému noži. V jeho duchu práce pro lidi, toto)

CharacterMemorial

TheQuQiubaiMartyrsMemorialHallwasofficiallyopenedinChangtingonOctober17,2006.TheQuQiubaiMartyrsMemorialHallwasbuiltundertheWestLuohanRidgeofChangtingCounty.Itcoversanareaof​​morethan590squaremetersandabuildingareaof​​990squaremeters.Preparationsbeganin2005.Aftercompletion,itwillbeintegratedwiththeNationalPatriotismEducationDemonstrationBaseQuQiubaiMartyrsMonumentforcentralizeddisplay.ThegloriouslifeofQuQiubai.

OnOctober19,1980,theGeneralOfficeoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaforwardedtheCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspection"ReexaminationReportontheArrestofComradeQuQiubai."The"ReviewReport"pointedout:AfterbeingarrestedbytheKuomintang,ComradeQuQiubaiinsistedontheparty'sstand,maintainedtherevolutionaryethics,anddemonstratedhiscouragetoregarddeathashomeandcalmdown.ItiscompletelywrongtoslanderComradeQuQiubaiasa"traitor"duringthe"CulturalRevolution".Heshouldbecompletelyrehabilitatedandhisreputationrestored.

In1985,itwaslistedasaprovincialculturalrelicsprotectionunit.In1987,itwaslistedasanationalkeymartyrsmemorialbuildingprotectionunit,andin2001,itwaslistedasthesecondbatchofnationalpatriotismeducationbases.

TheQuQiubaiMemorialHallisalsobuiltinChangzhou,Jiangsu.ItwasoriginallytheQuFamilyAncestralHallinthewestofthecity(QuQiubai'suncleQuGengfudonatedmoneytobuilditwhenhewasthegovernorofHubeiduringtheGuangxuperiodoftheQingDynasty).Itcoversanareaof​​1,025squaremeters,dividedintotwoparts.Eachhasfourentrancestothecompound.Duetopoverty,QuQiubai'sfamilylivedintheeastcourtyardoftheancestralhallfrom1912to1916.Therearewellsheusedinthemuseum,aswellaspreciousitemssuchasclothing,brushes,manuscripts,andphotographsheusedduringhislifetime.

Obrázek z filmu a televize

Film z roku 2011"TheFoundingoftheParty":XuHaiqia hrál QuQiubai;

The2014movie"Storm1927":LiuZhibingplayedQuQiubai;

Film"TheFoundingofanArmy" z roku 2017:BaiKeplaysQuQiubai.