TheoriginofUAVs
TheearliestdevelopmentofUAVswasafterWorldWarI.Inadditiontotheuseofdronestotrainanti-aircraftgunnersinWorldWarII,boththeUnitedStatesandGermanytriedTheplanecarriesalargeamountofexplosives,andiscontrolledbythepilotdirectlyorthroughanotherplanetocarryouthighlyaccurateattacksonspecialtargets.GermanyusedfighterjetsandunmannedbombersontheEasternFront.TheU.S.experimentallyusestheB-17bomberasavehicleforexplosives.Thepilotparachutesaftertheautomaticflightdeviceisactivatedinthefinalstage,andtheaircrafthitsthetargetafterthedefaultflight.
AftertheSecondWorldWar,therewereseveraldevelopmentroutes.Oneistoconvertretiredaircraftintospecialresearchortargetaircraft.Oneistousespeciallydesignedsmallunmannedaircraftforspecialreconnaissanceortestmissions,andthethirdistoreplacelargeaircraftwithsmallunmannedaircraft.Withtheadvancementofelectronictechnology,droneshavebeguntoshowtheirflexibilityandimportanceintheroleofreconnaissancemissions.DuringtheVietnamWar,theUnitedStatesusedalargenumberofunmannedaerialvehiclestoconductreconnaissanceworkonhigh-valueortightlydefensivetargets,soastoreducetheriskofcasualtiesorbeingcaptured.TheRPV(RemotelyPilotedVehicle)developedbytheU.S.militaryduringtheVietnamWar,thatis,theTeledyne-RyanAircraftCompany'sAGM-34Firebee,wasoneoftherepresentativeproductsoftheearlyunmannedaircraft.Inaddition,theD-12triplesonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcarriedbytheA-12reconnaissanceaircraftisanotherveryspecialbutunsuccessfulattempt.
Inthe1950s,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensemodifiedafewQH-50helicoptersoftheDASHprogramtoserveasareconnaissancemissioninVietnam.Inaddition,from1965to1967,Japanpurchasedatotalof20QH-50sfromtheUnitedStatesanddeployedthemonshipsoftheMaritimeSelf-DefenseForce.
In1982,IsraelAviationIndustryCorporation(IAI)pioneeredtheuseofdronesforothermilitarymissions.DuringtheGalileePeaceOperation(LebanonWar),theScoutUAVsystemusedtoplayanimportantcombatroleintheserviceoftheIsraeliArmyandtheIsraeliAirForce.TheIsraelDefenseForcesmainlyusedronesforreconnaissance,intelligencecollection,trackingandcommunications.DuringOperationDesertStormin1991,theU.S.militaryoncelaunchedaspeciallydesignedsmalldroneasadecoytodeceiveenemyradarsystems.
První generaci dominovala průzkumná letadla. V 21. století byla některá UAV vybavena zbraněmi (například RQ-1Predator je vybaven střelami AGM-114Hellfireair-to-surface).
Israelisattheforefrontoftheworldinthedevelopmentandapplicationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Sincethe1970s,IsraelhasindependentlydevelopedorcooperatedwiththeUnitedStates,Switzerlandandothercountriestodevelopthreegenerationsofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,namelythefirstgenerationof"reconnaissancesoldiers",thesecondgenerationof"pioneers","prowlers",andthethirdgeneration."Searcher","Hound","Heron"and"Eyes"etc.Theseunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthaveanactiverangeofabout100km,upto1000km,andhavealifetimerangingfrom4hto40h.Theyareequippedwithdifferentreconnaissanceequipmentandcanperformphotographicreconnaissance,televisionreconnaissance,infraredimagingreconnaissanceorelectronicreconnaissance.Theinformationobtainedcanbetransmittedbacktothegroundcommandcenterdirectlyorviaradiorelayinrealtime.
TheUnitedStatesattachesgreatimportancetothedevelopmentoflong-endurance,unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcommontothethreeservices,anditstechnologyisattheworld'sleadinglevel.AccordingtotheU.S.military'sunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopmentplan,thefocusisonthedevelopmentoflong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.The"Neusquito750"and"Predator"medium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavebeensuccessfullydeveloped."Neus750"and"Predator"aremedium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,withaflighttimeofupto40hours,andcanpatroloverthetargetformorethan20hours.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedphotoelectricreconnaissanceequipment,electronicreconnaissanceequipmentanddatatransmissionequipment."Nanomosquito75"hascarriedoutseveralIOreconnaissanceandsurveillanceflightsduringtheconflictinBosniaandHerzegovina,providingclearreportstokeepabreastofchangesinthetheatersituationandformulaterelevantpolicies.InthelatterpartoftheBosnia-HerzegovinaWarandtheKosovoWar,"Predators"weresenttothebattlefieldtoperformreconnaissancemissions.The"GlobalHawk"isahigh-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.
TheEuropeanDefenseAgencyundertheEuropeanCommissionhelditsexecutivecommitteeinBrussels,Belgium,onNovember19,2013.EightcountriesincludingBritain,France,Germany,Greece,Spain,Italy,theNetherlandsandPolandwerepresentatthemeetingDuringthisperiod,aplantocooperateinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwassigned.
The"EuropeanDefenseAgency"consultedmultipledefenseministersbeforetheexecutivecommitteeconvened,andconductedresearchontheresearchanddevelopmentofequipmentneededforfutureEuropeandefense.FrenchDefenseMinisterJean-YvesLeDrianrevealedthatthedevelopmentofaEuropeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthenexttenyearswaslistedasa"toppriority"bymultipledefenseministers."EuropeanDefenseAgency"officialPeteHundsaidatapressconferenceheldthatdaythattheopinionsoftheEU'sdefenseministersindicatethatthetimeforlaunchingtheEuropean"RemoteControlAircraftSystem"(RPAS)isripe.
EuropeandefenseexpertsbelievethatEuropehasfallenbehindtheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesinthisfield.Asof2013,theUnitedStatesandIsraelhavereliedontheirfirst-moverscientificresearchadvantagestooccupymostoftheUAVmarket,andEuropemustcatchup.InJune2013,the"EuropeanDefenseAgency"notifiedaviationgiantsinFrance,Italyandothercountriestoacceleratethedevelopmentofdrones.
EuropeandefenseexpertspointedoutthatGermanyandFrance,thetwoleadingEUleaders,haverecognizedtheimportanceofdrones.TheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftintroducedbyGermanyfromIsraelhasalreadyperformedmissionsinAfghanistan,andtheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftimportedbyFrancefromtheUnitedStateshaveparticipatedinmilitaryoperationsinMali.GermanyandFrancesignedanagreementearliertostrengthentheirtechnicalcooperationintheaviationfieldwithaviewtoreducingtheirdependenceontheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesondrones.
"EuropeanDefenseAgency"analysispointedoutthatEuropeisexpectedtoindependentlydevelopmedium-rangeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftaround2020.WhenthemediaherereportedthatBritain,France,Germanyandothereightcountriescooperatedinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,theyusedthe"droneclub"todescribetheeightcountries'plans.Observersherebelievethatthemainpurposeoftheplanisto"checkandbalance"theUnitedStatesandIsrael,withaviewtotakingashareofthedronemarketinthefuture.
Accordingtotheinformationprovidedbythe"EuropeanDefenseAgency",unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeusednotonlyformilitarypurposes,butalsoforbordercontrol,firemonitoring,disasterpreventionandcontrol,etc.
Kromě Spojených států a Izraele je armáda některých zemí vybavena také bezpilotním průzkumným letadlem. Například britský „fénix“, ruský „obrázek 1243“, „Breville“ společně vyvinutý Německem a dalšími letadly z Francie, Souissance a SouissanceAfrica. anadaův bezpilotní průzkumný vrtulník CL-227.
Keytechnology
Pneumatictechnology
Asfutureunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavespecialrequirementsforflightperformanceandradarreflectionarea,variousadvancedtechnologiesarerequiredTheresearchofaerodynamiclayoutisparticularlyimportant,andbecausetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdoesnotneedtoconsiderfactorssuchaspilots,itcanadoptamoreradicalaerodynamiclayoutthanamannedreconnaissanceaircraft,suchasahighlyunstabletaillesslayout.
Powertechnology
Unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthe21stcenturygenerallyrequirelongrange,sohigh-efficiencypowertechnologymustbeused.Inaddition,newlightandhigh-efficiencyfuelscanbedeveloped,suchashigh-efficiencyaviationkeroseneandtheuseofsolarenergyaspower.Forexample,the"Apollo"solar-poweredunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftbeingtestedintheUnitedStates.Itusesnewthrustvectoringandsplitaileronsthatcanbematchedwiththeaerodynamiclayoutoftheairframeforflightcontrol.Thereisalsoajetmulti-axisthrustvectoringtechnology,whichcontrolstheflightattitudeanddirectionbycontrollingtheenginetothejetdirectionatthenozzle..Thistechnologyeliminatesthemovingpartsofthepreviousmechanicalthrustvectoringdevice,notonlymakesthefixednozzlelighter,butalsoreducestheradarcrosssectioninappearance,andcanquicklyreducethenozzletemperaturetoweakentheinfraredsignal.
Communicationtechnology
Thedatalinktechnologyofbroadbandandbigdataflowcanenableunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttotransmitinformationquicklyoverlongdistances.Theimplementationofsuper-toughlickinggiantcontrolisakeytechnologyforthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Ifreal-timecommunicationorreliableoperationisnotpossibleundertheconditionoflong-distanceorenemyinterference,informationcannotbesenttothecommandandcontrolcenter,andinstructionscannotbesenttotheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthatisunderinvestigation,humanscannotplayaroleinit,andunmannedreconnaissanceThemachinewillloseitsadvantage.
Launchandrecovery
Inthe21stcentury,thelaunchandrecoveryofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftarerequiredtobemoreconvenient.Theydonotrelyonrunwaytakeoffandlanding,andunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillhavegreatercompetitiveness.Therefore,whetherthezero-lengthlaunchtechnologyandsaferecoverytechnologyoflargeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanachievebreakthroughsisofgreatsignificance.
Miniaturization
Electronicequipmentwillbemoreadvancedandminiaturized,suchastheuseofembeddedsensorstoachieve3600cognitivecapabilities,throughtheuseofsyntheticapertureradar,lowinterceptionratecommunicationsTheequipmentwillimprovetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft'sabilitytograspthebattlefieldsituationandincreaseitsanti-jammingcapability.
Klasická letadla z různých zemí
Čína
Neprůzkumná-5 bezpilotní dálková průzkumná letadla:Neprůzkumná-5 (také nazývaná WZ-5)UAVibezpilotní průzkumná službaLetadla'plesaillinAforce. šedesátá léta, Letecké síly Čínské lidové osvobozenecké armády sestřelily několik bezpilotních průzkumných letadel typu Firebee pod vedením strategického letectva USA, když prováděli průzkumné mise na pevnině Číny. spárovaný "Firebee" dron a úspěšně se vrátil do modré oblohy. Na konci 70. let Čína začala napodobovat "Firebee" UAVa pojmenovat WZ-5UAV a jeho exportní model byl pojmenován CH-1("Changhong"-1). Bombardér Tu-4 "Bull" a později byl změněn na dopravní letadlo Yun-8E vyrobené společností Xi 'letecká společnost.Tento dron je obnoven padákem.Neprůzkumný-5UAV byl použit v čínsko-vietnamském protiútoku na sebeobranu v roce 1979 a stále je jediným dálkovým bezpilotním průzkumným letadlem ve službách čínského lidového letectva.
Accordingtothelatestreports,animprovedWZ-5/CH-1UAVhasenteredactiveservice.Thisnewtypeofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissaidtobeequippedwithaglobalpositioningsystemandaninertialnavigationsystem.ThisUAVusesaWP-11turbojetenginewithathrustof8.33kN.Thismachinecancarryequipmentsuchasoptics,TV,infraredcameraandsoon.
Výkonové údaje oblastí WZ-5 následují:rozpětí křídel 9,76 metru;kapitán 8,97 metru;výška letadla 2,18metru;prázdná hmotnost 1060kg;maximální vzletová hmotnost 1700kg;vybavení mise65kg;hmotnost paliva62kg;maximální rychlost je 800 hodin na 10kilometr; kilometrů;vytrvalost je 3 hodiny;maximální letová výška je 17 500 metrů.
Neprůzkumné-9/-2000:Budoucí krádež bezpilotních průzkumných letadel na ZhuhaiAirShowin2000, China’s National Guizhou AviationIndustry Group, která poprvé předvedla své letadlo s dlouhým doletem, Wmann-9. Z-2000). Odhaduje se, že tento druh bezpilotního leteckého vozidla poháněného proudovým ventilátorem byl vyvíjen od poloviny 90. let a mohl být testován prototyp.
AttheZhuhaiAirShowin2002,GuizhouAviationIndustryGroupexhibitedamorerefinedWZ-9/-2000UAVmodel,whichrevealedmoredetails.Fromtheoveralldesign,ithasmanyinvisiblefeaturessimilartoAmericanproducts.Thelargeheadprotrusioncanaccommodatesatellitecommunicationantennasforreal-timetransmissionofimagesandelectronicintelligencedatatothegroundcontrolcenter.
Thisunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeequippedwithvarioustypesofopticalandthermalimagingcamerasorreconnaissanceandsurveillanceradars,andcanalsobeusedasanaerialplatformforelectroniccountermeasuresandairborneearlywarning.Itmayalsocarryweaponsforgroundattacks,astheUSAirForcedidinthewaronterrorisminAfghanistan.AlthoughthistypeofUAVcannotbecomparedwiththeU.S.Army’s“GlobalHawk”UAVandhasnostrategicsignificance,itcanplayaroleasareconnaissancesatelliteandperformelectronicwarfare/Electroniccountermeasuremission.
Tianchihigh-altitudeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,"Skywing"UAV,alsoknownas"Tianyi-3"UAV."Tianyi3"isashort-rangereconnaissanceUAVsystemusedtoperformtacticalreconnaissanceandsurveillancetasksduringwartime.Thereconnaissanceinformationobtainedistransmittedtothegroundsurveyingandmappingstationinrealtime,providingintelligencesupportfortherapidmobileoperationsofthetroops,andconductingpatrolsandsurveillanceinpeacetime.Servingtheborderandcoastaldefenses.Inferredfromitslayout,sizeandappearancecharacteristics,theaircraftshouldbeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwithhighaltitudeandlongendurance.TheoverallconceptissimilartotheUS"GlobalHawk".Thewhitefairingofthenoseisestimatedtobeasatellitecommunicationantenna,whichisusedtoensurethatthegroundtargetinformationcollectedbytheaircraftcanbetransmittedtothesatelliteinrealtimeandatahighspeed,andsentbacktothegroundreceivingdevicethroughthesatelliterelay.
Israel
"Searcher"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Israel'sthird-generationunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillreplacethe"reconnaissance"droneAsthestandardequipmentoftheIsraeliarmy.Theuppersingle-wingstructureisadopted,andtheengineisplacedabovethetailofthefuselageandispropelledbyathree-bladepropeller.Thehorizontaltailisfixedontwobeamsextendingbackwardfromthetailofthefuselage,andtheslightlyinwardlyinclineddoubleverticaltailsareinstalledatbothendsofthetail.Thelandinggearisthefirstthree-pointtype,whichcanrolloffandlandonflatgroundorontherunway.Whennecessary,apneumaticcatapultorboosterrocketcanbeusedtohelptakeoff.Thelengthis5.15m,theheightis1.16m,thewingspanis7.22m,themaximumtake-offweightis372kg,thepayloadis63kg,theflyingheightis4575m,andtheflyingspeedis111}194km1h.Thereconnaissanceflighttimeperdispatchcanbeupto12h(flyingaltitude3050m,100kmawayfromthebase),andthelongestemptytimeis14h.Theactiveradiusofreconnaissanceflightis220kmwhenthereisaradiorelay,and120kmwhenthereisnorelay.oAirborneThephotoelectricreconnaissanceequipmentincludesaTVcamera,aforward-lookinginfraredinstrument,alasertargetindicator,andalaserrangefinder,whichareinstalledinarotatablesphericalshellatthelowerpartofthefuselage,withanazimuthangleof3600andanelevationangleof+10-10100.Dependingonwhetherthereconnaissancemissionorthetimeofthemissionisdayornight,thesedevicescanhavedifferentcombinations.Therearedatatransmissionequipmentonboard,whichcantransmittheimagesobtainedbyreconnaissancebacktothegroundstationinrealtime.
UnitedStates
"GlobalHawk"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Ahigh-altitude,high-speed,long-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheUnitedStates.Itismainlyusedforlarge-scalecontinuousreconnaissanceandsurveillanceinlow-andmedium-intensityconflicts.Ithasalengthof13.4m,awingspanof35.5m,amaximumtake-offweightof11610kg,amaximumfuelloadof6577kg,andapayloadof900kg.Aturbofanengineisplacedabovethefuselage,withamaximumflightspeedof740km/h,acruisingspeedof635km/h,arangeof26000km,andabatterylifeof42h.ItcantakeofffromtheUnitedStatesandreachanylocationintheworldforreconnaissance,orcontinuouslyreconnaissanceandsurveillanceoveratarget5500kmawayfromthebasefor24hours,andthenreturntothebase.Theaircraftisequippedwiththreetypesofreconnaissanceequipment:syntheticapertureradar,TVcamera,andinfrareddetector,aswellasdefensiveelectroniccountermeasureequipmentanddigitalcommunicationequipment.Thedetectionrangeofsyntheticapertureradaris20-200km,anditcanmonitoranareaof1.374x105km2inaday,andtheimageresolutionis0.9m,whichcandistinguishcarsandtrucks;orcarefullyobserve1900suspiciousareasof2kmx2km.Theresolutionis0.3m,whichcandistinguishbetweenstationaryandmovingtargets.TheTVcameraisusedtotakepicturesofthetarget,andtheimageresolutionisclosetothelevelofthephotographicfilm.Infrareddetectorscanfindcamouflagedtargetsanddistinguishbetweenmovingtargetsandstationarytargets.Thetargetimageobtainedbythereconnaissanceequipmentistransmittedtothegroundstationinrealtimeatarateof50Mb/sthroughsatellitecommunicationormicrowaverelaycommunication.Afterinformationprocessing,theintelligenceissenttothetheaterorbattlefieldcommandcenterfordecision-makingorbattlefielddamageassessmentforthecommander.Provideinformation.
Supersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:AnewtypeofsupersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.Thespeedofthisreconnaissanceaircraftwillreach6timesthespeedofsoundandwillItwillbetestedinthenextactualcombatmilitaryexerciseanditisexpectedtocreateanewunmannedflightrecord.TheU.S.DepartmentofDefensewillexplainthevariousequipmentoftheprototypeinapublicstatement.Infact,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensehasconductedthisresearchfordecades,becausethisreconnaissanceaircraftwillbecomea"all-rounder"withspacereconnaissance,supersonicreconnaissanceaircraftmannedflight,ultra-high-speedmissilesormilitaryaircraft,etc.Function.Anditispreciselybecauseofitsultra-hightechnicalcontentthatmakesthisresearchverydifficult.Atthesametime,theexistingU.S.reconnaissanceaircraftcannolongermeetthedemand.TheSR-71"Blackbird"strategicreconnaissanceaircraft,althoughtheflightspeedandaltitudemeettherequirements,hasalimitedtimeintheairandcannotcontinuetoconductreconnaissanceandsurveillance.Thecostwastoohigh,soitwasretiredfromactiveserviceinthe1990s.
Suchapowerfulperformancemakesitdifficultfortheengineersresponsibleforthedesignofthisreconnaissanceaircraft.Thegoalofonly6timesthespeedofsoundisdifficulttoachieve,becauseitisdifficultforengineerstoensurethatatsuchahighspeed,withtheexistingtechnicalconditions,itispossibletoensurethatthefuselageoftheaircraftwillnotdisintegrate.Anotherthornyissueisthepoweroftheaircraft.Sincethe20thcentury,thereconnaissanceaircraftstillusesordinaryturbojetengines.Thistimethedesignersplantoaddanotherengine.This"ultrasonicoxidationjetpropulsionengine"willhavenomovablepartsandallowtheaircrafttoflyathighspeeds.Abletogaintremendousmomentum.Ontheotherhand,thedesignersintendtousehydrogenasafuel,butthisrequiresahugegastank,andifthevolumeistoolarge,itwillaffectthespeed.Therefore,engineersturnedtothedual-oxygenjetpropulsionengine.
PhantomRayUnmannedReconnaissanceAircraft:AtaceremonyheldinSt.LouisonMay10,2010,BoeingunveileditsAdvancedUnmannedAerialSystem(UAS)——Tajemství"PhantomRay",."PhantomRay(délka 1.rozpětí 50 metrů"hasamate 6 stop (přibližně 11 metrů), a hmotnost 36 500 liber (přibližně 16 556 kilogramů) .Jeho letová výška může dosáhnout 40 000 stop (asi 12 192 metrů), což je o 10 000 stop (asi 3048 metrů) vyšší než u běžných dálkových komerčních letadel; jeho cestovní rychlost překračuje rychlost zvuku a může dosáhnout 814 mil za hodinu za hodinu (asi 0,8
"PhantomRay"isademonstrationaircraftdesignedtoserveasaflyingtestplatformtoexploreopportunitiesforfuturetechnologyresearchanddevelopment.ItwasdevelopedbyBoeingPhantomandisbasedonaprototypeoriginallydevelopedbyBoeingfortheUSmilitary.Intermsofdesign,the"PhantomRay"hasanextremelylowradarcrosssection,allowingittosneakintotheenemy'sairspacewithoutbeingdetected.Itsengineishiddeninthebodytoreduceinfraredcharacteristicsandcanlaunchmissilesduringflight.Likeanyweapon,the"phantomray"willonlybeusedwhenneeded.
Boeing’sDefense,Space,andSecuritySystemsCEODennisMyilenburgsaid:“Asatestingplatformforadvancedtechnologies,"PhantomRay"canprovideourcustomerswithavarietyofoptions,suchasintelligencecollection,Surveillanceandreconnaissance,suppressionofenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacksandself-propelledaerialrefueling-thepossibilitiesareendless."
Througharapidprototypingandmanufacturingprocess,Boeingdevelopeditinjusttwoyears"PhantomRay"comesout.Theunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbetestedinthesummerof2010,andwillmakeitsfirstflightinDecember,andwillmake10flightswithinsixmonths.DarrylDavis,presidentofBoeingPhantomFactory,said:“Wehaveenteredthefastlaneandthefirstflightisjustaroundthecorner.”“PhantomRay”isdesignedtoactasanadvancedtechnologytestplatformwhilesupportingintelligencecollection,surveillance,andreconnaissance.Suppressenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacks,airstrikesandself-propelledaerialrefuelingtasks.
Japan
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopadomesticUAVequippedwithhigh-sensitivityinfraredsensorstoenhanceitsearlydetectionofballisticmissiles.
ItisreportedthattheMinistryofDefenseplanstoapplyfor3billionyen(approximatelyUS$37.3million)inthe2013budgetforthe"aircraftdronesysteminthenextfouryears.Research".TheMinistryofDefenseplanstocarryoutthebasicdesignoftheUAVtestmachine.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thestrengthtestwillbecarriedout,anditwillbeputintousein2020.
Theunmannedaerialvehicletobedevelopedwillflyatanaltitudeof13,500meters.Itcandetectlow-altitudemovingobjectsfromtheseanearJapanandcansailcontinuouslyfor22hours.AfterJapandeploysUAVs,itcandetectthelaunchofballisticmissilesearlierthanground-basedradars,anditcanalsotrackthemissilesafterlaunching.
ThecurrentmissiledetectionsystemoftheMinistryofDefenseofJapanismainlycomposedofgroundradarandAegisships.Inaddition,theearlywarningsatellitesoftheUSmilitaryalsoprovideintelligencetoJapan.However,systemssuchasradarcanonlydetectthetargetobjectafteritreachesacertainheight.
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopthefirsttestmachineofanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftfrom2013.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thesystemwillbeenhancedonthisbasis.MinistryofDefenseofficialssaidthatthehigh-sensitivityinfrareddetectionsystemhasbeendevelopedandrelatedtechnologiesarebasicallyinplace.
TheJapanesegovernmentoncehopedtopurchasetheUSGlobalHawkunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,butithasnotreceivedapositiveresponsefromtheUS,soithasbecomeachoiceoftheJapanesegovernmenttoindependentlydevelopanewdomesticdrone.
Thenewsshowsthatifthislong-termairborneunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissuccessfullydeveloped,itwillnotonlybeabletodrivedirectlyintoNorthKoreaandRussia,butalsobeconnectedtothegroundradarsystemtodetectballisticmissilesattackingJapaninadvance.Andeffectivelyimplementinterception.Atthesametime,thetrajectoryofanartificialsatellitesimilartothatofNorthKorea'slaunchcanalsobeaccuratelygrasped.
SouthKorea
SouthKorea’sMinistryofDefenserecentlystatedthatNorthKorea’s"provocativethreat"stillexistsandisveryimportantforNorthKoreaninvestigations.TheMinistryofNationalDefenseisadvancingaplantoincreasethedronebudgetto35billionwon.TheSouthKoreanmilitaryintendstocompletetheresearchanddevelopmentoftheUAVsystemby2017andformallydeployitin2018.
Ve srovnání s průzkumnými letadly "KongKong" a "Whitehead", které se v současnosti používají v Jižní Koreji, má UAV charakteristiku dlouhé životnosti baterie a silné utajení, ale má lepší výkon než americký "GlobalHawk" UAV. O něco slabší.
SouthKoreanmilitaryofficialssaidthatKorean-mademid-altitudeUAVsand"GlobalHawk"UAVscancooperatetobuildathree-dimensionalreconnaissancesystem.TheformercanbedeployednearthearmisticelinetocentrallymonitorthemovementoftheNorthKoreanarmyonthefrontline,whilethelattercanbeusedforinvestigationintherearoftheNorthKoreanarmy."UAVsarealsooneofthenecessaryconditionsforSouthKoreatobuilda'killchain'againstNorthKorea'snuclearandmissileattacks,"theofficialemphasized.
UnitedKingdom
The"phoenix"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:the"phoenix"unmannedaerialvehicleisakindofmediumdevelopedbytheBritishcompanyMarconiChengunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Theairframeismadeofcompositematerials,modularstructure,propulsionwingandtailbeam,replaceablewing,verticaltailwingtip,etc.Theaircrafthasgoodstealthperformance,highsurvivability,andiseasytomaintainandtransportonthebattlefield.Themaximumoperatingheightis2440m,thereconnaissanceradiusis60km,andthefieldofviewis800km2ataheightof1000m.Itsmainpurposeistoprovidereconnaissancephotosanddataforartilleryinterceptors.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedinfraredsensors,syntheticapertureradarandelectronicwarfaresystems.Afterthefirst"Pheasant"UAVwastestedinCanada,theBritishArmyreassessedthecombatneedsoftheUAVandmadefurtherimprovementstotheMarconi"Pheasant"UAV.Improvementsinclude:addingsyntheticapertureradars,radiorelaystations,lasertargetindicationsforguidedweapons,andremotelandminedetectiondevices,includingnewmissionloads.
FormerSovietUnion
Picturea243unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:ItisaUAVfromPicturea143bytheformerSovietUnionTupolevDesignBureauin1982.Improved.Itismainlyusedforairreconnaissanceinthebattledepthof150km,especiallyintheairdefensezoneoftheenemy'sairdefenseweaponsandpossiblenuclear,chemicalandbiologicalweaponscontaminatedareas,dayandnightairreconnaissanceunderanyclimaticconditions.Itcaneffectivelydiscovertheenemy’simportanttargets,suchasnuclearartillerybatteries,surface-to-surfacemissiles,airdefensemissiles,andtransportationhubs,positionsandtroopassemblyareas,anddivisioncommandposts.Thereconnaissanceintelligenceobtainedandrecordedwillbereceived,processed,anddecodedonthereconnaissanceaircraftandonthegroundinatimelymannertoidentifytargetsanddeterminetheircoordinates,makephotographicdocumentsandtransmitintelligence.
ThenavigationsystemofFigure1243canensurethatitfliesaccordingtothescheduledroute,accuratelyentersthereconnaissancearea,andreturnstolandaftercompletingthemission.Thereplaceablereconnaissanceequipmentcabinisinstalledinthenosepart.Itcanbeequippedwithtwotypesofreconnaissanceequipment:oneisAP-402Matmosphericcamerawith"Winter-M"infraredreconnaissanceequipment,andtheotheriswith"Crane-M',AP-402MatmosphericcameraequipmentforTVsystem.Whenperformingreconnaissancemissions,photographicandinfraredreconnaissanceintelligenceisrecordedontheUAVinFigure1.Theintelligenceobtainedthroughinfraredandtelevisionwillbesenttothegroundreceivingstationbyradio,andthereceivedsignalwillbeconvertedintoa475pxwideimage.Whenusingradiotransmission,theacquisitiontimeofthefirstbatchofreconnaissanceintelligenceis10tnin,andthetimeforsendingatmosphericphotographicfilmtothemobilereceivingstationis20min.Theaccuracyofthetargetcoordinatesis60}70m,andthereconnaissanceareaofonesortieisapproximately2100km.
Turecko
Bezpilotní průzkumné letadlo"Anka"úspěšně dokončilo různé experimenty a testovací lety dne 18. února 2011. Toto bezpilotní letadlo s názvem "Anka" bylo vyvinuto 180 drony, kteří jsou technici 2 hodin nepřetržitě. s.Letová nadmořská výška 30 000 metrů. Kromě toho může UAV unést zátěž 200 kg a může vzlétnout a přistát za různých povětrnostních podmínek. Vcelku překonal bezpilotní průzkumné letadlo "Heron" zakoupené z Izraele .
TheadvancedunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthathavecompletedvarioustestswillfirstbeusedtocombatterroristorganizationsinsoutheasternTurkey,thusendingthehistoryofrentingandpurchasingdronesfromIsraeltocombatterroristforces.Thereportalsopointedoutthatin2011,5"Anka"UAVswillbeproduced,andby2012,thenumberofUAVsofthistypewillreach20.
Francouzsko-německá spolupráce
"LUNA"bezpilotní průzkumný letoun krátkého doletu:Vybaveno v 3KZO společnostech pro určování polohy dronů.Jako experimentální systém se LunaX2000 používá v Kosovu a Makedonii. původní vzdálenost "lunárního boha" je asi 40 kilometrů a doba výdrže je 2 hodiny. Rychlost asi 70 km /h(rychlost souvisí s větrem),průzkumnánadmořskávýškaje300-500metrů.Letadlo je vybaveno snímači denní doby a infračervenými snímači,takže může provádět úkoly ve dne iv noci.Letový program zadaný před průzkumnou misí lze kdykoli během mise upravit. (jedna z nich byla zakoupena pro speciální provozní divize):pro tento systém je stále potřeba meziorganizace.
KZOtargetpositioningUAV,thedevelopmentplanofKZOUAVwasoriginallynegotiatedbytheMinistryofNationalDefenseofFranceandGermany.Germanyshares60%oftheresearchanddevelopmentcosts,andFranceshares40%.ThemanufactureristheEuropeanUAVCompany,whichproducedaprototypeandverifieditin1992.However,duetolackoffunds,FrancecancelleditsplantopurchaseKZOdrones.Sincethen,thedevelopmentoftheKZOUAVhasbecomeaseparateprojectcontractedbyGermany.RelevantfundsinGermanyarealsoabsentfromtimetotime,whichsloweddownthedevelopmentofthelatterpartofKZO,andthestraightforwardtestingwasdelayeduntil1998.TheKZOUAVhasundergonesystemtestsintheGermanArmy'sSpecialForcesandArtilleryUnits.Theentiretestwasbasicallycompletedinearly2004,andthenbegandeployment.Bythebeginningof2007,sixKZOUAVsystemshadenteredservicewithfourartillerycompaniesintheGermanArmy.
KZOUAVisanartillerytargetpositioningUAV.Itsmainmissionistodetect,identifyandcaptureenemylong-rangefiretargets,includinglong-rangeartillery,rocketlaunchersandtacticalmissilepositions.Thelauncherisarrangedonaflat-panellaunchvehicle,whichusesrocketpowertoboostthelaunch.Afterthelaunch,theboosterwasthrownaway,andatthesametimetheon-boardpistonenginebegantoworktoensuretheflightpoweroftheUAV.KZOUAVhasgoodstealthability,radarreflectioncrosssectionandinfraredsignalareverysmall.Front-viewinginfraredcameraandsurveillanceTVarethemainequipmentofKZO.Thedataandtargetimagesobtainedbyitaretransmittedtothegroundcommandinrealtimethroughthedatalink.Ithasalengthof2.3meters,aheightof900mm,awingspanof3.4meters,amaximumtake-offweightof150kg,abatterylifeof5.5hours,aceilingof4000meters,acruisingspeedof150km/h,amaximumflyingspeedof220km/h,andamaximumrangeof120km..
TheoversizedsystemmaybethemaindisadvantageoftheKZOUAVsystem.Inadditionto10KZOUAVs,eachsystemalsoincludes2groundstations,1commandvehicle,1launchvehicle,1sparevehicle,1maintenancevehicleanddatalinkterminal.Thepreparationtimeofthewholesystemisabout30minutes,andthelayoutareaisabout10,000squaremeters.
CL-289program-controlledUAV,CL-289canprovideaccuratebattlefieldsituation,targetandshootingeffectreconnaissanceresultswithinadistanceof170kilometers.Theflightspeedisabout740km/h,anditsailsabout400kilometers(round-tripdistance)within30minutesofendurance.Theaircraftisequippedwithinfraredsensorsanddayandnightsensors,sotheaircraftisnotrestrictedfordayandnightuse.Therangeofthesensoriscurrentlylimitedto12kilometers.Inanimprovementplantoimprovecombateffectiveness,byincreasingtheflightdistanceandthedetectiondistanceofsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilitywillonceagainbesignificantlyimproved.Inaddition,throughtheuseofradarsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilityundersevereweatherconditionswillbesignificantlyimproved.
Trend vývoje
Bojová mise bezpilotních průzkumných letadel se rozšířila z taktického na provozní a strategický rozsah a postupně nahradila průzkumná letadla s lidskou posádkou. vytrvalostní drony „Predator“, které budou plnit „přechodnou“ roli, Spojené státy také aktivně rozvíjejí a zlepšují své bojové schopnosti. -426 km/h), zvýšení stropu (12 000 m) a zatížení (308 kg) a dále rozšiřte znalostní a bojovou schopnost „Predátora“ přežít.
Theverticaltake-offandlandingunmannedaerialvehicle(VTUAV)willreplacethefixed-wingunmannedaerialvehicle.Existingfixed-wingUAVshavecomplextake-offandlandingproceduresonships,lowtargetpositioningaccuracy,highaccidentrates,anddifficultyinfulfillingcombatrequirements.Theverticaltake-offandlandingUAVhaslowrequirementsfortake-offandlandingconditions.Itcantakeoffandlandfromoffshoreplatformsandonlandundercomplexterrainandgroundconditions,andissuitableforship-borne,urbanandmountainousconditions.
Thedevelopmentofmicrounmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisrapid,andtheUAVequipmentwillbeextendedtothelowerlevel.Inordertomeettheneedsoffuturespecialoperationsandurbanoperations,thepaceofminiaturizationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisprogressingrapidly.Forexample,after2005,"handhelddrones"using"nano"technologywillbeequippedwithUSspecialforces,andtheequipmentlevelofthedroneswillextendtosquads,groups,andindividualsoldiersbelowthebattalion.Thiskindofdroneisdifficulttodetectwithradarorinfraredsensors,anditfliesveryquietly,makingitimpossibleforpeopletofeelitsexistence.
Themissionequipmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionofall-weather,high-resolution,long-distance,miniaturization,modularization,andlowcost.UAVsinthe21stcenturywillusehigh-definitiondigitaltelevisiontoreplacethecurrentstandardtelevision.Digitalcameraswithquasi-real-timetransmissionwillreplacefilmaerialreconnaissancecameras.Thethird-generationforward-lookinginfraredinstrumentwithhighresolution,highsensitivity,noscanningimaging,orevencooling,willbewidelyusedonUAVs.High-resolution,long-range,multi-mode,andminiaturizedsyntheticapertureradarwillbeusedonvarioustypesofUAVs.TheUAV'sall-weatherreconnaissancecapabilitiesandtheabilitytorecognizecamouflagedtargetswillbefurtherenhanced.Duetotechnologicalprogress,thecostofmissionequipmentforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillalsobereduced,makingitpossibletoequipalargenumberoftroops.
Themeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemoftheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionoflong-distance,securityandconfidentiality,generalization,digitization,andnetworking.Inthe21stcentury,theover-the-horizonlong-distancemeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemusingsatelliterelayshasbecomemorematureandcommoninlong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Themeasurementandcontrolstationforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbeserializedanduniversal.Theinteroperabilityofthereconnaissanceinformationofvarioustypesofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbesolved.Bythen,thesamegroundstationcanbeusedtocontroldifferenttypesofUAVsordifferentgroundstationscanbeusedtoreceivedatafromthesameUAV.TheintelligenceinformationobtainedbyUAVsusedbyvariousservicesandarmswillbeintegratedintotheC'ISRnetworktorealizeresourcesharing.
Stealthtechnologyiswidelyusedtofurtherimprovethestealthperformanceofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Thecombatstyleofmodernwarfarehastransformedinto"asymmetric"and"non-contact".Therefore,enhancingthestealthperformanceofUAVshasbecomeanurgentissueforthemilitaryofvariouscountriestosolve.Israelisdevelopingahigh-altitudelong-endurancestealthdrone.LockheedMartiniscurrentlysecretlydevelopingablackstealthdronefortheUSAirForce.Asof2013,thestealthtechnologyofdronesisstillinthedevelopmentstage.Continuetodeveloplong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttomakeitareal-timesurveillanceplatforminthefuture.