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Geostationary orbit



Definition

Satellitesorartificialsatellitesorbitingtheearthinthisorbitarealwayslocatedatthesamepositiononthesurfaceoftheearth.Itsorbitaleccentricityandorbitalinclinationarebothzero.Themovementperiodis23hours,56minutesand04seconds,whichcoincideswiththerotationperiodoftheearth,andtheorbitalradiusis42164.169km.Sincethetrajectoryofthesub-satellitepointofasatellitemovinginageostationaryorbitisapoint,observersonthegroundcanalwaysobservethesatelliteatthesamepositionintheskyatanyhourandwillfindthatthesatelliteisstationaryinthesky,somanyman-madeSatellites,especiallycommunicationsatellites,mostlyusegeostationaryorbits.Geostationaryorbitservicetechnologyisofgreatsignificanceinpromotingthedevelopmentofeconomy,nationaldefenseandspacetechnology.

ThetheoryofgeostationaryorbitwasfirstproposedbyHermanPotosnikin1928,andthenArthurCharlesClarkeproposedtoplacecommunicationsatellitesinhisnovel"WirelessWorld"Ingeostationaryorbit.Therefore,sometimesthestationaryorbitisalsocalledtheClarkeorbit.Thesatellitelocatedinthisorbit(referredtoasGEOsatellite)hasalargecoveragearea(asatellitecancoveralmosttheentirehemisphere)andisstationaryrelativetotheground.Therefore,itisplayingaroleincivilandmilitaryfieldssuchascommunications,navigation,earlywarning,andmeteorology.Anincreasinglyimportantrole.

Description

Theartificialsatelliteisrelativelystationarywiththegroundandfixedabovetheequator.Inadirectcircularorbit,thealtitudeis35,786kilometersfromtheground,andthespeedofthesatelliteis3.07kilometerspersecond.Asatellitecancoverabout40%oftheearth'sarea.Meteorologicalsatellites,communicationsatellites,andbroadcastingsatellitesoftenusethisorbit.Inaddition,somesatellitesofmycountry'sBeidousatellitenavigationsystemalsousethisorbit.

Differences

Actually,geosynchronousorbitandgeostationaryorbitarenotthesamething.Theyhavesimilaritiesanddifferences.

Thegeosynchronousorbitandthegeostationaryorbitarebothman-madeearthsatelliteorbitswiththesameoperatingperiod(23hours,56minutesand04seconds).

Therearethreedifferencesbetweenthesetwokindsoforbits:

First,thereisadifferenceinorbitalinclination.

Thegeostationaryorbitisacirculargeosynchronousorbitwithanorbitalinclination(theanglebetweentheorbitalplaneandtheequatorialplane)ofzero.Thatis,thegeostationaryorbitmustbeontheequatorialplane;andthegeosynchronousorbitplanecanformanon-zeroanglewiththeequatorialplane.

Secondly,thephenomenonthattheobserverseesisdifferent.

Satellitesoperatingingeosynchronousorbitpassthroughtheskyinthesameplaceatthesametimeeveryday.Forobserversontheground,thesatellitesappearinthesamedirectionatthesametimeeveryday.Inacontinuousperiodoftime,thesatellitecanmoverelativetotheobserver.Satellitesoperatinginthegeostationaryorbitarealwaysabovethesameplaceatanytimeoftheday.Observersonthegroundseethatthesatellitesarealwaysinacertainpositionandremainstationary.

Third,thetrajectoriesofthesub-satellitepointsaredifferent.

Theprojectionpointoftheartificialearthsatelliteontheground(ortheintersectionpointbetweenthesatelliteandthecenteroftheearthandtheground)iscalledthesub-satellitepoint.Themotionofthesatelliteandtherotationoftheearthcausethesub-satellitepointtomoveontheearth,formingthetrajectoryofthesub-satellitepoint.Thesub-satellitetrajectoryofageostationarysatelliteisafigure-eightclosedcurve,whilethesub-satellitetrajectoryofageostationarysatelliteisapoint.

Environment

geosynchronousorbitenvironmentgeosynchronousorbitenvironmentThespaceenvironmentofthegeostationaryorbitarea.Thegeostationaryorbitisahigh-densityareaof​​communicationsatellites,whichislocatedinthenear-equatorareaabout6.6earthradiifromthecenteroftheearth.Thespaceenvironmentinthisareaismainlycomposedofhigh-energyparticles,thermalplasma,plasmalayerplasma,ringcurrent,magneticfield,solarelectromagneticradiation,meteoroidsandspacedebrisexceptgravitationalfield.Thegeostationaryorbitzoneisanareawheretheearth'sspaceenvironmentisseriouslyaffectedbysolaractivities.Whenthestrongsolarwindarrives,themagnetosphereiscompressed,andthegeostationaryorbitzoneiscompletelyexposedtothesolarcosmicraysandhigh-speedsolarwind.Duringamagneticstormorsubstorm,thehigh-temperatureplasmainjectedfromthemagnetictailcanalsoreachthisarea,makingthisareaahigh-pronespaceenvironmentthattriggersspacecraftanomalies,wherehigh-energyparticles(includingsolarprotonevents)environmentandsubstorminjectionThethermalplasmaenvironmentisthemostimportantenvironmentthatcausesanomaliesandistheareawherethespacecraftchargingproblemisthemostserious.

Related

SpaceStation-CommunicationSatellite

Acommunicationsatelliteisasatelliteusedasaradiocommunicationrelaystation.Itislikeaninternationalmessenger,collectingallkindsof"letters"fromtheground,andthen"delivering"themtousersinanotherplace.Sinceitisa"station"atanaltitudeof36,000kilometers,its"delivery"coverageisparticularlylarge,andasinglesatellitecanberesponsibleforcommunicationon1/3oftheearth'ssurface.Ifthreecommunicationsatellitesareevenlyplacedonthegeostationaryorbit,globalcommunicationscanbeachievedinadditiontothenorthandsouthpoles.Whenasatellitereceivesaweakradiosignalfromagroundstation,itwillautomaticallyturnitintoahigh-powersignal,andthensendittoanothergroundstation,ortoanothercommunicationsatellite,andthensendittotheearth.Ononesideofthegroundstation,inthisway,wereceivedsignalssentfromfaraway.

Communicationsatellitesgenerallyuseageostationaryorbit,whichislocated35,786kilometersabovetheearth'sequator.Onthisorbit,thesatelliterevolvesaroundtheearthfromwesttoeastataspeedof3,075meterspersecond,andthetimetoorbittheearthis23hours,56minutesand4seconds,whichisexactlythesameasthetimefortheearthtorotateonce.Therefore,fromtheground,thesatelliteimagehangsintheskyanddoesnotmove,whichmakestheworkofthegroundreceivingstationmuchmoreconvenient.Theantennaofthereceivingstationcanbefixedlyalignedwiththesatellite,anditcancommunicatedayandnightwithoutinterruption.Thereisnoneedto"shake"aroundliketrackingthosemovingsatellites,sothatthecommunicationtimeisintermittent.Communicationsatelliteshaveundertakenallintercontinentalcommunicationservicesandtelevisiontransmissions.

Communicationsatellitesareoneoftheearliestandmostwidelyusedsatellitesintheworld.Manycountrieshavelaunchedcommunicationsatellites.OnApril6,1965,theUnitedStatessuccessfullylaunchedtheworld'sfirstpracticalgeostationaryorbitcommunicationsatellite:Int'lCommunicationSatellite1.Sofar,thistypeofsatellitehasdevelopedtotheeighthgeneration,andeachgenerationhasimprovedintermsofvolume,weight,technology,communicationcapabilities,andsatellitelife.

ThecommunicationssatellitesoftheformerSovietUnionwerenamed"Bliksem",includingBliksem1,2,3,etc.DuetothevastterritoryoftheformerSovietUnion,mostoftheBliksemsatellitesarenotinageostationaryorbit,butinanellipticalorbitwithalargeeccentricity.

China’sfirstgeostationaryorbitcommunicationsatellitewaslaunchedonApril8,1984,named"DongfanghongII",andsixsatelliteshavebeensuccessfullylaunchedsofar.Thesesatelliteshavesuccessivelyundertakenbroadcasting,televisionsignaltransmission,andlong-distancecommunications,andhaveplayedahugeroleintheconstructionofthenationaleconomy.

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