philosophy

Basicdefinition

Generaldefinition

Philosophyisthebeautyoforder

Philosophyisthesubjectofresearchonbasicanduniversalissues,generallywithAstrictlogicalsystemoftheuniverseview,whichstudiessomeverybasicissuessuchasthenatureoftheuniverse,thepositionofpeopleintheuniverse,andsoon.

Humanbeingshaveaprocessofcognitionofthings,andthisprocessisalways:fromperceivingtheconcretetounderstandingtheabstract,andthenrationallyunderstandingtheabstractconcrete."Theabstractandconcretenessofreasonandknowledge"iscommonlyreferredtoas"wisdom"or"philosophicalknowledge."Furthermore,variousphilosophicalknowledgeformsatheoreticalsystem,whichleadsto"philosophy"or"thescienceofwisdom".Toexpressthisprocessinacategoricalformis:philosophicalknowledge{perception/cognition},system{individual/relationship};philosophy{philosophicalknowledge/system}.

Accordingtoitsetymology,itmeans"seekingwisdom"."Zhe"originatedveryearlyanditshistoryislong.Wordssuchas"thetenphilosophersofConfucius","theancientsagephilosophers","philosophers"or"philosophers"referspecificallytothosewhoaregoodatspeculationandprofoundknowledge,thatis,theWestissimilarto"philosophers"and"thinkers".ItisgenerallybelievedthatChinesephilosophyoriginatedintheEasternZhouDynasty,representedbyConfucianismofConfucius,TaoismofLaozi,MohismofMozi,andlaterLegalists.Infact,intheprevious"BookofChanges",philosophicalissueshavealreadybeguntobediscussed.

Thedefinitionofphilosophybyphilosophers

Thedefinitionofphilosophyhasalwaysbeencontroversial.Thiscontroversyhascontinuedtoexpandwithhistory,anditdependsontheinterestindifferentissuesindifferenttimes.Changing.Itisgenerallyagreedthatphilosophyisamethod,notasetofpropositions,propositionsortheories.Thestudyofphilosophyisbasedonrationalthinking,seekingtomakehypothesesthathavebeenexaminedwithoutescapingfrombeliefsorjustpureanalogy.Differentphilosophershavedifferentideasaboutthenatureofreasoning.

Foreignphilosophers’understandinganddefinitionofphilosophy

1,Russell

BritishphilosopherRussellsaid:JustthisTheunderstandingofwordsissomethingbetweentheologyandscience.Liketheology,itcontainshumanthinkingaboutthingsthatarestilluncertainbyscientificknowledge;andlikescience,itappealstohumanreasonratherthantoauthority,whetheritistraditionalauthorityorrevelation.Authority.Allexactknowledge(Russellbelieves)belongstoscience;alldogmasthatinvolvemorethanexactknowledgebelongtotheology.Betweentheologyandscience,thereisanuninhabitedareathatisattackedbybothsides.Thisuninhabitedareaisphilosophy.

2,Plato

Platopointedout:"thauma"(surprise)isthesymbolofphilosophers,itisthebeginningofphilosophy.Platosaidfullofmeaning:"iris"(rainbow,goddessofrainbow,messengerofZeus)isthedaughterof"thauma"(surprise),andtracesherbloodwithouterror."Iris"(rainbow)conveysGod'swillandgospeltopeople.Philosophyhappensoutofsurprise.Underhisgaze,allthingshavetakenoffallkindsofmundaneconcealment,andrevealedtheirtruenature.Asaresult,itpresentsitselfasatrulyliberatingforce.

3.Aristotle

Aristotlesaidin"Metaphysics":Seekingknowledgeisthenatureofallpeople.Peoplestartphilosophicalthinkingbecauseofsurprise.Atfirst,theyaresurprisedbytheincomprehensiblethingsaroundthem,andthengraduallymoveforward,andhavequestionsaboutmoreimportantthings,suchaschangesinthemoonphase,changesinthesunandstars,Andaboutthecreationofeverything.Apersonwhoisconfusedandsurprisedwillfeelignorant.

4.Hegel

Hegelbelievesthatphilosophyisaspecialkindofthinkingmovement,andphilosophyisthepursuitofabsoluteness."Philosophytakestheabsoluteasitsobject,itisaspecialwayofthinking"-Hegel's"LittleLogic".

5.Novalis

TheeighteenthcenturyGermanromanticpoetNovalis(1771-1801)'sdefinitionofphilosophy:philosophyItisthemotherofallscience.Theessenceofphilosophicalactivitiesisthereturnofthespirit.Anyactivitythatseeksspiritualhomeseverywherewiththeurgeofnostalgiacanbecalledphilosophy.

6.Einstein

Einsteintalkedaboutphilosophylikethis:IfscienceisunderstoodasthemostuniversalandbroadestformofknowledgePursuing,then,philosophycanobviouslyberegardedasthemotherofallscience.

Chinesephilosophers’understandinganddefinitionofphilosophy

1,FengYoulan

"ABriefHistoryofChinesePhilosophy"putsforwardhisownphilosophicaldefinition:"Itisasystematicreflectiononlife."BothChineseandforeignphilosophiesoriginatedfromquestions.

AfterwesternlearningandphilosophyenteredChina,therewasadebateaboutwhethertherewasphilosophyinChinesenativeculture.ThosewhobelievethattherearephilosophyinChinadefinephilosophyasthebasicideasabouttheuniverseandlife.

2.HuShi

HuShipointedoutinhis"OutlineoftheHistoryofChinesePhilosophy":"Anyonewhostudiesimportantissuesinlifeshouldbefundamentallyinmind.Tofindafundamentalsolution:thiskindofknowledgeiscalledphilosophy."

Therearealsomanyviewsonthesubjectofphilosophy.Somepeoplethinkthatphilosophyisanexaminationoftheprocessofthequestionitself;othersthinkthatthereareessentiallyphilosophicalpropositionsthatphilosophymustanswer.

• Postmodernismdefinesphilosophyastheacademiccreationofconcepts.

• Theresearchcategoryinvolvedinphilosophyisthesumofotherdisciplines.Itgivesanexplanationofthenatureoftheworld,whichaffectstherecipient'sworldviewtoalargeextent.

• Philosophyisasciencethatstudiescategoriesandtheirrelationships.Thecategoryinvolvesthemostbasicresearchobjects,conceptsandcontentofadiscipline,andphilosophyhasthefunctionofgeneralmethodology.

• Thedifferencebetweenphilosophyandothermethodsofpresentingproblemsisacritical,methodicalapproachandrational-baseddebate.

• Philosophyisabroad-basedscienceanddoesnotinvolvespecifics.Itsresearchscopeisthebroadconceptofspecificsciences.

Thebranchofphilosophy

ThebranchofphilosophyincludesChinesephilosophy,Westernphilosophy,ethics,religion,aesthetics,logic,scienceandtechnologyphilosophy,etc.

Generationanddevelopment

Reasons

Metaphysicalthinkingistheessenceofphilosophicaldevelopment.Inprimitivesociety,peoplestilldon’tunderstandallkindsofnaturalphenomena.Naturalphenomenasuchasthunderandlightning,flashfloods,etc.stimulatedpeople’sexplorationandunderstandingofnatureandthemselves.Thisistheearlyembryonicformofreligion.Duringthisperiod,philosophyexplainedtheexistenceofreligiousforms.

Philosophyoriginatedintheancientslaveryperiodwhensocialproductivitywasgreatlyimproved.Atthattime,thedevelopmentofsocialeconomypromotedtheimprovementofpeople’scognitiveability.Peoplebegantothinkabouttheoreticalissuessuchasthenatureoftheworld.Earlyphilosophicalthoughtappeared.

Inancienttimes,theobjectsofphilosophicalresearchwerecomplex,rangingfromastronomytogeography.Allkindsofproblemsthatcangivepeoplewisdomandmakepeoplesmartaretheobjectsofphilosophicalresearch.Thephilosophicalresearchobjectsofthisperiodincludedspecificscientificobjects,andphilosophyandsciencewereintegrated.

Inthemiddleoftheslavesociety,specificsciencessuchasmathematics,astronomy,andmedicinebecameanindependentscienceandseparatedfromphilosophy.Theresearchobjectsofphilosophyhaveshrunkandbecomeconcrete,andvariousconcretephilosophicaldisciplineshavebeenformedwithinphilosophy:ontology,epistemology,andlogic.

Withtheestablishmentofcapitalism,modernempiricalscienceshaveemerged.Eachspecificsciencehasbeenindependentfromphilosophy,hasachievedrapiddevelopment,andtheobjectsofphilosophicalresearchhaveshrunk.Engelspointedout:"Inallthepreviousphilosophy,onlythedoctrinesaboutthinkinganditslaws—formallogicanddialectics—arestillthere.Everythingelsefallsintotheempiricalsciencesaboutnatureandhistory.

Theissuesofepistemologyanddevelopmentalconceptshavebecomethekeyissuesofphilosophyinthisperiod.

Incontemporarytimes,duetotheindependentandrapiddevelopmentofnaturalsciences,socialsciences,andconsciousnesssciences,theresearchobjectsofphilosophyhaveoccurredagainChange.Philosophynolongerstudiesproblemsinacertainrangeorfieldoftheworld,butstudiesthecommonnatureanduniversallawsofallthingsandphenomenaintheentireworld,suchastheoriginoftheworld,therelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousness,andthebasicstateoftheworld.,Thusformingtwomajorfactionsofmaterialismandidealism.Philosophyitselfonlyshowsthedifferentdimensionsofthinking,thereisnorightorwrongatall,butifyouexplorethetruenatureoftheobjectiveworldthroughpractice,thereisadistinctionbetweenscienceandunscientific.

Conditions

Philosophyisasocialideologyestablishedonamaterialbasis.Itisthebasicdisciplineandmeansforhumanstostudytheworld.Fromahistoricalperspective,theemergenceofphilosophyisinevitableandreasonable.ExploreitTheconditionsfortheemergencearemainlyfromthefollowingtwoaspects:

PhilosophyofHunger

Intheeraofmaterialscarcity,warscontinueandpeoplearenotliving,philosophywillturntopoliticalexploration.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod,hundredsofscholarswrotebooksandsaid,seekingthefoundationandthewayofsurvivalinthetroubledtimes.Thisisthein-depthdevelopmentofphilosophy,whichwecancall"HungerPhilosophy",orunderstoodasthephilosophyofsurvivingfromadeadend.

Theso-called"philosophyofhunger"referstosituationswherepeople’sbasiclifeinterestsandnationalprogressinterestsarenotsatisfied,orclassconflictsareacute.Underthecircumstances,philosophyisforcedtoreformandthinkandthinkabouttheworldinthewayofpoliticalandeconomicexploration,resultinginavalue-basedphilosophy.

WearewellawareoftheessenceofMarxistphilosophyasaphilosophyborninaspecifichistoricalperiod.Itservespolitics.Duetotheintensifiedexploitationofworkersbycapitalismandthedeepeningofinternalcontradictions,MarxandEngelsproposedmaterialismanddialectics,andfurthercreatedmaterialistichistoricalconceptsandsurplusvaluedoctrines,inordertoexposetheessenceofcapitalism,opposeoppression,andservescientificsocialism.Theproductionofthetheorycreatedconditions.

ItcanbeseenthatMarxistphilosophywasdevelopedinthedisadvantagedpositionoftheworkingclass.ThespecificsocialenvironmentprovidedareasonablebreedinggroundforthebirthofMarxistphilosophy.Thisisthetypical"philosophyofhunger."

Philosophyofabundance

Intheeraofabundance,peoplehavesolvedthebasicproblemsoffood,clothing,housingandtransportation.Thereisalotofroomfordevelopment.Atthistime,thescopeofphilosophythatpeoplethinkaboutisrelativelylarge,includingmanyaspects,andtheformsarealsorelativelydiverse.Aristotle’sphilosophicalthoughthaspenetratedintovariousfields.Thisisthediversifieddevelopmentofphilosophy.Callit"PhilosophyofProsperity".

Theso-called"PhilosophyofProsperity"referstopeople’sbenefitsinlifeAftersatisfaction,theworldofthinkingandconsciousnesshasbeengreatlyenriched,andtherelationshipbetweentheworldandoneselfiscarefullyobserved,andheentersthefieldsofconsciousness,spirit,natureandotherphilosophies,resultinginamulti-formphilosophy.

AquinaswasanoutstandingtheologianandphilosopherintheMiddleAges.His"EncyclopediaofTheology"iswell-knowninancientandmoderntimesandisanimportantmanifestationofthephilosophicalcharacteristicsofthisperiod.

Itcanbeseenfromthisthatphilosophyhasdifferentformsatdifferenthistoricalstages.Becauseofthis,historyhaspointedouttwofeasiblepathsforphilosophyandpromotedthemulti-leveldevelopmentofphilosophy.

Thefundamentalquestionofphilosophy

Thefundamentalquestionofphilosophy,alsoknownasthefundamentalquestionofphilosophy,thehighestquestionofphilosophy,referstotherelationshipbetweenexistenceandconsciousness.

Engelsmadethisclearstatementforthefirsttimeinhisbook"LudwigFeuerbachandtheEndofGermanClassicalPhilosophy"writtenin1886.Itsproposalprovidesacorrectstandardfordistinguishingthetwoopposingphilosophicalsystemsandphilosophicalschoolsofmaterialismandidealism,aswellastheobjectiveevaluationofthem.

Connotation

Thebasicquestionsofphilosophyhavetwoaspects:

Thefirstaspect:whatisexistenceandconsciousness,matterandthinkingThisisthesourceoftheproblem.Therehavealwaysbeentwofundamentallydifferentanswerstoquestionsinthisregard,andthishasresultedintheformationoftwomajorcamps,twobasicfactions,andtwoopposinglinesofidealismandmaterialisminphilosophy.Anyonewhobelievesthatconsciousnessisprimaryandmatterissecondary,thatis,consciousnessprecedesmaterialphilosophyandbelongstoidealism;whoeverbelievesthatmatterisprimaryandconsciousnessissecondary,thatis,matterprecedesideologicalphilosophy.Belongstomaterialism.Inadditiontothesetwofundamentallyopposedanswers(monism),thereisanotheranswerthatbelievesthatmatterandconsciousnessaretwoindependentandindependentorigins.Thephilosophicalschoolsholdingthisviewbelongtodualism.

Anotheraspectofthebasicproblemofphilosophyistheproblemoftheidentityofthinkingandexistence.Forthisaspect,mostphilosophers,includingmaterialistphilosophersandsomeidealistphilosophers,havedoneAffirmativeanswer.Materialismandidealismhavedifferentsolutionstothisprobleminprinciple.Materialismrecognizestheobjectiveexistenceofthematerialworldanditslaws,recognizesthatthinkingexistsonthebasisofreflection,andrecognizesthattheworldcanbeunderstood;idealismregardstheobjectiveworldasaproductofthinkingandspirit,andthatknowingtheworldisspiritSelf-knowledge.Therearealsosomephilosophers,suchasD.HumeandI.Kant,whodenythepossibilityofknowingtheworldorthepossibilityofknowingtheworldthoroughly,andareagnosticsinthehistoryofphilosophy.

Faction

EuropeanrationalistscientistDescartes(2photos)

Materialism:Theoriginoftheworldisattributedtomatter,anditadvocatesthatmatteristhefirstandconsciousnessisthesecond,andthatconsciousnessistheproductofmatter.,Specificallydividedintoancientnaivematerialism,modernmetaphysicalmaterialismanddialecticalmaterialism.Thephilosophyofthisschoolhasalwaysemphasizedsensorycognition,rationalreasoningandobjectiveevidence.Duetothelimitationsofthedevelopmentofnaturalscience,theschoolisstillincompleteregardingtheoriginoftheworldandneedsfurtherdevelopment.

Idealism:Theoriginoftheworldisattributedtothespirit,anditadvocatestheprimarynatureofconsciousnessandideas(laws),andthesecondarynatureofmatter.Matteristheproductofconsciousness.Idealismisverycomplicatedandcanberoughlydividedintotwocategories:subjectiveidealismandobjectiveidealism.Subjectiveidealismadvocatesthefirstnatureofindividualconsciousness,andobjectiveidealismadvocatesthefirstnatureofobjectconsciousness.

KnowledgeTheory:Thebeliefthattheworldcanberecognized,thatpeoplecanfullyrecognizetheworldbymeansofsensoryorgansandtheirextensions(scientificinstruments),butthepartsthathavenotyetbeenrecognizedOnlybecauseoftheunderdevelopmentoftechnology,itisinevitableforpeopletofullyunderstandtheworld.

Agnosticism:Thebeliefthattheworldcannotberecognizedorfullyrecognized.Theinabilitytobefullyrecognizedhereisnot"notyetrecognized",butReferstocertainpartsorlevelsoftheworld,humanbeingswillneverknowthetruth."Conceptualworld"isaconceptthatmustbementionedwhenstudyingagnosticism.

Dualism:Itbelievesthattheoriginoftheworldisthetwoentitiesofconsciousnessandmatter,tryingtoreconcilethephilosophicalviewsofmaterialismandidealism.Dualismisaphilosophicaldoctrinethatadvocatesthattheworldhastwoindependentorigins:spiritandmaterial.Itisopposedtomonism.

Estemology:Inadditiontotheontologythatincludesmaterialism,idealism,andduality,thereisalsoepistemology.Epistemologyisdividedintotwoopposingtheoriesofempiricismandrationalism.

PhilosophicalConcepts

PhilosophicalProposition

*FreeWill

*Determinism

*Thelawofcausality

*Randomness

*Whitehorseisnotahorse

*Thepeopleuseiteveryday

*Paradox

*Changesarenew

*Twenty-oneDebates

*Benevolenceisthesourceofallthings

*Thebodyusesasource

*Theskydoesnotchange,andthewaydoesnotchange

*Heaven’spathisnatural

*Allthingsareinme

*Thingsmustbereversed

*Mindandtemperament

*Hearthasnobody

*Newreasonisdivided

*ShapeandqualityareusedforGod

*Sexisreason

*Sexdayisborn

*Oneisdividedintotwo

*OnethingistwoStyle

*EPRParadox

*SolidWhiteXiangying

*ContradictionTheory

SubjectClassification

AncientGreekphilosopherspracticephilosophybyaskingquestions.Thequestionstheyaskcanberoughlydividedintothefollowingcategories.Thesequestionsformthemaindisciplinesofphilosophy:Metaphysics,Logic,andRecognition.Epistemology,EthicsandAesthetics.

• Metaphysicshasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts,mainlyincludingtwo.Onereferstothepartofphilosophythatexploresthefundamentalprinciplesofeverythingintheuniverse.TheotherisatermthatHegelbegantouseandMarxalsocontinuedtouse.Itreferstothewayofthinkingthatisopposedtodialectics,observingtheworldfromanisolated,static,andone-sidedpointofview.Themainproblemsofmetaphysicsinclude,whatistheoriginoftheworld,thegenerationandevolutionofeverythingintheuniverse,thenatureoftimeandspace,thelawsofnature,whetherthesoulexists,therelationshipbetweenmanandtheuniverse,freewill,etc.Inshort,existence,nothingness,universe,soul,freewill...allmysteriousandmysteriousissuesbelongtoancientmetaphysicaltopics.

• TheinventorofLogicistheancientGreekphilosopherAristotle.Logicinanarrowsensereferstothescienceofstudyingreasoning,thatis,studyingThescienceofhowtoinfertheunknowninevitableresultfromthecurrentknownconditions.Logicinabroadsensereferstothescienceofstudyingtheformsofthinking,thelawsofthinking,andthelogicalmethodsofthinking.Thescopeofgenerallogicresearchisrelativelylarge,itisatraditionalunderstanding,andhasalottodowithphilosophicalresearch.Theentirelogicdisciplinesystemisverylargeandcomplex,suchas:traditional,modernanddialectical,deductive,inductiveandanalogous,classicandnon-classical,andsoon.However,nomatterhowcomplexitis,therearesimilarities,suchas:methodsofconstructingjudgments;reasoningofinevitability;identificationwithlogicaltruthsorlawsoflogic,etc.

• EssemologyisderivedfromGreekknowledgeandspeech.Itisaphilosophicalmethodtoexplorethenature,originandscopeofknowledge.Therelationshipbetweenepistemologyandepistemologyiscontroversial.Somepeoplethinkthattheyarethesameconcept,whileothersthinkthattheyareactuallytwocloselyrelatedconcepts.Formostofthehistoryofphilosophy,knowledgemeansbeliefthathasbeenproventohaveabsolutetruth.Anythingthatlacksabsolutetruthiscalledapossiblepointofview.ThisviewisstillpopularatleastinBertrandRussell’sworkphilosophyintheearly20thcentury.Inthefollowingdecades,thisviewbegantoloseattention.Inthe1960s,EdmundGettiercriticizedthedefinitionofknowledgeinTheaTeide.Hepointedoutthatundercertaincircumstances,whatapersonbelievesisconfirmedtoacertainextent,butnottoanabsolutedegree.Inthiscase,peoplecanthinkthatthepersonhasnotgainedknowledge.

• Ethicsisatheoryaboutmoralissues,whichstudiesthegeneration,development,essence,evaluation,functionofmorality,andthelawsofmoraleducationandmoralcultivationDoctrine.Andmoralityisthesumofthebehavioralnormsofgoodandevil,andthesumofthecorrespondingpsychologicalconsciousnessandbehavioralactivitiesintheinterestrelationshipbetweentheexistenceanddevelopmentofsocietyandnature.Themoralitystudiedbyethics,asoneofthesocialideologies,isreflectedthroughsocialmateriallivingconditionsbasedoncertainsocialeconomicrelations;ethicsisthroughgoodandevil,rightsandobligations,idealsandmissions,namelyPeople’scodeofconductisreflectedinallcategoriesandsystems.

• TheresearchobjectofAestheticsisart,andaestheticsisthephilosophyofart.ThehistoryofWesternaestheticsbeganwithPlato.AlthoughPythagorasandothershadbeguntodiscussaestheticissuesbeforePlato,Platowasthefirstphilosophertodiscussaestheticissuesfromtheheightofphilosophicalspeculation.InChina,thepre-QinperiodwasagoldenageforthedevelopmentofChineseclassicalaesthetics.TheaestheticsofLaozi,Confucius,YiZhuan,andZhuangzilaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofChineseclassicalaesthetics.ButtherealstartingpointofChineseaestheticsisLaoTzu.

Duetodifferentresearchfields,philosophyhasmanycategories.

*HistoryofPhilosophy

oHistoryofEasternPhilosophy

+HistoryofChinesePhilosophy

+IndianPhilosophy

+IslamicPhilosophy

+JapanesePhilosophy

oHistoryofWesternPhilosophy

+AncientGreekPhilosophy

+MedievalPhilosophy

+Renaissancephilosophy

+GermanClassicalPhilosophy

+RussianPhilosophy

*MarxistPhilosophy

oDialecticalMaterialism

oHistoricalMaterialism

oHistoryofMarxistPhilosophy

*PhilosophyofScience

*PoliticalPhilosophy

*PhilosophyofHistory

*ModernPhilosophy

oPhilosophyofExistence

oAnalyticalPhilosophy

oHumanisticPhilosophy

oHermeneutics

oSemiotics

oPragmatismPhilosophy

*Ethics

oMedicalEthics

oEducationalEthics

oPoliticalEthics

oFamilyEthics

oBioethics

oEcologicalEthics

*Aesthetics

oAestheticsHistory

oArtAesthetics

oTechnologyAesthetics

*Metaphysics

*Phenomenology

*Processphilosophy

*Esensetheory

*Deathphilosophy

*Lifephilosophy

*LegalPhilosophy

*PhilosophyofMind

*MohistPhilosophy

*ContemporaryAnglo-AmericanPhilosophy

*ComparativePhilosophy

*ContemporaryFrenchPhilosophy

*PhilosophyPhilosophy

Therelationshipbetweenphilosophyandscience

Difference

Philosophystudiesthewholeworld,Revealthegenerallawsofthedevelopmentoftheentireworld,andprovidemethodologicalguidanceforpeopletounderstandtheworldandtransformtheworld

Andspecificscienceaimsataspecificfield,andprovidesguidanceforpeopletounderstandtheworldandtransformtheworldinspecificmethods

Contact

①Specificscienceisthefoundationofphilosophy,andtheprogressofspecificsciencepromotesthedevelopmentofphilosophy;

②Philosophyprovidestheguidanceofworldviewandmethodologyforspecificscience.

Chinesephilosophy

Chinesephilosophyisdividedintoancientphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.Ancientphilosophymainlyreferstothefourstagesof"contendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod","ThreeXuanxuesofConfucianismandTaoisminHanandTangDynasties","DevelopmentofConfucianisminSongDynasty"and"ModernChineseandWesternIntegration".Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy".Itcanbesaidthat"TheaesthetictheoryofTaoismrepresentsthetruespiritofChineseart."

Ancient

AncientChinesephilosophyhasalonghistoryandisbroadandprofound.Itsuniqueideologicalvalues​​arefarfromtheforefrontofhistory.

InancientChina,Confucianism,Taoism,Legalism,andMohismwerethemainphilosophicalschools.Amongthem,Confucianism,Taoism,andMohismwereespeciallyinfluential.TheintroductionanddevelopmentofWesternphilosophyinmoderntimeshasalsohadagreatimpact.Amongthem,inmodernChina,Marxistphilosophyistheofficialideology;scholarsrepresentedbyNeo-ConfucianismstrivetoinnovateanddeveloptraditionalChinesephilosophy.

TheChinesecosmologyisrepresentedbytheBookofChangesandLaoZhuang,andtheethicalsocialoutlookisrepresentedbyConfucianismandMencius.ConfucianismandTaoismcomplementeachother.

Chinesephilosophyisdividedintoancientphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.Ancientphilosophymainlyreferstothefourstagesof"contendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod","ThreeXuanxuesofConfucianismandTaoisminHanandTangDynasties","DevelopmentofConfucianisminSongDynasty"and"ModernChineseandWesternIntegration".Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy"

ContendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod

Asthesource,ithasalonghistoryinthehistoryofChineseculturaldevelopment,andhasaprofoundimpactonthegeneralethicsandmoralsoftheChinesepeople,andonthevalues​​andvalueprioritiesofChineseculture.IthasbecomeacollectivesubconsciousnessoftheChinesenation.Confucianvalues​​influencethemajorityofpublicoccasionsinancientChinabasedonConfucianvalues​​astheprioritystandard.Therefore,itcanbesaidthatthevalueorientationofConfucianismgenerallyrepresentsthebasicvaluepriorityoftraditionalChineseculture.

Confucianismpaysattentiontoself-cultivationandemphasizesethicsandmorality.Itscentralideais"benevolenceandjustice",thatis,harmoniousrelationsbetweenpeopleshouldbeemphasized.InterpersonalrelationsarebasedontheFiveEthicsandhavecertainnorms.Treatyourelderswithrespectandrespect;behonestwithyourfriends;behonestandlovethepeoplewhenyouareanofficial;beself-knowledgeanddoyourowninternalaffairs.Therulershouldbebenevolentandlovethepeople;befraternitywithothers.Beloyaltoyourboss;befilialtoyourparentsandrelatives;beambitiousandhaveperseverance.Attachimportancetothepursuitofknowledge,andbegoodatdrawingonthestrengthsofothersandadmiringothers'ideas.Regardingthelifeoflifeandwork,whenyouareachild,youloveyourparents;whenyouhaveagirlfriend(lover),youloveyourlover;ifyouhaveawifeandchildren(spouse,loverandchildren)aftermarriage,youloveyourloverandchildren;Whenanofficialoracivilservant(inabroadsense,anemployee),helovesthemonarch(andorhissuperiors).

Confucianpoliticalthoughtis"benevolentgovernance","kingdom"and"ritualsystem",anditsidealsare"greatharmony"and"greatunification".Itspoliticalsciencemainlyelaboratestherelationshipbetweenthemonarchandtheministerandtherelationshipbetweenthegovernmentandthepeople.Confucius"theemperorshouldactwithcourtesy,andtherulerwithloyalty",Mencius"thepeoplearethemostimportant,thesocietyissecond,andtheemperoristhelight",andXunzi"doesnotfollowtheruler,righteousnessdoesnotfollowthefather,andthegreatdeedsofman",IstherepresentativepropositionofConfucianpolitics.Ontheissueofrealpolitics,Confucianismrequiresboththerulerandtheruledtobearobligations.Intheory,theruledhastherighttoresisttherulerwhoassumestheobligationsabnormally."Benevolentgovernanceiseasytodo"advocatesthedistinctionbetween"cannot"and"donot",thatis,thedifferencebetween"cannotdo"and"donotdo."Andits"noperseverancebecauseofnoperseverance"alsoembodiesthepeople-orientedthinking.ThepurposeofConfucianeducationistopromotehumanityandcompletepersonalityasthestartingpoint,untilreachingtheidealofestablishingabenevolentcountryandaworldofgreatharmony.Therefore,theidealofConfucianismistobecomeageneralist,ortobeversatileratherthanjustonetalentandoneskill,ortobeabletocomprehendbyanalogyonthebasisofonetalentandoneskill,thatis,acombinationofspecialistsandgeneralists.DatongsocietyisadescriptionofthegreatjourneyofConfucianism,thatistosay,theeconomicsofConfucianismservestheidealsocietyofmankind.Confucianismemphasizesrighteousnessoverprofit,takesrighteousnessasthefoundationandguidesprofitbyrighteousness.Respectthelawsofthenaturalmarketeconomy,opposeviolatingthelawsofdestroyingthemarket,andopposethemanipulationofthemarketatthesametime,butagreeto"sellataprice."Confucianismemphasizesrationalityandalsoproposestostudythingstolearnknowledge.Confucianismattachesgreatimportancetoscienceandtechnologyandthepracticalityofmaterials.Itputsforwardtheprincipleof"lesseffort,moreeffort"anddevelopedpracticallearning.Atthesametime,itfocusesoncomprehensivepersonalitydevelopmentandopposesturningpeopleintomaterialtools.ConfucianmetaphysicswasdevelopedinlaterNeo-ConfucianismandPsychology.Confucianismattachesgreatimportancetothelongtraditionofcompilinghistory.

ThedevelopmentofConfucianismintheSongDynasty

ZhouDunyi,ZhangHengqu,ChengHao,andChengYiwerethemajorConfucianscholarsintheNorthernSongDynasty.TheyinheritedtheConfucianclassicsandemphasizedbenevolence.Andxinxing,butalsotalkabouttheprincipleofthepoor.ThreeyearslaterinXining,WangAnshi'spoliticalreformtriggeredpartisandisputes,andChengErChengretreatedtoLuoyang,andNeo-Confucianismreachedmaturityinthefollowingsevenortenyears.

AftertheSongDynastycrossedtheSouth,Confucianismwasdividedintothreeschools-ChengHaoopenedHuWufeng's"HuxiangSchool",ChengYiopenedZhuZi'sschool,whichisalsoChengZhuLixue,therepresentativeisZhuXi;LuJiuyuanDirectlyfollowingMenciusandstartingaschoolofXinxue.QuanZuwangcommented:"AfterSongQianandChun,theschoolsweredividedintothree:ZhuXueye,LuXueye,andLuXueye.Thethreeschoolswereatthesametime,andnoneofthemwereingoodharmony.LuXuetookbothitsstrengthsandrefineditwiththeliteratureoftheCentralPlains.Althoughthedifferentpathsaredifferent,itisthesameifyouwantthemtobelongtothesaints."

SincethemiddleoftheNorthernSongDynasty,Daoistshavebecomemoreandmorevigorous.IntheearlydaysoftheSouthernSongDynasty,althoughthegovernmentorderedtheprohibitionseveraltimes,itcouldnotstopthepopularityofTaoismandreduceitsreputation.AftertheSouthernSongDynasty,onlythesecondlineofZhuandLucontinued.DuringtheYuanandMingdynasties,ZhuXuejinoccupiedthepositionoforthodoxyandwastheofficialthoughtofthelateChinesemonarchysociety.Huidongcommentedon"MaoShiZhuShu":"ThedisasterofSongConfucianismisworsethanQinHui."

MingDynastyXinxue

MingDynastyXinxueThegreatmasterChenBaishaputforwardthephilosophicalpropositionof“natureasthesect”and“learningisworthy”,breakingthedullandrigidmodelofCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism,openingthemindoftheMingDynasty,andfoundingthe“JiangmenSchool”,whichisoneinthehistoryofNeo-ConfucianismintheSongandMingDynasties.Akeyfigureinlinkingthepasttothefutureandchangingtheatmosphere.ChenBaisha'sstudyemphasizesthesignificanceoftheexistenceofindividualsintheuniversewiththesubjectiveself-valueof"theuniverseisinme".Whathecalled"natural"referstothestateofexistenceinwhicheverythingissimple,natural,withoutanyburden,andabsolutelyfree.Heaskspeopletobegoodatunderstandingthe"naturalmind"inthis"natural"state.Hevigorouslyadvocatedthemind-learningworldviewof"Heavenandearthstandbyme,andtheuniverseisinme".

SongMingXinxuestartedfromLuJiuyuan,throughChenBaisha,toWangYangming.InthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,WangYangmingfoundedthe"YangmingSchool"ofconscience,whichgatheredthegreatachievementsofthestudyofthemind.AttheendoftheMingDynasty,LiuHuishanechoedHuWufengandsaidthattherighteousnessofnatureisbasedontheheart.AttheendoftheMingDynasty,Wang'sstudiesalsoenteredthelaststage.HuangZongxisaid:"Mingpeoplelectured,followedthedrossof"Quotations",didnottakethesixclassicsastheroot,buttiedthebooksandengagedinlobbying."WangShizhensaid:"Thescholarsoftoday,Occasionally,ifyouhaveapeeping,youwanttoabolishthepre-Confucianismanddriveit.Ifyoudon’tlearn,youwillusetheconsistentlanguagetousetheliteraryisveryshabby;ifyoudon’tdoit,youwillrunawayfromthelandoflife,sothatpeoplecannotbequestioned."

The"GanquanSchool"foundedbyanotherXinxuemasterZhanRuoshuiintheMingDynastyandWangYangming's"YangmingSchool"werealsocalled"WangZhan'sschool"bythetime.ZhanRuoshuiinheritedChenBaisha'stheorySomeinnovations,andeventuallybecomeagreatschoolofNeo-Confucianism.ZhanRuoshuiputforwardpropositionssuchas"recognizingintheheart,thatis,learningfromthemind"and"understandingtheprinciplesofheaveneverywhere";correctingthelackofintrospectioninhisteacher'stheory,andadvocatingthe"internalandexternal"learning.Theso-called"anywhere"means"asyouwish,atwill,withyou,withyourhome,withthecountry,withtheworld".Inhisview,nomatterwhatkindofsituationpeoplearein,theyshouldexperienceandpracticetheprinciplesofnatureintheirhearts.

QingDynasty

AftertheearlyQingDynasty,Neo-Confucianismbecameemptytalk,seriouslydivorcedfromreality,andbecameameansofusingacademicsasatooltogainpoliticalbenefits.Inthetwenty-firstyearofKangxi,EmperorKangxireadCuiWeilin'sarticleandsaidthat"peoplewhoareconceitedasConfucian"arereally"despicable".Healsosaid:"IthinkthatitisTaoism,buttheso-calledTaoismisnotnecessarilytrue.Itisnotverygoodtohearabouthishometown."Kangxisaid,"Today,intheHanpalace,therearemanypeoplewhoarefamousforTaoism.Examiningthetruth,wordsanddeedsarememorized."Heoncesaid:"LiGuangdi,TangBin,andXiongCiluareallscholarsofTaoism,buttheyarenotcompatible."Evenso,inthe51styearofKangxi(1712),theQingDynastyissuedanedict,stipulatingthatZhuXibecameoneofthetenphilosophersoftheConfucianTemple.First,itmarkedthatCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianismbecameanofficialacademic.

Modern

Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy"

"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"Itisalineofrepeatedstudyoftraditionalphilosophy,basedontraditionalphilosophy,andgivennewpracticalsignificance.

"ResearchonWesternPhilosophy"mainlyreferstoMarx'sphilosophy.IhopetouseforeignculturetoredefineeverythinginChinaandburytheoldtraditionsinanera.

Westernphilosophy

Westernphilosophyisaunifiedphilosophicalsystemwiththesamehistoricaltraditionandaunifiedconceptualsystem.ThedefinitionofWesternphilosophyisvague.AlthoughtheAmericanphilosopherTerry’sHistoryofWesternPhilosophymentionedthesocialistphilosopherslikeOwenbeforeMarx,hedidnotmentionawordaboutMarx(Terry’s“HistoryofWesternPhilosophy”wrotefromancientGreekphilosophytoThetimespanofAmericanpositivistphilosophyincludesMarx).AlthoughRussellmentionedMarxintheHistoryofWesternPhilosophy,hesaidthathesaidMarxbecauseMarxwasaphilosopherwhohadasignificantinfluenceonWesternphilosophy.InWesternphilosophy,the"West"iswidelyregardedasreferringnotonlytothegeographical"West(WesternEurope)"butalsotothecultural"West(capitalistworld)".

BeforetheformationofMarxistphilosophy,Westernphilosophyexperiencedapproximatelythreeperiods:ancientGreco-Romanphilosophy,medievalphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.

AncientGreco-Romanphilosophy

AncientGreco-Romanphilosophycanberoughlydividedintothreestages:

①Fromthe7thtothe6thcenturyBC,philosophyFamilymembersattachgreatimportancetothestudyoftheoriginoftheuniverse,andphilosophyatthisstageiscallednaturalphilosophy.Duetothedifferentanswerstotheworld'soriginsandthedifferentareaswherephilosopherslive,theMiletusschool,theEfesschool,thePythagorasschool,andtheAileaschoolwereformed.TheMiletusschooltakes'water','unrestricted',and'qi'astheoriginoftheworld;HeraclitusoftheEphesianschoolbelievesthateverythingintheworldisafirethatburnsandextinguishesinaccordancewiththelaw;PythagorasTheschoolregards“number”astheprototypeofthings,andthinksthatnumberconstitutesthe“order”oftheuniverse,and“everythingisnumber”;theAiliaschoolclassifiestheever-changingworldasanillusion,andbelievesthattheonlyrealthingis“existence”','existence'issingle,finite,invariable,andindivisible.

Thelaternaturalphilosophersputforwardtheconceptsof“fourelements”(water,fire,earth,air),“seed”,“atom”,etc.toexploretheoriginoftheworld;someFurtherexplorethedrivingforcebehindthechangesintheworldmovementandbelievethatthereisakindofthemostdelicate,active,andmaterialthing'Nus',whichpromotesthecorrespondencebetweenheatandcold,dryandwet,andtheseparationof'seeds'fromtheoriginalmixture.Starttomove,andconstitutecountlessuniversesandconcretethings.

Transformationofresearch

②Inthe5thcenturyBC,thefocusofancientGreekphilosophyshiftedfromresearchingnaturetoresearchingpeople.Atthistime,thewisemendonotbelieveinrealexistenceandobjectivetruth.Protagorabelievesthateverythingisequallytrue.Rightandwrongarerelativetohumanperception("Manisthemeasureofallthings");GorgiasagainThinkeverythingisequallyfake.Socrates,whocallshimselfthe"lovewiseman,"believesthatthereareobjectivetruths,anditispossibletoknowthetruth;trueknowledgeseeksuniversaldefinitionsofvariousethicsfromspecificmoralbehaviors;themethodofseekingdefinitionsisargumentation.

③Inthe4thcenturyBC,ancientGreekphilosophyenteredastageofsystematization,representedbyPlatoandAristotle.Platoputforwardthetheoryofideals("theoryofrationality"),thinkingthattherealisticandperceivableworldisnotreal,andthereisaneternalandrealworldofidealsoutsideit.Ideasarethe'paradigms'ofindividualthings;individualthingsareimperfect'shadows'or'fakecopies'ofperfectideas;thefeelingoftakingindividualthingsasobjectscannotbethesourceoftrueknowledge,andtrueknowledgeistheimmortalsoul'sinfluenceontheidealOf'memories'.AristotledisagreedwithPlato'stheoryofideas.Hecalledtheidea"form"andbelievedthat"form"cannotexistindependentlyofindividualthings.Formistheessenceofthingsandexistswithinthings.

Specificthingsarecomposedofmaterialfactors,formalfactors,dynamicfactorsandpurposefactors.Theprocessofcombiningmaterialandformisthemovementoftransformingpotentialintoreality.Healsoputforwarda"firstmover"forthefinalpurposeofathingandthefinalcauseofthemovement,thinkingthatitisaformwithoutmaterial.AfterthedeathofAristotle,GreekculturegraduallycombinedwithRomanculture.Inmorethan800years,manyphilosophicalschoolsappeared,mainlyincludingEpicureanschool,StoicschoolandthesuspicionrepresentedbyPilang.Onandsoon.Theyconductedamorein-depthdiscussiononthebasisofthedevelopmentofpredecessors'thinking,andinvolvedethicalandreligiousissues.InthestageofsystematizationofancientGreekandRomanphilosophy,theformallogiccreatedbyAristotlelaidasolidfoundationfortraditionallogic.

MedievalPhilosophy

IntheMiddleAgesofEurope,Catholicismoccupiedadominantpositioninallaspectsofsecularandspirituallife.Philosophybecamethehandmaidoftheology,anditsrolewastoberationalforfaithexplain.The5thto10thcenturywastheearlyperiodofmedievalphilosophy.Duringthisperiod,thefocusofphilosophicalresearchwasontherelationshipbetweenthegeneralandtheindividual.

ThelaterRomanphilosopherA.M.T.S.Boaixiuattachesgreatimportancetotheauthenticityofindividualthingswithdiversity,andbelievesthatuniversalsexistinindividualthingsandarenotmaterialinthemselves.TheIrishphilosopherJ.S.Eryugenabelievesthattheuniversalwholeisthemostreal,andGodisthetotal.Itcreateseverything,encompasseseverything,andtranscendseverything.Godisdifferentfromallthings,allthingsarepartofGod,andGodisinallthings.Fromthebeginningofthe11thcenturytothebeginningofthe14thcentury,twoschoolsofnominalismandrealismwereformedonthebasisofearlymedievalphilosophy.Nominalism,representedbytheFrenchscholasticphilosopherRothering,believesthatonlyindividualthingshaverealness,individualityprecedesuniversality,universalityisnothingmorethananame,and'universal'isnothingbutthe'voice'ofpeople.ActuallyTheabovedoesnotexist.Thiskindofthinkingisreflectedinreligion,denyingthehighestGodoftheTrinity,andonlyacknowledgingtheexistenceoftheFather,theSon,andtheHolySpirit.Realism,representedbytheChristianphilosopherAnselmo,believesthatwhatreallyexistsisa'universal',notaspecificindividualthing.Thereisa'nobeginningandnoendtruth'thatexistsbeforeallthings.Thiskindofthinkingisreflectedinreligion,acknowledgingtherealityoftheuniversalchurchandthinkingthatindividualchurchesaresubordinate;acknowledgingtherealityoftheuniversaldoctrineofChristianityandthinkingthatthebeliefsofindividualpeoplearesubordinating;acknowledgingtherealityoforiginalsinandthinkingthatthesinsofindividualpeoplearesubordinating;AcknowledgethehighestGodrealityoftheTrinity,thinkthatthethreeseparatedGodsaresubordinate,andsoon.

Fromthebeginningofthe14thcenturytothemiddleofthe15thcentury,duetothedeclineofthechurchandthedevelopmentofnaturalsciences,orthodoxscholasticphilosophywasdeclining.Philosophybecamemoreandmoredivorcedfromtheology,theideaof​​personalfreedombegantosprout,andmedievalphilosophygraduallyturnedtomodernphilosophy.transition.

ModernPhilosophy

Westernmodernphilosophywasformedwiththeself-awakeningofhumanbeings.Duringthisperiod,theRenaissanceextolledactivelifeandadvocatedrationality.Peoplenolongerbelievedintheologyandauthority,andtheirthoughtsreturnedfromthereligiousworldtotheearth,thusdiscoveringnatureandpeoplethemselves,startingtopursueknowledgeandyearningforpersonalfreedom.

The15thtotheearly17thcenturywasthefirststageofmodernwesternphilosophy.Atthisstage,theresearchcenterismanandnature,formingtwotrendsofthoughtthatarerelatedtoeachotherandhavecertaindifferencesbetweenhumanismandnaturalphilosophy.Humanismadvocatesputtingpeopleatthecenteranddoingeverythingforthebenefitofpeople,andopposestheimmortalityofthesoulandasceticism.Representativesofnaturalphilosophygenerallyadvocatetheuseofthescientificmethodofempiricalobservationinsteadofthedeductivemethodofscholasticphilosophy.Italy’sB.Theresiobelievesthatmatteriseternal,andtheoppositionofheatandcoldisthecauseofthemovementofmatter;G.Brunobelievesthattheuniverseisinfinite,andthesolarsystemisonlyapartofit.Natureisthegod,anditconsistsofmonads.constitute.

Monadisaunityofmatterandspirit,materialandform.Manyoftherepresentativesofnaturalphilosophyarenaturalscientists.Theirscientificresearchisoftenmixedwithmagic,alchemy,andastrology,whichbringsalotofimaginationandfictiontotheirphilosophicalthinking.

Thebeginningofthe17thcenturytotheendofthe18thcenturywasthesecondstageofmodernwesternphilosophy.Atthisstage,theattentionofphilosophywasfocusedontherelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthesubject,formingtwoschoolsofempiricismandrationalism.ThematerialistempiricismrepresentedbyF.BaconandLockebelievesthatacquiredfeelingsabouttheoutsideworldarethesourceofknowledgeandfeelingsarereliable.Baconacknowledgedthatthenaturalworldismaterial,andthatmatterisdynamicanddiverse.Hebelievesthatthepurposeofmasteringknowledgeistounderstandandconquernature,andknowledgeispower;Lockebelievesthatthemindisa'whiteboard',andtheideaisthatexternalthingsleavetracesonthewhiteboard.的产品。Theproduct.ThematerialisticrationalerepresentedbyB.Spinozabelievesthattheobjectofknowledgeistheobjectivelyexistingnature,andonlyreasoncangraspit,andexperienceisunreliable.Spinozaregardsnatureastheonly'entity',thinkingthatthinkingandextensionarethetwoattributesoftheunifiedanduniqueentity.Individualthingsarethedeformationofentities.Onlybygraspingtheuniqueentitythroughrationalitycanindividualthingsbeknown.

TheidealisticrationalerepresentedbyDescartesandGWLeibnizbelievesthatonlyonthebasisofacompletelyclearandunquestionableaxiom,throughtheabilityofrationalknowledgetobeclearandaccurateInordertogetrealknowledge.Descartesputforwardtheconceptof'innateness',sayingthatpeople'sabilityofrationalknowledgeisinnate,andtheself-evidentfirstaxiomisalsoinherentandinnateinlife.However,inadditiontoacknowledgingtheindependentexistenceofspiritualentities,healsorecognizedindependentphysicalentities,andunifiedthesetworelativelyindependententitiesintoanabsoluteentity"God";LeibnizfurtherdevelopedDescartes'thoughts,Believesthatallideasareinnate,butatfirsttheyexistinpeople'sheartsastendencies,endowments,habits,ornaturalpotentials,andtheyneedtobeprocessedbeforetheyreallyappear.TheidealistempiricismrepresentedbyBerkeleyandHumebelievesthat'existenceistobeperceived'.Berkeleyconcludedthatthereisnothingintheworldexcepttheperceivedspiritualentityandtheperceivedperception;Humefurtherbelievesthatthereisonlyperceptionthatreallyexists,experienceisconstitutedbyperception,andthingsotherthanperceptionareunknowable.Inthe18thcentury,inadditiontothedebatebetweenrationalismandempiricism,therewerealsoagroupofFrenchEnlightenmentthinkersandencyclopedicmaterialistphilosopherswhohadagreaterinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesternphilosophy.Fromtheoverallperspectiveofthesecondstageofmodernwesternphilosophy,ithasthecharacteristicsofmechanicalmetaphysics.

StartingfromKant'sphilosophyattheendofthe18thcentury,modernWesternphilosophyhasenteredthethirdstage.Itiscalled"GermanClassicalPhilosophy"inthehistoryofphilosophy.ThemainrepresentativesareKant,JGFichte,FWJSchelling,andHaigAndFeuerbach.

Philosophicalsystemsthathaveacertaininfluenceinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofworldphilosophy,aswellasNorthKoreanphilosophy,Japanesephilosophy,Pakistaniphilosophy,SriLankanphilosophy,Vietnamesephilosophy,Iranianphilosophy,Arabicphilosophy,Russianandotherregionsphilosophy.

Theyaremoreorlessinfluencedbythethreemajorphilosophicaltraditions,andtheyhavetheirowncharacteristicsofphilosophicalthinking.Amongthem,ArabicphilosophyplayedamediaroleinspreadingAristotle'sphilosophytoWesternEuropeintheMiddleAges.ItalsomadesignificantdevelopmentstoAristotle'sphilosophyandbecameanimportantlinkinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofworldphilosophy.

SchoolsofModernWesternPhilosophy

"SchoolsofModernWesternPhilosophy"refertovariousphilosophicalschoolsthathavebeenpopularintheWestaftertheemergenceofMarxistphilosophy.ItisacontinuationofmodernWesternphilosophy.

Indianphilosophy

ThedevelopmentofIndianphilosophycanberoughlydividedintoancientphilosophy(about3000BCto750AD),medievalphilosophy(750to18thcenturyAD),andmodernFourperiodsofphilosophy(about18thcenturyto1947)andmodernphilosophy(after1947).

AncientIndia

India,thebuddingworldoutlookappearedinthe"Rigveda"eraattheendoftheprimitivecommune.Afterenteringtheslaverysociety,itbegantoformasystematicphilosophy.Theearliestphilosophicalwork"TheUpanishads"alreadyhadtheoppositionalstrugglebetweenmaterialismandidealism.Fromthe10thtothe6thcenturyBC,aftertheformationoftheslavecountryinIndia,thereligiousidealismofBrahmanismfoughtfiercelyagainstmaterialismorthematerialistictrendofSalmonism.Destroyoruselegalmeanstoimposesanctions.

MiddleAntiquity

IntheMiddleAges,religionwasdominant,andthephilosophyoftherulingclasswasincludedintheHindutheologicalsystem.IndiatraditionallyrecognizedtheVedicauthorityinthisperiodofnumbertheory,ThesixphilosophiesofYogaSchool,ShenglunSchool,OrthodoxSchool,VedantaSchool,andMimanchaSchoolarecalledOrthodoxSchools,whichdenytheauthorityofVedicPhilosophy,Buddhism,andJainism.Etc.arecalledunorthodox.Theseschoolscanberoughlydividedintotwocamps:Vedanta,Yoga,MahayanaBuddhism,Madhyamaka,andYoga,whichbelongtoidealism,andShunshi,andnumbertheory,whichbelongtomaterialismorhaveatendencytowardmaterialism.School,ShenglunSchool,ZhengliSchool,MimanChapa,Jainism,andBuddhisminBuddhism.Inthe12thto13thcenturies,afterIslambecamethedominantideologicalsystem,therewasastrugglebetweentheorthodoxscholasticsandtheSufisorthepuresectswithinIslam.

Colonialera

Afterenteringthemodernsociety,manyenlightenmentthinkersinHinduism,undertheinfluenceofWesternphilosophyandscientificthought,criticizedtheorthodoxphilosophyofHinduismandtriedtomakeadifferencetotheworld.Materialismandscientificexplanations;inIslam,manythinkersalsouserationalismornaturalismtogivenewexplanationstotheQuranandtheteachingsofIslam;aftertheintroductionofMarxistphilosophytoIndia,India’sprogressPhilosophersandthinkerswagedconstantstrugglesagainstthevariousideologiesofthefeudallandlordclassandthebourgeoisie.

ModernIndianPhilosophy

WuBaihuipointedoutin"IndianPhilosophy"thatthemostimportantphilosophicaltrendinthefieldofmodernIndianideologyis"NewVedantaism".ItisanewformofVedantaPhilosophyundermodernconditions,followingthemodernline,especiallytherouteopenedupbyBianxi.Itsmaincharacteristicsare:itmorecloselyintegratestheory(ZhiMiManCha)andpractice(YehMiManCha),andemphasizesoninnerintuitiontoobtainpersonaltestimonyoftheAbsoluteBrahma.Onthebasisofinheritingtraditionalthoughtsandtheories,"NewVedantaism"absorbsadvancedscientificthoughtsandphilosophicalthoughtsofWesterncountries,combinedwiththecharacteristicsofmodernIndiansociety,givesVedantaanewinterpretation,andkeepsitintheIndianideologicalcircle.leadingposition.Themostimportantrepresentativesofneo-VedantaismareAurobindoGoss(1872-1950)andRadaKrishnan(1888-1975).

Famousphilosopher

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