Definition
Thefirstpersontousetheterm"politicaleconomy"wasFrenchAntoinedeMontclair,whopublished"DedicatedtoThePoliticalEconomyofKingsandQueens.AdamSmithbelievesthatitisasciencethatstudies"theproductionanddistributionofnationalwealth."Atpresent,thetermmacroeconomicsiswidelyusedinternationally.
Interpretation
Politicaleconomicsiseconomicswithhistoricalproductionrelationsorcertainsocialproductionrelationsastheresearchobject,thatis,theproductionandreproductionofsocialproductionrelationsandthelawofdevelopmentTherelationshipbetweenpeopleandpeopleisthesubjectoftheirownresearch.
Therepresentativesofeconomicsaredividedintotwofactions.OnefactionisscientificandpracticalpractitionerswhogatherunderthebannerofBastiat,themostprofoundandthereforemostsuccessfulrepresentativeofeconomicliberalism.Theothergroupispeoplewhoteachscientificresearchineconomics.TheyfollowJosMiller,dialecticalcomprehensivetheory,andmaintainsocialstability.TheGermanswerealwaysrigorousscientificresearchersintheperiodofeconomicsscience,justlikeinitsclassicalperiod.
Broadlyspeaking,politicaleconomyisanindependentdisciplinethatstudiesproduction,purchaseandsale,aswellaslaw,socialcustomsandpractices,andtherelationshipbetweengovernments.Originatedfrommoralphilosophy,itwasmainlyinfluencedbythepoliticalandsocio-economicdevelopmentstagesdevelopedinthe18thcentury.Politicaleconomics,asaneconomicparadigm,isaspecialeconomicscomparedwithgeneraleconomicsandhumaneconomics.
Engelsexplained:"Politicaleconomics,inthebroadestsense,isasciencethatstudiesthelawsgoverningtheproductionandexchangeofmaterialmeansoflifeinhumansociety.Productionandexchangearetwodifferentfunctions..Withoutexchange,productioncanalsotakeplace;withoutproduction,exchange—becauseitwastheexchangeofproductsfromthebeginning—can’thappen.Eachofthesetwosocialfunctionsisundertheinfluenceofaspecialexternalrolethatisprobablythemostimportant.Therefore,mostofthemhavetheirownspeciallaws.Butontheotherhand,thesetwofunctionsrestrictandinfluenceeachotherateverymoment,sothattheycanbecalledtheabscissaandordinateoftheeconomiccurve."
Marxemphasized:"Politicaleconomicsisnottechnology.""Productionisnotjustspecialproduction,butisalwaysacertainsocialbody,thatis,themainbodyofsocietyiscomposedofvariousproductiondepartmentsinawideornarrowmanner.Thewholeisactive.TherelationshipbetweenscientificnarrativeandrealmovementisnotwhatIwanttosayhere.Productionisgeneral.Specialproductiondepartment.Thetotalityofproduction."
History
Generated
Politicaleconomicsisthegeneralnameofeconomics.Thetermpoliticaleconomyindicatesthespecialtrajectoryoftheeconomicdiscipline.Theword"Politics"inpoliticaleconomyisderivedfromtheGreekwordpolitikos,andcontainsvariousmeaningssuchas"social","national",and"urban".
Theterm"Economics"inpoliticaleconomywasfirstusedbyXenophoninancientGreece(approximately430-354BC).Inhisbook"OnEconomy",theorganizationandmanagementofthefamily'sproductionactivitiesiscalled"oikovouia",whichmeansfamilyeconomicmanagement.
Theterm"politicaleconomics"appearedintheearly17thcentury,anditoriginatedfromthecompoundword"poniz"(originallymeaningcity-state,countryandeconomy)and"economics"intheGreek.TheFrenchmercantilistA.Montclairfirstusedthisterminthebook"PoliticalEconomyDedicatedtoKingsandQueens"publishedin1615,withthepurposeofsayingthattheeconomicissueshediscussedhavegonebeyondthenaturaleconomics.category.In1775,Rousseauwroteanentryfor"PoliticalEconomy"fortheFrenchEncyclopedia,whichdistinguishedpoliticaleconomyfromfamilyeconomy.
Marxemphasized:"Asanindependentscience,politicaleconomywasproducedduringthehandicraftindustryperiod.ItonlyexaminesthesocialdivisionoflaborfromtheperspectiveofthedivisionoflaborThesameamountoflaborproducesmoregoods,therebymakinggoodscheaperandacceleratingcapitalaccumulation."
Therefore,politicaleconomy,asanindependentdiscipline,hasgraduallyformedasa"science"asasolutionpracticeThesocialscienceofproblemshasdevelopedintoahistoricaltheoreticaldisciplinethatspecializesinthestudyofeconomicphenomenaandthelawsofmotionineconomicprocesses.
Development—EconomicsandUtopianSocialism
Afterthemiddleofthe17thcentury,firstinBritainandtheninFrance,workshophandicraftsgraduallydevelopedintothemainformofindustrialproduction.Thisinevitablyrequiresatheoreticalexplanationofthelawsofproductionanddistribution.ThisgaverisetoclassicalpoliticaleconomyrepresentedmainlybyA.SmithandD.Ricardo.Withtheriseanddevelopmentofclassicalpoliticaleconomy,thefocusofpoliticaleconomyresearchbegantoshifttothefieldofproductionandtheprocessofsocialreproduction,includingthefieldofcirculation.
EconomicstakesAdamSmith’s"TheWealthofNations"asarepresentativework,whichmainlyemphasizesfreecompetition.Themarkethasthefunctionofautomaticadjustment.Thegovernmentshouldnotinterferewiththeoperationofcapital.Theroleofthegovernmentisonlytomaintainfreecompetition.order.
Fromtheendofthe18thcenturytothebeginningofthe19thcentury,productiongraduallytransitionedfromworkshophandicrafttomachineindustry,andlaborcontradictionsgraduallybecameprominent.Theoutbreakoftheeconomiccrisisin1825madetheinherentcontradictionsoftheexistingeconomicorderincreasinglyapparent.Facedwiththissituation,whatthebourgeoisieneedsmoreisthedefenseoftheexistingeconomicorder.Toadapttothisneed,politicaleconomyrepresentedbySayandotherscameintobeing.
Inthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,duringtheformationofthemodeofproduction,economicsrepresentedbySismondicameintobeing.Itattackedthecapitalistsystemandexposedthecontradictionsofcapitalism,buttheydidnotunderstandthatThereasonistoopposeprivateownershipfromthestandpointofmaintainingsmallprivateownership.Atthesametimeasitseconomicscameintobeing,italsoproducedAnglo-Frenchutopiansocialism.Intheearly1840s,MarxandEngelscreatedMarxistpoliticaleconomyonthebasisofcriticallyinheritingclassicaleconomics.
Transmutation-thescientificizationofeconomics
Classicaleconomicshasascientificplace.Generallyspeaking,itstudiesthe"internalrelationsofproductionrelations"insociety.
GermanMarxistclassicwritersusedhistoricalmaterialismtodividethehistoryofeconomicdevelopmentandevolutionintotwohistoricalperiods,classicaleconomicsandeconomics.Onthebasisofthenewscience,economicshasundergonearevolutionarychange.Economistsemphasizeresourceallocationinresearchobjectsandstrengthentheapplicationofmathematicaltoolsinresearchmethods.ApplyingMarx'shistoricalmaterialismtoanalyzethenature,researchobjectsandresearchmethodsofeconomicswillfindthatmoderneconomicsistrulypragmaticandscientificeconomics.
Marxisteconomicsrepresentedby"DasKapital"
Volume1:HistoricalGenetics
TheHistoryofTransformationIclarifynon-commodityproductionrelationstocommodityproductionThetransformationofrelationsrevealsthemovementofmoneyproduction;thesubsequenttransformationhistoryIIistoclarifythetransformationofpurecommodityrelationstothecommodityrelationsofcapital,revealingthemovementofcapitalproduction.Theworkthatfollowsthehistoryoftransformationistoexplorethestructureofthehistoryofcapitalistproductionasawhole.Itclarifiestheemergenceanddevelopmentofthecapitalistclassintherevelationofthehistoryofcapital,andexplainsitstwoproductionessences:thestabilizedexploitationmechanism(factorysystem).)Andthesocialexpansionmechanismofexpandedreproduction.Amongthem,theformerlaidthefoundationforthelatter,andthedevelopmentofthelatterconsolidatedthecharacteristicsoftheformer.Byclarifyingtheunityoftheproductionrelationshipentity(capitalist’sprivatepossessionsystem)intermsofhistoricalgrowthandsocialstructure,especiallytheunityofhistoricaldevelopment,thesubstantivenatureofthesocialstructurerelationshipcanbefullyrevealed,whichisembeddedinthisproductionThefundamentalcontradictoryfactorsinthemodemovementcanbereflected,andthereisasolidfoundationforrevealingthecriticalprocessofcapital'stime.
Tosumup,thelogicofthepracticeof"TheProductionProcessofCapital"is:Chapter1-Theprocessofcommodity(currency)jumpingintomoney(commodity),explainingthehistoryofcapitaloccurrence;Chapter2——Theprocessofconvertingmoneyintocapital,explainingthehistoryofcapitaltransformation;Chapter3~6——Theproductionprocessofsurplusvalue,explainingtheongoinghistoryofcapital;Chapter7——Theprocessofcapitalaccumulation,explainingthehistoryoftheoverallmovementofcapital.Thegeneticsofcapital(history)refinestheprinciplesofthegenerationanddevelopmentofcapitalism,making"DasKapital"asystematiclogicoftheorganicstructureofcapitalistsociety.Thisspeciallogicaimstounifyresearchobjectsandresearchmethods,andhighlyhighlightsthesubjectmethodologyofpoliticaleconomy.
Itcanbeseenthatthe"firstmeaning"ofhistoricalmaterialismgeneticsusedin"DasKapital"ishistoricalgenetics.Dialectics,Chineseworkinglanguageisgenetics.Forexample,in"ValueFormsorExchangeValue",Marxfullyclarifiedthe"geneticsofvalue"inwhichmotherandchildpromoteeachotherintermsofgrowthregulations.Thisisthehistoricalbasisforunderstandingcapital.
VolumeTwo:Phylogenetics
"TheCirculationProcessofCapital"isthesecondvolumeof"DasKapital".Itistheconcretepracticeof"classscience"andthe"classstructure"."Concretization."Thefirstpartdescribestheconditionsofthecapitalcirculationmovement,explainingthegenerationprocessofthecapitalstructureoncesystem;thesecondpartdescribesthecapitalturnovermovementconditions,explainingthegenerationprocessofthecapitalstructuremultiplesystems;thethirdchapteristheprogressivemovementofthecapitalstructureAsthebasisandsupport,describeandexplainthegenerationprocessoftheoverallsystemofsocialreproduction.Thepracticescheduleinternalizesthecombinationofhistoryandexistence,constructingitasaspecialscienceandaspecialmethod.Themethodologicalimplicationofphylogenyliesinachievinganinternalresistanceto"dialecticalism"and"scientism",andfundamentallyrejectingallnon-historicalphenomenologicalandhermeneuticanalyticalapproaches.
Letusrecalltheworkinglogicofthe"IntroductiontoaCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy"andthecommoditychaptersof"DasKapital":Marxinsistedonstartingfromtheobject,startingfromtheprovisionsofcriticizingtheexistenceoftheobject,thatis,theobject.Establishthehistoricalstructureoftheobject,andthenunderstandandgraspthehistoricalstructureoftheresearchobject.Here,theso-calledhistoryandtheso-calledsystemarebothagrowthmovement,thatis,"thehistoryoftheobject"entersthe"historyoftheresearchobject",andthe"structureoftheobject"entersthe"structureoftheresearchobject".Itcanbeseenthatthe"secondmeaning"ofhistoricalmaterialismgeneticsusedin"DasKapital"issystematicgenetics.
Ifweregard"W=c+v+m"asaproductionrelationship,"TheProductionProcessofCapital"isasystematicstudyonthe"how"ofthisformula.Therefore,the"life"and"death"ofthecapitalistmodeofproductionhavealreadybeenwrittenaboutthehistoricalcharacteristicsofthesocialproductionrelations.Thecapitalistoperationofthesubsequentproductionrelationsistorealizethischaracteristic,andthecapitalistoperationoftheexchangerelationsliesintheconcretizationofthischaracteristic.Traits.WecanthusseethatMarxgraspedandportrayedcapitalmovement(regulations)asawholefromthetwolevelsof"historicaltransformation"and"socialsystem."Thisisaccompaniedbytheactualprovisionsofthemovementfrom"value"to"productionprice"-aninvestigationoftotalcapitalandtotalcommoditycapital.Basedonthesereasonsandstartingfromthespecificneedsofargumentation,thelogicalfissionofcapitalgeneticsis"geneticsofhistoryandsystems."
Volume3:Phenomenology
Production→reproduction→circulation→lifeprocess,thatis,themovementchainofthetotalcapitalistproductionprocess,whichaimstograsptheoverallcapitalistdistributionrelationship.The"circulation→lifeprocess"promotedandtransformedbythe"production→reproductionprocess"istorevealthelawofsocialdistributionundertheconditionoftotalcommodities.Thelogicandmethodusedis"phenomenonogenesis".Basedonthis,"TheTotalProcessofCapitalistProduction"alsostudiesthe"what"ofthecapitalistformula.
The"thirdmeaning"ofhistoricalmaterialismgeneticsusedin"DasKapital"isphenomenology.Herewerecallthelogicofthefirstchapterof"DasKapital":thetransformationofthingstothings,thetransformationofnaturalthingstosocialthings,thedevelopmentofthings,andthesocialthings(regulations)underthedevelopmentofthings.Thelogicofthefirstchapterisarestorationofthelogicofthefirstchapter.Itestablishestheinterpretationpathofthestructureofmotherandchild,namelyvalue(form).Thefirstchapterisaboutthelawofvalue.Infact,thethirdvolumecanalsoberevertedtothe"firstlogic".Therefore,thepricemovementofproductionbasedonthelawofsurplusvalueisthetransformationformofvalue(form),thatis,"productionprice(form)".Thebackcoverof"Defense"givesthecorrespondingstructureofthiswork.
Astheoveralllogic,"DasKapital"isasummaryofthedevelopmentprocessandmovementformoftheunifiedhistoricalobject—capitalistsociety.Thethirdvolumeisasymbiosiswiththefirstandsecondvolumesasphenomenology,revealingthe"secrets"oftheexistenceofcapital:1-3theprocessofconcretelygrowingintocapitalistpricesbyvalue,explainingtheuniformsystemofeconomicprofit;Chapter4-6usesthesocialgrowthprocessof"ClassStruggleI"—therealisticdevelopmentmechanisminwhichtherateofprofittendstodeclinetoillustratethepolymorphicsystemofeconomicprofits;Deepentheformandexplainthevirtualmovementsystemofeconomicprofit;thefinalchapterusestheprocessoffreezingtheimageofclasslife-the"distributionillusion"anditselimination,exposingthestipulationofthebourgeoisepistemology.Studieshaveshownthatpoliticaleconomycriticismandclassanalysisareequivalentmethodologicalcategories,aimingtoeradicatetheinfluenceof"pseudoscience"ontheconstructionofeconomictheory,end"vulgarity",andrestoresciencetoarevolutionaryforcethatpromoteshistoricalgrowth.
VolumeFour:Epigenetics
ThelogicofpracticeinVolumeFourofCapitalis:thecognitivemechanismofcategoryoccurrence.
Inthissense,itmakesthe"production"ofthecategorypractical,andfirstlyimplementstheprinciplethat"knowledge"isproducedby"history".Themutualcompositionofthehistoricalpartandthetheoreticalpartformstheoverallwritinglogic,andthehistoricalpartestablishesthetheoreticalguidelinesforfollow-upresearch.Theimplicationofthemethodologyis:(1)Accordingtothe"naturalgrowth"ofthehistoricalmodeofproduction,revealthephysiologicalstructureofthecoreofthecategory-valueorsurplusvalue;(2)Revealthehistoryof"structuregrowth"fromthehierarchicalmovementofcategoryproduction(3)Throughtheoverallproductionof"theory",theinnercombinationofmethodologicalcriticismandepistemologicalcriticismisdisplayedtothegreatestextent,andthepracticalworklineofpoliticaleconomicscriticismisembodied.Therefore,itrejectedKautsky'swrongrequestforillegallycompiling"HistoryofSurplusValueDoctrine"."DasKapital"asawholealsounifiedthe"twoepigenetics",thatis,thelogicofhistory(development)andthelogicofknowledge(development),andunifiedthehistoricalmethodandthecategorymethod.Thisholisticstudyhasestablishedamodelfortheconstructionofpoliticaleconomymethodology.
The"fourthmeaning"ofhistoricalmaterialismgeneticsusedin"DasKapital"isepistemology.
Inanutshell,geneticsisageneralstudyofhistoricalandsocialobjects,whichdefinesthegeneralunderstanding.Asfarastheobjectofcapitalisconcerned,thisgeneralknowledgestipulationissurplusvalue,thatis,thegeneralsurplusvalueandthetotalsurplusvalueas"capitalproductionmode","capitalproductionrelationship"and"capitalexchangerelationship".Inthesesenses,themeaningofdisciplinarymethodologyastheendpointandworksummary,thatis,istheepigeneticsthatreliesonthepre-processofcategoryproductionandcriticism.Therefore,ifMarxworkedhardtoelevate"logic"to"historicalregulations"duringtheworkphaseof"IntroductiontoaCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy",andthenwriteactualhistory,thenitcanbeconcludedthat"DasKapital"istowritehistoryfirstandsecondlyTurn"history"into"logic"andcompletelanguageandcognitiveproduction.Thelogicofimplementationisprimarilyinthe"TheoryofSurplusValue".
Subjectclassification
Marxisttheoreticaleconomics
ThebasicviewsofMarxistpoliticaleconomicsaremainlyincludedinMarx’simportantworkonCapital.MarxstudiedThetheoryofclassicaleconomicsandtheeconomicstatisticsoftheUnitedKingdomovertheyearshaveanalyzedandcriticizedeconomictheory.Marxputforwardthetheoryofsurplusvalue,whichbelievedthatlabordidnotgetthesamereturn,andsurplusvaluewasexploitedby"capital"withoutlabor.Theprivatepossessionofthemeansofproductionandthesocializationofproductswillinevitablyleadtoperiodiceconomiccrises.Theonlysolutionistoimplementaplannedeconomy.
Marxistpoliticaleconomyisascientificpointofview.However,nospecificmethodwasproposedforhowtoimplementtheplannedeconomy.Althoughthelatercountriesproducedmanydeviationsintheimplementationprocess,andevenledtothedisintegrationoftheSovietUnion,thereisstillnotenoughevidencetoprovethatthebasicprinciplesofMarxistpoliticaleconomyarewrong.Anyeconomystillhastoconstantlyfightagainstperiodiceconomiccrises,andthesolutionisstilltocontinuouslystrengthengovernmentregulation,thatis,toplanfortheeconomy.
Inaddition,Marxisteconomicstakesthetheoryofownershipofthemeansofproductionasitscoreworkregulations.
MarxistAppliedEconomics
InMarxistownershiptheory,propertyrightsaspropertyrightshavethefollowingprovisions:
First,ownershipisexpressedinacertaineconomicrelationshipIndividualsorgroupsintheexclusivepossessionorbelongingrelationshipofproductionconditions.Thisvolitionalrelationshipbetweenpeopleandthingsmayhavebeenconsciouslyobservedandmaintainedbypeopleasahabitandtraditionatfirst.Later,undertheinfluenceofpropertyconflicts,itwasfixedinlegalformandprotectedasakindofright.ThisiswhatMarxsaid,thatpropertyonlyconsciouslyregardstheconditionsofproductionashavingsucharelationship(forasingleperson)."Thetruebasisofprivateproperty,thatis,possession,isafact,anunexplainablefact,notaright.Onlybecausethesocietygrantsactualpossessiontothelaw,theactualpossessionhasthenatureoflegalpossessionandthenatureofprivateproperty.."
Second,theessenceofpropertyrightsrelationshipistheeconomicrelationshipbetweenpeople.Marxdoesnotdenytherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthingsembodiedinownership,butwantstorevealtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthingsfromthisrelationshipbetweenpeopleandthings.Propertyrightscanonlyexistincertaineconomicrelations;withouttherelationshipbetweenpeople,treatingpropertyastherightofasinglepersonisasabsurdas"takinglanguageastheproductofasingleperson".
Third,propertyrightshaverequirementsfortherealizationofbenefitsforthepropertysubject.Thesubjectofthepropertymustactasthebeareroftheproperty,throughacertainprocessofeconomiccommunication,torealizetherightsandbenefitsoftheproperty.Intheprocessofrealizingpropertyrights,itstipulatesthesubject'sbehaviorandrightsboundaryineconomiccommunication.Thiskindofrightstipulatesthebehaviorandpurposeofthesubjectofpropertypersonificationaswellasthewayofbehaviorineconomiccommunication.
Capitalistpoliticaleconomy
Bourgeoispoliticaleconomyoriginatedinthe16thcentury.Mercantilismwasthefirstschoolofthought.Itexaminedsocialandeconomicphenomenafromanationwidescaleandstudiedproblemsineconomiclifefromtheperspectiveofbusinessmen.Inthemiddleoftheseventeenthcentury,bourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomyemergedthatrepresentedtheinterestsofindustrialcapitalists.IntheUnitedKingdom,classicalpoliticaleconomywasfoundedbyWilliamPetty(1623-1687),AdamSmith(1723-1790)collecteditsmasterpieces,andDavidRicardo(1772-1823)finallycompletedit.Althoughbourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomyhascertainscientificelementsandhasmadecertaincontributionstotheformationanddevelopmentofeconomicscience,itregardscapitalismasanaturalandeternalsocialsystemandcannotcorrectlyrevealthelawofthedevelopmentofsocialandeconomicrelations.Defectsanderrorsintheoryareinevitable.
Theliberaleconomicsthatdefendedthecapitalistsystemcameintobeinginthe1830s,anditgraduallybecamedominant.However,withtheincreasingintensificationofcapitalistcontradictions,theproletariathasbeguntoappearonthestageofhistoryasanindependentpoliticalforce.Thevigorousdevelopmentoftheworkingclassstruggleagainstcapitalismstronglycallsforproletarianpoliticaleconomy.Birth.
Pre-capitalistpoliticaleconomy
Pre-capitalistpoliticaleconomyoriginatedfromMarxandEngels’"GermanIdeology".Inthefollowingperiod,MarxandEngelscontinuedtopayattentionThisfieldofresearchandputforwardmanyimportantpoints.The"ConciseCourseontheHistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnitedNations(Bolsheviks)"andtheseriesoftutorialsonSovietpoliticaleconomymarkedtheindependenceofthisdiscipline.Later,whileintroducingthetheoryofthefivemodesofproduction,ChinesescholarsalsopaidmoreattentiontothepeculiarproblemsofChina'spre-capitalistpoliticaleconomy.
Pre-capitalistpoliticaleconomyisarelativelyindependentandimportantfieldinthestudyofpoliticaleconomy.Thinkingofpre-capitalismconstitutesanimportantstartingpointforMarx’sstudyofcapitalism.ItcanbetracedbacktoMarxandEngels'"GermanIdeology"and"EconomicManuscripts1857-1858",andhasmadeconsiderableprogress.
Disciplinaryworklogicanddisciplinemethod
Laborduality
Thedualitytheoryin"DasKapital"isapracticalstructure,notahastytheoreticalstructure,anditwillneverWhatisthedualityknowledge(theory)system.Theconnotationofitsdialecticsliesingraspingtherulesof"definiteproduction"generation,promotingtheobjectastheresearchobject,andestablishingthehistoricalpracticallogicandopencriticalstructure.Therefore,itisnottheworkinglogicoflogicalconsistency,asifitencapsulatesthecriticismofabstractthinking.Ifthe"startingpoint"isencapsulatedinaclosedhistoricalknowledgesystem,itwillsatisfythevaluabledeductionofthehistoryofthought,andtheresultwillbethesubjectiveknowledgeofthedualitytheory,whichwillbereducedtopurenarrativelogic-fromabstracttoconcrete.Theseideashopetoguidefetishisticcriticalunderstanding,buttheyconfusethetwodifferentkindsofcriticismsofsocialexistence,namelysubjectiveandobjectivecriticism,andcontradicttheprinciplesofcriticalworkofpoliticaleconomy,suchasproposingthe"theoryofdualityofcapital";intheend,theyareopposedtoit.Thebody,re-enteringthebourgeoisnatureoftheepistemologicalgame,violatesandevencancelstheexcellenttheoreticalqualityofthelabortheoryofvalue.
Researchobject
Theobjectofpoliticaleconomyisproductionrelations.Productionrelationsaresocialeconomicrelationsformedbypeopleintheprocessofsocialproduction.Itincludesvariouseconomicrelationsintheprocessofproduction,distribution,exchange,andconsumption.Amongthem,themeansofproductionisthemostbasicproblemintheproductionrelations.Politicaleconomicsdoesnotstudyproductionrelationsinisolation,butstudiesproductionrelationsinthecontradictorymovementofproductivityandproductionrelations.Marxemphasized:"Politicaleconomyisnottechnology."
Marxwrotethe"generalintroduction"fortheplannedeconomicwork"CritiqueofPoliticalEconomy"fromtheendofAugusttomid-September1857.ItisanimportantdocumentforthestudyofMarxistpoliticaleconomyandmethodology.Theresearchobjectregulationofpoliticaleconomyisfinallyconfirmedandpreliminarycompletedhere.Theconciselogicof"Introduction"isanexplanationofthemutualrestraintofhistoricalobjectsandsocialobjects.
Asshowninthefigure"TheLogicalStructuredExpressionoftheResearchObjectof"DasKapital".
Toputitvividly,thisisa"Y-shaped"propertyrelationshipgrowthpath.First,attheroot,productionrelationsandexchangerelationshavenotyetdifferentiatedandbelongtothecreationstageofpropertyrelations—correspondingtothescopeofactivitiesofabstractlaborgrowth;second,attheroots,productionrelationsandexchangerelationsrecognizeeachotherandbelongtopropertyrelations.Rapidgrowthstage-theformationofacertainmodeofproduction(laborduality);third,inthebranchesandleaves,theproductionrelationshipiscoveredbytheexchangerelationship,whichbelongstothestageofobtainingthe"realnameofthemovement"(legalterm)inthepropertyrelationship-thestructureofsocialandeconomicrelations的FORMING.
Inthefirststage,theabstractlaborgenerationinstructions:whenhumansproducematerialproducts,theyalsoproducecertainsubject’sownpropertyrelations;inthesecondstage,theoverallconceptofproductionmodeindicatesthegenerationofeconomicmovementrelations.Anditisclearthatatthistime,thegrowthmovementofproductionrelationsbegantodominate;thethirdstageindicatesthevisualizationofeconomicrelations,suchasthegrowthmovementofvalueforms.ItfullyshowsthatMarxalwaysstartsfromtheunifiedpropertyrelationshipinthestateofgrowthandmovement,andextractstheactualprovisionsofthepropertyrelationshipfromthepropertymovementformthathasavarietyofspecificreal-namerelationships.Toopenuptheresearchinterferenceofisolatedentitiesandcomplexforms,focusontheentity-formgrowthunitthat"borninnothing"and"longerthanbeing",andexaminethevaluerelationshipgeneratedfromlaborandthevalueformgeneratedfromvaluerelationship.TheY-shapedroadallowsustounderstandhowMarxextractsusevalue(form)andvalue(form)fromlabor(form)work,andintheprocessofdialecticallyseparatingtechnologyandpoliticaleconomy,thatis,infullyaffirmingspecificlabor(Intheprocessfromform)tousevalueandusevalueform,theentirehistoricalprocessfromabstractlabor(form)tovalueandvalueformisdecisivelystudied.
Marxsaid:"WhatIwanttostudyinthisbookisthecapitalistmodeofproductionandtheproductionrelationsandexchangerelationsthatarecompatiblewithit."
Fromtheperspectiveoflogicalstructure,Theresearchobjectof"DasKapital"andtheresearchobjectofpoliticaleconomyarethesame.
Researchmethods
Comparedwithnaturalsciences,asascienceofrealsocialeconomy,animportantfeatureofpoliticaleconomymethodologyisthatpoliticaleconomycannotbetestedinthelaboratory.Needtoseekscientificresearchmethods.Thedisciplineworkmethodofeconomicsisthe"historicalmaterialismgenetics"methodsynthesizedbythematerialistdialecticsandtheunifiedanalysismethodofhistoryandlogic.
Materialdialecticsisthegeneralmethodologyofthecategoriesofcontentandform,essenceandphenomenon,theunityofopposites,quantitativeandqualitativechanges,negationandaffirmation.Amongthem,theresearchofpoliticaleconomyespeciallyemphasizesthefollowingmethod:contradictionanalysismethod.PoliticalEconomicswantstostudytherelationsofproductionanditslawsofmovement,andrevealthedevelopmentandchangesofhumansocialandeconomicforms,itmustcombinestaticanalysisanddynamicanalysis,startingfromstudyingandrevealingtheinternalcontradictionsandmovementsofdifferentsocialproductionrelations.ThepoliticaleconomycreatedbyMarxstartedwiththeanalysisoftheeconomiccellproductsofthecapitalistsociety,andrevealedallthecontradictionsinmodernsocietyortheembryoofallcontradictionsindepth,andthusprovedthatcapitalismwillsurelybedominatedbysocialism.Theobjectivehistoricaltrendofreplacement.
Theso-calledanalyticalmethodthatintegrateshistoryandlogicisaworkingmethodinwhichlogicobeyshistory.Wherehistorybegins,whereshouldthethinkingprocessbegin,buthistoryoftenhasjumpsortwists,whichrequirestheuseoflogicalmethods.Itcangetridofintuitivehistoricalformsanddisruptivecontingency,andcarryoutlogicalreasoning.However,thiscannotbeapurelyabstractreasoningseparatedfromthehistoricalprocess.Itmustcombinethedevelopmentofhistoryfromlowtohighlevel,throughthinkingandreasoning,inageneraltheoreticalform,fromsimpleconceptstocomplexconcepts,toreproducethetruthofhistory.Therefore,thislogicalresearchmethodisorganicallyunifiedandconsistentwiththehistoricalresearchmethod.
Theresearchmethodisacategoryofproductionmethod,thatis,thelanguageandknowledgeofhistoricalproductiontheory.Narrativemethodisthedialecticalexpressionofresearchmethod.Theresearchmethodanditsnarrativemethodsynthesizetheworkingmethodofthehistoricaldiscipline,andproducethetheoreticaleffectoforganicunityofcategoryproductionandcategorycriticism.Thisisthewaytocombinenormativeanalysisandempiricalanalysisinwhichqualitativeanalysisresidesinquantitativeanalysis.Therefore,inthestudyofpoliticaleconomy,itisnecessarytousecomprehensivemethods,inductivemethods,deductivemethods(judgmentandreasoningmethods),normativemethodsandempiricalmethods,etc.,anditisnecessarytolearnfromcertainmethodssuchassystemtheory,ethics,andpsychology.Methodandcategory.Allthesetogetherconstitutethemethodologicalsystemofpoliticaleconomy.
Politicaleconomicsisessentiallyahistoricalscience.Theresearchmethodisunifiedwiththeresearchobject.In"DasKapital",Marxinsistsontheresearchandexplorationofthenatureofthingsfromtheperspectiveofthings.Inthisway,itiseasytodialecticallyseparatetheprovisionsofnaturalobjectsandsocialobjects,andthenclearlydistinguishbetween"naturalforms"and"socialforms."Furtherquestioning"howistheactionpossible"isactuallytoimplementthescientificregulationsofthings.Thislogical"isomorphism"showstheconsistencyofMarx'sproposition:towritehistory,toexploretheinternallogicoftheeconomythroughthegraspofhistoricalactivities.Inthisway,thediscoveryoflawsisfixedintheunifyingcognitiveactivityof"history"and"logic",andtherulesofactionarebornfromit.Theadditionof"action(regulation)"separates"thing"and"thing".Thescienceofthingstracesthe"worldviewofthings",onthecontrary,thescienceofthingstracesthe"historicalvisionofthings."Andbecausetheessenceofthingsisreflectedintheunityof"Tao"and"Virtue",thegraspofthelawmustbesupportedbyaninternalstructureandpath-suchasquality-quantity-form.Inthisway,thetheoreticalstructurerelatedtothesocialsciencescanactuallybecalledthe"actiontheoryorschema."
SoLeninpointedout:"Thenarrativeisnotdogmatic(asmosttextbooks),butisnarratedaccordingtothevariousperiodsofeconomicdevelopment,thatis,theprimitiveclancommunismperiod,theslaveryperiod,Theperiodoffeudalismandguilds,andfinallytheperiodofcapitalism.Politicaleconomyshouldbedescribedinthisway.Ninety-ninepercentoftheintroductorybooksonpoliticaleconomydidnotdoexactlythis.TheirshortcomingsaremainlynotintheusualOnlytalkaboutasocialeconomicsystem(iecapitalism),butbecausetheywillnotfocusthereader'sattentiononthefundamentalcharacteristicsofthissystem;theywillnotclearlydeterminethehistoricalsignificanceofthissystem,andpointouttheprocessofitsgeneration(Andconditions)andfuturedevelopmenttrends;variousaspectsandphenomenainmoderneconomiclifewillnotberegardedaspartofacertainsocialandeconomicsystem,butasamanifestationofthefundamentalcharacteristicsofthissystem...OnlymaterialistichistoryOnlybyclarifyingthisconfusion,canweobservethespecificstructureofsocialeconomyextensively,methodically,andshrewdly,andregarditasthebasisofthespecificstructureofhumanlifeintheentiresociety."
"TheaboveshowsthathistoryTheresearchdirectionisalwaystherealrevolutionaryaction;itisstraightforwardandresolute,andthereisnodeliberateplaywiththeaccusationof"UnderstandingMarx"(JonElster)."
Disciplinarybasis
Historicalmaterialism
ThelawthatrelationsofproductionfitthenatureofproductivityisagreatscientificdiscoveryofMarxandEngels.Thisdiscoveryenablespeopletoscientificallyunderstandtheobjectiveprocessofsocialdevelopment.Marxattributedcomplexsocialphenomenatoeconomicrelations,thatis,productionrelations,andchangesinproductionrelationswereattributedtochangesinthedevelopmentofproductiveforces.Therefore,startingfromthelevelofproductivity,Marxrevealedtheobjectivelawofsocialdevelopment.Marxismfocusesonclarifyingthechangingmechanismofproductionrelationsandthelawofdevelopmentfromtheinternalrelationsbetweentheproductiveforces,thesuperstructureandtheroleandreactionoftheproductionrelations,focusingonthestudyofeconomicrights,economicsystemsandtheirhistoricalchanges.Thisisahistoricalmaterialistmethodofunderstandingandeconomicanalysiswithasenseofhistoricaldepth.
LaborTheoryofValue
ThetheoryoflabordualityisamajorcontributionofMarxandthehubforunderstandingMarxistpoliticaleconomy.Thetheoryoflabordualityhaslaidatheoreticalfoundationforunderstandingthetheoryofsurplusvalue.Afterthelaborofproducingcommoditiesisdividedintoconcretelaborandabstractlabor,thecapitalistproductionprocesscanbedividedintolaborprocessandvalueproliferationprocess.Thecapitalistproductionprocessisalaborprocessinwhichtheconcretelaborofworkerstransfersthevalueofthemeansofproduction;asaprocessofvalueproliferation,theabstractlaborofworkerscreatesthevalueoflaboritselfontheonehand,andsurplusvalueforcapitalistsontheotherhand.Accordingtothelabordualitytheory,capitalcanbedividedintoconstantcapitalandvariablecapital.Constantcapitalisthecapitalofthevalueofthemeansofproductiontransferredbyspecificlabor;variablecapitalisthecapitalthatistransformedintolaborandcanincreasethevaluethroughabstractlaborintheproductionprocess.Thisdistinguishesthedifferentrolesofdifferentpartsofcapitalintheprocessofvalueproliferation,revealsthetruesourceofsurplusvalue,andlaysascientificfoundationforunderstandingthetheoryofsurplusvalue.Thedualityoflaborfurtherlaysthetheoreticalfoundationforotherseriesoftheoriesofpoliticaleconomy.Sincethelabordualitytheoryclarifiesthelaborvaluetheoryandthesurplusvaluetheoryscientifically,startingfromthescientificlaborvaluetheoryandonthebasisofthesurplusvaluetheory,wecancorrectlyunderstandthetheoryofcapitalorganiccompositionandcapitalaccumulationinpoliticaleconomy.Theory,capitalistreproductiontheory,etc.,inordertounderstandthecompletetheoreticalsystemofMarxistpoliticaleconomy.
Inthefinalanalysis,thedualityanalysiswithintheMarxisthorizonshouldberegardedasalogicalworkingmethodatthesametime,anditisthetheoreticalprincipleofconstructingthegeneticsofsocialproductionrelations.Therefore,intermsofconnotativelogicandpracticalparadigm,thedualityoflaborandtheresearchobjecthaveastructuralinternalconformity,anditneverseekstosimplyseparatethecognitiveattributesfromeachother.Theroadtolabordualitypracticedeniestheself-sufficiencyoftheobjectandrestoresthehistoricalregulationsoftheobject;vetoesthebourgeoisfictionofthesocialobjectrelationshipandfurtherrestoresthetheoreticalregulationsoftheresearchobject.ThepracticallandscapeofMarx'slabordualityliesinthedualconstructionallogicalorientationofhistoricismandpracticalism,stipulatinghistoricaltheoriesincapitals,andfullyimplementingpoliticaleconomiccritiques.ThisresearchapproachaimstoclarifythatMarx’slaborvaluetheoryistheresultofacomprehensivecritiqueofbourgeoiseconomics.Itisaconstructivetheoryderivedfromageneralanalysisandsystematicinvestigationofhistory.Itiscriticalandconstructive.Thetheoryofunity.andmanymore.
ThisparticulartheoryisMarx’slabortheoryofvalue.Thisisembodiedinthe"LogicoftheCommodityChapterofCapital".There,Marxtooktheleadincarryingoutsuchresearch:"First,thedialecticprovisionsof"DasKapital"werestartedanddevelopedin'commodities';second,thestructureofMarx'stextwasopen.Asfarasthefirstchapterisconcerned,Whatneedstobeaccomplishedisthedissectionofthecapitalizedregulationsofthe'commodityitself'.Intermsoforientation,ithasalwaysbeensynchronizedwiththehistoricaldevelopment,thatis,adheretotheworkapproachofthephenomenologicalcriticismofcommodityspirit(Marx’stentativenameis“FetishismCriticism”);third,commoditiesDialecticsisacriticalruleofpractice,alivinglogicofwork,aimedateliminatingself-sufficiency,insistingonalwaysunderstandingtherulesofexistenceinthephenomenonofgrowthmovement,andgraspingtheoveralldevelopmentofexistence;fourth,historicalmaterialismisapracticalprocessofformation.Discovertherulesofsocialexistencefromhistory,unifyhistoricalexistenceandsocialexistence;finally,andmostimportantly,unifyresearchobjectsandtheoreticalcategoryterms,suchasthemodeofproduction(socialproductionformedbyhistory)andlaboringeneral,andtherelationshipofproductionTheexchangerelationship(socialreproduction)andvalue(form)maketheoreticalanalysisclearlyoperable."
Disciplinarynature
Practicality
PoliticaleconomyThepracticalityoflearningisanimportantfeatureofpoliticaleconomy.Itmeansthatpoliticaleconomyisessentiallyapracticalscience.Thescientificnatureofpoliticaleconomyisbasedonitspracticalsolidfoundation.
ClassNature
Thelevelofpoliticaleconomyisdeterminedbytheresearchobjectofpoliticaleconomy.Theproductionrelationsastheresearchobjectofpoliticaleconomyareessentiallypeople'smaterialinterests.Therelationsofproductionandtheireconomicinterestsmustbemanifestedintheoppositionanddifferenceofgroupinterests.Revealingthenature,contradictionsandmovementlawsofproductionrelationsdirectlyinvolvesthevitalinterestsofdifferentsocialgroups.Therefore,economistshavedifferentunderstandingsandinterpretationsofsocio-economicphenomenaandeconomicrelationsfromdifferentstandpointsandviewpoints.Becauseoftheparticularityofthematerialsstudiedinpoliticaleconomy,therehasneverbeenasuper-levelpoliticaleconomy.
Humanity
Thehumanityofpoliticaleconomycanalsobemanifestedasacertainnationalityinadditiontoacertainclasscharacter.Anotherconnotationofthehumanisticnatureoftheoreticaleconomicsisthatitispeople-oriented,whichismanifestedastheultimatecareformankind.Borrowingtheterms"elegantliteratureandart"and"popularliteratureandart"recognizedbytheacademiccircles,theoreticaleconomicsbelongstothe"elegantdiscipline"ofeconomicscience.Itshumanityshouldbemuchhigherthangeneralappliedeconomicsinordertorepresenttheachievementsofacountry'seconomicthinking.
Ifpoliticaleconomicsasaspecialhistoricalsubjectis“scientific”,thenitshouldbeembodiedintheabove-mentioned“threecharacteristics”.
Severalschools
InternationalPoliticalEconomics
InternationalPoliticalEconomics,alsoknownasPoliticalEconomyofInternationalRelations),asasub-disciplineofinternationalrelations,wasmainlyproducedinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesinthe1970s.Afternearlytwodecadesofdevelopment,internationalpoliticaleconomyhasbecomeanimportantbranchinthefieldofcontemporaryWesterninternationalrelationsresearch.
InternationalPoliticalEconomicsandInternationalRelations
TheinternationalpoliticaleconomythatprevailsintheinternationalacademiccirclestodaymainlybeganwiththethinkingandthinkingoftheinternationalsocialrealitiesinthelateColdWarbytheacademiccirclesofinternationalrelations.reaction.
AsfarasinternationalrelationsintheearlydaysoftheColdWarareconcerned,thefollowingtwofactsareveryimportantfortheformationofrealisticinternationalrelationstheoriesinthisperiod:OneistheformationoftheColdWarpatternandthebeginningofconfrontation.Thisconfrontationmakespower,especiallymilitarypower,standout.Theformationofthetwocampshasforcedmanycountriestojoininforthesafetyofnationalsovereignty.Althoughthereisafreeride-hailingphenomenononsecurityissues,securityissuesarestillthemostconcernedissueduringtheColdWar;thesecondistheestablishmentofaliberalinternationalsystem..WithintheWesterncapitalistgroup,aninternationalsystembasedonliberalismwasestablished.Amongthem,theBrettonWoodssystemestablishedinJuly1947becamethefoundationofthisliberalinternationalsystem.
TherealityoftheColdWaraffectedscholars'understandingofinternationalrelationsatthattime.Thisistheriseofrealisminthestudyofinternationalrelations.Atthistime,themostbasicconceptsinthestudyofinternationalrelationsarepowerandsecurity.Amongthem,powermainlyreferstomilitarypower,andsecuritymainlyreferstoterritorialintegrity.Onthispoint,thesubtitle"StruggleforPowerandPeace"(StruggleforPowerandPeace)ofthemasterpiece"PoliticsamongStates"publishedin1948byMorgenthau,themasterofrealism.
Therealisticstudyofinternationalrelationsmadethetheoryofinternationalrelationshavethefollowingthreeobviouscharacteristicsinthe1950sand1960s:(1)Thecountryisthemainbodyofthestudyofinternationalrelations,andtheinternationalrelationsaremainlybetweenthecountryandthecountry.(2)Power,especiallypoliticalpower,isthemostbasicpowerininternationalrelations;(3)Ininternationalrelations,politicalfactorsandeconomicfactorsareseparatedfromeachother.TheestablishmentoftheBrettonWoodssystemhasledWesternscholarstobelievethat"afreesystemisobviouslyconducivetothetremendousgrowthoftheworldeconomy;italsocreatesthebackgroundoftheglobalizationofeconomicactivities,whichisalargepartoftoday'seconomiclife.Therefore,thisThesystemiscertainlybeneficialtothecommoninterestsofallnationaleconomiesinWesterngroups,andeventothosedependentthirdworlds.”(Note:CraigN.MurphyandRogerToozo(eds.),TheNewInternationalPoliticalEconomy,LynneRiennerPublishers,Boulder,1991.P.3.).Thelogicofthisbeliefisnaturally:inordertomaximizecommonwealth,economicactivitiesmustbeseparatedfrompoliticalactivitiesinaliberalsystem.
Afterenteringthemid-1960s,therealityoftheinternationalsocietyhasundergoneaverybigchange.Thischangeismanifestedinthechangesintheinternationalpoliticallandscapeaswellasinthechallengesfacingtheworldeconomy.
IntheWesternworld,BritainfirstbargainedwiththeUnitedStatesontheissueofnuclearweaponsproductioninordertocompeteforthestatusofamajorpower,andthenFrancechangeditsattitudeofcompletelyrelyingontheUnitedStatesintheearlystage.In1960,CharlesdeGaullechangedhisattitudetowardstheSovietUnion,whichwascompletelyopposedtotheSovietUnion.Heputforwardthepolicyof"moderation,understanding,andcooperation"andtheEuropeanconstructionideaof"fromtheAtlantictotheUrals".Atthesametime,inordertogetridofthecontroloftheUnitedStates,Francewithdrewin1967.NATO.Later,GermanyalsochangeditsantagonismwiththeSovietUnionandEasterncountriesandimplementedthe"NewOrientalPolicy",thatis,tomaintaincooperationwiththeWest,butalsotoachievesomeunderstandingwiththeEast.Inthisway,theWesternworldbegantodivide,andthisdifferentiationbecamemoreapparentinthe1970s.IntheEasternworld,theformerSovietUnionimposeditsownpoliticalandeconomicmodelonEasternEuropeancountries,whichalsocausedtheconflictsbetweenEasternEuropeancountriesandtheSovietUniontointensify.First,theformerSovietUnionandYugoslaviahadadisagreementovertheownershipofTrieste,whichledtotheSovietUniontearingupcontracts,removingexperts,andimposinganeconomicblockadeonYugoslavia.ThiswasfollowedbythePolishincidentandtheHungarianincident(1956),whichfinallyledtotheformerSovietUnion’sinvasionofCzechoslovakia.Therearealsocontradictionsinthesocialistcamp.
Thechallengetothepoliticalstructureofthebipolarworldcomesnotonlyfromtheopennessofitsinternalcontradictions,butalsofromtheriseandgrowthofanotherexternalpoliticalforce-thevastnumberofdevelopingcountries.Afterthemid-1950s,thevastnumberofdevelopingcountriesnotonlypromotedthe"Non-AlignedMovement",persistedinopposingimperialism,oldandnewcolonialism,racism,andhegemonism,andcalledondevelopingcountriestostrengthenunityandestablishanewinternationaleconomicorder.Strengthenregionalconstructioninsomeregionsandpromotecooperationamongcountriesintheregion.RegionalinternationalsystemssuchastheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations,OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries,andOrganizationofAfricanUnityhaveplayedaveryimportantroleinpromotingtheregionalizationoftheirrespectiveregions.
NewPoliticalEconomy
NewPoliticalEconomyisalsoreferredtoas"PoliticalEconomy"inmostcases.Apopularnewpoliticaleconomytextbookcitethispointofview:"Althoughpoliticaleconomycanberegardedasacompletedisciplineofitsown,itmaybemoreappropriatetousestandardnaturalsciencelanguagetoexpressitsresearch."Intheanalytictraditionofnaturalsciences,explanationsareconnectedthroughlawsandtheories.Lawsplayakeyroleinexplanation,andtheyarethebasiccomponentsofscientifictheories.Tobemoreprecise,theoriesareawell-organizedsystemoflaws...…Veryclosetothetheoreticalconceptsweencounteredinpoliticaleconomy."
LookattheconclusionandcorrespondingparaphrasesofWangDingding,andlookatthistheory:(1)"Thebasicproblemis,'andtheindividualChoosethepublicchoicethatisrelativelywaiting'.”(2)“Applythemethodsofneoclassicaleconomicstopoliticalactivities”.(3)"Equaltoorshouldbeequalto"SocialChoiceTheory+PublicChoiceTheory"",and(4)Equalto"EfficiencyPrinciple+PrincipleofJustice",and(5)Applyingthethree-dimensionalunderstandingframeworkofpoliticalsociologythatis"economic"(materialLife),“politics”(sociallife),“value”(spirituallife),seekingthesolutionofbasicsocialproblems,andseekingthethree-dimensional"efficiency,justice,andfreedom"ofhappiness(materiallife,sociallife,spirituallife).(6)"Developmentcanberegardedasanexpansionprocessofthetruefreedomthatpeopleenjoy...Politicaldemocracyisactuallysuchaprocess:becausehumancapitalisthecoredriverofeconomicgrowth,therefore,inordertoobtainthebenefitsofeconomicgrowth,arationaldictatormustUniversaleducation;andaby-productofuniversaleducationisthatthecostofcitizenparticipationindemocraticpoliticsisrapidlyreduced,sothereisthedevelopmentofpoliticaldemocracy.”(7)“Fromtheabove-mentioned'three-dimensional'perspective...itwasabout1860-1960.Forahundredyears,thebasicproblemsofsociety(thatis,theuniversalappealsforjustice)andtheprocessofsolvingthemaremainlyconfinedtotheplaneworldof"materiallife-sociallife"...fromthedimensionofmateriallife,itismainlytheinfluenceoftechnologicalprogress.……Everyone’slifeprocess,fromourthree-dimensionalperspective,isatrajectoryinthethree-dimensionalspaceof'materiallife-sociallife-spirituallife'……ForChina,thelocalcivilizationandforeigncivilizationsincetheMingandQingDynastiesConflict,asmentionedabove,originatesfromthewesternizationofmateriallifeandsociallife(called'industrialization'inanarrowsense,or'modernization'inabroadsense)."
TheseparadigmsincludeThetrendof"newpoliticaleconomy"fromtheperspectivesof,evolution,andgame,becausetheresearchisonlyguidedbyanewpoliticalview-returningtotheintegrationoftheeconomyandpoliticsofthecitizens,andrereadingthecategoryofcapitaleconomyfromadeepcivicperspectiveInthisway,therulesofindividualistorderareredefined,andthe"capitalpoliticalview"iscreatedingeniously,whichmakes"theinteractivebehaviorofrationalpeople"evenmoreconfusing.Theso-called"economicsofsocialproblems"isjustwhatitsays,notwhatitis.Soinitsessence,itaimstodealwiththeconflictbetweenindividualandcollectivechoicesofcapitalandseekacompromise.Thisisofcoursearealisticversionoftheoreticalfantasy.Infact,thenewpoliticaleconomyisarevivaloftheearliermethodsofstudyingeconomics.Althoughthisisclassifiedasthetopicofhowpoliticsaffectstheeconomythatweareinterestedin,thedefinitionofnewpoliticaleconomystillfocusesonhowtostudythesetopics.Morespecifically,itcanberoughlydefinedastheuseofmoderneconomicanalysis.Formalandtechnicaltoolstoexaminetheimportanceofpoliticstotheeconomy.
Chinesecharacteristics
GeneralSecretaryXiJinpingpointedout:"Wemustthoroughlystudytheworldeconomyandthenewconditionsandproblemsfacingmycountry'seconomy,andcontributeChinesewisdomtotheinnovationanddevelopmentofMarxistpoliticaleconomy."TocontinuouslyopenupthenewrealmofcontemporaryChineseMarxistpoliticaleconomyandbuildsocialistpoliticaleconomywithChinesecharacteristics,wemustclearlyunderstandandcarefullystudythefollowingmajorissues.
Mainfeatures:
Refineandsummarizetheregularresultsofmycountry'seconomicdevelopmentpractice,upgradepracticalexperiencetoasystematiceconomictheory,andbuildChinesecharacteristicswithChinesestyleandstyleInsocialistpoliticaleconomy,wemustfirstclearlyunderstandthemaincharacteristicsofthesocialistsystemwithChinesecharacteristicsinordertoclearlyunderstandtheresearchobject,researchlogic,andresearchcontentofthesocialistpoliticaleconomywithChinesecharacteristics.ThesocialistsystemwithChinesecharacteristicshasthefollowingmaincharacteristics:
——AdheretotheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina.WithouttheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina,therewouldbenosocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,letalonethepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Sincethe18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,ComradeXiJinpinghasrepeatedlyemphasizedthattheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaisthemostessentialfeatureofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Sinceitsfounding,theCommunistPartyofChinahastakentherealizationofcommunismasitsgoal,consciouslyintegratedMarxismwiththeconcretepracticeofChineserevolutionandconstruction,andconstantlyexploredtheroadtosocialistconstruction.Afterthenewdemocraticrevolutionandthesocialistrevolution,theCommunistPartyofChinaledthepeopletoestablishabasicsocialistsysteminalargebackwardcountrylikeChina.Afterwards,heconductedarduousexplorationsonhowtobuildsocialism.Despitethetwistsandturns,heachievedoriginaltheoreticalresultsandgreatachievements,whichprovidedvaluableexperience,theoreticalpreparation,andmaterialfoundationforthecreationofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsinthenewera.SincetheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,theCommunistPartyofChinahassuccessfullycreatedanddevelopedsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Ithasgivenpracticalandtheoreticalanswerstowhatissocialismandhowtobuildsocialism.
UndertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina,wehavenotonlypioneeredthedevelopmentpathofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicswith"centeringoneconomicconstruction,adheringtothefourbasicprinciples,andadheringtoreformandopeningup",andformedthedevelopmentpathofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsincludingDengXiaopingTheory,"ThetheoreticalsystemofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,suchastheimportantthinkingofthe"ThreeRepresents"andthescientificoutlookondevelopment,especiallytheseriesofimportantspeechesbyGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingprovidednewideologicalguidancefortheconstructionofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsinthenewera,andcontinuedtowritesocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Anewchapterinthetheoreticalsystem;andgraduallyestablishedtheinstitutionalframeworkofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,includingthefundamentalpoliticalsystem,basicpoliticalsystem,basiceconomicsystemandthesocialistlegalsystemwithChinesecharacteristics,aswellastheeconomicsystembasedonthesesystems,Variousspecificsystemssuchaspoliticalsystem,culturalsystem,socialsystemandecologicalcivilizationsystem.Asaresult,therichconnotationoftheresearchonthepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicshasbeenformed.
——SocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsisstillinitsinfancystage.DengXiaopingemphaticallypointedout:"Socialismitselfistheprimarystageofcommunism,andourChinaisintheprimarystageofsocialism,thatis,thestageofunderdevelopment.Everythingmustproceedfromthisrealityandmakeplansbasedonthisreality."Whatarethemostfundamentalcharacteristicsofstagesocialism?Thereportofthe15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinapointedoutthatduetointernationalanddomesticfactors,classcontradictionswillcontinuetoexistwithinacertainrangeforalongtime.Thecontradictionbetweenproduction.Therefore,solvingthismaincontradictionhasbecomethefundamentaltaskoftheinitialstageofsocialism.
Formorethan30yearsofreformandopeningup,wehavebeenworkinghardtosolvethemaincontradictionsandhavemadebrilliantachievements.Butaspointedoutinthereportofthe18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofmycountry:"Ourcountryisstillandwillbeintheprimarystageofsocialismforalongtime.Thebasicnationalconditionshavenotchanged.Thepeople'sgrowingmaterialandculturalneedsarecontradictorytothebackwardsocialproduction.Themainsocialcontradictionshavenotchanged,andmycountry'sinternationalstatusastheworld'slargestdevelopingcountryhasnotchanged."Therefore,studyingthemethodsandlawsforsolvingthemaincontradictionsoftheprimarystageofsocialismwillinevitablybecomethesubjectofthepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.
——Persistinemancipatinganddevelopingproductiveforces.Socialismisamoreadvancedsocialsystemthancapitalism.Whereisthemostimportantmanifestation?Reflectedintheneedtohavehigherproductivity.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,wehavecontinuouslyreformedproductionrelationsandeconomicoperationsystemsandmechanisms,pioneeredtheestablishmentofasocialistmarketeconomicsystem,andgreatlyliberatedanddevelopedsocialproductiveforces.However,GeneralSecretaryXiJinpingsoberlypointedout:“Tobuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway,realizesocialistmodernization,andrealizethegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation,themostfundamentalandurgenttaskistofurtherliberateanddevelopsocialproductiveforces.”Therefore,thepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsmustStudythelawsthatareconducivetotheliberationanddevelopmentofsocialproductiveforces.
——Publicownershipisthemainbody,andtheeconomyofmultipleownershipsystemsdevelopstogether.Intheprimarystageofmycountry'ssocialism,theoveralllevelofproductivitydevelopmentisnothigh,anditismulti-levelandunbalanced.Itobjectivelyrequirestheestablishmentofabasiceconomicsystemwithpublicownershipasthemainstayandthecommondevelopmentofmultipleownershipeconomies.Undertheconditionsofeconomicglobalizationinwhichtheworldisstilldominatedbycapitalism,insistingonthecommondevelopmentofpublicownershipandmultipleownershipeconomiesisnotonlythefoundationofthesocialistmarketeconomysystem,butalsoanimportantmanifestationofthesocialistsystemwithChinesecharacteristics.Thenon-publicownershipeconomyhasanaturalconnectionwiththemarketeconomy.Theirvigorousdevelopmentnotonlyhelpstoimprovethevitalityofthenationaleconomy,butalsohelpsformcompetitionforthepubliceconomy,encouragesandpromotesthedevelopmentofthepubliceconomy,therebyimprovingtheefficiencyoftheentiresociety'sresourceallocation.Inparticular,itpaysattentiontothedevelopmentofcross-shareholdingandmutualintegrationofstate-ownedcapital,collectivecapital,non-publiccapital,andothermixed-ownershipeconomies.Thisisnotonlyconducivetostate-ownedcapital'samplificationfunction,valuepreservationandappreciation,andimprovementofcompetitiveness,butalsoconducivetotheformationofpublicandnon-publicassets.Acommunityofinterestsof"capitalunion"and"labor-managementunion"withworkers.Therefore,studyinghowtodealwiththepropertyrightsanddistributionrelationshipsbetweenthepublicandnon-publicsectorsoftheeconomyaswellaswithineach,andtobetterdevelopthemixedownershipeconomyistheresearchfocusofthepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.
——Focusingontheinterestsofthepeopletoachievecommonprosperity.Thenatureofthesocialistcountryandthenatureandpurposeofthepartydeterminethatthefundamentalpurposeofourcountry'seconomicandsocialdevelopmentisforthepeopleandforallpeopletoachievecommonprosperity.Therefore,adheretothepeopleasthemainbody,adheretothepeople-centereddevelopmentconcept,adheretothedevelopmentforthepeople,relyonthepeoplefordevelopment,andsharethefruitsofdevelopmentbythepeople,andthentakethepeople’sinterestsasthestartingpointandgoal,andfollowthepathofshareddevelopmentandcommonprosperity.ItisthecorelogicandsoulofthepoliticaleconomyofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.
Researchsignificanceandinfluence
Politicaleconomics,asasciencethatstudiesthelawsgoverningtheproduction,exchange,distribution,andconsumptionofmaterialmeansoflifeatvariousstagesofhumansociety’sdevelopment,isfortherestoftheworld.Thedisciplineprovidesthetheoreticalbasis.
Politicaleconomicsfirststudiesthespeciallawsofeachindividualdevelopmentstageofproductionandexchange,andonlyaftercompletingthiskindofresearchcanitbeestablishedasoneofthefew,suitableforproductionandexchangeingeneral,Acompletelyuniversallaw.Atthesametime,itgoeswithoutsayingthatthelawapplicabletoacertainmodeofproductionandexchangeisalsoapplicabletoallhistoricalperiodswiththismodeofproductionandexchange.Forexample,withtheadoptionofmetalcurrency,aseriesoflawsapplicabletoallcountriesandhistoricalperiodsthatborrowedmetalcurrencyforexchangecameintoplay.
Thesocialproductionrelationsandtheirdevelopmentlawsrevealedbypoliticaleconomicsplayanimportantguidingroleintheresearchofotherdisciplinesineconomics;somebasicprinciplesclarifiedbypoliticaleconomics,suchascommodities,Fundamentalprinciplessuchasthemovementofvalue,currency,andwagesplayanimportantroleinguidingtheresearchofeconomicscience.Theresearchresultsofeconomicshaveprovidedabundantscientificmaterialsforpoliticaleconomy,andthushaveaveryimportantinfluenceontheenrichmentanddevelopmentofpoliticaleconomy.
"Modernsocialism,asfarasitscontentisconcerned,isfirstofalltheclassantagonismbetweenthewealthyandthenon-property,capitalistsandwage-workers,andtheuniversalinproductioninmodernsociety.Theresultofexaminingthesetwoaspectsofexistinganarchy.However,intermsofitstheoreticalform,itwasinitiallymanifestedasafurtherandseeminglymorethoroughdevelopmentoftheprinciplesputforwardbythegreatFrenchEnlightenmentscholarsinthe18thcentury..Likeanynewdoctrine,itmustfirststartfromtheexistingideologicalmaterials,althoughitsrootsaredeeplyrootedineconomicfacts."
WiththeproductionandexchangeofacertainsocietyinhistoryWiththeemergenceofthemethodsandmethodsofthissociety,withtheemergenceofthehistoricalpremiseofthissociety,themethodsandmethodsofproductdistributionhavealsobeenproduced.Thiskindofdistributionmethodcanhelpusunderstandthecoexistenceofvariouseconomicformsundertheconditionsofasocialistmarketeconomy.
Tosumitup:
1.Thetheoreticalactionof"DefendingCapital"canhelpusunderstandthedevelopmenttrendofChinesesocialhistoryandworldsocialhistory.
Second,wecanlearnfromthesuccessfulexperienceinthedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandproductionrelationsinvariouscountriestoestablishhistoricalmaterialisteconomictheoriesandmethods.
3.Marxistlabortheoryofvalueandsurplusvaluetheorycanhelpusestablisha"criticalworldview"andthenscientificallygraspthegeneraleconomictheoryofeconomicoperation.
Four.Itcanhelpusmasterthespecifictheoryofeconomicconstructionandbetterunderstandnationaleconomicpolicies.
Fifth,throughlanguage(category)production,thebasicscienceasthebasictheoreticalpremiseoflearningotherappliedeconomicdisciplines.
China'srootsearchandthepathofsinicization
Theconditionsthatpeopleareinwhentheyproduceandexchangearedifferentfromcountrytocountry,andineachcountry,fromgenerationtogeneration.same.Therefore,politicaleconomycannotbethesameforallcountriesandallhistoricaltimes.Thereisalongdistancefrombowsandarrows,fromtheexchangeofstoneknivesandbarbarianswhoappearonlyexceptionally,tosteamengineswiththousandsofhorsepower,tomechanicallooms,railways,andtheBankofEngland.TheresidentsofTierradelFuegodidnotreachthelevelofmassproductionandworldtrade,nordiditreachthelevelofbillspeculationorbankruptcyofexchanges.WhoeverwantstoputthepoliticaleconomyofTierradelFuegoandthepoliticaleconomyofmodernBritainunderthesamelaw,thenheobviouslycan'trevealanythingexceptthemoststaleclichés.Therefore,politicaleconomyisessentiallyahistoricalscience.
In"<Anti-DuhringTheory>OldPreface·OnDialectics",Engelsstated:Thetheoreticalthinkingofeveryera,includingthetheoreticalthinkingofourtime,isahistoricalTheproduct,ithascompletelydifferentformsindifferenteras,andatthesametimehascompletelydifferentcontents.Therefore,thescienceofthinking,likeallothersciences,isahistoricalscience,ascienceofthehistoricaldevelopmentofhumanthinking.Thisisalsoimportantforthepracticalapplicationofthinkinginthefieldofexperience.Because,firstofall,thetheoryofthelawsofthinkingisnotan"eternaltruth"thatiscompletedonceandforall,asthemediocremindimagineswhenthinkingoftheword"logic".WangYanansaid:Inordertoarouseeveryone'sjointeffortsinthisregard,Ionceproposedtheterm"Chineseeconomics".Idon'tintendtobuildaschoollikeordinaryvulgarpeople,andthisschoolisnotestablishedwithnouns.
Thelogicandmethodologyof"DasKapital"isgenetics.Itpointstothestudyandspeakingof"history",andaimstopromoteandpromotetheeconomicconstructionofthemeaningoflaunchingthe"CopernicanRevolution"inhistory,sothatthecategoryisimplementedonthebasisofcriticalprinciplesandimplementedinthehistoricalregulations.However,bourgeoisvulgareconomicshas"reversed"thispathandtheoreticalpractice,andpromotedvulgarhermeneuticsandnon-criticalscientism,aimingtoreduceeconomicstoaspecialcategoryofnaturalscienceonthecontrary.Thecharacteristicofitstheoreticalworkistocarryouttheworld-societycognitionpre-determinedcomposition,fullyplaywithhermeneuticallanguagepractice,andseekthehighestformandnormofnaturalscientismisamathematicalplan.Duetovariousproblems,asfarasChinaisconcerned,itismainlyconcentratedonthe"dislocation"ofthinkingandlanguageworkstyles.TheresearcheffortsafterMarxfailedtoeffectivelyachievethe"counter-reversal".Therealwayoutliesintherealizationoftheeconomicconstructionofthemeaningof"reconstructingpoliticaleconomy".Onthisbasis,weneedtoputforwardhistoricalandpracticalworkingprinciplesandpropositions,soastoavoidthepossibilitythattheSinicizationofpoliticaleconomicsresearchinChineseeconomicswillbere-lockedintothe"hermeneuticsdilemma"crisis.First,weshouldcontinuetoadheretotheroadofpracticalconstructionbasedonhistoricalscience.Second,itisnecessarytoreallypreventattemptsto"de-historicize"thetheoreticalessenceinthenameof"scientization"inresearch.Onceagain,weshouldfurtherrealizethattheslogan"ReturntoMarx"isactuallyfalse,becausetheauthenticwaytomeetMarxisthroughhistoryandpractice,notthetextitself.Finally,thepracticalroadofpoliticaleconomyaimstobreakthroughthecageofbourgeoisscientismthinking,anditcanalwayslieinthefinalreleaseofthecageofhermeneuticallanguage.
Vigotskysaidin"TheHistoryofCreationofCapital":"BeforeMarx,noeconomisthadtakenthehistoricalaspectofresearchastheorganicpartofhistheory.Component.ThereisnodoubtthatthecreditforthecreationofthefirsttruescientifichistoryofpoliticaleconomyshouldbelongtoMarx.Moreover,oneoftheimportantcharacteristicsofMarx’screativemethodisthatthehistoryofeconomicsciencehasalwaysbeencreatedbyhim.Theparalleloftheoriesconstitutesaunifiedprocessofscientificresearch...Therefore,thehistoryofpoliticaleconomycanbesaidtobetheoppositeofMarx’seconomictheory.ItmustexistinallstagesofMarx’seconomicresearch.Itisnotonlythestartingpointofthisresearch,butalsothiskindofresearch.Theresultoftheresearch."Thearticle"GuanZi·ChengMa"reads:"Thelandisthefoundationofpolitics.Thedynastyistheprincipleofjustice.Themarketisthestandardofthegoods.Thegoldisusedinthequantity.Thelandoftheprinces,Thenationofathousandmultipliersmeansthesystemoftools.Thefiveoftheprinciplescanbeunderstood,andthereisawayforthem...Discerningtheprincipleofgold,youknowluxuryandfrugality;knowingluxuryandfrugality,youcanusefrugality.Therefore,frugalitywillhurtthings.,Luxuryhurtsthegoods.Frugalmeansgoldischeap,goldcheapmeansnothingisdone,soithurts;luxuryisgoldexpensive,goldexpensivemeanscheapgoods,soithurtsthegoods.Whenthegoodsareexhaustedandthelackofknowledgeisnotknown,thequantityisnotknown;Morethanthat,Idon’tknowthefestival.Idon’tknowthequantity,Idon’tknowthefestival,andit’simpossibletodoit."
WithregardtoChineseeconomics,itisguidedbyMarxism,emphasizestradition,servesmodernity,andadherestothepastandthepresent.WangYananhadaclearunderstandingoftheconstructionoftheroadofintegratedChineseandWesterndevelopment.Hesaid:“Fromtheaboveexplanation,wealreadyknowthatintheestablishmentstageofChina’seconomicresearch,therearetwosuccessivetasksthatmustbecompleted:(1)Onthenegativeside,itisnecessarytorelentlesslycriticizethevarioustheoriesthathindertheunderstandingofChina’seconomy,especiallythosemerchantswhoareasrampantascommercialcapital;Thenatureoftransformation,usingadevelopmental,comprehensive,andcomparativeapproachtodiscoverthetendenciesandrulesofcertainbasicmovementsoftheChineseeconomy.Thesetwotasksareobviouslynoteasytocomplete."Thisisalong-termstruggleprocessthatrequiresseveralThejointeffortsofgenerations.
"PoliticalEconomics"learningandresearchmaterials(34sheets)