Overview
Statisticsaredatathatindicatethecharacteristics,scale,structure,andlevelofnaturaleconomicfactorsinacertaingeographicarea.Itisthebasicdataforqualitative,positioningandquantitativestatisticalanalysis.Forexample,whatweusuallycallastatisticalyearbook.
Statisticaldataclassification
1.Statisticaldataexpressionhastwoforms:statisticaltableandstatisticalmap.
Accordingtotherepresentationmethod,itisdividedinto:
①Divisionstatistics.Thatis,theareaofthegraphorthenumberofthesamegraphrepresentsthesumofallthesamephenomenainthedivisionunitwhereitislocated;forexample,theoveralldatasamplefileofthe2008AmericanCommunitySurveyforoneyear
②Classifiedstatistics.Thatis,intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thelevelsaredividedaccordingtoadministrativedivisionsoreconomiczones,andthedifferencesintherelativeindicatorsofthephenomenonarerepresentedbydifferentshadesofcolorordensity.
③Positioningstatistics.Intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thespecialphenomenaandchanginglawsatacertainpointareshown.
2.Accordingtostatisticalindicators,statisticsaredividedintomacroeconomicindicatorstatisticsandindustryeconomicindicatorstatistics.
Commonmacroeconomicindicatorsare:GDP,CPI,PPI,PMIandcashincirculation.
Industryeconomicindicatorssuchastheanalysisofthecoalindustryandpetroleumindustry’sprosperity.
Typesofstatisticaldata
Statisticsistheresultofmeasuringthingsusingacertainmeasurementscale,anddifferenttypesofstatisticaldatacanbeobtainedbyusingdifferentmeasurementscales.Judgingfromtheresultsoftheabovefourmeasurementscales,statisticaldatacanbedividedintothefollowingfourtypes:
1.Categorizeddata-expressedascategories,butdonotdistinguishtheorder,itisdeterminedbythecategoryMeasuredbyscale.
2.Sequencingdata-expressedascategories,butwithorder,whichisformedbytheorderingscalemeasurement.
3.Fixeddistancedata-expressedasanumericalvalue,whichcanbeaddedandsubtracted,andisformedbythefixeddistancescalemeasurement.
4.Constantratiodata-expressedasanumericalvalue,whichcanbeadded,subtracted,multiplied,anddivided,andisformedbyaconstantratioscalemeasurement.
Thefirsttwotypesofdatadescribethequalitycharacteristicsofthingsandcannotberepresentedbydata.Theresultsareallexpressedascategories,alsocalledqualitativedataorqualitydata(Oualitativedata);thelattertwotypesofdataindicateItisthequantitativefeatureofthephenomenon,whichcanbeexpressedinnumericalvalues,soitisalsocalledquantitativedataorquantitativedata.Sincethefixeddistancescaleandthefixedratioscalebelongtothesamemeasurementlevel,thelattertwodatacanberegardedasthesametypeofdata,collectivelyreferredtoasquantitativedataornumericaldata.
Itisveryimportanttodistinguishthelevelofmeasurementandthetypeofdata,becausedifferenttypesofdatawillbeprocessedandanalyzedbydifferentstatisticalmethods.Forexample,forcategorizeddata,thefrequencyorfrequencyofeachgroupisusuallycalculated,themodeandtheratiooftheheterogeneityarecalculated,andthecontingencytableanalysisandx2testareperformed;forthesequentialdata,themedianandquartilecanbecalculatedDifferences,calculationofnon-parametricanalysissuchasrankcorrelationcoefficient;forfixeddistanceorfixedratiodata,morestatisticalmethodscanbeusedforprocessing,suchascalculationofvariousstatistics,parameterestimationandtesting,etc.Mostofwhatwedealwithisquantitativedata.
Whatneedstobepointedouthereisthatthestatisticalmethodsthataresuitableforlow-levelmeasurementdataarealsosuitableforhigher-levelmeasurementdata,becausethelatterhasthemathematicalcharacteristicsoftheformer.Forexample,whendescribingthecentraltendencyofdata,themodeisusuallycalculatedfortheclassifieddata,andthemedianisusuallycalculatedfortheordinaldata,butthemodeandthemediancanalsobecalculatedforthefixeddistanceandfixedratiodata.Conversely,statisticalmethodsthatareapplicabletohigh-levelmeasurementdatacannotbeusedforlower-levelmeasurementdata,becauselow-leveldatadoesnothavethemathematicalcharacteristicsofhigh-levelmeasurementdata.Forexample,forfixed-distanceandfixed-ratiodata,theaveragecanbecalculated,butforfixed-rangeandsequentialdata,theaveragecannotbecalculated.Understandingthispointisveryusefulforchoosingstatisticalanalysismethods.
Collectionofstatisticaldata
Statisticsaremainlyderivedfromtwosources:oneisfromdirectsurveysandscientificexperiments.Thisisthedirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledthefirstFirst-handordirectstatisticaldata;butdataderivedfromotherpeople’ssurveysorexperiments.Thisisanindirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledsecond-handorindirectstatisticaldata.
Organizationalformsofstatisticaldatacollection
Theorganizationalformsofstatisticaldatacollectionincludegeneralsurveys,samplesurveys,statisticalreports,keysurveys,typicalsurveys,etc.
1.Census:Acensusisaone-timecomprehensivesurveyspeciallyorganizedforaspecificpurpose.Itisusedtocollectcomprehensiveinformationonimportantnationalconditions,nationalstrengthandresourceconditions,andprovidethegovernmentwithplans,guidelinesandpolicies.inaccordancewith.
2.Samplingsurvey:Samplingsurveyisthemostwidelyusedsurveymethodinpractice.Itrandomlyselectsapartoftheunitseatsamplefromthepopulationofthesurveysubjectsforsurvey,andinfersfromthesamplesurveyresultsAnon-comprehensivesurveymethodofoverallquantitativecharacteristics.
3.Statisticalreport:Statisticalreportisasurveymethodbasedoncomprehensiveinvestigation.Itisarrangedbythecompetentgovernmentdepartmentintheformofstatisticaltablesandadministrativemethodsfromtoptobottominaccordancewithstatisticallawsandregulations.Asurveymethodinwhichenterprisesandinstitutionscollectandreportfromthebottomtothetoptoprovidebasicstatisticaldata.
4.Keysurvey:Keysurveyisanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbySelectindividualorpartofthekeyunitsintheoverallsurveytounderstandthebasicsituationoftheoverall.
5.Typicalsurvey:Atypicalsurveyisalsoanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbyaspecialorganization.Itisbasedonthepurposeandrequirementsofthesurveyandresearch,basedonacomprehensiveanalysisoftheoverall,andconsciouslychoosesrepresentativesamongthemTypicalunitsofsexconductin-depthandmeticulousinvestigationstounderstandtheessentialcharacteristics,causality,andlawsofdevelopmentandchangesofthings.
Methodsofcollectingstatisticaldata
Inactualsurveys,thespecificmethodsofcollectingdatamainlyincludeinterviewsurveys,mailsurveys,telephonesurveys,seminars,individualin-depthinterviews,andonlinesurveys.
1.Interviewinvestigation:Interviewinvestigationisalsocalleddispatchedinvestigation.Itisaninvestigationmethodinwhichtheinvestigatorandtherespondentobtaintherequiredinformationthroughface-to-faceconversation.
2.Mailsurvey:Amailsurveyisasurveyinwhichthequestionnaireissenttothesurveyedbymailorothermeans,andthesurveyedpersonfillsin,andthenthequestionnaireissentbackordroppedtothedesignatedcollectionpoint.method.
3.Telephonesurvey:Telephonesurveyisasurveymethodbywhichinvestigatorsusethetelephonetocommunicatewiththeintervieweestoobtaininformation.Theadvantagesoftelephonesurveysarequicktimelinessandlowcost;thedisadvantageisthatthenumberofsurveyquestionscannotbetoomuch.
4.Symposium:Thesymposiumisalsocalledthecollectiveinterviewmethod.Itisamethodofgatheringagroupofintervieweesatthesurveysiteandlettingthemexpresstheiropinionsonthesubjectofthesurveytoobtainsurveydata.method.Thismethodissuitableforcollectingthetendenciesandopinionsofafewpeoplewhoarecloselyrelatedtotheresearchtopic.
5.Individualin-depthinterview:Anindividualin-depthinterviewisaspecialqualitativestudyinwhichonlyonerespondentparticipatesatatime.Itisoftenusedinmotivationresearchtodiscoverthedeep-seatedopinionsoftheintervieweesthatarenotsuperficial.Thismethodismostsuitableforstudyingmoresecretissues,suchaspersonalprivacy;moresensitiveissues.
6.Onlineinvestigation:Therearethreemethodsforonlineinvestigation:E-mail,interactiveCATIsystem,andInternetCGIprogram.