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Statistical data



Overview

Statisticsaredatathatindicatethecharacteristics,scale,structure,andlevelofnaturaleconomicfactorsinacertaingeographicarea.Itisthebasicdataforqualitative,positioningandquantitativestatisticalanalysis.Forexample,whatweusuallycallastatisticalyearbook.

Statisticaldataclassification

1.Statisticaldataexpressionhastwoforms:statisticaltableandstatisticalmap.

Accordingtotherepresentationmethod,itisdividedinto:

①Divisionstatistics.Thatis,theareaof​​thegraphorthenumberofthesamegraphrepresentsthesumofallthesamephenomenainthedivisionunitwhereitislocated;forexample,theoveralldatasamplefileofthe2008AmericanCommunitySurveyforoneyear

②Classifiedstatistics.Thatis,intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thelevelsaredividedaccordingtoadministrativedivisionsoreconomiczones,andthedifferencesintherelativeindicatorsofthephenomenonarerepresentedbydifferentshadesofcolorordensity.

③Positioningstatistics.Intheformofstatisticalgraphs,thespecialphenomenaandchanginglawsatacertainpointareshown.

2.Accordingtostatisticalindicators,statisticsaredividedintomacroeconomicindicatorstatisticsandindustryeconomicindicatorstatistics.

Commonmacroeconomicindicatorsare:GDP,CPI,PPI,PMIandcashincirculation.

Industryeconomicindicatorssuchastheanalysisofthecoalindustryandpetroleumindustry’sprosperity.

Typesofstatisticaldata

Statisticsistheresultofmeasuringthingsusingacertainmeasurementscale,anddifferenttypesofstatisticaldatacanbeobtainedbyusingdifferentmeasurementscales.Judgingfromtheresultsoftheabovefourmeasurementscales,statisticaldatacanbedividedintothefollowingfourtypes:

1.Categorizeddata-expressedascategories,butdonotdistinguishtheorder,itisdeterminedbythecategoryMeasuredbyscale.

2.Sequencingdata-expressedascategories,butwithorder,whichisformedbytheorderingscalemeasurement.

3.Fixeddistancedata-expressedasanumericalvalue,whichcanbeaddedandsubtracted,andisformedbythefixeddistancescalemeasurement.

4.Constantratiodata-expressedasanumericalvalue,whichcanbeadded,subtracted,multiplied,anddivided,andisformedbyaconstantratioscalemeasurement.

Thefirsttwotypesofdatadescribethequalitycharacteristicsofthingsandcannotberepresentedbydata.Theresultsareallexpressedascategories,alsocalledqualitativedataorqualitydata(Oualitativedata);thelattertwotypesofdataindicateItisthequantitativefeatureofthephenomenon,whichcanbeexpressedinnumericalvalues,soitisalsocalledquantitativedataorquantitativedata.Sincethefixeddistancescaleandthefixedratioscalebelongtothesamemeasurementlevel,thelattertwodatacanberegardedasthesametypeofdata,collectivelyreferredtoasquantitativedataornumericaldata.

Itisveryimportanttodistinguishthelevelofmeasurementandthetypeofdata,becausedifferenttypesofdatawillbeprocessedandanalyzedbydifferentstatisticalmethods.Forexample,forcategorizeddata,thefrequencyorfrequencyofeachgroupisusuallycalculated,themodeandtheratiooftheheterogeneityarecalculated,andthecontingencytableanalysisandx2testareperformed;forthesequentialdata,themedianandquartilecanbecalculatedDifferences,calculationofnon-parametricanalysissuchasrankcorrelationcoefficient;forfixeddistanceorfixedratiodata,morestatisticalmethodscanbeusedforprocessing,suchascalculationofvariousstatistics,parameterestimationandtesting,etc.Mostofwhatwedealwithisquantitativedata.

Whatneedstobepointedouthereisthatthestatisticalmethodsthataresuitableforlow-levelmeasurementdataarealsosuitableforhigher-levelmeasurementdata,becausethelatterhasthemathematicalcharacteristicsoftheformer.Forexample,whendescribingthecentraltendencyofdata,themodeisusuallycalculatedfortheclassifieddata,andthemedianisusuallycalculatedfortheordinaldata,butthemodeandthemediancanalsobecalculatedforthefixeddistanceandfixedratiodata.Conversely,statisticalmethodsthatareapplicabletohigh-levelmeasurementdatacannotbeusedforlower-levelmeasurementdata,becauselow-leveldatadoesnothavethemathematicalcharacteristicsofhigh-levelmeasurementdata.Forexample,forfixed-distanceandfixed-ratiodata,theaveragecanbecalculated,butforfixed-rangeandsequentialdata,theaveragecannotbecalculated.Understandingthispointisveryusefulforchoosingstatisticalanalysismethods.

Collectionofstatisticaldata

Statisticsaremainlyderivedfromtwosources:oneisfromdirectsurveysandscientificexperiments.Thisisthedirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledthefirstFirst-handordirectstatisticaldata;butdataderivedfromotherpeople’ssurveysorexperiments.Thisisanindirectsourceofstatisticaldata,calledsecond-handorindirectstatisticaldata.

Organizationalformsofstatisticaldatacollection

Theorganizationalformsofstatisticaldatacollectionincludegeneralsurveys,samplesurveys,statisticalreports,keysurveys,typicalsurveys,etc.

1.Census:Acensusisaone-timecomprehensivesurveyspeciallyorganizedforaspecificpurpose.Itisusedtocollectcomprehensiveinformationonimportantnationalconditions,nationalstrengthandresourceconditions,andprovidethegovernmentwithplans,guidelinesandpolicies.inaccordancewith.

2.Samplingsurvey:Samplingsurveyisthemostwidelyusedsurveymethodinpractice.Itrandomlyselectsapartoftheunitseatsamplefromthepopulationofthesurveysubjectsforsurvey,andinfersfromthesamplesurveyresultsAnon-comprehensivesurveymethodofoverallquantitativecharacteristics.

3.Statisticalreport:Statisticalreportisasurveymethodbasedoncomprehensiveinvestigation.Itisarrangedbythecompetentgovernmentdepartmentintheformofstatisticaltablesandadministrativemethodsfromtoptobottominaccordancewithstatisticallawsandregulations.Asurveymethodinwhichenterprisesandinstitutionscollectandreportfromthebottomtothetoptoprovidebasicstatisticaldata.

4.Keysurvey:Keysurveyisanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbySelectindividualorpartofthekeyunitsintheoverallsurveytounderstandthebasicsituationoftheoverall.

5.Typicalsurvey:Atypicalsurveyisalsoanon-comprehensivesurveyorganizedbyaspecialorganization.Itisbasedonthepurposeandrequirementsofthesurveyandresearch,basedonacomprehensiveanalysisoftheoverall,andconsciouslychoosesrepresentativesamongthemTypicalunitsofsexconductin-depthandmeticulousinvestigationstounderstandtheessentialcharacteristics,causality,andlawsofdevelopmentandchangesofthings.

Methodsofcollectingstatisticaldata

Inactualsurveys,thespecificmethodsofcollectingdatamainlyincludeinterviewsurveys,mailsurveys,telephonesurveys,seminars,individualin-depthinterviews,andonlinesurveys.

1.Interviewinvestigation:Interviewinvestigationisalsocalleddispatchedinvestigation.Itisaninvestigationmethodinwhichtheinvestigatorandtherespondentobtaintherequiredinformationthroughface-to-faceconversation.

2.Mailsurvey:Amailsurveyisasurveyinwhichthequestionnaireissenttothesurveyedbymailorothermeans,andthesurveyedpersonfillsin,andthenthequestionnaireissentbackordroppedtothedesignatedcollectionpoint.method.

3.Telephonesurvey:Telephonesurveyisasurveymethodbywhichinvestigatorsusethetelephonetocommunicatewiththeintervieweestoobtaininformation.Theadvantagesoftelephonesurveysarequicktimelinessandlowcost;thedisadvantageisthatthenumberofsurveyquestionscannotbetoomuch.

4.Symposium:Thesymposiumisalsocalledthecollectiveinterviewmethod.Itisamethodofgatheringagroupofintervieweesatthesurveysiteandlettingthemexpresstheiropinionsonthesubjectofthesurveytoobtainsurveydata.method.Thismethodissuitableforcollectingthetendenciesandopinionsofafewpeoplewhoarecloselyrelatedtotheresearchtopic.

5.Individualin-depthinterview:Anindividualin-depthinterviewisaspecialqualitativestudyinwhichonlyonerespondentparticipatesatatime.Itisoftenusedinmotivationresearchtodiscoverthedeep-seatedopinionsoftheintervieweesthatarenotsuperficial.Thismethodismostsuitableforstudyingmoresecretissues,suchaspersonalprivacy;moresensitiveissues.

6.Onlineinvestigation:Therearethreemethodsforonlineinvestigation:E-mail,interactiveCATIsystem,andInternetCGIprogram.

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