Affecting Factors
Implementation of transportation by means of a certain transportation tool, and is done by a certain transportation line to the port station, the transportation method depends on the transportation tool used, traffic The categories and nature of the line and the port station are subject to the cause of the weather, the basic facilities and technical equipment characteristics and the main technical economic indicators.
Type
The transportation method is mainly divided into six kinds of railways, roads, inland rivers, sea, air and pipelines, and the nature, technical and economic characteristics and application ranges.
If the railway carrier is large, the continuity is strong, the driving speed is high, the freight is low, the operation is generally not affected by natural conditions such as climate, terrain,
is suitable for medium Long-distance passenger transportation; although highway transportation is small, the transportation cost is high, but the motor flexibility is large, strong continuous, suitable for transportation of short-distance passenger transport and high-end industrial and agricultural products; water transport (including inner river and sea Transportation has the characteristics of large load shipments, low transportation, slow investment, flexibility and continuity, suitable for large, low and variety of bulk goods; air transport is fast, investment Less, no restrictions on local terrain conditions, can carry out long-range transportation, etc., there is also a shortcoming of small transportation, high transportation cost, and influence of climate conditions, suitable for remote passenger transport and high-end, foreign trade goods and urgent goods transportation; Pipe transport has a large amount of transportation, low transportation cost, poor flexibility, etc., is suitable for crude oil, refined oil, natural gas and other liquid and gaseous materials that are relatively stable in delivery.
The six major ways of international cargo transportation refers to transportation of Jianghai, highways, railways, aviation, pipelines and international multi-game transport.
The advantages and disadvantages have the advantages and shortcomings of various transportation methods. While giving full play to their respective advantages, pay attention to complementation and common cooperation to meet the national economic development. Requirements for the transportation industry. Ocean transportation mode
(1) Characteristics of marine transportation
load capacity: With the development of the international shipping industry, modern shipbuilding technology is better The ship is increasing.
Natural waterway: With the natural channel, it is not subject to road, or the track is limited. With the changes of political, economic and trade and natural conditions, adjust and change the route to complete the transportation task.
The shipping is low: the sea transportation channel is natural formation, and the port facilities are generally established by the government. Companies operating the shipping business can save a large amount of infrastructure investment.
The internationality of transportation: is generally an international transaction, its production process involves two ways of different national regions and individual
(2) marine transportation operations (line wheel / Boat)
(1) liner transport (regular ship transport) Liner Transport.
a. Meaning (characteristics) ("four definitely responsible"; "two do not count"; "One Unknown")
b. The composition of freight (the concept of basic freight and additional freight)
Note: Special contract approach to the contract of the contract.
< P> (2) Charter transport Charter Transportation.a. Regularly chartered Time Charter.
b. Rating charter Voyage Charter.
pay attention : A. The characteristics of regulatory charter transportation; shipping composition; (freight loading and unloading fees and lag)
B. Five fixed terms often used in the "Rent Boat" contract, That is: LINER TERMS; FO; FI; FIO; FIOST
(3) A total of six sections of the marine transportation and customs declaration operations
requirements: Master each specific link Name; generally understand its contents.
Note: This process is conditional in line-in-line transportation method CFR terms.
(4) Ocean transport documents: (Shipping bill of lading and maritime shipping list
(1) Shipping bill of lading: BILL of LADING (B / L)
a. The nature and role of bill of lading (receipt; certificate of transportation agreement; property certificate)
b. The transferability of the bill of lading; c. Types of bill of lading (fourteen) Note: Understand the meaning of the meaning of the method.
(2) Sea freight list ( Sea Waybill; Ocean Waybill.
a. Concept (different points with the bill of lading attribute).
b. Special delivery method (the payment of the goods Carrier).
Land transport
(1) Railway transportation
(1) Railway transportation position.
(2) The two major components of China's foreign trade railway transport (ie the international railway freight transport and the railway transport of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region "
)
(2) road transport: (Features)
Note: It can directly implement "door-to-door" transportation mode.
Aviation transport
(1) Superiority and characteristics of air transportation
(2) four ways of air transport (flight charters centralized consignment and aviation express), and their respective meaning And Features
(3) Airlines and shipping
1. Air Waybill: a. Concept (different points with the nature of the maritime lading) b. Special delivery method (only With the notice of the goods).
2. Air freight: (W / m calculation method)
Note: Conversion formula between W / M, ie: 1 kg = 6000 Cubic centimeter
Postal transport
(1) Advantages: The easiest international multi-game transport and "door-to-door" transportation. Note: "Wan Guo Post Convention" and EMS.
(b) Limitations. (high cost is high)
International multimodal transport
is also known as internationally federated transport, International Multi-modal transport. Based on container transportation)
(1) Three major features of Container transportation
"Full box" (场 到 场) and "LCL" (Cargo station to freight station) and "door-to-door" concept.
(b) International multimodal transport
Note: (1) Master definition.
< P> (2) Learn five features and three superiority.(3) Learn more about three major international multimodal transport responsibilities (especially the network responsibility system "is responsible, The principle of segmentation compensation). (4) Organized form and land bridge transportation of international multimodal transport:
a. Three organizational forms (sea land / land bridge / sea space)
b. "Land Bridge Service" concept (Far East - European countries)
c. Two main mainland bridges in the world. (Siberia and North America + New Asia)
reasonable Select
In various modes of transport, how to choose an appropriate amount of transportation is an important issue of logistics rationalization. Generally, the service levels required by the logistics system and the allowed logistics are originally determined. One way of transportation can also be used.
determines the way of transportation, can carefully study the following five specific projects on the basis of considering the specific conditions:
(1) Cargo variety
Regarding the variety and nature of the goods, the shape should be explained in the packaging project, and the means of transportation of these cargo characteristics and shape should be selected, and the burden of goods on freight will also be carefully considered.
(2) Transportation period
The transport period must be in contact with the delivery date, and the transport period should be guaranteed. The transportation time required to investigate various transportation tools must be investigated, and the transportation tool is selected according to the transportation time. The quick and slow order of transportation time is generally in the case of air transport, car transportation, railway transportation, ship transportation. Each of the transportation tools can arrange the schedule according to its speed group, plus its two ends and the transfer work time, can calculate the required transportation time. In the circulation of goods, the status quo of these transportation methods is to be studied, and the planned transportation is performed, and it is desirable to have an accurate delivery date to be fundamentally required.
(3) Transportation cost
transportation cost is different from vary by the type, weight, volume, and tunnel of the goods. Moreover, the transportation tools will also change. When considering transportation costs, it is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between freight with other logistics subsystems, and cannot only consider transportation costs to determine the transportation mode, and it is determined by all assembly.
(4) Transportation distance
From the transportation distance, in general, according to the principles of the following principles: within 300 kilometers, use the car transport; 300 ~ 500 km, with railway transportation ; 500 km or more, ship transportation. It is generally taken to be more economical.
(5) Transport batch
The influence of batch batch, because high-volume transportation costs should be as low as possible to the end of the final consumer, choose the right transportation tool to transport It is a good policy to reduce costs. In general, goods under 15 to 20 tons are transported; 15 to 20 tons of commercial rail transport; products such as raw materials such as tens of tons should be selected.
code table
| DM | MC | SM | ||||||||||||||
| It is not necessary to use this code if it is insignificant or not indicated in the transportation mode, in principle, does not use this code | ||||||||||||||||
| 1
| sea transport maritime transport |
| 2
| Rail Transport Rail Transport | 3
| Highway Transport Road Transport |
| 4
| Air Transport air transport
| Aircraft, helicopters and other aircraft transport personnel, goods, mail, email, one transportation method | ||||||
| 5
| Postal Transport Mail Transport | Utilization Various transportation mode carrier transportation, it is not a single transportation mode | 6 | 6
| Multimony transport Multimodel Transport | usually refers to a plurality of transportation methods combined with combined transport | ||||||||||
| 7
| Pipe Transport Pipe Lines Transport | Using Pipeline Connect continuous transport of oil, natural gas, etc. Transportation | ||||||||||||||
| 8
| Inland River Transport Inland Water Transport | Using the ship's transportation of cargo transportation through the International Nower Rivers and Lake River or Artificial Waterway |
