Zhu Xi - adomain

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Thelifeofthecharacter

Tostudyatayoungage

The15thdayofthelunarcalendarinthefourthyearofJianyanoftheSongDynasty(10th,1130)June18),ZhuXiwasbornintheZhengyizhaiHouse(nowNanxiAcademy)inShuinan,YouxiCounty,andhisnicknameisShenYun.WhenZhuXiwasborn,thereweresevenmolesonthecornerofhisrighteye,arrangedlikeabigdipper.

SongDynastyShaoxingfiveyears(1135),attheageoffive,ZhuXibegantoenterelementaryschool,canreadthe"BookofFilialPiety",inscribedonthebook'sinscription:"Ifthisisnotthecase,youwillnotbeanadult."Attheageofsix,ZhuXiplayedwithQun'er,usingfinger-paintingandgossiponthesandbankinfrontoftheZheng'smansion.Askyourfatheraboutthedayandthesky.

IntheseventhyearofShaoxing(1137),ZhuSongwascalledtothecapital.Beforegoingtothecapital,hesenthiswifeZhuandZhuXitoliveinPucheng,Jianzhou.

InthethirteenthyearofShaoxing(1143),ZhuSongdiedofillnessinJianou.Beforehisdeath,heentrustedZhuXitohisfivehusbandandfriendLiuZiyu(ZhuXi’srighteousfather)inChong’an(nowWuyishanCity),andwrotealettertoaskfiveHishusband'sthreewell-educatedfriends,LiuZihui(Pingshan),LiuMianzhi(Baishui),andHuXian(Jixi),taughtZhuXiontheirbehalf.LiuZiyuregardedZhuXiashisown,andplacedZhuXi'sfamilyinthebuildingnexttohishouse,calledZiyangTower.

IntheseventeenthyearofShaoxing(1147),ZhuXiwas18yearsoldandwasadmittedasatributestudentintheJianzhouTownshipExamination.

InthespringoftheeighteenthyearofShaoxing(1148),LiuMianzhipromisedhisdaughterLiuQingsitoZhuXi.InMarchofthesameyear,ZhuXienteredtheimperialexaminationofthecapitalandrankedfifthand90thintheWangZuolist.

Firstentryintoofficialcareer

Inthe21styearofShaoxing(1151),ZhuXionceagainenteredthecapitaltestmiddleschool,andawardedZuodiGonglangandQuanzhouTong’anCountyDirector.

Inthesummerofthetwenty-thirdyearofShaoxing(1153),ZhuXiwasenroutetoTong'anandstudiedatYanpingLiTong.IntheautumnofJuly,ZhuXiarrivedinTong'an.Managecountyaffairswithits"dunetiquetteandrighteousness,ethicalcustoms,concubineofficials,andsympathizewiththepeople"tomanagecountyaffairs,resolvedisputesinTong'anandJinjiangcounties,rectifycountystudies,andpromotetheconstructionof"teachingthoughthalls".Thetempleadvocatestheestablishmentofthe"JingshiPavilion",advocatingthereductionandexemptionofmoneymadebythegeneraleconomics.

Inthetwenty-seventhyearofShaoxing(1157),ZhuXireturnedafterhistenure.

Inthetwenty-eighthyearofShaoxing(1158),ZhuXirealizedthat“theworld’swindofvainBuddhaseekingimmortality,thedecayofthepeople’sspirit,thedissipationofnationalpower,andthehindranceofthecountry’srevival”,plannedtoembarkonthepathofseekingateacheragain,DeterminedtoworshipLiTongashisteacher,becauseheinheritedtheorthodoxofthesecondCheng"LuoXue",whichlaidthefoundationforZhuXi'slaterdoctrine.Theinscribed"YuanFeiYuYue"four-characterplaque.

ZhuXireturnedtoTong'ananddidnotseekcareeradvancement,butmainlyengagedineducationandwritingactivities.Inthethirty-twoyearofShaoxing(1162),SongXiaozongcametothethroneandaskedhissubjectsfortheiropinions.ZhuXishoulddictatetheentrustment,andforcefullypresentthepropositionsofopposingpeaceandadvocatingagainstBuddhismandadvocatingConfucianism,andelaboratedontheopinionsofclarifyingtheprinciplesoflearning,restoringtheplan,andappointingtalentstorevisepolitics.

InOctoberofthefirstyearofLongxing(1163),ZhuXishouldentertheOppositeArchwayHallandplaythreenotestoSongXiaozong:Onenoteonhonestyandsincerity,knowledgethroughknowledge,andoppositiontotheoldandtheBuddhaHeresy,thesecondbookdiscussesthevengeanceoftheforeignersandtheoppositiontopeace,andthethirdbookdiscussesthewayofinternalpoliticalaffairs,andopposesthefavoroftheministers.Butatthattime,TangSiretreatedandadvocatedpeaceanddiscussion.ZhuXi'santi-moneypropositionwasnotadopted.InNovember,thecourtappointedZhuXiasadoctorofmartialartsattheImperialCollege.ZhuXiwillnotresign,sopleasereturnthetempletoChong'an.

InAugustofthethirdyearoftheSouthernSongDynasty(1167),ZhuXi,accompaniedbyLinZezhiandFanNiande,wenttoTanzhou(nowChangsha)tovisitZhangShi,arepresentativeoftheHunanSchool."TheManuscriptoftheReturnoftheEast"wascompleted.

Fouryearsonthemainroad(1168),floodsoccurredinChong'an.ZhuXiurgedthepeopletodistributeTibetanmillettorelievehunger,andalsoaskedthegovernmentforaloanof600huofgraintobedistributedtothepeople,sothatthepeoplewouldnotgohungry.

Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheroad(1169),ZhuXirealizedthefaultof"Zhongheoldsaying"andre-readtheworksofChengHaoandChengYiwiththethoughtof"respect"and"doublecultivation",andcreated"Zhong"fromanewperspective.Sayitwiththenew".Thisisamajoreventwithepoch-makingsignificanceandfar-reachinginfluenceinacademichistory,anditmarksthematurityofZhuXi'sphilosophy.

WritingsbyHanquan

InSeptemberofthe5thyearofthemainroad(1169),ZhuXi’smotherpassedaway,andZhuXibuilttheHanquanAbodeashermother’stomb,andthesix-year-oldHanquanbegan.Writingperiod.

InMayoftheSeventhYearoftheMainRoad(1171),inordertofundamentallysolvethelivelihoodproblemsofthepeopleinthedisasteryear,a"communitywarehouse"wasestablishedinWufu.Thisapproachcanalleviatethedifficultiesofthepoor,alleviatesocialconflicts,andreducethepressureontheimperialgovernmenttogovern,whichwaslaterimitatedbymanyplaces.InNovember,ZhuXireturnedtoYouxiandre-examinedthecountyschoolwiththecountymagistrateandfriendShiZi.AccompaniedbyShiZizhong,visittheoldsiteof"Weizhai"wherehisfatherZhuSongwastheWeishiyanresidenceinYouxiCounty.

Inthe9thyearofthemainroad(1173),hemade"ReconstructionofYouxiTempleLearningNotes",andtheplaquemadebythebook"Mingluntang"washunginthemainhallofYouxiCountyAcademy.Fromthenon,theplaquesoftheNationalAcademyofScienceswereallmouldedandhungatthismoment.

OnthefirstmonthofthesecondyearofChunxiintheSongDynasty(1175),LuZuqianvisitedZhuXifromDongyang,Zhejiang,andgatheredattheHanquanAbodeforamonthandahalf.Thecompilation"JinSiLu"wascompleted,whichwascalledthe"HoldSpringMeeting"inhistory.InMay,LvZuqianwassenttoEhuTemple(nowEhuAcademy)inXinzhou.LuJiuling,LuJiuyuanandLiuQingzhiallcametothemeeting,whichwasknownas"TheMeetingofGooseLake"inhistory.ThedirectmotivationoftheE-huMeetingwasthatLuZuqianwantedtousethisopportunitytoreconcilethecontradictionbetweenZhuandLu.Academically,ZhuXibelievesthatmindandreasonaretwodifferentconcepts,reasonisthenoumenon,andmindisthesubjectofcognition.Erlumaintainsthatmindandreasonarethesamething,andinsistsonunifyingsubjectandobjectwithmind.ZhuXiandtheLubrothersarguedandlecturedfortendays.TheGooseLakeMeetingdidnotachievethegoalofunifyingthethoughtsofbothparties,butitenabledthemtohaveabetterunderstandingoftheother'sthoughtsandtheirdifferences,anditalsopromptedthemtoconsciouslyorunconsciouslyreflectontheirownthoughts.

StudyinginChuzhong

ZhuXitraveledtostudyChuzhongmanytimesinhislife.IntheeighthyearofQiandaointheSouthernSongDynasty(1172),QizhouYuzhouXuedongbuilttheProfessor'sHall.AttherequestofQizhouZhouxueprofessorLiZongsi,ZhuXiwrote"QizhouxueProfessor'sOfficeonJulyRenzidayinthe9thyearofQiandao(1173).remember".WhenZhuXi’sfriendLiBojianwasorderedtoteachinQizhouintheeastofHubei,ZhuXiwroteanenthusiasticarticle"PrefacetoLiBojian",givingfullpraisetoLi'smoralityandknowledge.Zhongalsostronglyencourages:"Fromnowon,thepeoplewhohearthesalary,someofthemhaverisentolearn,andthosewhoknowthewayofself-cultivation,thefamily,thecountry,andtheworldaretheexperienceofthecultivationofthevirtuesofBojian."

Accordingtothe"HuangzhouFuzhi·SchoolRecords",themainroad(1165-1173)HuangzhouCountyguardLiShenjianErcheng'sshrinewasintheXuegong,totheShaoxi3rdyear(1192)9ForYuewuzi,ZhuXiwrote"TheNotesofMr.Cheng'sTempleinHuangzhouStateLearning".Theabove"TwoNotesandOnePreface"areallloadedwith"TheCompleteWorksofZhuzi".Inhislateryears,helecturedonConfucianTempleStudies(ieWenjinAcademy).IntheQingDynastyGuangxu's"WenjinAcademyRecords"ZhuZixiangpraisedandsaid:"SincetheSongDynasty,theacademyhasstoredZhuZi'sself-inscribedsmallfilm.Inthe55thyearofKangxi,JingZhihao,WangHanye,LiuFengandothersdiscussedtheestablishmentofthegods.ItssmallfilmItisspeciallyhungduringthespringandautumnseason,andafterthetribute,itwasmoldedbythegods.Inthefifty-twoyearsofQianlong,thehiredworkersfollowedtheXiaoying.TheXiaoyingJingXianfengBingxiuwaslost,andtheinscriptionsays:CangyanhasbeentenyearsBefore,Ilookedbackatthemirrorwithasenseofsorrow.Ididn’tknowmuchaboutmypoorperformance,andIhadtomakeuptheremainingdays.TheendofthepaperwaswrittenbyZhuXioftheSouthernSongDynastyQingyuanGengshenonFebruary8.AccordingtoZhuXi’sdeathinMarch,Jiazi,attheageofseventy-one,Thissmallphotoinscriptionisthemostoutstandingwriting."

QingyuanGengshenwasthesixthyearofQingyuanin1200AD,thelastcalligraphyleftintheworldbeforeZhuXidied.

Inthefifty-fifthyearofEmperorKangxioftheQingDynasty(1716),JingZhihao,themanagerofWenjinAcademy,andothershungthestatueofZhuzifromtheoldcollectionduringthesacrificeoftheAcademyforscholarstoworship.

Inthefifty-secondyearofEmperorGaozong'sQianlongreign(1787),WenjinCollegehiredastatueofaworkerinaccordancewiththeportraitofZhuZiforsacrifice.

RebuildingtheAcademy

InthefifthyearofChunxi(1178),SongXiaozongwasappointedasZhuXitoknowtheNankangarmyandmanageinternalandagriculturalaffairs.InMarchofthesixthyearofChunxi,ZhuXitookoffice.Theyearwasaseveredroughtandthedisasterwassevere.AfterZhuXitookoffice,heimmediatelystartedtobuildwaterconservancyprojects,fightdisastersandrescuefamines,andbegtoavoidXingziCounty'staxmoneysothatthevictimscanlive.InOctober,whenZhuXiwaslookingatPitang,hefoundtheabandonedsiteofBailudongAcademyundertheguidanceofawoodcutter.AfterZhuXi'svigorousadvocacy,inMarchoftheseventhyearofChunxi,BailudongAcademywasquicklyrestored.ZhuXitookofficeintheNankangArmyandsparednoeffortfortheBailudongAcademy.Heusedtobethemasterofthecave,invitedfamousteacherstoenrichthebooks,andalsoaskedtheemperortogiveimperialbooks.Healsoboughtschoolfieldstosupportpoorstudents,andpersonallysetuptherulesofschool,thefamous"BailudongAcademyCanon"."TheCanonofBailudongAcademy"isoneoftheearliesteducationalrulesandregulationsinthehistoryofeducationintheworld.Itprovidesclearexplanationsanddetailedregulationsforthepurposeofeducation,trainingoutlines,learningprocedures,andtheprinciplesofself-governanceandgovernance.Ithasbecomeamodelforrunningacademiesinthe700yearsofChina'sfeudalsociety,andhasattractedtheattentionoftheworld'seducationcircles.Ithasbecomeanimportanttopicfordomesticandforeigneducatorstostudytheeducationsystem.

InFebruaryoftheeighthyearofChunxi(1181),LuJiuyuancametoNankangtovisitZhuXiandgavelecturesatBailudongAcademy.InAugust,therewasabigstarvationineasternZhejiang.BecauseZhuXihadagoodplanforfaminereliefinNankang,PrimeMinisterWangHuairecommendedZhuXifordisasterreliefandpromotedChangpingTeaandSaltforofficialbusiness.Inordertorescuethevictims,ZhuXiquicklyadoptedseveraleffectivemeasures.ZhuXiknewthatTangZhongyouinTaizhouwasillegalbeforetheZhedongconsecration.HewasjealousofHuai,Tang'sin-laws,andZhedonglefthispostandreturnedhomeafteronlyninemonthsinoffice.ZhuXihasactedagainstTangZhongyousixtimesforlawlessness,referringdirectlytothefactthatWangHuaiandTangZhongyoucolludedupanddown.Underpressure,WangHuairemovedTangZhongyoufromJiangxi'snewappointment.IntheprocessofimpeachingTangZhongyou,ZhuXishowednobleintegrityandintegrity.

Academicandpoliticaldiligence

Inthe9thyearofChunxi(1182),whenZhuXiwas52yearsold,didhewritethefourbooksof"UniversityChapters","ZhongyongChapters","AnalectsofAnalects",and"MengziCollectedNotes"Thejointissue,thenameofthe"FourBooks"inthehistoryofConfucianclassicsonlyappearedforthefirsttime.Afterthat,ZhuXistillworkedhardtorevisethe"FourBooksCollectedNotes",andZhuXiwasstillrevisingthe"UniversityChaptersandSentences"thedaybeforehisdeath.ZhuXidefinedthe"FourBooks"asthecriterionforfeudalscholarstocultivatetheirbodies.The"FourBooks"constitutedacompletesystemofConfucianismofZhuXi.FromtheYuanDynastytotheMingandQingDynasties,the"FourBooksCollectedNotes"haslongbeenfavoredbysuccessivefeudaldynasties,asthefoundationofgoverningthecountryandthenormofpeople'sthoughtsandbehaviors,andithasbecomethestandardtextbookoffeudalimperialexaminations.

InthetenthyearofChunxi(1183),ZhuXifoundedtheWuyiAbodeatthefootoftheDayinpingPeakbytheJiuquRiverinWuyiMountain.InthetwelfthyearofChunxi,ZhuXiwenttoZhejiangtostartadebatewithChenLiangoverthekingofjusticeandprofit,andforceChentolearnfromZhejiang.

InNovemberofthefifteenthyearofChunxi(1188),hewenton"TheSealofWushen".Advocate"righteousness","chooseministers","rejuvenatethecourt"andotherthings.

Inthe16thyearofChunxi(1189),ZhuXiwasorderedtoknowZhangzhou.

InthefirstyearofShaoxi(1190),61-year-oldZhuXiwenttoZhangzhou.AllofZhuXi'spoliticalreformsinZhangzhouaremainlyreflectedintheseriouscircles,the(free)Hengfu,Duncustoms,spreadingConfucianism,andtheconcubineoftraitors,andtheseriouscirclesarethesoulofallhischanges.Atthetimewhenlocallandmergersprevailed,bureaucraticlandlordsreliedonthemomentumtoannexpeasants'arableland,andthetaxwasnotassignedtothelandlordseverywhere.Asaresult,the"landtaxwasuneven"andland-lostpeasantswereexploitedmoreheavily,leadingtointensificationofclasscontradictions.Forthisreason,ZhuXiproposedto"Jingjie",thatis,toverifythelandandpaytaxesontheland.Thisproposalisboundtolightenthepeasants'burden,butitharmstheinterestsofthebiglandlords.Therefore,itwasstronglyopposedbythelatter,andthe"Jingjie"finallyfailedtobeimplemented.

OnthefirstmonthofthesecondyearofShaoxi(1191),ZhuXi'seldestson,ZhuShuo,died.Afterhearingthebadnews,ZhuXihadnochoicebuttotreathissonatthefuneral.InMay,ZhuXimovedtoJianyang.Thefollowingyear,Chengfubuiltthe"BambooForestJingshe",whichwaslaterrenamed"CangzhouJingshe",whichwasthe"KaotingAcademy"givenbytheedictinthefourthyearofChunyou(1244).

InthefifthyearofShaoxi(1194),theYaominPuLaishiuprisinginHunanshooktherulingandtheopposition,andthesituationinHunansuddenlybecametense.ZhuXiwasindangerandwasorderedtoreassurehiminadditiontoknowingTanzhouandJinghuSouthRoad,andhewasgivenapurplesuit.ZhuXi,whoisproudofaTaoistscholarandhasastrongmentalityofworryingaboutthecountryandthepeople,didnotdaretoresignfromthecourt,andhappilybowedtohisappointment.InMay,ZhuXiarrivedinTanzhou.Atthistime,theYaopeoplehadretreateddeepintothemountainsandweretrappedinXidong.ZhuXiadoptedagentlepolicyofrehabilitatingtheaftermath,sendingenvoysandrecruitingtheleaderoftheYaopeople'suprisingarmy,PuLaizhi.BecausethesuppressionoftheYaouprisingwasajointactionbyHubeiandHunan,ZhuXi'srecruitmentwasopposedbyHubeiShuaiWangLin.AfterPuLaizhiwasescorted,WangLinadvocatedbeheadingthepolice.ZhuXihadnochoicebuttodirectlyappealtoSongNingzongwhilehewasenteringthecapital,demandingthathe"donotlosegreatfaith"totheYaopeople.AfterZhuXitookoffice,heprosperedtheschool,broadenededucation,supervisedtheadministrationofofficials,andpromotedthefolkcustoms.ZhuXirebuiltandexpandedYueluAcademy,locatedatthefootofYueluMountaininChangsha,Hunan,andcameheretogivelecturesinhissparetime,makingYueluAcademyoneofthefourlargestacademiesintheSouthernSongDynasty.

InAugustofthefifthyearofShaoxi(1194),ZhuXiremovedtheHuanzhangPavilionandgavealecture.InSeptember,ZhuXiplayedinthepalace.ThefirstletterrequiresSongNingzongtobesincere,thesecondletterasksSongNingzongtoreadtheclassics,andthethird,fourthandfifthnotesdiscusstheaftermathofTanzhou.OnOctober14th,ZhuXigavealectureon"TheUniversity",repeatedlyemphasizingtheeighteyesof"takingthings,knowing,sincerity,righteousness,self-cultivation,aligningthefamily,governingthecountry,andpacifyingtheworld",hopingtorestricttheabuseofmonarchythroughcorrectingthemonarch'svirtues,CauseddissatisfactionbetweenSongNingzongandrulingHanTong.Therefore,ZhuXiwasonly46daysinthedynastyandwasdismissedfromthepostofawaitingsystemandlecturerbySongNingzong.

RemaininginJianyang

InNovemberofthefifthyearofShaoxi(1194),ZhuXireturnedtoJianyangKaoting.

InDecemberofthesecondyearofQingyuan(1196),the"partyban"officiallytookplace.SupervisingYushiShenJizuusedthemethodsofcatchingthewind,shiftingflowersandtrees,andconcoctingZhuXi's"TenCrimes."Nineteenpeoplewhowerepseudo-inferiortothepartyandthoselistedonthepartywereallpunishedtovaryingdegrees.ZhuXiwasdenouncedasthe"chiefoffalsescholars"andrankedfifthintheblacklist.Someoneactuallyproposed"cuttingZhuXitoavoidfalsestudies".ZhuXiwasdismissedfromofficeforthefirsttimeonthecrimeofhypocrisy,andthepeopleofZhuZimenwereeitherexiledorimprisoned.

InthefifthyearofQingyuan(1199),ZhuXihadbeenplaguedbyvariousdiseases.Hehadaforebodingthatdeathwasapproaching,andhepaidmoreattentiontowriting.AfterthespringofthesixthyearofQingyuan(1200),ZhuXi'sfootdiseasebecamesevereandhisconditionworsened.ZhuXiisdyingoflife.Heisblindinhislefteyeandalmostcompletelyblindinhisrighteye.However,ZhuXiusedmorevigorousenergytosortoutthefragments,andhiswishwastocompletealltheworksofhislifesothattherewouldbesomeonewhosucceededinTaoism.OntheninthdayofMarch,71-year-oldZhuXidiedinthebloody"QingyuanPartyBan"movement.TheSifangTaoistbelieversdecidedtogatherinXinzhouinNovemberforalarge-scalefuneral.Thisfrightenedtheanti-Daoistauthoritiesandorderedtheguardstorestrainthem.InNovember,ZhuXiwasburiedinDalinValley,Huangkeng,JianyangCounty.Therewerestillnearlyathousandpeopleparticipatinginthefuneral.

InthesecondyearofJiatai(1202),SongNingzongissuedanedict:"ZhuXihasretired,andhehasbeenawardedtheHuawenPaviliontowaitforthesystem,andhewillgivehimretirement."AfterHanTongdied,healsoissuedanedicttobestowZhuXi'slegacy.

OnDecember9th,JiadingYear2(January6,1210),ZhuXiwasgiventheposthumoustitle"Wen".Soon,itwillbegiventothedoctoroftheChineseAcademyofSciences,andthedirectbachelorofBaomogeisspeciallygiven.

InthethirdyearofBaoqingofSongLizong(1227),hegaveagifttotheTaishi,pursuedtheletteroftheGuogong,andlaterchangedittotheHuiguoguo.

Mainachievements

Neo-Confucianismthought

Neo-Confucianism,alsoknownasTaoism,isadoctrinewhosepurposeistostudytheclassicsofConfucianethics,whichistheso-calledethicsofjustice.

IntheSongDynasty,ZhuXihadthedeepestacademicattainmentsandthegreatestinfluence.Hesummarizedthepreviousthoughts,especiallythethoughtsofSongagencystudies,andestablishedahugeNeo-Confucianismsystem,whichbecamethegreatachievementofSongagencystudies.Hisachievementswerepraisedbylatergenerations,hisideaswerereveredasofficialstudies,andhehimselfwasmentionedtogetherwiththeConfuciansaints.,Called"Zhuzi".ZhuXiwrote"TheOriginalMeaningofZhouyi"withHeluoandXiantianpicturesatthebeginningofthevolume.Inaddition,heandhisdisciplesCaiYuandingandCaiShencompiled"TheEnlightenmentoftheBookofChanges"tobelieveinandinterpretthestudiesofHeluoandXiantian.LatergenerationswillusethistomakeastatementtoillustrateZhuZi'stheory.Heluo'sinnatethoughts.

IntheYuan,Ming,andQingdynasties,ithasalwaysbeentheofficialphilosophyofthefeudalrulingclass,markingamorecompleteideologyinfeudalsociety.InthesecondyearofEmperorQingoftheYuanDynasty(1313),theimperialexaminationwasdeterminedbyZhuXi's"FourBooks,Chapters,andAnnotations"asthestandardtoselectscholars.InthesecondyearofHongwuintheMingDynasty(1369),theimperialexaminationwasbasedonZhuXiandothers'"annotations".ZhuXuethenbecamethespiritualpillartoconsolidatetherulingorderoffeudalsociety.Itstrengthenedthe"threeoutlinesandfiveconstants",andplayedacertainroleinhinderingthechangesinthelaterfeudalsociety.ZhuXi'stheoryalsohadaprofoundinfluenceonWangYangming'sphilosophyofmindinthelaterMingDynasty.WangYangming'sideaoftheunityofknowledgeandactionisabreakthroughonthebasisofZhuXi'sphilosophy.

LiQiTheory

ZhuXi’sphilosophicalsystemisbasedontheChengHaobrothers’theoryofprinciple,anddrawsonZhouDunyi’stheoryofTaiChiandZhangZai’stheoryofQiAndthethoughtsofBuddhismandTaoismwereformed.Thecorecategoryofthissystemis"Li",or"Tao"or"TaiChi".ZhuXi'sso-calledreasonhasseveralinterconnectedmeanings.

Liisthemetaphysicalthatprecedesnaturalandsocialphenomena.HebelievesthatLiismorefundamentalthanQi,andlogicallyitprecedesQi;atthesametime,Qihastheabilitytochange,andLicannotleaveQi.Hebelievesthateverythinghasitsownreason,andtheprincipleofallthingsisone,whichis"TaiChi."
Liisthelawofthings.
Liisthebasicprincipleofethics.ZhuXialsocalledLiTaiChi,whichisthetotalityoftheprinciplesofheavenandearthandeverything,thatis,theoneofthetotalprinciples."TaiChiisjustarationalword."TaiChinotonlyincludestheprinciplesofallthings,allthingscanrespectivelyembodythewholeTaiChi.ThismeansthateveryonehasaTaiChi,andeverythinghasaTaiChi.Everypersonandthingtakesabstracttruthasthebasisforitsexistence,andeverypersonandthinghasacompletetruth,thatis,thetruthisdifferent.
Forpeople,reasonishumannature.ZhuXialsocalledLiTaiChi,whichisthetotalityoftheprinciplesofheavenandearthandeverything,thatis,theprincipleoftotalprinciples.QiisthesecondcategoryinZhuXi'sphilosophysystemafterreason.Itisametaphysicalbeing,sentimental,physical,andtraceable;ithasthecharacteristicsofcohesion,pretentiousness,andsoon.Itisthematerialthatiscastintoeverything.Everythingintheworldistheproductoftheunificationofprinciplesandmaterials.ZhuXibelievesthattherelationshipbetweenLiandQihasprimaryandsecondary.Therationalityofangerresidesintheqi,theprincipleisthemain,thefirst,andtheprimary,theqiistheguest,thelatter,andthesecond.

Viewonmovementandstaticness

ZhuXiadvocatedthatlivingthingsshouldbebasedontheqi,andhebegantodividetheqiintotwo,themovementandthestillness.Theconstantmovementoflivingcreaturesmeansthatoneqiisdividedintotwoqi,yangismoving,yinisstatic,anditisdividedintofiveelements(gold,wood,water,fire,andearth),dispersingintoallthings.Dividingintotwoisanimportantformofmovementintheprocessofdifferentiationfromqitomatter.ZhuXibelievesthatbytheunityofopposites,thingschangeendlessly.Heexploredthecausesofthingsandregardedmotionandstillnessasaninfinitecontinuousprocess.Theinfinitenatureoftimeandspaceexplainstheinfinitenatureofmovementandstatic,andmovementandstaticareinseparable.ThisshowsthedialecticalviewpointofZhuXi'sthought.ZhuXialsobelievesthatdynamicsandstaticsnotonlytreateachotherandrepeleachother,butalsounitewitheachother.ZhuXialsodiscussedtherelativestabilityandsignificantchangesofmovement,whichhecalled"change"and"transformation".Hebelievesthatgradualchangeispermeatedwithsuddenchange,andsuddenchangeispermeatedwithgradualchange.Graduallyaccumulateandachievesuddenchange.

GewuZhizhiTheory

"GewuZhizhi"isderivedfromthephrase"KnowledgeisinGewu"inthe"University".Ithasnoepistemologicalsignificance.ItbasicallytalksaboutRecognitionofgeneralmorality.ChengYiwasthefirstpersontoclearlyexplain"Gewu"intheepistemologicalsense.Hesaid:"Geisstillpoor,andthingsarestilllogical.Stillpooristhereason."("ErCheng'sTestament")ZhuXiinheritedErCheng'sstatementandestablishedamoresystematictheoryof"Gewuqiong".Heexpressedhisepistemologicalthoughtsthroughtheinterpretationof"gewuzhizhi".

Fromthepointofviewofthepurposeofcognition,ZhuXisaidthat"gettingknowledgefromthings"istobeasaint.Hethinksthatifhecannotachieve"knowingthings",heisamortalnomatterwhat,andonlybyreaching"knowingthings"canheentertherealmofsages.

Zhu Xi

Thespecificcontentof"Takethingstoknow"is"tobepoor,tounderstandthehumanrelationship,tospeaktheholywords,andtopassaccidents."("CollectedWorks")Here,"theprinciplesofheaven"mainlyrefertobenevolence,righteousness,courtesy,andwisdom.Otherfeudalmorals,"humanrelations","sacredwords",and"accidents"aretheinterpretationandapplicationofthelawsofnature.ZhuXibelievesthatifyougiveupthepursuitofheavenandonlyspendyourenergyontheresearchofvegetationandutensils,youwillnotbeabletoreturntoyourhometownlikeastraggler.Hesaid:"Suddenlythereisamindbetweenvegetationandutensils.Whatkindofknowledgeisthis!Ihopetogetsomethinglikethis.Itistocookthesandandwanttomakeameal."("CollectedWorks")

In"Zhi"Intermsof"action",ZhuXiadvocated"knowledgefirstandthenaction".ZhuXi'sviewofknowinganddoingreferstothepersonalmoralcultivationandpracticeofConfucianism.Sincemoralpracticerequirestheguidanceoffeudalethics,"knowledgeisfirst."Andbecausefeudalethicscan'tjustbeemptytalk,so"behaviorisheavy.""Knowledgefirst"and"XingZhong"aretwoaspectsofpracticalmorality,whichhavetheirinherentlogicalconsistency.Fromtheperspectiveofcognition,"knowledgebeforeproceeding"reversestheprimaryandsecondaryrelationship.Knowledgecomesfrompractice,and“action”shouldbethefirstnaturebetweenknowinganddoing.Thepropositionthat"knowledgeisfirst"isclearlywrong.Asfortheso-called"heavybehavior",althoughtherearereasonablefactors,itonlyemphasizesthepersonalmoralpracticeoffeudalintellectuals.

HumanNatureDualism

Ontheissueofhumannature,ZhuXidirectlyinheritedtheideasofZhangZaiandErCheng.ZhangZaidivideshumannatureintotwotypes:"thenatureofheavenandearth"and"thenatureoftemperament."Hebelievesthatthegoodandevilofhumannaturearecausedbydifferenttemperaments.ZhuXiadmiredthisverymuch,thinkingthatthisthought"hasmeritsinthesacreddoorandsupplementedbylaterlearning","inventingthemeaningoftheeternalsaints,itisveryuseful."("Genre")AfterZhangZai,ChengErChengwasright"Adistinctionismadebetween"thenatureofnature"and"thenatureoftemperament".OnthebasisofZhangandCheng'sthoughts,ZhuXifullydemonstratedthedualismofhumannatureof"thenatureofdestiny"and"thenatureoftemperament"."Li"and"Qi"areindispensableinlife."Reason"iscompletelyintheskybeforemanisformed.Oncemanisformed,itisattachedtothehumanbody.Itbecomesthefeudalmoralityofbenevolence,righteousness,courtesy,wisdom,etc.,whichisaprioriendowmenttothehumanheart.Itistheinnategoodness.EveryoneYes,hencethename"NatureofDestiny".Whenthehumanbodyisformed,itmustendurethisqi.Duetothedifferenceinqiessence,thickness,turbidity,andduration,therearedifferencesingoodandevil,virtuousandfoolish,richandpoor,andlongevity,anddifferencesinpersonality.Ithasgoodandevil,anditsnameis"thenatureoftemperament."Theabovetwonaturescoexistinthehumanbody.ThisisZhuXi'sdualismofhumannature.

EducationalThoughts

ZhuXihasbeenengagedinlectureactivitiesforalongtime,andhehascarefullycompiledvariousteachingmaterialssuchas"FourBooksCollectedNotes"andtrainedmanytalents.Hiseducationalthoughtsarebroadandprofound.Amongthem,themostnoteworthyarethediscussionof"primaryschool"and"university"education,andthesecondisaboutthe"ZhuziReadingMethod".

DiscussiononEducation

Basedonhispredecessor’seducationalexperienceandhisowneducationalpractice,ZhuXibasedhispreliminaryunderstandingofpeople’sphysicalandpsychologicalcharacteristics,Aperson’seducationisdividedintotwodistinctandconnectedstages,"primaryschool"and"university",anddifferenteducationaltasks,contentsandmethodsofthetwoareproposed.ZhuXibelievesthattheageof8-15istheprimaryeducationstage,anditsmissionistocultivate"sagesandsages."Inviewofthefactthatelementaryschoolchildrenare"undeveloped"andhaveweakthinkingskills,heproposedthatthecontentofelementaryeducationis"learningthethings",advocatingthatchildrenindailylife,throughspecificactions,understandbasicethicalandmoralstandards,anddevelopcertainBehaviourandhabits,learnbasicculturalknowledgeandskills.Intermsofeducationalmethods,ZhuXiemphasizespreconceivednessandteachesasearlyaspossible;strivetobevivid,vivid,andarouseinterest;cultivatechildren'smoralbehaviorhabitsintheformof"Instructions"and"StudyRules".ZhuXibelievesthatthetaskofcollegeeducationaftertheageof15isto"addlightanddecorate"onthebasisof"preparation"andtrainthemintothetalentsneededbythecountry.ZhuXibelievesthatunlikeelementaryeducation,whichfocuseson"teaching,"thefocusofuniversityeducationis"teaching",thatis,thefocusisonexploring"whythingsare."Regardinguniversityeducationmethods,ZhuXifirstemphasizesself-study,andsecond,promotesmutualexchangesbetweendifferentacademicviewpoints.ZhuXi'sviewsonelementaryanduniversityeducationhaveaddedfreshcontenttoancientChineseeducationalthoughts.

His"FourBooksCollectionNotes"wasusedasthecontentoftheimperialexaminationsintheMingandQingdynasties.

ZhuziReadingMethod

"ZhuziReadingMethod"sixpoints,namely,stepbystep,proficiencyinreadingandcarefulthinking,open-mindedswimming,self-observation,andhardwork,JujingZhizhi.ThisisaconcentratedsummaryofZhuXi'sreadingmethodmadebyZhuXi'sdisciples.Thegradualprogressincludesthreemeanings:oneisthatreadingshouldbedoneinacertainorder,andthefrontandbackshouldnotbereversed;thesecondisto"becarefulofwhatyoucando";Familiarreadingandintensivethinkingmeansthatreadingmustbeproficientinreadingandchanting,andatthesametimeproficientinthinking.The"humbly"inhumblymeanstochewandplaycarefullywhilereading.Personalexperienceemphasizesthatreadingmustbeseeninone'sownactualactions,andmustbepersonallypracticed.Workinghardhastwomeanings:oneisthatyoumustseizethetimewhenstudying,beangryandforgetfood,andopposeleisurely;thesecondisthatyoumustbevigorous,brave,andopposelaxity.The"JuJing"inJuJingZhizhiemphasizesthatreadingmustbementallyfocusedandhighlyconcentrated.Theso-called"holdingaspirations"meanstoestablishloftyambitionsandsticktothemforalongtimewithtenaciousperseverance.

ScientificThoughts

WhenZhuXielaboratedon"gettingknowledgefromthings",hesaid:"Uptono-ki,Tai-chi,anddowntoeachgrass,onetreeandoneinsect,eachhasitsownreason.AbookIfyoudon’treadit,youwillmissthetruthofonebook;ifyoudon’treadit,youwillmissthetruthofonething;ifyoudon’treadit,youwillmissthetruthofthething.Youmustpayattentiontohimonebyone.""Inthemiddleoftheheavenandtheearth,therearemanysun,moonandstars,mountains,grass,trees,charactersandanimals,allofwhichareobjectsofform.However,amongtheseobjectsofform,eachhasitsowntruth.Thisismetaphysical.Tao.Theso-calledquarryingofobjectsistousethismetaphysicaltooltobesopoorastohavethatmetaphysicaltruth."Ibelievethatallthingssuchasastronomy,geography,biology,agriculture,andmeteorologyshouldbestudied.

ZhuXihasdabbledintheancientmedicalclassics"HuangDiNeiJing",thefamousastronomerZhangHeng's"LingXian"andhistoricalknowledgeofastronomyandgeography,especiallytheNorthernSongnaturalscientistShenKuo'sfamouswork"MengxiBiTan".Deep,making"MengxiBiTan"oneofthesourcesofhisscientificthought.ZhuXiwrote"ParticipatingintheSameContractandExaminingDifferences",andhasconductedactualinvestigationsandresearchesonsomenaturalphenomena,suchasstudyingthechangesoftheearthfromtheinvestigationofalpinesnailshells,suchasmakingathree-dimensionalmapwithlunarclay.ZhuXi’sstudentHuangWusaidinthe"Mr.Zhu’sActs"thatZhuXi“islikeastronomy,geography,history,andwarfare,andallofthemaredeepandprofound.”ZhuXirecalledwhenhewas67yearsold:“Acertainpersonwasfiveorsixyearsold.,Hewasannoyedandsaid:'Whatisthematteroutsidethefoursidesoftheskyandtheearth?'Seeingpeoplesaythatthefourdirectionsareboundless,acertainthinkingmustalsohaveaplace.Ifthewallissimilar,theremustbesomethingbehindthewall.Atthattime,thethinkingisalmostcomplete.Illness.Untilnow,Idon’tknowwhatisbehindthewall?"IhavebeenconcernedaboutastronomysinceIwasachild,andeventhoughtthatIwasalmostsick.AllthisshowsthathepushedNeo-ConfucianismtoitsheydayandmadethephilosophizationofConfucianismreachaveryhighlevel.Itwasbasedonrichnaturalscienceknowledgeandideas.

ZhuXiattachesgreatimportancetoobservationandempiricalevidence:"Thecalendarcanonlybeapproximatedintermsofitsscale.Ifyouwanttobemoredetailed,youhavetolookupandobserveit.Therearenotoolstoday,anditisalmostimpossibletoinvestigateitthoroughly."Itispointedoutthattostudythecalendarbetter,itisnecessarytohavegoodobservationinstrumentsforobservationandinspection.ZhuXioncedescribedindetailwhatheenvisionedasahugearmillarysphere-"falsecelestialsphere"thatallowspeopletoenterandwatchthecelestialphenomena.Heenvisioneddesigningaspheresimilartothecelestialsphere.Theinsideofthesphereismarkedwiththepositionofthestars.Whenpeopleenterthesphere,theycanobservethestarsasthesphererotates."ZhaoJunyunFuzhouisonlytwenty-fourdegreeswhenthepolestarisoutoftheland.Forsomereason,itisfourdegreesawayfromFuzhou,butitisonlyeightdegreesawayfromYuetai.Zibanzhisaidthatitisespeciallysuspicious.Zheisalsointheheavensandtheearth?"ZhuXiusedthearmillaryspheretoobservetheangleformedbythepositionofthePolarisandtheground,andtriedtoprovethemovementoftheearthbycomparingtheheightsofthePolarisinvariousplacesandtheirrelationshipwiththeYuetaiintheearth.Hecarriesonthescientificspiritofskepticalthinkingbycomparingdifferentobservationdatafromvariousplaces.

AccordingtoMr.LeAiguo’sresearch,ZhuXi’s"BeichenBian"isapaperdevotedtodiscussingtheconstellationsofthecelestialnorthpole;inthenotesto"YaoDian",ZhuXidiscussedtheconceptsofprecessionandintercalationinastronomyatthattime;Inthenotesto"ShunDian",theearlyarmillaryspheretheoryandthestructureofthearmillaryspherearediscussed,andthestructureofthearmillarysphereatthattimeisrecordedindetail.Inaddition,ZhuXi’scontributionstogeologyfossils,denialofcreationism,originoftheuniverse,geocentrictheory,earthrotation,solarandlunareclipses,tides,theformationofsnowflakehexagonalcrystalshapes,rainrainbows,etc.,theinfluenceofgeographyonclimate,biologyIthasinsightsandexpoundsonissuessuchashumanorigin,TCMpulsediagnosis,agriculturalproductionstructure,croplayoutandspecificproductiontechnology.

AestheticThoughts

ZhuXi’sphilosophysystemcontainstheoriesofartisticbeauty.Hebelievesthatbeautyistheunityofformsthatgivepeopleasenseofbeautyandmoralgoodness.Basedontheviewthatbeautyistheunityofbeautyinexternalformandgoodnessininternalmorality,itisbelievedthattheharmoniousunityoftextandquality,textandTaoisperfect.Hisresearchon"TheBookofSongs"and"ChuCi"alsooftenshowedkeenaestheticinsight.

RebuildingtheAcademy

ZhuXiisafamousthinkerinChinesehistoryandafamouseducator.Hehasbeenenthusiasticabouteducationallhislife,andhehasbeentirelesslyteachingstudentstoteach,andhehasmadegreatachievementsinbotheducationalthoughtandeducationalpractice.WhenZhuXiwasalive,hehadrectifiedsomecountyandstatestudies,foundedTong'anCounty,WuyiJinghan,andKaotingAcademy,rebuiltBailudongAcademyandYueluAcademy,andpersonallyformulatedrulesofstudyandcompiledit.Thetextbooksfor"primaryschool"and"university"werecreated.Hetrainedalargenumberofintellectualsforthefeudalcountry,includingmanyfamousscholars,andformedhisownschool.

InthesixthyearofChunxi(1179),whenZhuXilearnedoftheNankangarmy,herebuiltthefamousBailudongAcademy,whichwasoneofthefourfamousacademiesintheSongDynasty.TheoriginalsiteissoutheastofWulaoPeak,LushanMountaininXingziCounty,JiangxiProvince.ThisplaceusedtobewhereLiBo,acelebrityintheTangDynasty,livedandgavelecturesinseclusion.Inthosedays,LiBolikedtoraisewhitedeer,hencethename.TheSouthernTangDynastybegantoestablishaschoolhere,namedLushanGuoxue,andintheSongDynasty,itestablishedacollegehere.InOctober,peopleweresenttovisitthesiteofBailudong,andallocatedfundstorebuildtheacademy.TheysearchedforbooksandtextsfromallcountiesinJiangxitoenrichthecollection,andpurchasedNissanforschooluse.Theacademywasrecognizedbytheimperialcourt,andtheteachingactivitieswerepersonallyhostedbyZhuXi.

InthefifthyearofShaoxi(1194),ZhuXiwasappointedasacomfortenvoyonJinghuSouthRoad,ZhitanPrefecture,andrebuiltYueluAcademyinChangsha.TheformersiteofYueluAcademyisinYueluMountain,Changsha.ItwasoriginallyfoundedbyZhudong,theprefectofTanzhouintheearlySongDynasty,andwasalsooneofthefourfamousacademiesintheSongDynasty.HealsorecruitedsometeachersinvariouspartsofHunanandrecruitedstudents.Thenumberofscholarshasreachedathousand.ZhuXi'scontributiontotheconstructionoftheacademyduringhislecturesatYueluAcademyalsohadagreatimpact.ThisacademywasstillafamousinstitutionofhigherlearninguntiltheMingandQingDynasties.

LiteraryAchievements

Representativeworksinclude"BodhisattvaMan"(1),"ShuiTuneSongTou"(1),"Nanxiangzi","RememberingQin'e"(2),etc..Amongthem,"BodhisattvaMan"(1)isthemostdistinctive.Thetermusespalindromes.Eachtwosentencesareinverted.Therearefourpairsofeightsentences.Itisverynaturalandharmonious,notfar-fetched,andhasaveryartisticconception.Theconceptionisextremelyexquisite.ThisshowsHui'an'sabilitytocontrollanguage.Thewordknotis"Hui'anCi".

Inadditiontoci,heisalsogoodatcomposingpoems."Chunri"and"ViewingBooksandFeelings"arehismostpopularpoems.ZhuXiisastudentofLiuZihui,andhisfatherZhuSongwencaiisalsoverygood.Perhapsduetotheinfluenceofhisfatherandhisteacher,hisevaluationofliteratureinTaoismwasfairlyfair,andhealsowrotesomegoodpoemsfulloflife.Suchtwopoemsareofcoursereasonableworks.Thefirstpoemusedthepondtobeconstantlyinjectedwithlivingwatertobeclear,andthemetaphoricalthinkingmustbeconstantlydevelopedandimprovedtobeactive,soastoavoidstagnationandrigidity.Inthelatterpoem,thecultivationofpeopleoftenhasastagefromquantitativechangetoqualitativechange.Oncethewatercomesin,thenaturalsurfaceisclear,unfettered,andfree.Thesetwopoemsexpressinvividimagesthetruthsthattheyhavelearnedduringtheirstudies.Theyarebothenlighteningandnotlackinginpoeticflavor,soChenYanratedthemas"reasoningthingswithoutcorruption".

Achievementsincalligraphy

ZhuXiisalsogoodatcalligraphy,andheisveryfamousforawhile.TaoZongyi's"BookHistoryMeetingYao"oftheMingDynastysaid:"ZhuZicontinuedtofollowtheorthodoxandenteredthesanctuary,butYuHanmoalsoworked.Goodatcursive,especiallygoodatlargecharacters,thepeniscalmandelegant.

ZhuXifollowedhisfatherZhuSongandMr.WuYisanLiuZihui,LiuMianzhi,andHuShentolearncalligraphyfromayoungage.AfterlearningthescriptsofCaoMengde,helaterattackedZhongYu'sregularscriptandYanZhenqing'scursive.Fabulous.Sinceancienttimes,thehandeddowninkmarks,eveniftheyarefragmentsandfragments,havebeentreasuredastreasures.AndbecausehisideologyhasbecometheofficialphilosophyofChinasincetheYuanDynasty,ithasnotonlyprofoundlyaffectedChina'straditionalideologyandculture,butalsospreadabroadandexertedahugeinfluence.Hisreputationforthoughtanddoctrinehasconcealedthebrillianceofhiscalligraphyart.ZhuXiisgoodatdeedsandcursive,especiallyinlargecharacters.Hishandeddownworksaremainlywrittenscripts,andtherearefewinkmarksonlargecharacters.

Characterevaluation

PortraitofZhuZi(5photos)

TheKangxiofQingDynastycalledZhuXi:astudythathasbeenpasseddownforthousandsofyears,andopenedStupidityisacertainreturnforbillionsofgenerations.

HuangGanzai,astudentofZhuXi("ZhuZixing"):TheorthodoxofTaoism,itispassedontoothers...AfterMencius,Zhou,Cheng,andZhangZisucceededinsuccession,andbeganwithMr.

XinQiji,apoetoftheSouthernSongDynasty:Theimmortalisthenameofeternallife.Whatisthedeathofthepublic,theawe-inspiringisstillalive.

LuYou,apoetoftheSouthernSongDynasty:Someonehasthehearttodonateahundredlivestothenineoriginals,andthereisalongriveroftearsintheEastChinaSea.Luisfascinatedbyhisteeth.Thepublicisstillaliveandenjoyable.

JiangFanatthebeginningoftheQingDynasty:HuiWengwastheancestorofConfuciusandthesuccessorofMencius,andhewasalsothemasterofConfucianism.

Phoenix.com("MasterofScience:ZhuXi"):Asaneruditeuniversityenquirer,ZhuXihasmanyaspectsworthyoflearningfromfuturegenerations.Hehasbeentirelessinlearningandteachingthroughouthislife.Hehasextensiveknowledgeofclassicsandhistory,rigorousscholarship,andrichwritings.Hehasmaderichachievementsinexegesis,textualresearch,annotatingancientbooks,andcollatingdocuments.Inaddition,hehasconductedextensiveresearchonmanynaturalsciences,suchasastronomy,geography,andlaw.Asanofficialinthefeudalsociety,hewasworkinghardtomaintainthesystem,buthewasalsoabletounderstandthesentimentsofthepeople,opposeleviesandabuse,anddaredtofightagainsttheillegalactsofcorruptofficialsandlocalgentry.Duringhistenureasamagistrate,ZhuXialsodidsomeusefulworktostabilizepeople'slivelihoods,suchasfaminereliefandencouragingproduction.Amongtheofficialsinthefeudalsociety,hewasanuprightandpromisingperson.Finally,itshouldbepointedoutthatZhuXiisalsooneofthefamouseducatorsinthehistoryofChineseeducation.

SongDynastyHuangZhen's"HuangShiRicha"says:Hui'anis"Jizhu",Fuzu'sexegesis,firstclarifiesthemeaningofthewords,sothatthisarticleiseasytounderstand,andthen...

TheBritishhistorianofscienceandtechnologyJosephNeedham("TheCollectedWorksofJosephNeedham"):ZhuXiisanaturalistwhoobservesvariousnaturalphenomenaindepth.

QuanZuwangoftheQingDynasty("SongYuanXueAn.HuiWengXueAn"):Tothevastness,tothemostsubtle,comprehensivetoallgenerations.ThestudiesinJiangxiandYongjiainEastZhejiangarenotunconventional,andtheycannotbekeptawayfromthemintheend.

BritishmodernbiologistJosephNeedham:①Whenwefurtherexaminethiscarefullyexpressednaturalsystem,wehavetoadmitthattheconceptsstudiedbySongphilosophersandsomeconceptsusedinmodernsciencearenotdifferent.②AtleasttheworldviewofNeo-Confucianismisextremelyconsistentwiththeviewpointsofnaturalscience,whichisimpossibletoquestion.③Songagencystudiesarescientificinnature,andwithitistheunprecedentedprosperityofvariousactivitiesofpurescienceandappliedscienceitself.

CaoQing:ZhuXi,yourphilosophyseeksendlessknowledge.Anexpansiveacademicmaster,aback-upstickstoetiquette.

ZhuXi,whoisinchargeofthequestioning,keepyourdedicatededucation,andyouplanandthinkcarefullyforthesuggestionsoftempering.

PersonalWorks

ZhuZihas25kindsofexistingworks,morethan600volumes,andthetotalnumberofwordsisabout20millionwords.Mainlyinclude"TheOriginalMeaningofZhouyi","Enlightenment","TheMistakesofXingGua","TheCollectionofPoetry","UniversityZhongyongZhangju","FourBooksorQuestions","TheAnalectsofConfucius","MengziCollectedNotes","TaijiDiagramExplanation","TongshuJie",and"XiMing""Explanation","AnnotationandCorrectionofCollectionsofChuCi","AStudyofDifferencesinKoreanWritings","ExaminationofDifferencesinParticipationintheSameContract","CompilationoftheDoctrineoftheMean","ErrorsintheJournalofFilialPiety","PrimarySchoolBooks","TongJianCompendium","SongFamousOfficials'WordsandDeeds","FamilyLi",""JinSiLu","HenanCheng'sSuicideNote","YilaoYuanyuanLu"andsoon.Onehundredvolumesof"Collections",elevenvolumesof"Sequel",tenvolumesof"OtherCollections",and140volumesof"ZhuZiYuLei"compiledbyWenRen.

Publishingbooks

Seemorebooks

Anecdotes

Therearefewbigambitions

ZhuXicamefromaConfucianfamily,andhisfatherZhuSongwasveryseriousaboutZhuXi'seducation.Thelegendof"SongHistory":"XiYouYingenlightened,andhecouldspeak,andhisfatherpointedtotheskyandsaid:"Heavenisalso",Xiasked:"Whatisinthesky?"ThislegendshowsthatZhuXihasbeenastrongpersonsincehewasachild.Peoplewhowanttoknow.SinceZhuSongwasaConfucianstudentwhogrewupundertheideologicaleducationofErchengConfucianism,hisrequirementsforhissonwerenaturallyimplementedinaccordancewiththegoalofbeingasageinConfucianism.Accordingtothe"ZhuZiChronicles",ZhuXi"learnedfromthesagesofLiZhi"whenhewas10yearsold,andstudied"University","TheDoctrineoftheMean","TheAnalects"and"Mencius"obsessivelyeveryday.Hehimselfrecalled:"Whenacertainwastenyearsold,reading"Mencius",themostsagewaslikemeandIwasoverjoyed."Fromthenon,hedeterminedtobeasaint.Later,hetaughthisstudents:"Mortalsmusttakesaintsastheirownduty."

LianhuanQiaoQuestions

ZhuXiwastaughtbyhisfathersincehewasachild.Heisextremelycleverandhasastrongimagination.Attheageoffour,hisfatherZhuSongpointedtoRishiandsaid:"Thisdayisalso."ZhuXiasked:"Whereisthesunattached?"ZhuSongreplied,"Attachedtothesky?"ZhuXiaskedagain:"Whereistheskyattached?"ZhuSongwassurprisedatthequestion.

Beanofficialandupright,understandthesentimentsofthepeople

Intheautumnof1167,amajorfloodoccurredinChong'an,Fujian.Thecourtsenthimtoinspectthedisaster.HehasvisitedBetweenthevalleysofChong'an.Duringtheinspection,ZhuXifoundthat“meateatersareindifferenttothepeople,andtheyareintroublewithpictures”(Collections,Volume10).Hesaid:"Ifthisstudyisunknown,thereisabsolutelynoreasontodothingsintheworld"(ibid.).Duetotheseriousdisaster,nofoodharvest,thelocalofficialsdidnotearnestlyproviderelief,andwhentheyoungandtheyellowwereunabletopickupthenextyear,afamineriotbrokeoutinChong'an.Atthistime,ZhuXiandthecountymagistrateZhugeTingruijointlyinitiatedtherequestforlocalwealthypeopletouseTibetanmillettosavethehungry.Healsoaskedthecourttoprovide"600Dendrobiumrelief",whichputanendtotheriotsofthehungry.Asaresult,ZhuXicameupwithawaytoestablisha"communitywarehouse"andsuggestedthatthecourtshouldwidelyimplementitasaninstitutiontosolvetheproblemoffarmers'foodrationswhentheyarenotincontact.Hestipulatedthatthetaskofthe"communitywarehouse"istoloangraintofarmerswhenthegreenandyellowarenotavailable.Generally,theinterestis20%.Thismeansthatitisnotpossibletoborrowgrainfromthepeoplewithusury.Ifasmallhungeroccurs,theinterestandinterestcanbehalved.,Theinterestcanbeexempted.Ofcourse,thebiggestadvantageofsettingupcommunalwarehousescanpreventpeasantsfromrioting.Forthisreason,ZhuXifirstcreatedthe"WuFuShecang"inhishometownin1171AD,asapilot,andwenttothecourt,suggestingthatitbeimplementednationwideaccordingtohismethod.Becausethislawisnotgoodforbureaucraticlandlordsandusurers,ithasnotbeenwidelyimplemented.Onlyafewplaces,suchasJianyanginFujianandJinhuainZhejiang,haveimplementedthismeasure.

EhuTheory

AmongtheConfucianistsintheSouthernSongDynasty,LuJiuyuanisalsoafamousfigure.LuJiuyuanandZhuXiareatthesametime,9yearsyoungerthanZhuXi.Thetwoarebasicallythesameintheiracademicgoals,buttheirthinkingmethodsandwaysofunderstandingarequitedifferent.Fromaphilosophicalpointofview,ZhuandLuweretwodifferentschoolsofidealismintheSouthernSongDynasty.Duetotheirdifferentviewpoints,thetwohadlong-termdisputesonacademicissues.ZhuandLu'swayofdebatingwasmainlythroughcorrespondence.However,theGooseLakeMeetingwasanexception.

InthesecondyearofSongXiaozongChunxi(1175),inordertoreconcilethedifferencesbetweenZhuandLu,anotherfamousscholarLuZuqianinitiatedandinvitedfourorfivebrothersZhuXi,LuJiuyuan,andLuJiulingtovisittheEhuLakeinXinzhou.Themainissuediscussedatthetemple(inthecurrentQianshanCountyofJiangxiProvince)assemblywas"thewaytolearn."Thisisthefamous"GooseLakeMeeting"inChineseacademichistory.Fiveyearslater(1180),LuJiuyuancametoBailudongAcademytovisitZhuXi.PleasewriteanepitaphforhisbrotherLuJiuling.Thetwowereveryfriendlyatfirstsightandshowedtheiradmirationforeachother.ZhuXinotonlyacceptedLu’srequest,butalsoinvitedLuJiuyuantogivelecturestotheteachersandstudentsoftheacademy.Lualsoreadilyagreed.Histopicwastoexplainthechapterof"TheAnalects""Thegentlemanislikejustice,thevillainislikeprofit".ThelistenersweredeeplymovedandgaveTheteachersandstudentsleftagoodimpression.ThisincidentshowsthatalthoughZhuandLuhavedifferentviews,theyarebothgenerousandgentleintheiracademicexchangesandattitudestowardsdealingwithpeople.

ZhuZhanghuitalks

ZhangShi,namedJingfu,studiedunderHuHong,hasexpertiseinlearning,becameaschoolofhisown,knownastheHuxiangSchool,ZhuXiIhavelongadmiredhim.ZhuXiandZhangShigavealecturewhichisthemostfamouslectureinChineseacademichistoryandeducationhistory—ZhuZhangmeeting,whichcreatedaprecedentforlectures.ThediscussionbetweenthetwostartedfromthetheoryofTaiChiandeventuallyreachedthesamelevel.ZhuandZhangtalkedatYueluAcademy,andthousandsofpeoplecamefromallovertolisten.InthelecturehallofYueluAcademy,ZhuXihandwrittenthefourcharacters"Loyalty,FilialPietyandHonesty",whichwaslaterregardedastheschoolmottobytheacademy.AftertwomonthsoflecturesbyYuelu,ZhuXiwasaccompaniedbyZhangShitotheHengshanMountaininNanyuedownstream.Duringthetouralongtheway,theboundlesssceneryinfrontofthemaffectedtheirpoetryfromtimetotime,andtheysangwhilevisiting.Inafewdays,theygotatotalof149poems,whichwerecompiledtogetheras"NanYueSingingCollection".AfterdescendingtoHengshan,fromYuegongtoZhizhouonehundredandeightymiles,ZhuXiandZhangShihadapre-partingdiscussiononstillcontroversialissues.Thetwowereintheboatdayandnight,discussingthemeaningof"TheDoctrineoftheMean"forthreedaysandthreenightswithoutclosingtheireyes.AfterZhuXibrokeupwithZhangShi,hereturnedtotheeastwithhisdisciplesFanNiandeandLinZezhi,changingtheharmonyalltheway.

Accordingtolegend,ZhuSongonceaskedforfortune-telling

ThestatueofZhuXi(3photos)

That'sall,andthat'sallthatisexpensive.Ifyougivebirthtoachild,youwillbeConfucius.ThereisaNanjianPrefecture(laterYanpingPrefecture,nowNanpingCity)inJianyang,whichwasthefirstspreadcenterofTaoisminthesouth.ZhuXiwasveryenthusiasticaboutTaoismandhadclosecontactswithlocalTaoists.ThisenvironmenthasaprofoundimpactonZhuXi'slife.Heinheritedtheteachingsofthe"Mr.Nanjiansan"LiTong,alineofLuoxueatthattime,createdMinxue,andcollectedthegreatachievementsofNeo-Confucianism,andwascalledthe"FourSagesofYanping"togetherwiththe"Mr.Nanjiansan".ZhuXiwastaughtbyhisfatherandwasextremelyclever.Whenhewasfouryearsold,hisfatherpointedtotheskyandsaid,"Thisisthesky."ZhuXiasked,"What'sabovethesky?"Hisfatherwasshocked.Heisdiligentinthinkingandlearningtogrow.Hecanreadthe"BookofFilialPiety"attheageofeight.Heexhortedhimselfinthebook'sinscription:"Ifitis,itisnotahumanbeing."ZhuXi'sfatherdiedwhenhewastenyearsold.AllthreeHuXianareTaoists.Atthattime,someTaoistsrejectedBuddhismandsomeweredevotedtostudyingBuddhism.Theyallbelongedtothelatter.Therefore,ZhuXiisnotonlypassionateaboutTaoism,butalsohasakeeninterestinBuddhism.IntheseventeenthyearofShaoxing(1147),theeighteenthZhuXiparticipatedinthevillagetribute,anditissaidthathewasadmittedbasedontheZendoctrineofBuddhism.ThechiefexaminerCaiZialsosaidtoothers:"Itakeoneoffspring,andthethreestrategiesarealltodealwithimportanteventsforthecourt.Inthefuture,theywillbeverypeople."

ZhuXiandZhengQiao

WhenZhuXiwasyoungintheSouthernSongDynasty,hewentfromJianyangtoTong'anCountyinQuanzhoutotakeuphispost.WhenpassingPutian,hemetZhengQiaoinJiajiCaotang.ZhengQiao,whowasoverfiftyyearsold,treatedhimpolitely.Duringthebanquet,therewasonlyadishofgingerandadishofsaltonthetable,andZhuXi'sbookboywassecretlyunhappywhenhesawit.ZhuXitookoutamanuscriptandaskedZhengQiaotocorrectit.ZhengQiaorespectfullytookitandputitonthetable.Then,helitastickofincense,andtheroomsuddenlysmelledfragrant.Atthismoment,amountainbreezeblewoutsidethewindow,andthemanuscriptwasopenedpagebypage.ZhengQiaostoodmotionless,asifbeingdrunkbythebreeze.Afterthewindpassed,heslowlyturnedaroundandreturnedthemanuscripttoZhuXi.Thetwotalkedtogetherforthreedaysandthreenights.ZhuXiwasveryhappyandwroteacouplettoexpresshisgratitude.Thejointsentenceis:YunhuHuiwuzhu,Shandousheng'sarticle.

AfterZhuXileftthecottage,hewalkedtotheplacewherehedismountedthehorselasttime.Hisbookboysaiddissatisfiedly:"Whatkindofsageisthisoldman?HeistoorudetoXianggong.Thereisnowineandnofood,onlyaplateofgingerandaplateofsalt,whichhedid."ZhuXisaid,"Thatsaltisnot.Isn’titonlyfoundinthesea?Isn’tJiangfoundonlyinthemountains?It’sagreatgifttocoverthemountainsandthesea!"

ShuTong:"ThemanuscriptofXiangGong,hedoesn’tevenreadit..."ZhuXi:"Didyounotseeit?WhenIsenthimthemanuscript,hespeciallylitastickofincense,whichisveryrespectfultome;whenthewindblewthemanuscriptpage,hereadthemanuscript.Hehadtalkedtomeaboutit.Ifyoudon’thaveagoodopinion,youcanmemorizetheoriginalsentenceinthemanuscript,whichisadmirable."Shutong:"TheXianggongrantoseehimfromalongdistance.Butwhenheleavestoday,hewillnotsendhimaride."

ZhuXisaid:"Hegavehiscourtesywhenhearrivedatthedoorofthecottage.Aninchoftimeandaninchofgold,wearelearnedpeople,everyminuteisprecious."

Therewasasuddencrashinthegrassinfront,andafive-coloredpheasantflewoverhead.Thetwocouldn'thelpturningtheirheads,butsawZhengQiaostillstandinginfrontofthedoorofthethatchedcottageinthedistance,keepingtheoriginalpostureofseeingofftheguests,stillholdingabookinhishand.ZhuXismiledandsaid:"Look,heisstillstandingatthedoor,heneverforgetstoreadbooks,heisreallyawiseman."

Retrievinghispoems

ZhuXihasafootproblem,andaquackdoctorcametotreathim.Aftertheacupuncture,theoldmasterfelthislegsandfeetlightenedalot.Zhuwasveryhappy,andatthesametimehegavetheTaoistapoem:"Formanyyears,hewalkedonathinbambootosupporthim.Ican'tthinkofthemagicalpowerofacupuncture.Thechildrenwhothrewawaythecrutchesandwentoutlaughed,coulditbethatTheoldmanwhousedtocrawl?"TheTaoisttookthepoemwrittenbyZhuXiandleft.Withinafewdays,ZhuXi'sfootdiseasereappeared,anditwasworsethanbeforewithoutacupuncture.HehurriedlysentpeopletopursuetheTaoist,buthedidn'tknowwherehefled.Zhusighedandsaid:"Idon'twanttopunishhim,Ijustwanttorecoverthegiftpoem,lestheuseittobluffanddeceiveandmissthetreatmentofothers."

CommemorationofHereafter

ShangraoZhuxiMemorialHall,JiangxiProvince

ThelocationofZhuXi’stomb-JianyangHuangkeng(7photos)

JiangxiShangraoZhuxiMemorialHallislocatedinJiangxiProvinceTheWengongMountainZhuziCulturalParkintheWengongMountainScenicSpot,WuyuanCounty,ShangraoCitycoversanareaof300squaremeters.Itisapalace-stylecompoundcompletedin1990.Therearenewlywrittenplaques,couplets,andmanyoftheminthemuseum.Alargeplaquehunghighabovethequaintgatewithfiveeye-catchingcharactersentitled"ZhuXiMemorialHall".ItwasthecalligraphyleftbyComradeFangYiwhenhevisitedWuyiMountain.Thetwosidesofthegateinfrontofthetemplesaid:"ConnecttotheoriginofYiluo,opentheZouLuoftheFujianSea."Thispairofcoupletshungoverthegatetoappeardignifiedandelegant.Infrontofthemainhall,thereisacoupletof"tothevastnessandsubtlety,extremelyhigh,clearandmoderate".Thefourcharacters"XueDaXingTian"writtenonthehorizontalplaqueinfrontofthehallarestrongandstrong.

ZhuXiMemorialHallinWuyiMountain,Fujian

TheZhuXiMemorialHallinWuyiMountainislocatedinWuyiPalaceAncientStreet.Itisapalace-likebuildingthatimitatestheSongDynasty.Itfacessouthandisrectangular.Itisabout35meterslongfromnorthtosouthand25meterswidefromeasttowest.Itcoversanareaofabout875squaremetersandconsistsofafronthall,twocorridors,acourtyard,andanexhibitionhall.Onthefrontentranceofthefronthall,ahorizontalplaqueof"ZhuXiMemorialHall"hunghigh,withfivelargecharacterssolemnlyandvigorously.Onbothsidesofthefrontgateofthetemple,therearethreepillar-holdingcouplets,oneofwhichwaswrittenandcombinedbyZhaoPuchu.Thecoupletsaid:"Eternallysensitive,humannatureandnaturearedescribedbyErChengzi;thethreecharactersarenotfaraway,andtheheartandthegroundareworthyofJiuquxi."OneistheroyalpenofEmperorKangxioftheQingDynasty:"Itisacollectionofgreatsuccessesthathavebeenpasseddownforthousandsofyears,andacertainrulehasbeenestablishedforhundredsofmillionsofyears."Theotherisawell-knownChinesehistorianandPekingUniversityprofessorZhangDainian.Extensiveandsubtle,coveringthepastdynasties;respectingmoralityandlearning,withbothbodyandfunction."Onbothsidesofthegate,thereare10inscriptionsinlaidoneachsideofthegate.Thepoem"TwentyScenesoftheSouthofTanzhouCity"iswrittenbyZhuXi.ItisZhuXi'sinterviewwithZhangShiPoemssunginChangshaYueluAcademy.

LectureSite

XianyouFengtingWenchangPavilionwasformerlyknownasHuixinAcademy,whichwasbuiltintheSuiDynastyandwasoriginallyanancestralhall.ZhuXi,afamousphilosopherintheSongDynasty,gavelectureshere,andwrote"Jingyitang"asaplaque.Inthe4thyearofJiajingintheMingDynasty(1525),itwasrenamed"HuixinAcademy",andafterseveralsuccesses,WenchangPavilionwasrebuiltonthesitein1996.