Briefintroduction
Thebasicnationalpolicyshouldbeasystematicresponsetoacertaintypeofproblemofoverall,long-term,andstrategicsignificancedeterminedbythebasicnationalconditions.China’ssuchpolicieslackinstitutionalprovisionsfromnamingstandardstoimplementationmechanisms,leadingtoproblemsinbasicnationalpoliciessuchasmisuseofnames,delayedimplementation,andconflictstobecoordinated.ThisarticlediscussesthecriteriafordeterminingwhatChina’sbasicnationalpolicyisandwhatitshouldbe,summarizestheoriginsandcharacteristicsofthesevenbasicnationalpoliciesthatexistundertheactualstandards,andstudiestheinstitutionalizedandnon-institutionalizedfactorsintheprocessofbasicnationalpolicies.Onthisbasis,itanalyzestheinstitutionalcausesoftheimplementationofthebasicnationalpolicy,andfinallyputsforwardpolicyrecommendationstoimprovethebasicnationalpolicyformulationandimplementationmechanism:thestandardislegal,theprocessiscomplete;thenationalpolicyissuperiorandtheguaranteeissound.
IntroductiontoDefinition
DefinitionStandards
Whatisthebasicnationalpolicy?Thisisaconceptthathasneverbeendefinedinanynationalofficialdocuments,anditisalsoaconceptthathasbeengrantedcasuallyonmanyoccasions.Therefore,therearemanymisrepresentationsofthebasicnationalpolicyamongthepeopleandeventhegovernment.Forexample,aconsiderablenumberofpeoplebelievethatChinahasonlytwobasicnationalpolicies,familyplanningandenvironmentalprotection,andsomepeoplebelievethatChinahasmanybasicnationalpolicies,suchasrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation,andprotectingintellectualpropertyrights.AnimportantreasonforthissituationisthatChina’sbasicnationalpolicydoesnothaveacleardefinitionstandard.Inmanypeople’smindsitisjustawayofexpressingtheimportanceofacertainpolicy.Someleadersevenconfessedcertainaspectsinpublic.The"promotion"oftheaffairsofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahasbecomeabasicnationalpolicy,sothatthepublic'sunderstandingofthisisconfused.
Infact,Chinastillseemstohaverulestofollowintheformationofbasicnationalpoliciesinthepolicyprocess-atleastitcannotbe"emptyandunproven."Therefore,theexplicitprovisionsintherelevantnational-leveldocumentscanbeusedastheimplementationstandardsfordeterminingthebasicnationalpolicy.Ofcourse,this"plaintext"alsohaslevels.Consideringthedifferentwaysandeffectsofvarious"documents",itcanbeatleastdividedintothreelevels:legalregulations,majordocumentregulationswithoverallsignificance,regulationsandworkingdocuments,andregulations:
Mainsignificance
Strictlyspeaking,acertainaspectofapolicymustbestatutorywhenitrisestoabasicnationalpolicy-notonlybecauseofthis,ithaslong-termandstability,butalsobecauseitcanensure"administrationaccordingtolaw"initsimplementation.Amongthelegalprovisions,theConstitutionisofcoursethehighestlevel.However,althoughChina's"Constitution"stipulatesanumberofimportanttasksthatthegovernmentmustundertake(familyplanning,environmentalprotection,culturalheritageprotection,genderequality,health,education,etc.),itdoesnotclearlydefinebasicnationalpolicyconcepts.Atthesametime,thegoalclausesofcountriesthatarenotlistedintheconstitutioncanallbecalledbasicnationalpolicies.The"Constitution",especiallythe"GeneralOutline"ofthe"Constitution",hasmanyprovisionsthatonlystatetheaffairsthatthecountryshouldundertakeandadvocate,butcannotBotharecalledbasicnationalpolicies.Generallyspeaking,afewoftheseissues,whichareclearlytargetedandurgent,havegraduallydevelopedintocorrespondingbasicnationalpoliciesthroughleadershipspeeches,documentregulations,andlegalregulations.Andmore,it'sjusttheworkofadepartment.ConsideringthattheConstitutionandvariousbasiclawsdonotexpresslystipulatethe"basicnationalpolicy",theprovisionsoftheindividuallawscanonlybeusedasthehighest-levelbasicnationalpolicydeterminationmethod;andimportantdocumentsacrosstheyearneedtobeapprovedbythecountry'shighestauthority-thewholecountryApprovedbythePeople’sCongressorthePartyCentralCommitteeandhasastrongandlongerguidanceeffectonactualwork,soitcanberegardedasahigher-leveldeterminationmethod;incontrast,thePartyCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilspecificallydeployaguidancedocumentforacertaintaskItisthelowestlevelbutitcanalsoberegardedasa"whitepaperandblackwordwithevidencetorelyon"methodofdetermination.
Asidefromthisactualstandard,onlyfromtheoreticalconsiderations,whatkindofpolicyisqualifiedtobecomethebasicnationalpolicyclearlyconfirmedbythesethreelevelsofdocuments?
PolicyStandards
Generallyspeaking,acertainaspectofapolicyshouldmeetthefollowingthreecriteriabeforeitcanbecomeabasicnationalpolicy:①"Basicnationalpolicy"shouldbeacertaincategorydeterminedbybasicnationalconditions.Thesystematiccountermeasurestoissuesofoverall,long-term,andstrategicsignificancereflectthecountry’snationalwillinsolvingsuchproblems,andhavethecharacteristicsofhigh-level,long-termeffectiveness,wide-ranging,andcross-departmental.Theformulationandimplementationofanytypeof"basicnationalpolicy"willhaveamajorandlong-termimpactontheoverallpoliticalstability,economicdevelopment,andsocialharmonyofthecountry.Therefore,the"basicnationalpolicy"shouldbeatthehighestlevelintheentirepolicysystem.Itshouldstipulate,restrictandguidetheformulationandimplementationofgeneralspecificpolicies,andprovideasuperiorbasisforpolicycoordinationinrelatedfields.Becauseofthis,therelevantimplementationofthebasicnationalpolicyrequirestheconcertedeffortsofmultipledepartmentstoensuretheeffect;②Thebasicnationalpolicyisnotageneralmacro-guidanceprincipleorpolicyorientation,butshouldbetargetedatcertainbasicnationalconditionsthatareeasilyoverlookedineconomicdevelopment.Thebasicdevelopmentconceptofthecountrykeepspacewiththetimesandcanmorefullyreflectthequalityofdevelopment.Forexample,sinceChinahaslongfocusedoneconomicconstructionsincethereformandopeningup,manydevelopmentqualityproblemshavebeenaccumulatedunderthedevelopmentconceptof"fastandgood".Therefore,China'sbasicnationalpolicieshavebeguntoshowthetendencyof"goodandfast".,Inordertohavethepertinencetosolvetheproblem;③Thebasicnationalpoliciesshouldbeequal,andthereshouldbenomorecontainmentorguidancerelationship.Somepolicyorientations,suchasadheringtothefourbasicprinciplesarethefoundationofChina'snation-building,arerelatedtothecountry'spoliticalsystem,arethebasicprinciplesofChina'sgovernance,andaretheprinciplesthatguidetheimplementationofbasicnationalpolicies,sotheyaregenerallynolongerlistedseparatelyasbasicnationalpolicies.
However,thesethreestandardsareonlytheoreticallybasic"idealmodels"ofnationalpolicy,andtheyareactualstandardsthathavenotbeeninstitutionalized.Duetothelackofrelevantsystemregulations,inrealityithasneitherbecomeasufficientconditionnoranecessaryconditionfordeterminingthebasicnationalpolicy.Thatis,thebasicnationalpoliciesintheaforementionedthreelevelsof"clearregulations"maynotallmeetthesethreestandards,andviceversa..Examplescanbeasfollows:Thebasicnationalpolicythathasbeenrepeatedlyclarifiedonmanyoccasionsformanyyears-openingtotheoutsideworldisapolicyorientation,similartoadherencetothefourbasicprinciples,andcannotbecalledasolutiontocertainbasicnationalconditionsinastrictsense.Countermeasures.However,becauseofitsgreatsignificance,itwasgiventhenameof"basicnationalpolicy"bytheleadersatthebeginningofreformandopeninguptoattractattention,anditbecameaconvention;anotherexample,waterandsoilconservationpolicybelongstothedepartmentalworkofgreatsignificance,andtheabove-mentionedstandardshouldnotbeincreasedaccordingtotheexpectedstandard.Tothebasicnationalpolicylevel.However,duetothesituationintheearly1990s,itwasalsoclearlydefinedasabasicnationalpolicyinadocumentissuedbytheStateCouncil.
Perustiedot
Perhesuunnittelu
(mukaan lukien "väestönhallinta")(Kiinan ensimmäinenperuskansallinen politiikka nimenomaisesti määrätty)Ensimmäisen johtajan puhe: 1978
Alkuperäinen asiakirja nimenomaisesti määrätty: 1982
Ilmainen lakisääteinen:
2001"PopulationandFamilyPlanningLaw"(itisgenerallybelievedthatChinastartedThefamilyplanningpolicywasimplementedatthelevel,butitdidnotrisetothelevelofthebasicnationalpolicyatthattime)
Leader'sspeech:①In1956,MaoZedongproposedattheSupremeStateCouncil:"Ourcountryhassomanypeople,thisistheworldTherearenoothercountriesintheworld.Itisnecessarytopromotebirthcontrolandfamilyplanning.”In1978,DengXiaopingpointedoutthat“populationgrowthshouldbecontrolledandlegislationshouldbeenacted.”In1998,JiangZeminpointedoutattheCentralFamilyPlanningandEnvironmentalProtectionWorkSymposium:“FamilyplanningEnvironmentalprotectionandenvironmentalprotectionarebothimportant,bothrelatedtotheoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopment,andbothareourlong-termbasicnationalpolicies."Atthe2006CentralEconomicWorkConference,HuJintaopointedout:"Wemustadheretothelong-termimplementationofthebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanning,andstabilizeandimprovethepopulationpolicy.Andthebirthpolicy.Thethinkingofpopulationandfamilyplanningworkmustbeshiftedfromsimplycontrollingthenumbertoacoordinatedsolutiontopopulationproblemsonthebasisofstabilizingthelowbirthrate.Theworkmodemustbechangedfromadministrativecontroltolegalmanagement,high-qualityservices,andcomprehensivegovernance."Transformation"
Thedocumentstipulates:①Inthereportofthe12thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinain1982,itwasclearlystated:"InthedevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety,thepopulationissuehasalwaysbeenanextremelyimportantissue.TheimplementationoffamilyplanningisabasicNationalPolicy"②In1984,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaapprovedandapprovedtheReportonFamilyPlanningWorkbythePartyGroupoftheNationalFamilyPlanningCommission(Zhongfa[1984]No.7):"FamilyplanningisChina’sbasicnationalpolicyandamajoreventrelatedtotheprosperityanddevelopmentoftheChinesenation."③TheTen-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineofthe“EighthFive-YearPlan”passedbytheFourthSessionoftheSeventhNationalPeople'sCongressin1991clearlystated:④TheFourthNationalConferenceonEnvironmentalProtectionwasheldinBeijinginJuly1996tofurtherclarify:"PopulationcontrolandenvironmentalprotectionarethetwobasicnationalpoliciesthatChinamustadheretoforalongtime."⑤The2006"DecisionoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilonComprehensivelyStrengtheningPopulationandFamilyPlanningWorktoSolvePopulationProblemsasaWhole"(Zhongfa[2006]No.22):"MustAdheretothebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanningandstabilizethecurrentfamilyplanningpolicy."
Itisexpresslystatutory:Article2Paragraph1ofthe2001PopulationandFamilyPlanningLaw:"Chinaisacountrywithalargepopulationandimplementsfamilyplanning.Itisthebasicnationalpolicyofthecountry"①In1962,thePartyCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilissuedthe"InstructionsonPromotingFamilyPlanning"②China'scomprehensiveimplementationofastrictfamilyplanningpolicyisthe"CPCCentralCommittee'sIssuesConcerningControllingChina'sPopulationGrowthToAll"TheOpenLetterofCommunistsandCommunistYouthLeagueMembers",thecorecontentofwhichis"promotingacoupletohaveonlyonechild"③Article25ofthe1982Constitution:"Thestatepromotesfamilyplanningtoadaptpopulationgrowthtoeconomicandsocialdevelopmentplans.""Spousesareobligedtoimplementfamilyplanning."In1991,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilannouncedtheTheDecisiononStrengtheningFamilyPlanningandStrictlyControllingPopulationGrowthprovidesaspecificexplanationofChina'sfamilyplanningpolicy:"Weadvocatelatemarriageandlatechildbirth,fewerbirthsandbetterbirths;anditisadvocatedthatacouplehaveonlyonechild.Statecadres,employees,andurbanresidentscanhaveasecondchildunlessapprovedbyspecialcircumstances,acouplecanonlyhaveonechild.Inruralareas,itisalsorecommendedthatacouplehaveonlyonechild.Somepeopledohavepracticaldifficulties.Afterapproval,theycanhaveasecondchildafterafewyears.Inordertoimprovetheeconomicandculturallevelandnationalqualityofethnicminorityareas,familyplanningshouldalsobeimplementedinethnicminorities.Thespecificrequirementsandmethodsaredeterminedbyeachautonomousregionorprovince."Policyformulationlink:AccordingtothePopulationandFamilyPlanningLaw,eachprovinceshallFormulatetheimplementationregulationsofthefamilyplanningpolicy
Käytännön täytäntöönpanolinkit:
——Kehittämistavoitteet:Jokaisella viiden vuoden suunnitelmalla(suunnitelmalla) on tarkka väestönhallintatavoite
——Resourceallocation:①Establishedafamilyplanningadministrativesystemfromtoptobottom(uptothevillage)in1981②Familyplanningexpensesareincludedinthefiscalbudget
——Cadreevaluation:①Fromthemid-1980sTheone-votevetosystemforfamilyplanningresponsibilitygoalshasbeengraduallyimplementedintheperformanceevaluationsystemforgrassrootsleadingcadresattheprefecture,county,andtownshiplevels.②Since2007,theCentralOrganizationDepartment,theNationalPopulationandFamilyPlanningCommissionandother11departmentshaveadoptedthe"RegardingStrengtheningPopulationandFamilyPlanningWork"The“NoticeonPolicyMeasures”attemptstoestablishafamilyplanningpersonnelassessmentsystem.Themaincontentis:allrelevantdepartmentsmustcomplywithpopulationandfamilyplanninglaws,regulationsandpoliciesasthepromotionandappointmentofcadres,andrecommendrepresentativesofpartycongressesandpeople’scongressesatalllevels,CPPCCmembers,youthfederationcandidates,executivecommitteemembersoftheFederationofIndustryandCommerce,abasicrequirementforselectingvarioustypesoflabormodelsandadvancedindividuals,andestablishingthenecessaryreviewsystem.
——Policycoordination:①Sincethe1990sAllprovinceshavesuccessivelycarriedoutcomprehensivefamilyplanningmanagementactions,andestablishedacomprehensivemanagementcoordinationmechanismwiththeparticipationofrelevantministries,commissions,officesandbureaus.②The“onecertificatefirst”systemforthemanagementoffamilyplanningforthefloatingpopulationwasestablishedinthe1990s.③SomeprovincesandcitiesintroducedduringtheTenthFive-YearPlanperiod.Coordinationsystemwiththebenefit-orientedmechanismoffamilyplanningTheproblemofpopulationquantity,structureandqualityisamajorproblemthatwillaffectthesurvivalanddevelopmentoftheChinesenationforalongtimetocome.Atthisstage,thenumberisthefirstproblem:①Chinaisthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.Thepopulationbaseislarge,thenewpopulationislarge,andthepopulationqualityislow;②Thehugeprogressinmedicalandhealthserviceshasreducedthemortalityrateofthepopulationandthelifeexpectancyhasrisensignificantly.ThissituationmakesChina'spopulationsituationsevereandwillaffectitforalongtimeinhistory.Tothesustainabledevelopmentofthecountry’seconomyandsociety.
Sukupuolten tasa-arvo
Ensimmäinen johtajan puhe: 1995
Ensimmäinen nimenomaisesti määrätty asiakirja:2001
Clearlystatutory:Speechbytheleaderin2005:①In1995,JiangZeminspokeattheWorldWomen’sConference:“WeattachgreatimportancetothedevelopmentandprogressofwomenandregardgenderequalityasabasicnationalpolicytopromoteChina’ssocialdevelopment.”②In2003,HuJintaowasinChinaTheNinthNationalCongressofWomen’sDirective:"WemustfirmlyestablishaMarxistoutlookonwomenandearnestlyimplementthebasicnationalpolicyofequalitybetweenmenandwomen."Thedocumentstipulates:①The"ProgramfortheDevelopmentofChineseWomen(2001-2010)"promulgatedbytheStateCouncilin2001:"Implementthebasicnationalpolicyofequalitybetweenmenandwomen",Topromotewomen'sfullparticipationineconomicandsocialdevelopment,sothatgenderequalitycanbefurtherrealizedinthepolitical,economic,cultural,socialandfamilylifefields"②2006"OutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment":"Implementthebasicnationalpolicyofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,implementthewomen'sdevelopmentprogram,andensurewomen'sequalaccesstoschool,employment,socialsecurity,maritalproperty,andtherighttoparticipateinsocialaffairs,Strengthenwomen’shealthcare,povertyalleviation,laborprotection,legalaid,etc."
Itisexpresslystatutory:Article2ofthe2005"WomenRightsProtectionLaw":"Implementinggenderequalityisabasicnationalpolicyofthecountry.Thestatehastakennecessarymeasurestograduallyimprovevarioussystemstoprotectwomen’srightsandinterests,andeliminateallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomen."①Article48ofthe1982Constitution:“WomenofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaareTheyhaveequalrightswithmeninallaspectsoftheirlivesandfamilylife.Thestateprotectstherightsandinterestsofwomen,implementsequalpayformenandwomenforequalwork,andtrainsandselectswomencadres."The"ProgramfortheDevelopmentofChineseWomen(1995-2000)"promulgatedbytheStateCouncilin1995:"Bytheendofthiscentury,theoverallgoalofChinesewomen’sdevelopmentis:women’sTheoverallqualityhasbeensignificantlyimproved.Intheprocessoffullyparticipatingineconomicconstructionandsocialdevelopment,andparticipatinginthemanagementofnationalandsocialaffairs,thelawhasfurtherimplementedtheequalrightsofwomeninpolitical,economic,cultural,socialandfamilylife."PolicyformulationLinks:Severalprovisionshavebeenmadeinthe"Women'sRightsProtectionLaw"and"ChinaWomen'sDevelopmentProgram"toensureequalitybetweenmenandwomeninlaws,policies,andmechanisms,andpromotewomen'sdevelopment
Policyimplementationlink:theestablishmentoftheStateCouncilTheWorkingCommitteeforWomenandChildrenoftheStateCouncilwasestablishedtocoordinateissuesrelatedtoequalitybetweenmenandwomen.The"OutlinefortheDevelopmentofChineseWomen"TargetResponsibilityDecompositionLetterclearlystipulatestheresponsibilitiesofrelevantministriesandcommissionsinpublicity,participationinpolitics,monitoringandevaluation,etc.Ministriesandcommissionshavealsoissuedrelevantimplementationpolicies.However,inreality,thereisbasicallynoimplementationsystemthatcantrulyimplementthegenderequalitypolicy,andthedevelopmentgoals,cadrepolicyevaluation,administrativemanagementsystemconstructionandrelatedfinancialfundguaranteeshavenotbeenimplemented.ButinSomerelativelystrongrelatedpoliciescanbebetterreflected.Forexample,in2006,the"DecisionoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilonComprehensivelyStrengtheningPopulationandFamilyPlanningWorktoSolvePopulationProblems"clearlystated:"Protectwomen’shomesteads,houses,andotherinheritancerightsinaccordancewiththelaw.Landcontractrightsandotherrights.”Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Duetotheconstraintsofthelevelofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandtheinfluenceofoldconcepts,women’seducationandparticipationinsocialdevelopmentarenothighenough,whichisimportantforbuildinganequallegalsocietyandsocialdevelopment.Theliberationofsocialproductiveforceshasformedamajorobstacleanddirectlyaffectedtheimplementationofbasicnationalpoliciessuchasfamilyplanning.
Avautuminen ulkomaailmaan
Ensimmäinen johtajan puhe:
1984 vuosi
Alkuperäisessä asiakirjassa nimenomaisesti määrätään: 1984 (tunnustus, eli sitä on toteutettu pitkään, ennen kuin se selvitetään asiakirjassa)
Clearlystatutory:Noclearstatutoryclearleader’sspeech:①1984In1988,DengXiaopingpointedout:"China'sdevelopmentcannotbeseparatedfromtheworld.Invigoratingthedomesticeconomyandopeningtheforeigneconomyisnotashort-termpolicy,butalong-termpolicy.”WhenJiangZeminmetwithrepresentativesoftheNationalForeignInvestmentWorkConferencein1997,hepointedout:“Introducinginandgoingoutaretwocloselinksbetweenourbasicnationalpolicyofopeninguptotheoutsideworld.InthecollectivestudyofthePolitburooftheCPCCentralCommitteein2007,HuJintaoemphasized:“Inthenewstageofthenewcentury,wemustseizeandmakegooduseofimportantstrategicopportunitiestoachievethegoalofbuildingawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway.Theambitiousgoalmustcontinuetounswervinglyimplementthebasicnationalpolicyofopeningtotheoutsideworld."
Thedocumentstipulates:①TheThirdPlenarySessionofthe12thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinain1984statedthat"the11thsessionoftheSincetheThirdPlenarySession,wehaveregardedopeningtotheoutsideworldasalong-termbasicnationalpolicy,asastrategicmeasuretoacceleratesocialistmodernization,andhaveachievedremarkableresultsinpractice."②Thereportofthe15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinain1997"holdhighthegreatbannerofDengXiaopingTheoryandbuildChinaPromotingtheCauseofSocialismwithCharacteristicsintothe21stCentury"clearlystated:"Openingtotheoutsideworldisalong-termbasicnationalpolicy.Inthefaceoftheeconomicandtechnologicalglobalizationtrend,wemustgototheworldinamorepositiveattitudeandimprovethecomprehensiveandmulti-level、Awide-rangingopening-uppattern,developinganopeneconomy,andenhancinginternationalcompetitiveness."The"GeneralOutline"ofthe"ArticlesoftheCommunistPartyofChina"revisedin2007attheSeventeenthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaclearlystated:Wemustadheretothebasicnationalpolicyofopeningup,andabsorbandlearnfromthecreationofhumansociety.Alltheachievementsofcivilization.Explicitlystatutory:Notyetexpresslystatutory①In1982,thereportofthe12thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina"CreatingaNewSituationinSocialistModernizationinanAll-roundWay":"Wemustbaseourselvesonself-relianceincarryingoutsocialistmodernization,mainlyrelyingonourownhardwork.Thisisabsolutelyunshakable.Thepurposeofexpandingeconomicandtechnologicalexchangeswithforeigncountriesistoenhancetheabilitytobeself-reliantandpromotethedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,withoutharmingthenationaleconomy."In2005,the"ProposaloftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonFormulatingtheTenthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"put"development"Openeconomy"asthegoalofChina’sopeningtotheoutsideworld
Thelinkofpolicyformulation:In1987,itbecamethemaincontentofthebasiclineoftheprimarystageofsocialism:leadingandunitingthepeopleofallethnicgroupsacrossthecountry,focusingoneconomicdevelopment,andinsistingonthefourThebasicprincipleistoadheretoreformandopeningup.Therefore,openingtotheoutsideworldisreflectedinalmostallrelevantpolicieslikereforms.
Käytännön täytäntöönpanolinkit:
Therearemanifestations.Amongthem,thetotalamountofimportsandexportsandtheamountofforeigncapitalactuallyused,whicharedirectlyrelatedtothedegreeofopeningup,havelongbeenimportantindicatorsoflocaleconomicdevelopment.China'sdevelopmentcannotbeseparatedfromtheworld.Summarizinghistoricalexperience,Chinahasbeenbehindforalongtime.Themainlessonistokeepcloseddoors.Intoday'sglobaleconomicintegration,ifChina,asadevelopingcountry,cannotcommunicatesmoothlywiththeworldineconomicandsocialdevelopment,thisbackwardnesswillinevitablyincrease.Therefore,openingtotheoutsideworldislistedasalong-termThebasicnationalpolicyisthenecessarymeansfortheriseofChina
Ympäristönsuojelu
Ensimmäinen johtajan puhe:
1983
Alkuperäinen asiakirja selkeästi todettu:
Clearlystatutoryin1990:Nostatutoryleader'sspeech:①In1983,LiPengannouncedattheNationalEnvironmentalProtectionConference:"EnvironmentalprotectionisastrategictaskinChina'smodernizationdriveandabasicnationalpolicy"②1996JiangZemin'sspeechattheFourthNationalConferenceonEnvironmentalProtectionin1998:"Controllingpopulationgrowthandprotectingtheecologicalenvironmentarethebasicnationalpoliciesthattheentirepartyandthepeopleofthecountrymustadheretoforalongtime."HuJintaosaidduringhisvisittoSouthKoreain1998:"TheChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetotheenvironment.Theissueofprotectionhasalreadytakentheprotectionandgovernanceoftheenvironmentandtheimplementationofsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesasoneofourbasicnationalpolicies"
Thedocumentstipulates:①The1990"DecisionoftheStateCouncilonFurtherStrengtheningEnvironmentalProtectionWork"(NationalDevelopment[1990]No.65):"Theprotectionandimprovementoftheproductionenvironmentandtheecologicalenvironment,thepreventionandcontrolofpollutionandotherpublichazardsareabasicnationalpolicyofChina."1991"TheTen-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineofthe"EighthFive-YearPlan"."
①In1973,the"ProvisionsontheProtectionandImprovementoftheEnvironment(TrialDraft)"clearlystipulatedthat"comprehensiveplanning,reasonablelayout,comprehensiveutilization,turningharmintoprofit,relyingonthemasses,everyone'shands,protectingtheenvironment,Theenvironmentalprotectionpolicyofbenefitingthepeopleandthe"threesimultaneoussystem"②Article26ofthe1982Constitution:"Thestateprotectsandimprovesthelivingenvironmentandecologicalenvironment,andpreventspollutionandotherpublichazards"inArticles10and26.TherearealsocorrespondingprovisionsintheArticle③The2006"DecisionoftheStateCouncilonImplementingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentandStrengtheningEnvironmentalProtection"mentionedthreechangesinenvironmentalprotectioninthenewera.:Changefromemphasizingeconomicgrowthandneglectingenvironmentalprotectiontobothprotectingtheenvironmentandeconomicgrowth;fromenvironmentalprotectionlaggingbehindeconomicdevelopmenttosynchronizingenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicdevelopment;frommainlyusingadministrativemeasurestoprotecttheenvironmenttocomprehensivelyapplyinglaw,economy,technologyandNecessaryadministrativemeasurestosolveenvironmentalproblems④Article7ofthe2007"EnergyConservationLaw":Thestateimplementsindustrialpoliciesconducivetoenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection,restrictsthedevelopmentofhighenergy-consumingandhigh-pollutingindustries,anddevelopsenergy-savingandenvironmentally-friendlyindustries.Policyformulationlink:Basically,ithasnotbecomethemainconsiderationwhenformulatingrelevantpolicies,especiallyeconomicdevelopmentpolicies.Itwillnotchangeuntilthe"EleventhFive-YearPlan"period.
Käytännön täytäntöönpanolinkki:
——Kehitystavoitteet
Amongthe14bindingindicatorsrequiredinthe"OutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"in2006,environmentalpollutioncontrolindicatorsaccountedfor2
——Resurssien allokointi
①Inthemid-1980s,anindependentenvironmentalprotectionadministrativesystemwasgraduallyestablishedfromthestatetoprovinces,prefecturesandcounties.②In2006,itwasincludedinthefinancialregularbudgetasaseparatesubject
——Thecadreappraisalpassedthe"StatisticalMeasuresfortheTotalEmissionsofMajorPollutants",the"MonitoringMeasuresfortheTotalEmissionsofMajorPollutants",andthe"MeasuresfortheAssessmentofEmissionsofMajorPollutants"in2007(referredtoas"Three“Oneapproach”)graduallyincorporatedenvironmentalpollutioncontrolindicatorsintotheperformanceevaluationsystemofleadingcadres
——PolicyCoordination
Theeightenvironmentalmanagementsystemshaveplayedaroleinpolicycoordinationtoacertainextent.Intermsofitsexternalimpact,theenvironmentalimpactassessmentsystemisthemaineffectivemeanstoimplementenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulationsandcoordinatewithotherdepartments.Renovationandotherfunctions),landmanagement,banking,andindustryandcommerceadministrationdepartmentsshouldallincludethecontentofenvironmentalimpactassessmentwithinthescopeoftheirapprovalbusiness,andforprojectsthathavenotbeenapprovedorapprovedintheEIAreport,theplanningdepartmentshallnotacceptthereviewofthedesigntaskdocument,Thelandadministrationdepartmentdoesnothandlelandacquisitionprocedures,banksarenotallowedtolend,etc.①Neverhavetheenvironmentalcapacityenjoyedbydevelopedcountriesintheindustrializationstage②Theeconomicgrowthmodeisstill"highresourceconsumption,highenvironmentalpollution,andloweconomicoutput"③Thesituationisstilldeterioratingingeneralandimprovinglocally.④Pollutionseriouslyaffectssocialstability.Massincidentscausedbyenvironmentalproblemsareincreasingatanaverageannualrateof29%.In2005,therewere51,000environmentalpollutiondisputesacrossthecountry.
SoilandWaterConservation
Ensimmäinen johtajan puhe:
1997
Ensimmäinen asiakirja oli selvätekstisäännökset:
Vuonna 1993 se oli nimenomaan lakisääteinen:
Thestatutoryleader'sspeechhasnotyetbeenexpresslystated:①In1997,JiangZeminpointedoutattheFirstPlenarySessionofthe15thCentralCommitteeoftheParty:"ThewaterandsoilintheupperandmiddlereachesoflargeriversMaintenanceandriverbasinmanagementarefundamentalmeasurestoimproveagriculturalproductionconditionsandtheecologicalenvironment.Wemustattachgreatimportancetoplanning,persevere,andstriveforalongtime."In2004,HuJintaospokeattheCentralPopulation,ResourcesandEnvironmentWorkForum:"WemustfurtherstrengthenTheconstructionofruralwaterconservancyinfrastructuresuchaswater-savingirrigation,humanandlivestockdrinkingwater,ruralhydropower,waterandsoilconservation,pastoralwaterconservancyandinfectiousdiseasepreventionprojects,protectsandimprovesagriculture,especiallygrainproductioncapacity,andpromotesfarmers’income.
Thedocumentstipulates:In1993,the"NoticeoftheStateCouncilonStrengtheningtheWorkofSoilandWaterConservation"pointedout:"Soilandwaterconservationisthelifelineofmountainousdevelopment,thefoundationofnationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,andthefoundationoflandremediationandrivermanagement.BasicNationalPolicy"
①Article2ofthe1982RegulationsonWaterandSoilConservation,"Thepolicyofwaterandsoilconservationis:equalemphasisonpreventionandcontrol,combinationofgovernanceandmanagement,tailoredtolocalconditions,comprehensiveplanning,comprehensivemanagement,anddetrimentalandprofitabledevelopment."②1991Article4ofthe"LawofWaterandSoilConservation"in1991"TheStateshallimplementprevention-oriented,comprehensiveplanning,comprehensivepreventionandcontrol,adaptmeasurestolocalconditions,strengthenmanagement,andpayattentiontobenefits."Article5"TheStateCouncilandlocalpeople’sgovernmentsshallconservewaterandsoilWorkasanimportantduty,takemeasurestodoagoodjobinthepreventionandcontrolofsoilerosion"Policyformulationlink:Theadoptionofthe"LawofWaterandSoilConservation"andthe"ImplementationRegulationsoftheLawofWaterandSoilConservation"in1993hasplayedacertainroleinthespiritofconducivetosoilandwaterconservationinrelevantpolicies.(However,theserelevantlawsandregulationsdonotmakeitclearthatsoilandwaterconservationisthebasiclinkintheimplementationofnationalpolicies:
Therearerelevantprovisionsinthe"LawofWaterandSoilConservation"(forexample,thepeople’sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelshoulddeterminethetasksofwaterandsoilconservationplanning,Incorporateintothenationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplan,arrangespecialfunds,andorganizeimplementation).Inaddition,throughthe"threerights,onecase,threesimultaneous"systemtopromotewaterandsoilconservationintheimplementationofthepolicy.The"threerights"arethepowerofsupervision,approvalThepowerofsupervisionreferstotherightofthewateradministrativedepartmenttosuperviseandinspecttheimplementationoftheSoilandWaterConservationLawanditsimplementationregulations.Thepowerofexaminationandapprovalreferstothedeclarationofcivillegalpersonsorotherorganizationsengagedinproductionandconstructionrelatedtosoilandwaterconservation.Thewaterandsoilconservationplanhastherighttoreviewandapprove.Therighttochargereferstotherighttocollectwaterandsoilerosioncontrolfeesandcompensationfeesfordevelopmentandconstructionunitsorindividualsthatcausesoilerosion."Onecase"referstolarge-scaleconstructioninmountainous,hillyandsandyareasTheenvironmentalimpactreportoftheprojectmustincludeawaterandsoilconservationplanapprovedbythewateradministrativedepartment;inmountainous,hilly,andwind-sandareas,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheMineResourcesLaw,townshipcollectiveminingenterprisesandindividualapplicationsmustbeestablished.Formining,youmustholdawaterandsoilconservationplanapprovedbythewateradministrativedepartmentofthelocalpeople'sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelbeforeyoucanapplyforminingapprovalprocedures."Threesimultaneous"meansthatthewaterandsoilconservationfacilitiesintheconstructionprojectmustbedesigned,constructed,andputintooperationatthesametimeasthemainproject.Whentheconstructionprojectiscompletedandaccepted,thewaterandsoilconservationfacilitiesshallbecheckedandacceptedatthesametime,andthewateradministrativedepartmentshallparticipate.①TheareaofsoilerosioninChinaaccountsforabout1/3ofthecountry'sland,andsoilerosionisChina'snumberoneenvironmentalproblem:thestabilityoftheecosystemisverylargeTheextentdependsontheconditionsofwaterandlandresourcesinnature.Soilandwaterconservationisnotonlythemainbodyofecologicalenvironmentconstruction,butalsothefoundationofecologicalenvironmentconstruction.②Toensurethesustainabledevelopmentofagriculture,productionconditionsmustbefundamentallychanged.Soilandwaterconservationisthemostimportantmeasuretoimproveagriculturalproductionconditions.
Saveresources
Ensimmäisen johtajan puhe:
Saveresources
p>
1999
Alkuperäisessä asiakirjassa nimenomaisesti määrätään:
2005
Ilmainen määräys:
Theleader'sspeechin2007:①JiangZeminpointedoutatthe1999CentralPopulation,ResourcesandEnvironmentalWorkSymposium:"TopromotethesustainabledevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety,itisnecessarytocontrolpopulationgrowth,protectnaturalresources,andmaintainagoodecologicalenvironmentwhilemaintainingeconomicgrowth.ThisisabasicnationalpolicydeterminedinaccordancewithChina’snationalconditionsandlong-termdevelopmentstrategicgoals."ZhuRongji’sspeechatthe2000CentralForumonPopulation,ResourcesandEnvironmentWork:"Familyplanning,environmentalprotection,resourceprotectionandrationalutilizationareallinChina.China’sbasicnationalpolicymustbeimplementedeveryyear.”Atthe2005ConstructionofaResource-savingSocietyExhibition,HuJintaoemphasizedthatresourceconservationisabasicnationalpolicyofChina.Savingland,energy,freshwater,andmineralresourcesisofgreatsignificancetotherealizationofsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Wemustfullyunderstandtheextremeimportanceandurgencyofconservingenergyandresourcesfromtheheightofimplementingthescientificconceptofdevelopment,andacceleratetheworkofbuildingaconservation-orientedsociety.
Thedocumentstipulates:①In2005,theFifthPlenarySessionoftheSixteenthCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina"RecommendationsonFormulatingtheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"clearlystated:"Theconservationofresourcesshallbethebasicnationalpolicy,andthedevelopmentcycleshallbeEconomy,protecttheecologicalenvironment,acceleratetheconstructionofaresource-savingandenvironment-friendlysociety,andpromotethecoordinationofeconomicdevelopmentwithpopulation,resources,andtheenvironment②2006"OutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment":"ThetransformationmustbeacceleratedEconomicgrowthmode.Itisnecessarytotakeresourceconservationasabasicnationalpolicy,developacirculareconomy,protecttheecologicalenvironment,acceleratetheconstructionofaresource-savingandenvironment-friendlysociety,andpromoteeconomicdevelopmentinharmonywithpopulation,resources,andtheenvironment."Thereportofthe17thNationalCongressof2007:"AdheringtothebasicnationalpolicyofconservingresourcesandprotectingtheenvironmenthasabearingonthevitalinterestsofthepeopleandthesurvivalanddevelopmentoftheChinesenation.Wemustputtheconstructionofaresource-savingandenvironment-friendlysocietyinaprominentpositioninthedevelopmentstrategyofindustrializationandmodernization,andimplementitineveryunitandeveryfamily.
Ilmainen lakisääteinen laki:
Article4ofthe2007"EnergyConservationLaw"clearlystipulates:"ResourceconservationisChina’sbasicnationalpolicy.Thestateimplementsconservationanddevelopmentsimultaneously,andplacesconservationinThenumberoneenergydevelopmentstrategy”①Article9ofthe1982Constitution:“Naturalresourcessuchasminerals,waterflows,forests,mountains,grasslands,wastelands,beaches,etc.,belongtothestate,thatis,ownedbythewholepeople;thestateguaranteestherationaluseofnaturalresources,Protectpreciousanimalsandplants.Itisforbiddenforanyorganizationorindividualtouseanymeanstooccupyordestroynaturalresources",Article14"Thestatestrictlysavesandopposeswaste"②The2007"EnergyConservationLaw""TheStateCouncilandlocallevelsabovethecountylevel"Thepeople’sgovernmentshallincorporateenergyconservationintothenationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplansandannualplans,andorganizethepreparationandimplementationofmediumandlong-termspecialplansforenergyconservationandannualenergyconservationplans";thestateimplementsindustrialpoliciesthatareconducivetoenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection,andrestrictthedevelopmentofhighenergyconsumption,High-pollutingindustries,developmentofenergy-savingandenvironmentally-friendlyindustrypolicyformulationlinks:throughthe"EnergyConservationLaw",apolicyprocessthatreflectsthespiritof"resourceconservation"hasbeenconstructed
Policyimplementationlinks:throughthe"EnergyConservationLaw"issuedin2006TheOutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment,the2007EnergyConservationLaw,andthe2007NoticeoftheStateCouncilonApprovingandTransmittingImplementationPlansandMethodsforStatisticalMonitoringandAssessmentofEnergyConservationandEmissionReduction(GuoFa[2007]36No.)andthe"ImplementationPlanoftheEnergyConsumptionPerUnitStatisticsIndexSystem"promulgatedbytheStateCouncil,the"ImplementationPlanoftheUnitGDPEnergyConsumptionMonitoringSystem",andthe"ImplementationPlanoftheUnitGDPEnergyConsumptionAssessmentSystem"(referredtoasthe"ThreePlans")inthedevelopmentgoalsEstablishedapolicyimplementationenvironmentconduciveto"resourcesaving"intermsofresourceallocationandcadreassessment
——Developmentgoals:Developmentgoalsdefinedinthe"OutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"Fourofthembelongtothefieldofresourceconservation:resourceutilizationefficiencyissignificantlyimproved,energyconsumptionperunitofGDPisreducedbyabout20%,waterconsumptionperunitofindustrialaddedvalueisreducedby30%,effectiveutilizationcoefficientofagriculturalirrigationwaterisincreasedto0.5,andindustrialsolidwasteThecomprehensiveutilizationrateisincreasedto60%.Thepeople'sgovernmentsofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentreporttotheStateCounciltheperformanceoftheirenergy-savingtargetresponsibilitieseveryyear-cadreassessment:one-votevetosystemandaccountabilitysystem.Accordingtothe"EnergyConservationLaw",theachievementofenergyconservationtargetswillbethecontentofassessmentandevaluationbythelocalpeople'sgovernmentanditsresponsiblepersons.Throughthe"threeplans",thecompletionofenergy-savingindicatorshasbeenincludedintheperformanceassessmentofleadingcadres
——Resourceallocation:"Forthosewhopasstheassessment,giveprioritytoincreasingsupportforpollutioncontrolandenvironmentalprotectioncapacitybuildingintheregionIftheassessmentfails,theEIAandprojectapprovalofallnewmajorpollutantemissionconstructionprojectsintheareawillbesuspended,andthearrangementofthecentralenvironmentalprotectionspecialfundswillbesuspended."
①Althoughthetotalamountofnaturalresourcesislarge,Thevarietyisrelativelycomplete,butthepercapitapossessionissmall,andthedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven.②Theresourceutilizationefficiencyislowandthewasteisserious.The"2006ChinaSustainableDevelopmentStrategyReport"rankstheresourceperformancelevelsof59majorcountriesintheworld.TheresultsshowthatChina'sresourceperformanceisonlyranked54th,anditisoneofthecountrieswiththeworstresourceutilizationperformance.③Chinaasawholeisinthemid-stageofindustrialization,anditseconomicgrowthmodeis"highresourceconsumption,highenvironmentalpollution,andloweconomicoutput".Theeconomicoutputperunitofresourceislow,anditalsolosesthecheapresourcesenjoyedbydevelopedcountriesintheindustrializationstage.Conditionsforobtaining.
Maan järkevä käyttö ja kaukaisen maan suojelu
(Kiinan ensimmäinen kansallisen peruspolitiikan sykli, joka määritellään etukäteen erillisessä laissa)Ensimmäinen johtajan puhe: 1992
PlaintextinthefirstdocumentRegulations:Statutoryin1984:Speechbyleadersin1998:①OnJune2,1992,LiPengwroteaninscription:"Verycherishandrationaluseofeveryinchofland,andearnestlyprotectarablelandisabasicnationalpolicythatChinamustadheretoforalongtime."②HuJintao2003SpeakingattheForumonPopulation,ResourcesandEnvironmentWorkattheCentralCommitteeofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain2009:“Inlandandresourceswork,wemustadheretobothdevelopmentandconservation,putconservationinthefirstplace,developinprotection,protectindevelopment,andmaximizetheeconomicandsocialbenefitsofresources.Andenvironmentalbenefits"
Thedocumentstipulates:①ThegovernmentworkreportoftheFourthSessionoftheFifthNationalPeople'sCongressin1984pointedout:"Chinahasalargepopulationandlessarableland.Asthepopulationgrows,thiscontradictionwillbecomeincreasinglyacute.ItshouldbeChina’snationalpolicytocherisheveryinchoflandandtouseeveryinchoflandrationally.”In1986,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilpointedoutinthe“NoticeonStrengtheningLandManagementandStoppingUnlawfulOccupationofFarmland”:“Treasureandrationallyuseeveryinchofland.TheeffectiveprotectionofcultivatedlandisabasicnationalpolicythatChinamustadheretoforalongtime."The"Ten-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineofthe"EighthFive-YearPlan""adoptedattheFourthSessionoftheSeventhNationalPeople'sCongressin1991clearlystatedthat:Thenewlyrevised"LandManagementLaw"in1998stipulatedthat"itisChina'sbasicnationalpolicytocherishandrationallyuselandandtoprotectarableland."①Article10ofthe1982Constitution:"Allorganizationsandindividualsthatuselandmustmakereasonableuseofland.“Land”②In2001,the“OpinionsoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilonDoingaGoodJobinAgricultureandRuralWorkin2001”pointedout:“Inadvancingtheadjustmentofagriculturalstructure,wemustpayattentiontotheprotectionofgrainproductioncapacity,especiallytheprotectionofbasicfarmland.Itisnon-agriculturalland.Thisisamajorissuerelatedtothecountry’sfoodsecurityandmustnotbetakencareof.”TheThirdPlenarySessionofthe16thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinain2003pointedoutthat“themoststringentarablelandshouldbeimplemented.Protectionsystemtoensurenationalfoodsecurity"Policyformulationlink:Intheformulationprocessofdocumentsrelatedtolanduse,thespiritofthisbasicnationalpolicyisgenerallyembodied
Policyimplementationlink:andthisbasicnationalpolicyInconsistentsituationsgenerallyappearintheimplementationofpolicies.Therefore,the"DecisionoftheStateCouncilonDeepeningReformandStrictLandManagement"(GuoFa[2004]No.28)andthe"NoticeoftheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilontheestablishmentofanationallandinspectionsystem""(Guobanfa[2006]No.50)andotherdocumentsestablishedalandinspectionsystemandestablishedrelevantworkteamstosupervisetheimplementationofthisbasicnationalpolicy.Thelandinspectionsystemconsistsofthreeworkingmechanisms:①Discoverymechanism,throughtheuseofadvancedtechnologiessuchasremotesensingmonitoringandtheuseofmediadisclosure,massreporting,fieldinspections,andfileinspectionstopromptlydiscoverlandviolationswithinthescopeoftheinspection②reviewmechanism,Tostudyanddeterminetheoperatingproceduresforreviewingconstructionlandapprovalitems,toreviewtheauthenticityandlegalityoftheconstructionlandapprovalitemsoftheprovincialandseparatelylistedcities③Correctionmechanism,toviolatethelawsoftheprovincialandseparatelylistedcitiesViolationsandsuggestionsforcorrectionandrectification.ThebasicnationalconditionsofChina’slandresourcesare:①Thetotalamountoflandresourcesislarge,butthepercapitalandoccupationissmall.②Therearemanytypesofland,butmoremountainsthanflatland.③Theregionaldistributionoflandresourcesisnotbalanced,andtheproductivityofcultivatedlandresources.Poorlevel④Theareaoflandresourcesthataredifficulttouseislarge,andthepotentialofreservelandresourcesisinsufficient,especiallythereserveresourcesofcultivatedland.⑤Thedegreeoflandresourceutilizationislow,andlandwasteisserious.
Yksi maa,kaksi järjestelmää
"Rauhallinen yhdistäminen,yksi maa,kaksi järjestelmää"on tärkeä osa teoriaa ja käytäntöä sosialismin rakentamisesta kiinalaisilla ominaisuuksilla, ja Kiinan hallituksen pitkän aikavälin perusperuspolitiikassa.
(1)OneChina.ThereisonlyoneChinaintheworld,TaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina,andthecentralgovernmentisinBeijing.ThisisauniversallyrecognizedfactandaprerequisiteforthepeacefulsettlementoftheTaiwanissue.
TheChinesegovernmentresolutelyopposesanywordsordeedsaimedatsplittingChina’ssovereigntyandterritorialintegrity,opposes"twoChinas","oneChina,oneTaiwan"or"onecountry,twogovernments",andopposeseverythingthatmayleadto"TaiwanIndependence"attemptsandactions.TheChinesepeopleonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitalladvocatethatthereisonlyoneChinaandtheyallsupporttheunificationofthecountry.Taiwan'sstatusasaninalienablepartofChinaisfixedandunchangeable,andthereisnoquestionof"self-determination".
(2)Thetwosystemscoexist.UnderthepremiseofoneChina,themainland'ssocialistsystemandTaiwan'scapitalistsystemwillcoexistanddeveloptogetherforalongtime,andnoonewilleattheother.ThisconsiderationismainlybasedontakingcareofTaiwan'scurrentsituationandtheactualinterestsofTaiwancompatriots.ThiswillbeamajorfeatureandimportantcreationoftheunifiedChinesestatesystem.
AfterthereunificationofthetwosidesoftheTaiwanStrait,Taiwan’scurrentsocialandeconomicsystemwillremainunchanged,itslifestylewillremainunchanged,anditseconomicandculturalrelationswithforeigncountrieswillremainunchanged.Suchasprivateproperty,houses,land,corporateownership,legalinheritancerights,overseasChineseandforeigninvestment,etc.,areallprotectedbylaw.
(3)Ahighdegreeofautonomy.Afterreunification,Taiwanwillbecomeaspecialadministrativeregion.ItisdifferentfromothergeneralprovincesinChinaandenjoysahighdegreeofautonomy.Ithasadministrativepower,legislativepower,independentjudicialpowerandfinaladjudicationpowerinTaiwan;itmanagesparty,government,military,economic,financialandothermattersonitsown;itcansigncommercialandculturalagreementswithforeigncountriesandenjoycertainforeignaffairsrights;Ithasitsownarmy,andthemainlanddoesnotsendtroopsoradministrativepersonneltostationinTaiwan.RepresentativesfromthegovernmentoftheSpecialAdministrativeRegionandfromallwalksoflifeinTaiwancanalsotakeupleadershippositionsinstatepowerinstitutionsandparticipateinthemanagementofnationalaffairs.
(4)Peacenegotiations.ItisthecommonaspirationofallChinesepeopletoachievenationalreunificationbypeacefulmeansthroughcontactandnegotiation.BothsidesofthestraitareChinese.IfChina'ssovereigntyandterritorialintegrityaredivided,andiftheymeeteachother,itwillbeextremelyunfortunatetothecompatriotsonbothsidesofthestrait.Peacefulreunificationisconducivetothegreatunityofthewholenation,isconducivetothestabilityanddevelopmentofTaiwan’ssocietyandeconomy,andisconducivetotherevitalizationandprosperityofthewholeofChina.
Rejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation
In1995,JiangZeminformallyproposedforthefirsttimeinhisspeechattheNationalConferenceonScienceandTechnologythatthe“strategyofrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation”shouldbeimplemented.Hepointedout:"Rejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducationmeansfullyimplementingtheideathatscienceandtechnologyaretheprimaryproductiveforces,insistingoneducationasthefoundation,placingscienceandeducationinanimportantpositionineconomicandsocialdevelopment,andenhancingthecountry’sscientificandtechnologicalstrengthandtransformingitintoactualproductiveforces.Abilitytoimprovethescientific,technologicalandculturalqualityofthewholenation.”Hereiteratedthateconomicconstructionmustbeshiftedtorelyingontechnologicalprogressandtheimprovementofthequalityoflaborerstoacceleratethecountry’sprosperity.Atthesametime,the"DecisionoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilonAcceleratingtheProgressofScienceandTechnology"proposedforthefirsttimeintheformofacentraldocumenttoimplementthestrategyofrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation.Inthesameyear,theFifthPlenarySessionofthe14thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinalistedtheimplementationofthestrategyofrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducationastheaccelerationofmycountry’ssocialistmodernizationinthenext15yearsandeventheentire21stcenturyintherecommendationsontheNinthFive-YearPlanfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthelong-termgoalsfor2010.Oneoftheimportantprinciplesofconstruction.In1996,theFourthSessionoftheEighthNationalPeople'sCongressformallyputforwardthe"NinthFive-YearPlan"fornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthe2010long-termgoalinalegallyeffectiveform.