Effectcells
Thehumaneyeretinaiscomposedofcountlessphotosensitivecells.Thephotosensitivecellsaredividedintorod-shapedcellsandcone-shapedcellsaccordingtotheirshape.Thereare7millioncone-shapedcells,mainlyThecentralareaoftheretinathatisconcentratedonthepupiliscalledthemacula.Therearenorod-shapedcellshere.Thefartherawayfromthemaculararea,thefewercone-shapedcellsandthemorerod-shapedcells.Intheareaclosetotheplusmargin,almostallrod-shapedcellsarepresent.Rod-shapedcellscanonlybelight-sensitive,notcolor,butthelight-sensitivesensitivityisextremelyhigh,whichis10,000timesthatofcone-shapedcells.Conecellscanbothlightandcolor.Thetwohaveacleardivisionoflabor:undertheactionofstronglight,theyaremainlyplayedbyconecells,sointhedaytimeorinabrightenvironment,thesceneseenhasbothasenseofbrightnessandasenseofcolor.Thiskindofvisioniscalledphotopic(Ordayvision).Undertheactionoflowlight,therod-shapedcellsactmainly,sointhedarkorlowlightenvironment,thescenesseenareallgrayandblack,withonlythesenseoflightanddarkness,andnosenseofcolor.
Pyramidalcellsandrod-shapedcellsareconnectedtotheopticnervethroughthebipolarmeridiancell,andtheopticnervecellleadstothebrainthroughtheopticmeridianfiber.Theopticnervegathersatapointintheretina.Thispointhasnophotosensitivecellsandiscalledablindspot.
Brightnessadaptation
Theeyescanadjustthepyramidalcellsandcolumnarcellsappropriatelytothebrightnesschangesoftheoutsideworldtomakethemhaveappropriatesensitivity.Thisphenomenoniscalled"brightnessadaptation".Theadaptationtothedarkenvironment(thebrightnessinthefieldofviewisabove0.01cd/m2,suchasdaytime,outdoors)ismainlybecausetheconecellsareinworkingcondition.Therefore,thedarkadaptationprocessisslow,whilethelightadaptationprocessismuchfaster.
title="Dark vision"
yösokeus
Yösokeuspotilailla oli vaikeuksia nähdä pimeissä olosuhteissa valoherkkien kemikaalien (rodopsiinin) puutteen vuoksi sauvan muotoisissa soluissa. .Useimmat linnut näkevät vuorokauden. Yönäkevien eläinten sisällä on vain sauvan muotoisia soluja ja ei kartion muotoisia soluja. Yönäköeläimetovat yleensä värisokeita.
Dietoterapia
VitamiiniA on osa valoa vastaanottavista visuaalisista soluista koostuvassa nesteessä. Rodopsiini koostuu opsiinista ja 11-cis-verkkokalvosta. Liittyy kotooppiseen näköön.
Animalliveririkas A-vitamiinissa.Ihmiskehosta puuttuu A-vitamiinia, mikä vaikuttaa pimeyteen sopeutumiskykyyn, kuten lapset, joilla on hidastunut kasvu, kuivanahka, kuivasilmäisyys, yösokeus ja pian.
TheminimumdailyrequirementofvitaminAfornormaladultsisabout3500internationalunits(0.3microgramvitaminAisequivalentto1internationalunit),andchildrenareabout2000to2500internationalunits.
Darkvisionbats
Foralongtime,peoplethinkthatbatsarenocturnalanimalswithdegradedeyes.Itisanindisputablefactthatbatsare"blind"becausetheymainlyuseecholocationtodeterminetheirpositionwhencapturinginsects..However,academicianZhangYapingoftheKunmingInstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesandhisdoctoralstudentShenYongyidiscoveredthattheoldworldfruitbatsdidnothaveecholocationcapabilities.Theymainlyreliedonvisionandsmelltofindfood,andtheireyeswere"developed".
TheresearchteamsuccessfullyclonedtheRH1genethatcontrolstheformationofrodcellsintheretina,whichdominatethescotopicreceptors.ScientistshavefoundthattherodcellsofbothinsectivorousbatswithdegradedeyesandOldWorldfruitbatswithdevelopedeyesallexpresstheRH1gene,indicatingthateventhoseinsectivorousbatswithhighlydegradedeyesstillhavedarkvision.
FurtheranalysisofthegenesequencebyZhangYaping’sresearchteamfoundthatthegenehasconvergedevolutionbetweenfruitbatsandinsectivorousbatswhoseeyeshavenotdegenerated,whilelong-wingedbatsandlong-wingedbatswithdegradedeyeshaveoccurred.Thechrysanthemumbathasalsoundergoneconvergentevolution.Thisresultrevealsthatafterthedifferentiationofbats,itispossiblethatsomespeciestendtorelymoreonvisionandhavedevelopedeyes;whileotherstendtorelylessonvisionandtheireyesdegenerate,leadingtomultipleconvergentevolutionsoftheRH1geneinbats.Thisiswhypeoplethinkthatbatshavenovision.