Home Tekniikka Demografinen

Demografinen



Historicaldevelopment

Demographicstatisticsareproducedanddevelopedtomeettheneedsofsocialdevelopmentandnationalmanagement.Itistheearlieststatisticsthatappearedinhumansociety.In4500BC,Babylonhadsurveyedpopulationitems;Chinahadpopulationandlandstatisticsin2100BCduringtheXiaYuera;aftertheZhouDynasty,therewasacensussysteminalldynasties;therewasalsoapopulationsurveysystemin2A.D.Theofficialpopulationrecordsofthewholecountryandsub-regionswererecorded.Theslavesocietyandfeudalsocietyconductedpopulationsurveysandregistrationstomeettheneedsoftherulingclassfortaxation,servitude,andconscription.Themethodsandcontentofstatisticswererelativelysimple;intheHanDynasty,theEmperorWureignedThefirstdemographicstatisticsinhumanhistory;inacapitalistsociety,demographicstatisticshavedevelopedgreatly.Inadditiontostatisticsonpopulationandgender,age,andethnicity,therearestatisticsonemploymentandunemployment,industryandoccupation,educationlevel,religiousbeliefs,maritalstatus,fertility,andotherstatistics.ThestatisticalcontentisbecomingmoreabundantandthedemographicsystemIthasbecomemorecomplete,andhasgraduallyestablishedanddevelopedamoderncensussystem,andpopulationstatisticshavebecomemoreandmoresystematicandcomplete.Inasocialistsociety,economicdevelopmentandpopulationdevelopmentareincludedinthenationalplan.Demographicstatisticsprovideservicesforcompilingnationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplans,formulatingpopulationpolicies,implementingfamilyplanning,compilingandinspectingpopulationplans,andfornationaladministrationandpopulationresearch.provideinformation.

Relatedcalculationformulas

1.Birthratereferstotheratioofthenumberofbirthstotheaveragepopulationinacertainplaceinoneyear.Itisgenerallyexpressedinthousands,indicatingthenumberofbirthsperthousandofthepopulationinayear.Thecalculationformulais:

Syntymäluku = syntyneiden lukumäärä vuonna÷vuotuinenkeskimääräinen väestö × 1000‰

2.Fertilityrateisarelativeindicatorreflectingthefertilityintensityofwomenofchildbearingage.Itisdifferentfromthebirthrate,whichindicatestheproportionalrelationshipbetweenthenumberofbirthsandthetotalpopulation.Thebirthrateisbasedonthetotalpopulationasthebasicdataforcomparison,butinfactonlywomenofchildbearingagehavetheabilitytohavechildren(exceptforinfertility).Therefore,thenumberofbirthsisonlydirectlydependentonthenumberofwomenofchildbearingage.Statisticsandresearchonthefertilityrateofwomenofchildbearingageareofgreatsignificanceforanalyzingthecausesofchangesinthebirthrate,studyingthedevelopmenttrendofpopulationreproduction,andpredictingthefuturedevelopmentofpopulation.

Thecalculationoffertilityratecanbebasedonthespecificrequirementsofdemographicstatistics,usingcalculationmethodssuchasgeneralfertilityrate,fertilityrateforwomenbyage,cumulativefertilityrate,lifetimefertilityrate,andtotalfertilityrate.

3.Thetotalfertilityratereferstotheage-specificfertilityrateforwomenofchildbearingageinacertainyear(oraspecificgroup).Theaveragenumberofchildrenborn.Thetotalfertilityrateisafertilityrateindexthattakesacertainyearasa"cross-section",anditisalsoa"forward-lookingindex".Itischaracterizedbylookingforwardandhasasignalnature.Thecalculationmethodis:

Totalfertilityrate=thesumofthefertilityratesofwomenofallages

4.MortalityisanindicationofthedeathintensityofthepopulationinacertainareainacertainperiodoftimeRelativeindicators.Itisusuallycalculatedwiththeyearastheunitoftime.Thecalculationformulais:

Kuolleisuus = kuolleiden määrä vuonna÷vuoden keskimääräinen väestö × 1000‰

5.Infantmortalityratereferstothenumberofinfantdeathsbetween0-12monthsTheratioofthenumberofbabiesbornbetween0-12monthsoldisgenerallyexpressedinthousandths.Sincesomeofthedeathsofbabiesfrom0-12monthswerebornthisyearandsomewereborninthepreviousyear,thebirthdensityofthepopulationvariesgreatlyduringtheyear,anditisnotconvenienttocalculatetheannualaverage.Whencalculatinginfantmortality,thedenominatorisusuallythesumof1/3ofthenumberofbirthsinthepreviousyearand2/3ofthenumberofbirthsinthisyear.Thecalculationformulais:

Imeväiskuolleisuus=tämän vuoden alle yhden vuoden ikäisten ihmisten määrä÷(1/3 edellisen vuoden syntyneiden lukumäärästä+2/3vuoden syntyneiden lukumäärästä) × 1000‰

6.Thenaturalgrowthratereferstotheratioofthenaturalgrowthofthepopulationinacertainperiodtotheaveragetotalnumberofpeopleintheregionduringtheperiod.Theannualnaturalgrowthrateiscommonlyused,usuallyexpressedinthousandths,referredtoastheself-increasingrate.Thecalculationformulais:

Luonnollinen kasvunopeus=vuotuinenluonnollinen kasvuluku÷vuosikeskiarvovuoden väestön kokonaismäärä × 1000‰

7.Familyplanningratereferstoacertainperiodinacertainarea(usuallyoneYears)Theratioofthenumberoflivebirthsbornincompliancewiththerequirementsoffamilyplanningtothetotalnumberoflivebirthsinthesametimeperiod,expressedasapercentage.Thecalculationformulais:

Perhesuunnitteluprosentti =tietyllä vuodella suunniteltujen syntyneiden lukumäärä÷saman ajanjakson syntyneiden kokonaismäärä × 100 %.

8.BirthcontrolrateisthenumberofwomenofchildbearingagewhoimplementbirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasuresasapercentageoftheirchildbearingageTheproportionofwomen.Thecalculationformulaisasfollows:

Birthcontrolrate=numberofwomenimplementingbirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasures÷numberofwomenofchildbearingage×100%

Regardlessofwhethertheimplementedmeasuresaremenorwomen,aslongasthebirthcontrolandcontraceptivemeasuresareimplemented,Allaccordingtothestatisticsofthewoman.Thebirthcontrolmeasurestakenbysomecouplesofchildbearingagehavefailed,sotheyshouldbesubtractedfromthenumberofmarriedwomenofchildbearingagewhohaveimplementedbirthcontrolmeasures.Ifbirthcontrolmeasuresaretakenagain,theyshouldbeincludedinanewbirthcontrolmeasure.

9.Therateofreceivingcertificatesforonly-childrenreferstotheratioofthenumberofcertificatesforonly-childrenundertheageof14whoseparentshaveappliedfornolongergivingbirthtothetotalnumberofmarriedwomenofchildbearingage.Thecalculationformulais:

Yhden lapsen todistuksen saaminen = niiden ihmisten määrä, jotka ovat saaneet yhden lapsen todistuksen naimisissa olevien naisten kokonaismäärä × 100 %

10.ThegenderratioofthepopulationismaleorTheratioofwomenisusuallyexpressedastheratioof100womentohowmanymen.Thecalculationformulais:

Sukupuolisuhde = Miesten lukumäärä÷Naisten lukumäärä × 100 %

11.Asadynamicprocess,populationchangesatalltimes.ThischangeinChinaisquitelarge,andsometimesforstatisticalpurposes(suchascalculatingbirthrate,deathrate,percapitaoutput,percapitaoutputvalue,etc.),itisnecessarytousetheannualaveragepopulationasanindicator.Thisindicatorreflectstheaveragenumberofsurvivorsatvariouspointsintheyear.

Generallycalculatetheannualaveragepopulation,youcanusetheformulaofthepopulationatthebeginningoftheyearplusthepopulationattheendoftheyeardividedby2,namely:

Vuotuinen keskimääräinen väestö=(vuoden alun väestö+vuoden lopun väestö)÷2

Tilastolliset indikaattorit

Väestö

PopulationreferstoacertainpointintimeandwithinacertainareaThesumoflivingindividuals.

Theyear-endpopulationinannualstatisticsreferstothepopulationat24:00onDecember31eachyear.ThetotalpopulationofthecountryintheannualstatisticsdoesnotincludethenumberofcompatriotsfromTaiwanProvince,HongKongandMacao,andoverseasChinese.

Figure1showstheglobaldemographics,whileFigure2showsthedemographicsbasedongender.

Kaupunkien ja kylien kokonaisväestö

Therearetwodefinitionsoftotalpopulationofcitiesandtownsandtotalpopulationofvillages:

(1)Ensimmäinen kaliiperi (hallinnollisen järjestelmän mukaan):

Citypopulation:theentirepopulationintheareaunderthejurisdictionofthecity(includingtownsunderthejurisdictionofthecity,excludingdistrictsandcountiesunderthejurisdictionofthecity);

Kaupunkien väkiluku: läänien hallinnoimien kaupunkien kokonaisväkiluku (lukuun ottamatta kunnallisia kaupunkeja);

Läänin väestö: läänin hallinnoima kaupunkiväestö.

(2)Toinen kaliiperi (jaettuna pysyvällä populaatiolla):

Citypopulation:thepopulationofacitywithdistrictsandthepopulationofstreetsunderthejurisdictionofacitywithoutdistricts;

Townpopulation:thepopulationofresidentscommitteesintownsunderthejurisdictionofcitieswithoutdistrictsandthepopulationofresidentscommitteesintownsunderthejurisdictionofcounties;

Läänin väestö:kaikki väestöt paitsikahta edellä olevaa väestöä.

Amongthem,thedatafrom1952to1980arethedataofthefirstcaliber,andthedataafter1982arethedataofthesecondcaliber.

Syntymäaste

Syntymäluku (tunnetaan myös karkeana syntyvyyslukuna) viittaa keskimääräiseen syntyneiden määrään 1 000 ihmistä tietyllä ajanjaksolla (yleensä vuosi) -suhdetta, joka ilmaistaan ​​yleensä prosentteina. Laskentakaava:

Syntymäluku = syntyneiden vuosiluku / vuosikeskimäärä × 1000‰

Amongthem,thenumberofbirthsreferstolivebirths,thatis,whenthefetusisseparatedfromthemother(regardlessofthenumberofmonthsofpregnancy),Havehadbreathingorotherlifephenomena.Theannualaveragepopulationreferstotheaverageofthepopulationatthebeginningandtheendoftheyear,anditcanalsobereplacedbythemid-yearpopulation.

Kuolleisuus

Mortality(alsoknownascrudemortality)referstothenumberofdeathsinacertainareaduringacertainperiod(usuallyayear)andTheratiooftheaveragenumberofpeopleinthesameperiod(orthenumberofpeopleintheperiod)isgenerallyexpressedinperthousand.Thecalculationformulais:

Kuolleisuus = vuosittainen kuolleiden määrä / vuosikeskimäärä × 1000‰

Thenaturalpopulationgrowthratereferstothenaturalincreaseinpopulationinacertainperiod(usuallyayear)Theratioof(thenumberofbirthsminusthenumberofdeaths)totheaveragenumberofpeopleintheperiod(orthenumberofpeopleintheperiod)isgenerallyexpressedinthousandths.Thecalculationformulais:

Luonnollinen väestönkasvu=(tänä vuonna syntyneiden määrä-kuolemien määrä tänä vuonna)/vuosikeskimäärä × 1000‰=syntyvyys-populaatiokuolleisuus

Työssä oleva väestö

Employedpopulation(alsoknownasemployedpopulation)referstothepopulationwhoare15yearsoldandabovewhoengageincertainsociallaborandobtainlaborremunerationoroperatingincome.

Työtön väestö

Theunemployedpopulationreferstothosewhoarenotengagedinsociallaboramongthepopulationaged15andover,includingschoolstudents,Non-employedpopulationsuchashouseholdchores,waitingforfurthereducation,waitingforemploymentintowns,retired,retired,andincapacitated.

Kokonaistaakkatekijä

Thetotalburdenfactorreferstothedifferencebetweenthedependentpopulation(peopleaged0-14andover65)andthepopulationaged15-64Proportion.Thecalculationformulais:

Kokonaistaakkakerroin = Riippuvainen väestö / Väestö 15-64 × 100 %

Vanhakuormituskerroin

Theburdenofoldagecoefficientreferstotheratiooftheelderlypopulation(populationover65)tothepopulationaged15-64.Thecalculationformulais:

Taakkakerroin = Vanhukset / 15–64-vuotiaat × 100 %

Nuorten taakkakerroin

Adolescentburdencoefficientreferstotheratioofadolescentstothepopulationaged15-64.Thecalculationformulais:

Teinitaakkakerroin = lapsiväestö / 15–64-vuotiaiden väestö × 100 %

Indicators

DemographicsisaquantitativestudyofpopulationThecurrentstatus,changesanddevelopmenttrendsofvariousbiologicalcharacteristics(suchasage,gendercomposition)andsocialcharacteristics(suchasoccupation,culturalandeconomicstatusdistribution,etc.).Itisthemaincornerstonefordeterminingthenationalpopulationpolicy,anditisalsoanimportantbasisforvariousdepartmentsofthenationaleconomytoformulateplans,determinedeployment,andadjustpolicies.Thevariouscharacteristicsofthepopulationaredifferent,andthespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsarealsodifferent.Forexample,thespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsindevelopedcountriesareoftendominatedbyheartandcerebrovasculardiseasesandcancer,whilethespectrumofdiseasesanddeathsindevelopingcountriesaremainlybasedontherespiratorysystem.Mainlydiseasesandinfectiousdiseases.Oneoftheimportantreasonsforthisdifferenceisthattheagecompositionandculturalandeconomicdistributionofthepopulationofthesetwotypesofcountriesaredifferent.Thisalsoshowsthatthepopulationswithdifferentcharacteristicshavedifferentneedsforhealthcare.Inaddition,bydynamicallyobservingthedemographicindicatorsofacountryorregion,orcomparingthedemographicindicatorsofdifferentregionsandcountries,youcanevaluatethequalityofhealthcareinacountryorregion.Therefore,demographicstatisticsisnotonlyanindispensablebasisforformulatinghealthcarepolicies,butalsoanobjectiveindicatorforevaluatingthequalityofhealthwork.Demographicindicatorsareusuallydividedintotwocategories,namelystaticindicatorsanddynamicindicators.Figure3showsthedemographicmonitoringpoints.

Staattinen indeksi

Staattinen indeksi tai aikapisteindeksi. Heijastaa tilannetta tietyssä pisteessä. Se ottaa poikkileikkauksen, staattiset hetkelliset tiedot jatkuvasti muuttuvasta prosessista, kuten väestö, ikä, sukupuoli, etnisyys, jne. tietyllä tietyllä aikavälillä tietyllä vuodella. staattiset populaatioindikaattorit ovat sukupuolisuhde ja väestöpyramidi.

1.Sexratio:reflectstheratiobetweenmenandwomeninthepopulation.Itisusuallyexpressedintermsofhowmanymenthereareforevery100womeninthepopulation.Thatis,inadditiontothesexratioofthetotalpopulation,therearesexratiosofdifferentages.Suchasbirthsexratio,infantsexratioandsoon.Thesexratioofthepopulationhasitsownrules.Atbirth,therearegenerallymorementhanwomen,andthebirthsexratioisgenerallyintherangeof103to107.Sincethedeathrateofmenisusuallyhigherthanthatofwomen,thesexratioiscloseto100intheyoungandmiddleages.Inoldage,therearemorewomenthanmen,sothesexratioismostlybelow100.Certainsocialfactorsoftenleadtosexualimbalance.Forexample,warcancausealargenumberofdeathsofmalecitizensandcauseademographicimbalance(forexample,manycountrieshadmorewomenthanmenduringtheSecondWorldWar);insomesocietieswithstrongfeudalcolors,femaleinfantabuseoftenoccurred.Thisleadstoarelativelyhighbirthrate.Thelawofsexratioisonlyreliablewhenalargenumberofstatisticsareused.

2.Pyramid:Theageandgenderstructureofthepopulationcanberepresentedbypyramidgraphics.Thepopulationpyramidhasacentralaxis,andthescaleonitrepresentsage.Itiscustomarytogroupby1or5yearsold,butyoucangroupbyanyageintervalasneeded,butthegroupsmustbeequidistant;theleftsideofthecentralaxisofthepyramidrepresentsthemalepopulation,andtherightrepresentsthepopulation.Thefemalepopulationcanbeexpressedinabsolutenumbersorpercentages.

Dynamicindicators

Thistypeofindicatorreflectsthenaturalorsocialchangesofthepopulationwithinacertainperiodoftime,suchasbirths,deaths,andmigrationinacertainyear.ItreflectsThetotalsituationofacertaineventcontinuouslyoccurringinacertainperiod,ratherthanthesituationatapointintime,iscalledapopulationdynamicsindexoraperiodindex.Itcanalsoincludethefollowingindicators.

1.Generalbirthrate:referstothenumberofbirthsper1000populationinacertainperiod(usually1year),thatis,itcanroughlyindicatethebirthlevelofacountryorregion.The"population"inthedenominatorusuallyusesthepopulationinthemiddleoftheyear(at24:00onJune30),ortheaverageofthepopulationattheendofthisyearandthepopulationattheendoflastyear(ie,theaveragepopulation).Thebirthrateisaffectedbytheageandsexcompositionofthepopulation.Forexample,whentheproportionofpeopleofchildbearingage(especiallywomen)inthepopulationisrelativelylarge,thebirthratemustberelativelyhigh.

2.Generalmortality:referstothenumberofdeathsper1,000populationinacertainperiodoftime,thatis,itcanroughlyreflectthedeathlevelofacountryorregion.Butlikethebirthrate,itismoreaffectedbytheagecompositionofthepopulation.Forexample,whentheproportionoftheelderlyinthepopulationislarge,themortalityrateisoftenhigh.Therefore,insomecountrieswithmoredevelopedeconomies,medicalandhealthcare,thegeneralmortalityrateishigherthaninsomedevelopingcountries.

3.Naturalrateofincrease:thedifferencebetweentheannualaveragebirthrateandtheordinarydeathrate.

Growthrate=normaalisyntyvyys-kuolleisuus

Itrepresentstheincreaseinthenumberofpeopleper1,000populationinacertainyear.

4.Fertilityrate:thenumberoflivebirths(orbirths)per1,000womenofchildbearingageinacertainyear.Becauseitisnotaffectedbytheageandgendercompositionofthepopulation,itcanbetterreflectthefertilitylevelofacountryorregion.ThegeneralfertilityrateinChinaisaround50‰.

5.Age-specificfertilityrate:fertilityratecanalsobecalculatedaccordingtodifferentagegroups,anditisgenerallycustomarytouse5yearsasanagegrouptocalculate,suchastotalfertilityrate.Theaveragenumberofchildrenborntoevery1,000womenofchildbearingageinthepopulationaftertheirentirechildbearingperiod(15to44yearsold).Thecalculationofthetotalfertilityratevariesdependingontheagegroup.Whengroupingintogroupsofeachage,thesumofage-specificfertilityratesisthetotalfertilityrate;whengroupingintoa5-year-oldagegroup,thesumofage-specificfertilityratesmultiplyingby5isthetotalfertilityrate.China'scurrenttotalfertilityrateisabout2600‰(or2.6).

6.Age-specificmortalityrate:Becausethegeneralmortalityrateisgreatlyaffectedbytheagecompositionofthepopulation,itissometimesnecessarytocalculatetheage-specificmortalityratebyagegroup.Forexample,theage-specificmortalityratecanreflectthelevelofdeathmoreaccuratelythantheordinarymortalityrate.

7.Infantmortalityrate:Infantreferstothechildhoodperiodfrombirthtolessthan12months.Duringthisperiod,theinfant’sresistancetotheoutsideworldisverylowanditisveryeasytodie.Therefore,theinfantmortalityrateisoftenItisasensitiveindicatortomeasuretheculturalandhealthlevelofacountry

8.Maternalmortalityrate.Maternaldeathreferstothedeathofawomanduetoreasonsrelatedtopregnancyandchildbirth,andthedeathoccurredwithin42daysafterthestartofpregnancy.Thecausesofmaternaldeathcanbedividedintodirectobstetriccauses(suchashemorrhage,birthinjury,postpartuminfection,etc.)andindirectcauses(pregnancy,tuberculosis,heartdisease,etc.,deathcausedbythedeteriorationoftheconditionduringpregnancyandchildbirth).Itreflectsthelevelofwomen'shealthcareinacountryorregion.ThecurrentmaternalmortalityrateinChinaisaround50,000.Thedenominatorintheformulashouldtheoreticallyuse"thenumberofpregnantwomeninacertainyear",butthisnumberisdifficulttoobtain(manypeoplehaveundergoneartificialabortionorspontaneousabortionafterpregnancy,andhavenotreportedorregistered),sogenerallyuseanapproximatevalue──livebirthsinacertainyearThetotalnumberisusedinstead.

Maamenetelmät

Maailman eri maiden väestöt ovat erilaisia, ja tilastolliset menetelmät ovat todella outoja.

SingaporedistributesquestionnairesontheInternettoobtainpopulationnumbersfromfeedback.MauritaniausestheGlobalPositioningSystemtogivepointstothenomadsscatteredinthedesert.Ireland,fearingthatthefoot-and-mouthdiseasewouldaffectthepopulation,simplypostponedtheplannednationalcensus.

TheUnitedNations1995-2005globaldemographiccampaignisunderway.Fromthe7thtothe10thofthismonth,statisticiansfrom55countries,whichaccountforthree-quartersoftheworld’spopulation,gatheredinNewYorktoparticipateinaforumoncensusmethods.Inordertocooperatewiththisforum,theUnitedNationsconductedasurveyonthewaysinwhichthepopulationiscountedinvariouscountries.Thesurveyshowsthatdevelopingcountriesareincreasinglyusinghigh-techmethodsindemographicwork.

Inthe2000Brazilcensus,handheldcomputersandmobilephonesprovidedstatisticianswithreal-timedata.EvenpeopleontheAmazonRivercanregister.ThecensusofficerAliciaBerkovicsaidproudly,"Wecanfindproblemsintimeandimprovethemimmediately."

InIndia,withapopulationof100million,600,000ruralpeoplehavelearnedaboutthesignificanceofthecensusthroughtelevisionprograms.InMarch,afterthreeweeksofdataanalysisandprocessing,thecomputerobtainedthepopulationofthecountry.TheIndianCensusCommissionerBanteaisstillnotsatisfied.HesaidthatthecomputerinNewYorkcompletedtheentireprocessinonly10minutes.

Turkeyreliesonthearmytosetuproadblocksonthestreetstoensurethateveryoneiscounted.Andsomecountrieshavetoadoptencouragement.Forexample,inKyrgyzstan,peoplewhoparticipateinthecensuscandrawalottery,andthegrandprizeisafreeapartment.

Ofcourse,thedemographicsofmostcountriesaresupportedbythepeople.HassanAbribud,directorofthePalestinianBureauofStatistics,saidthatwhenPalestineconducteditsfirstcensusin1997,thepeopleofthewholecountrywereproudofbeingabletoparticipateinthesurvey.InGaza,only18peopledidnotparticipateintheinvestigation.

However,politicssometimesaffectsdemographics.TheUNpopulationexpertsaidthatbecauseSyriaisstationedinLebanon,DamascusisreluctanttoreleasethenumberofpeopleworkingandlivinginLebanon.

This article is from the network, does not represent the position of this station. Please indicate the origin of reprint
TOP