Countryname
LiuXiuistheninthgrandsonofthegreatancestorLiuBangoftheHanDynasty.HeisadescendantoftheHanfamily.Theeast,soitiscalledtheEasternHanDynasty.TheWesternHanDynastywasalsocalledtheLaterHanDynastyaftertheformerEasternHanDynasty.
History
TheLastNewChaos
AttheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,socialcontradictionsintensifiedunprecedentedly.AfterWangMangestablishedthenewdynastyintheHanDynasty,hesuccessivelypromulgatedaseriesofnewpoliciessuchas"WangTianOrder"and"PrivateOrder"inanefforttoalleviatetheincreasinglyintensifiedsocialcontradictions.However,WangMang'srestructuringtouchedthevestedinterestsofthetycoonsandmanyupper-levelbureaucrats,andwasmetwithfierceoppositionandrejection,coupledwiththeidealizationofreformandtheblindworshipofancienttimes.Intheend,itbackfiredandintensifiedsocialconflicts.Inaddition,floodsanddroughtscontinuedtooccurinthelastyearsoftheNewDynasty,andfinallytheGreenForestandChimeiUprisingbrokeoutduringtheXinmangtianfengReign.Allofasudden,theQuartetrespondedandtheworldwasinchaos.Finally,thistop-downself-helpreformbythefeudalrulingclassendedinfailure.
LiuXiuistheninthgrandsonofLiuBang,theemperoroftheHanDynasty.HisfatherLiuQinwasthemagistrateofJiyangCounty(nowLankao,Henan)andNandunCounty.AftertheChimeiandLvlinuprisingsbrokeout,inthethird(22years)ofthenewdynasty,LiuXiuandhiseldestbrotherLiuYanweiresumedtheruleoftheLiusurname.".InWangMang’sfouryears(23years),LiuXiudestroyedtheXinMangarmyinonefellswoopintheBattleofKunyang,markingtheexhaustionofthemilitarypowerthatXinMangreliedontomaintainhisrule.Inthesameyear,theLvlinArmybrokethroughXuchang,WangMangdiedatthehandsoftherebels,andwascompletelydestroyed.AfterthefirstemperorLiuXuanbecamethecapitalofLuoyang,LiuXiuwassenttoFuzhouCounty,HebeiProvince.NaipaoWanglang,thepowerfullandlordofHebeiledhisclan,guests,andchildrentojoinhimsuccessively,whichmadehimafirmfootholdinHebei.
Sincethen,LiuXiurefusedtolistentotheorderofthechangeoftheregime.Intheautumnofthesameyear,thepeasantuprisingarmyofTongmaandotherministrieswasforcedtolandandmergedinandgraduallybecameindependent.Soon,therewasacompletebreakwiththereformedregime.
EasternHanDynastian perustaminen
Ensimmäisetkolme vuotta(25 vuotta)Punaisen silmän armeija otti kesäkuussa käyttöön LiuPenzin, Han-dynastian jälkeläisen, keisariksi ja tunnettiin 2.päivän.2.päivän. puuski 5,25),LiuXiuzaihuan( nowBaixiangCounty,HebeiProvince)Nanqianqiuting50%(nytHebeiWulipu)nousi valtaistuimelleja julistautui keisariksi,maannimi on edelleen "Han",historiatunnetaanKeisariGuangwuoftheHanShizu,muuttuiYuanvuonnaisenaikana. pperHorse.
AfterLiuXiusetupthecapitalofLuoyang,hesetNanyangashisaccompanyingcapitalandbegantheEasternHanUnificationWar.HesuccessivelyeliminatedtheRedEyebrowArmy,whichwasentrenchedinGuanzhongandclaimedtobeamillion,andseizedtherulerofLongyouandthekingofWeixiaoandPanzhixi.Therearedozensofseparatistforces,suchasGongsunShuofShu.Afterelevenyearsofconquests,LiuXiufinallywipedoutthelastseparatistforcetobecomeafamilyemperorSunshuin36AD.Sincethen,afternearly19yearsofdisputesandmeleeinthelastyearsofXinMang,Chinahasonceagainbeenunified.
GuangwuZhongxing
Keskittämisen vahvistaminen
LiuXiuzhiLänsi-HanDynastiassa oli historiallisia oppitunteja, kuten vaihtoehtoisten ministerien, ulkomaansukulaisten ja paikallisten vallanpitäjien hallinto. Ensinnäkin he työskentelivät virkamiestenhallituksen vahvistamiseksi, valtakuntien vahvistamiseksi ja keskuksen vahvistamiseksi. Vaikka sankareita nimitetään prinsseiksi ja anteliaat kunnianosoitukset myönnetään, heitä on kielletty puuttumasta poliittisiin asioihin. Prinssien ja sukulaisten vallalla on todellisia rajoituksia.
LiuXiutook"Judotogovernthecountry"asthemainconcept,andretiredfromheroesandliteraryofficials,sothatmostofthefoundinggeneralsenjoyedpreferentialtreatmentasLiehoureturnedtotheirhometownsanddidnotparticipateinpolitics.Atthattime,DengYu,LiTong,andJiaFuweretheonlyoneswhowereabletoparticipateinmajorpoliticalaffairs.ThesepeoplearealsowellawareofLiuXiu'sthoughts,"andbludgeon(eliminate)Jiabing,anddenyConfucianism"toavoidsuspicion.LiuXiuismorewaryofministers.AtthetimeofJianwu,thegreatSitupeoplesufferedmanyblows.Forexample,FuZhandismissedhisofficeduetoaccidents,HanXinwasforcedtocommitsuicidebecausehehadjuststeppedawayfromoffice,OuyangSheandDaiShewerebothimprisonedanddiedbecauseoftheircrimes.Responsible".
ThereasonwhyLiuXiudoesthisistoimprovetheautocraticimperialpower.LiuXiuhasstrictercontrolovertheclankingsandrelatives.(48years)inthetwenty-fourthyearofJianwu,LiuXiureiteratedthelawoftheAfuvassalintheWesternHanDynasty,prohibitingthekingsfromcommunicatingwithguestsandformingpartiesforprivateinterests.In52AD,hesearchedforprincesandguests,"thousandsofpeoplesittingdead".AfterEmperorHanMingcametothethrone,hecontinuedtoreinvigoratelargeprisons,andtheaffiliationwasextremelywide.
Virallisen järjestelmän uudistaminen
Hallintojärjestelmässä LiuXiu tukahduttikolmea valtakuntaaShangshutain kautta koko maan hallitusasioista ja lopulta keisarin. Toisaalta se vahvistivalvontajärjestelmää,pehmeäpehmeäpehmeämyötäparantaakseen g,SiLiXiaowei jaAssassinsMinistry.Lisäksi yli 400 maakuntaa muodostui eri puolille maata, mikä vähensi virkamiesten lukumäärän kymmenesosalla.
Talouden kehittäminen
Maailman levottomuuden jälkeen LiuXiu pitää suurta merkitystä tuotannon ja ihmisten elämän ja kehityksen palauttamiselle, alkoi keskittyä tuotannon kehittämiseen,ihmisten toimeentulon parantamiseen jakansallisen vahvuuden palauttamiseen. rappeutunut yhteiskuntatalous.Jianwun kuudentena vuotena vanha 31 verojärjestelmä palautettiin. Varhaisitä-HanDynastian taakka oli vähäisempää kuinmyöhässä Länsi-HanDynastiassa ja sodan aikana. orjien määrä vapautettiin orjuudesta,japakolaiset palautettiin maahan tuotannon edistämiseksi. Hänen hallituskautensa aikana sodan tuhoama tuotanto ja elämä palautuivat nopeasti, ja väestö ja viljelypeltojen määrä kasvoivat huomattavasti .Sitä kutsuttiin"GuangwuZhongxing"historiaksi.
InthesecondyearofJianwu(26years),EmperorGuangwuorderedtherectificationofofficials,andsetupsixShangshupeopletobeinchargeofnationalaffairs,furtherweakeningthepowerofthethreegongs(Taiwei,Situ,Sikong);Atthesametime,wewillchecktheland,setnewtaxes,revitalizeagriculture,andgraduallystabilizepeople'slives.AftertheEasternHanDynasty"GuangwuZhongxing",thesocialeconomyhasrecoveredtoacertainextent,theculturehasfurtherdeveloped,theTaixueisabundant,andtheacademicatmosphereisstrong.DuringtheEasternHandynasty,farmersinvariousregionswhocontrolledalargeamountoflandandfarming,establishedlargefarms,developedaself-sufficientfarmeconomy,andevenpossessedprivatearmedforces,allofwhichbecamesocialinstabilityfactors.
MingZhangin sääntö
Kun KeisariGuangwudied,Keisari nousi valtaistuimelle.Käyttäkää DouGuandGengBing valloittamaan NorthernHunsit.Hanarmy saapuiTianshanvuorille,hyökkäsiKingYanin,PechShaun ja joutuiKingYanin,PhotHunsin tasolle. (nytXinjiangBarkunLake)andoccupiedYiwu .Siksi kaikki läntisten alueiden maat kutsuvat lapsiapalvelemaan,ja toisena vuonnane palautettiin Länsialueiden suojelukseen, joten"länsialueet ovat olleet sukupuuttoon kuusikymmentäviisi vuotta,jaonpalautettu ainakaikinaqvv. Länsialueet,HanDynastian keisariZhang ei halunnut hylätä suojelijaa, koska Länsialueet erotettiin Kiinasta.
InthetwelfthyearofYongping(69years),itwaslocatedintheAilaocountryinthenorthernpartofYunnanandMyanmar.ThecountrywasattachedtotheEasternHanDynasty,andEmperorHanMingestablishedYongchangCountyinitsplace.ThelandofAilaostartsfromtheAilaoMountainintheeast,totheNorthMinjinMountaininMyanmarinthewest,tothesouthernborderofXishuangbannainthesouth,andtothesouthernfootoftheHimalayasinthenorth.TheAilaoareainitiallyestablishedthescopeofChina'sruleofYunnan.
Inaddition,withthenormaldevelopmentofforeignexchanges,BuddhismbegantospreadintoChinaattheendoftheWesternHanDynasty.EmperorMingheardthatthereweregodsintheWesternRegions,whosenamewasBuddha,sohesentenvoystoTianzhutoobtainhisbooksandShamen.,AndestablishedChina'sfirstBuddhisttemple,theWhiteHorseTemple,inLuoyang.IntheMingemperor'sworld,theofficialgovernancewasrelativelyclearandclear,andtheterritorywasstable.Hehasrepeatedlyissuededictstorecruitandcarefortherefugees,grantingthepoorpeoplewiththecountypublicland,loaningtogrowfood,andbuildingwaterconservancyprojects.Historicalrecordsrecordthatthepeoplesettledtheirbusinessesatthattime,andthehouseholdregistrationwasbreeding.InthelastyearsofEmperorGuangwu,theregisteredpopulationofthewholecountrywasmorethan21million,andbytheendofEmperorHanZhang,thepopulationhadreachedmorethan43million.
DuringthereignofthetwoemperorsofMingzhang,hefollowedLiuXiu’slegacyrulesandstrictlyguardedagainstforeignministers;herepeatedlyissuededictstorecruitandcarefortherefugees,rescuedwidows,widows,lonelinessandpoorpeopleninetimesbeforeandafter;repairedtheBianCanalandeliminatedtheWesternHanDynastySincethePingEmperor,HeBianhasbeendecisive;hemanagedtheWesternRegions,thenbroketherightarmoftheXiongnu,andrestoredtheWesternRegionsDuhuMansionandWujiCaptain.Thehistorycontains"Theworldispeaceful,thepeoplearewealthy",anditiscalled"MingZhangZhizhi".
ControversybetweenQiandHuan
TheappointmentofforeignrelativeswasthefirstintheHanZhangdiperiod.AfterthedeathofEmperorHanZhang,HanheEmperorLiuZhaosucceededtothethroneattheageoften,andEmpressDowagerDoucametothecourt.TheQueenMotherDoureliedonherrelatives,andtheDouclanbegantodominatepower.InthefourthyearofYongyuan,theEmperorHanandtheeunuchswipedouttheDouclan.Heneverneglectedpoliticalaffairsafterhetookoffice.Therefore,hewasknownas"workandhumilityhavetheend."Donotviolatethepeasantperiod,recruitthewisemen,alsoadvocatelenientpunishmentinthelegalsystem,surrendertheHunsinmilitaryanddiplomacy,andappointedBanChaotopacifythecountriesoftheWesternRegions,whichledtothepeakoftheEasternHanDynasty'snationalpower./b>".ThenumberoflandreclamationinthefirstyearofYuanxing(105years)reached7.32millionhectares,withapopulationof53.25million.
AfterthedeathofEmperorHanHe,EmperorHanShangsucceededtothethrone,andthepowerwascontrolledbytheDengfamilyrepresentedbyEmpressDowagerDeng’selderbrotherDengYan.EmperorShangdiedinAugustinthefirstyearofYanping(106).TheDengfamilysupportedEmperorHan'antosucceedtothethrone.AfterthedeathofQueenMotherDeng,EmperorHan'antookchargeandwipedouttheDengfamily,butfailedtopreventotherrelativesfromdictatingpower.
AfterEmperorHan'andied,LiuYisupportedtheYanfamilyanddiedofillnessmorethantwohundreddaysafterhetookthethrone.Soonafter,theYanclanwaswipedoutbytheeunuch.TheeunuchsupportedtheHanShunEmperor,andtheHanShunEmperorcontinuedtolethisrelativesgofree.Asaresult,theLiang'sQiclanhadmorethan20yearsofexclusivepower.LiangJievenreachedthepeakofthepowerofhisrelatives,andtheEmperorChongoftheHanDynastyandtheEmperoroftheHanZhiwerefirmlycontrolledbyhim.EmperorZhidioftheHanDynastywaspoisonedbecauseofTongyanWuji,andEmperorHuanoftheHanDynastyascendedthethrone.
In159AD,EmperorHuanofHanandeunuchstogetherpunishedtheLiangfamily.EmperorHanHuanappointedthethirteeneunuchswhohadconspiredwithhimasmarquises,andhewaseunuchsinpolitics.Eunuchsweremorecorruptthantheirrelatives,causingdissatisfactionamongscholar-officials,whojoinedforceswiththeirforeignrelativestofightagainsttheeunuchs.Thefiercestrugglebetweenthetwosideseventuallyledtotwopartyslams,andallhonestscholar-officialswereexcludedfromthecourt.Sincethen,theEasternHanDynastyhasbeenindeclineandisonthevergeofextinction.AfterHanLingdisucceededtothethrone,hetrustedtheeunuchmorethanHanHuan.TheEmperorofHanLingappointedthecourttotheeunuch,whichmadethepoliticalsituationworse.AftertheoutbreakoftheYellowTurbanUprising,theparty'sshackleswerelifted.
GoingtoDemise
In184AD,theYellowTurbanUprisingbrokeout,andthedecadentcourtwasunabletoquelltherebellion.UndertheimpactoftheYellowTurbanArmy,theprecariousEasternHanDynastydecidedtodrinkpoisontoquenchthirstandorderedthecountiestorecruittheirowntroops.AlthoughthedefensesuccessfullysuppressedtheYellowTurbanUprising,itmadethelocalprefecturesandcountyofficialssupporttheirsoldiers.In188AD,LiuYansaidthattheQuartetwastroublesome.Thereasonwasthatthegovernor'spowerwaslight,sohechangedpartofthegovernortothestatepastoralist,makingthegovernorbecomethechiefofficialofastate'smilitaryandgovernmentandthesuperioroftheprefect..Theestablishmentofstateanimalhusbandryandthepromotionofstategovernor'spowerplantedthebaneofthewarlord'sseparatistruleinthelateEasternHanDynasty.
In189AD,theEmperorofHanLingdiedandLiuBian,theEmperoroftheHanDynasty,ascendedthethrone.HisrelativeHeJinguanworshipedthegeneralandcontrolledthecourt,aimingtoeradicatethepowerofeunuchs,buttheQueenMotherobjected,andthescholar-officialleaderYuanShaoputforwardaproposaltoletDongZhuooftheNorthwestArmyenterthecapital,forcingtheQueenMothertoagree.HeJinagreedtoYuanShao'ssuggestion.However,whenthingsleaked,theeunuchactedfirstandkilledHeJin.Uponhearingthenews,YuanShao,whowasintheXiyuanArmyatthetime,immediatelyledhisarmyintothepalaceandmassacredtheeunuchs.TheeunuchZhangRanghijackedtheHanShaodiandescaped,chasingsoldiers,andZhangRangcommittedsuicide.WhenDongZhuoledhisarmytoLuoyang,thepoweroftheforeignrelativesandtheeunuchwereallgone,leadingDongZhuotocontrolthecentralgovernment.
Inordertoestablishprestige,DongZhuoabolishedtheEmperoroftheHanDynastyandmadetheEmperorLiuXie,thekingofChenliu,theEmperorofHanDynasty.In190,theEmperorofHanDynastyandEmpressDowagerHewerekilledbyDongZhuo.DongZhuomovedthecapitaltoChang'anwithEmperorXian.DongZhuo'sperverseactionsarouseddissatisfactionamonglocalprincesintheCentralPlains.TheyraisedtroopsinthenameofChasingDongandelectedYuanShaoastheirleader,formingtheKwantungAlliedForcestodefeatDongZhuo.However,theKwantungArmy’sinternalconflictsandthebreakupoftheAlliedforcesendedinfailure.InthefirstyearofChuping(190years),therebellionofDongZhuobrokeoutagain,andthepoweroftheimperialcourtcametoanend,whichopenedthepreludetothewarlords'meleeattheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.Atthesametime,localwarlordsfromalloverthecountryhaveattackedeachothertoincreasetheirownstrength,andtheprestigeofthecentralgovernmenthasdisappeared.
In192AD,MinisterWangYuninstigatedDongZhuo'sgeneral,LuBu,tocooperateinthemurderofDongZhuo,orderanamnesty,andDongZhuo'srebellionended.ButsoonaftertheDongZhuoshogunate'sgeneralsLiYuandGuoBangcameback,WangYunwaskilled,andtheEasternHancourtonceagainlostcontrol.In195AD,therewasaninternalfightbetweenLiYuandGuoBang.HanXianEmperorLiuXieandhisgroupofofficialsfledtoLuoyang,butHanXianEmperorfellintoanembarrassingsituation.InthefirstyearofJian'an(196),CaoCaohijackedEmperorXianoftheHanDynastytomovehiscapitaltoXuchang,afterwhichCaoCaograduallytookcontroloftheimperialpower.In220years,CaoPiusurpedtheHanDynastyandestablishedLuoyangasthecapital.Hechangedthecountry'snameto"Wei",whichwascalled"CaoWei"inhistory.AftertheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,ChinesehistoryenteredtheThreeKingdomsperiod.
Alue
Alue jaAlue
Yksityiskohtainen kartta Itä-HanDynastian hallintoosastosta (17 kuvaa)
WestHandynastyemperorzhaodishiyuan5intheyear (82Yearsago) zhenfancountyandlintincountyweremergedInTolelangCountyandxuanTuCountyTothesixthyearofemperorguangwu'sjianwu (30years) bandonmentofzhuyacountyanddan'ercountyinthethirdyearofyuandynasty (46bc) byemperorhanandyuan.xianglincountyofnichinancountyinjiazhouwassepartedbylinyiinthesecondyearofemperoryongheftheHandynasty (137years). Ianwu, (48 vuotta)eteläisetXiongnuu liitettiin ja sijoitettiinHetaoon.Jianwun kahdeskymmeneskuudesvuotena(50 vuotta)XiongnuZhonglang perustettiin.Varjelee eteläistäHuns-laskua.95vv. )Wuhuan johti alamaisiaanja muutti maahan pohjoisten kreivikuvien pohjoiseen.Wuhuan koulukapteeni sijoitettiinWuhuan ja Xianbein valvonnan alaisiksi.HanMing-dynastian keisarikunnan 12. vuosi< i>(69 vuotta)liitettyAilaoon,joka sijaitsiYongchangin läänissä,ja lounaaseen laajennettiin Dayingjiangarea.Han-dynastian keisariYongyuan kuudentenavuotena(94)länsilänsirajat re.- < li>
Hallinnolliset jaostot
LiXiaowei-osasto | > Luoyang | Koillisluoyang, Henan | Keski-Shaanxi, Länsi- ja Pohjois-Henan ja Lounais-Shanxi | JingZhaoYin(12Counties)ZuoFengyi(13)YouFufeng(15) HongnongCounty(9)HanoiCounty(18)HenanCounty(21)HadongCounty(20) | ||||
| > Jizhou | > HanCounty | NorthofBaixiangCounty, Hebei | Keskimaa etelä-Hebei | WeiCounty(15)JuluCounty(15)BohaiCounty(8)ChangshanCountry(13) ZhongshanCountry(13)AnpingCountry(13)HejianCountry(11)QingheCountry(11)ZhaoCountry(5) | ||||
| > Youzhou | > Jixian | > Peking | Pohjois-Hebei, MostofLiaoning,Korean niemimaan pohjoisosa | ZhuoCounty(7)DaiCounty(11)ShangguYin(8)YuyangCounty(9)YoubeipingCounty(4) LiaoxiCounty(5)LiaodongCounty(11)XuantuCounty(6)LelangCounty(18)GuangyangCounty(5)LiaodongCounty(6) | ||||
| > Bingzhou | Jinyang | LounaisTaiyuan,Shanxi p> | Keski-Shanxi,Shanxin pohjoisosa,Shaanxi,Ningxia jaMongolian ensimmäinen osa | TaiyuanCounty(16)ShangdangCounty(13)XiheCounty(13)WuyuanCounty(10)YunzhongCounty(11)DingxiangCounty(5)YanmenCounty(14)ShuofangCounty(6)ShangCounty(10) | ||||
| > Liangzhou | > GuZang | WuweiCity, Gansu | GansuandmostofNingxia | LongxiCounty(11)HanyangCounty(13)WuduCounty(7)JinchengCounty(10)AndingCounty(8)BeidiCounty(6)WuweiCounty(14)ZhangyeCounty(8)JiuquanCounty(9)DunhuangCounty(6)ZhangyeCountry(5)JuyanCountry(1) | ||||
| > Yizhou | > LuoCounty | SichuanGuanghan | Sichuan ja suurin osa Yunnanista, osa Guangdongia ja Shaanxia | HanzhongCounty(9)BaCounty(14)GuanghanCounty(11)ShuCounty(11)QianweiCounty(9)ZhangdaoCounty(16)YuexianCounty(14)YizhouCounty(17)YongchangCounty(8)GuanghanCounty(3)QianweiCounty(2) | ||||
| > Cochin | Pitkä muokkaus p> | Itä-Hanoi,Vietnam | Guangdong, etelä-Guangxija muut alueet | NamhaeCounty(7)UlimCounty(11)CangwuCounty(11)Jiaozhi County(12)HepuCounty(5)Jiuzhen County(5)Nichinan County(5) | ||||
| > Jingzhou | Hanshou | ChangdeCityn koillisosa, Hunan td> | Hubei, Hunan ja osa Shaanxista, Henan, Guizhou ja Guangdong | NanyangCounty(37)SouthCounty(17)JiangxiaCounty(14)LinglingCounty(13)WulingCounty(12)GuiyangCounty(11)ChangshaCounty(13) | ||||
| > Yangzhou | Liyang,Shouchun,Hefei | HeCountyofAnhui,ShouCountyofAnhui,HefeiofAnhuin luoteis | ThreeprovincesofJiangxi,Fujian,ZhejiangandJiangsuandsouthernAnhui | JiujiangCounty(14)DanyangCounty(16)YuzhangCounty(21)WuCounty(13)KuaijiCounty(14)LujiangCounty(14) | ||||
| > Yuzhou | > Qiaoxian | > BoCounty, Anhui | Itä-Henan, Länsi-Anhui | YingchuanCounty(17)RunanCounty(37)LiangGuo(8)Peiguo(21)ChenGuo(9)LuGuo(6) | ||||
| > Xuzhou | Tanxian | ShandongTancheng | NorthernJiangsu,SoutheasternShandong | DonghaiCounty(13)GuanglingCounty(11)LangyeCountry(13)PengchengCountry(8)XiapiCountry(17) | ||||
| > Qingzhou | > Linzi | ZiboCity, Shandong | NorthernShandong | PingyuanCounty(9)DonglaiCounty(13)JinanCountry(10)LeAnguo(9))BeihaiCountry(18)QiCountry(6) | ||||
| > Yanzhou | > Changyi | Jinxiangin luoteisosa, Shandong | Southwestern Mountain, Northeastern Henan | ChenliuCounty(17)ChenCounty(15)TaishanCounty(12)SanyangCounty(10)JiyinCounty(11)DongpingKingdom(7)RenchengKingdom(3)JibeiKingdom(5)/p> | > Tagan, Liuzhong | XinheCounty,ShanshanCounty,Xinjiangalueen sisällä | SameasWesternHan |
Politiikka
Keskusjärjestelmä
Itä-Han-dynastian keskushallitus seurasiWesternHan-dynastian virallista järjestelmää. Itä-HanDynastian keisari nousi valtaistuimelle ja käytti usein Taifun tai Taiwein levykirjoja ja yleisiä asioita .EasternHanDynastylla ei ollut pääministeriä(InthelateEasternHanDynastia,CaoCaon nimitys pääministeriksi oli erikoistapaus),kuvernööristä tuli ensimmäisen tason paikallinen kuvernööri ja Shaofun virkamies.Shizhong siirrettiin Länsi-HanDynastyn virallisista viroista muodolliseen asemaan, ja ShizhongTemple siirrettiinShaofun alaisuudessa olevaan Shizhongin viralliseen toimistoon.
DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynastyTaishi,Taifu,andTaibaoasShangGong,theEasternHanDynastyonlyregardsTaiFuasShangGong,andthereisnoTaiFuandTaiBao.AttheendofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,CaoCaomovedhiscapitaltoXuchangandbecamehisprefect.Thisisdonebyapowerfulministerwithoutauthorization,anditwillbeabolishedafterdeath.Accordingtotherecordsof"HanOfficials",theofficialsbelongedtotheTaiFu:onepersoninChangshi,onerankinonethousandstones,twenty-fourpersonsinthefamilyofLingshiand22personsineachoftheimperialfamily.ChangShiisthechiefofthestaffoftheTaifu'sHouse,ZhangZhang,andconsultant.Thesubordinatesarerelativelyhigh-levelsubordinates,whoareassignedtohandleaffairs.LingshiandYufuwererelativelylow-levelofficials,handlingclericalmatterssuchasdocuments,cartsandhorses.
TheEasternHanDynastyestablishedapoliticalsystemmoresuitableforitselfonthebasisoffollowingtheWesternHansystem.ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thebiggestfeatureoftheEasternHanDynastyofficialsystemis:"AlthoughtheSanGong,everythinggoesbacktotheTaiwanPavilion",therightsoftheSanGongwereweakened.Instead,therightsofthe"ShangShutai"andtheLiuCaoinstitutionsweregreatlystrengthened.Thisiswhathappenedlater.Theembryonicformofthe"ThreeProvincesandSixDepartmentsSystem".
LiuXiuhasimplementedaseriesofmeasurestostrengthenfeudalcentralization.TheofficialsoftheCentralGovernmentoftheEasternHanDynastyaredividedintothreesystems:provincialofficials,palaceofficials,andforeignofficials.Thedistinctionbetweeninternalofficialsandforeigndynastieshasexistedinancienttimes,andinthepalace,theemperor’sdailylivingareaiscalledShengzhong(alsoknownas"forbiddencentral"),sothereisadistinctionbetweenpalaceofficialsandprovincialofficialsamongtheofficialsoftheinnerpalace.Theeunuchsweretheeunuchswhoservedandtookcareoftheemperor'sdailylife.TheeunuchsintheprovincewereallunderthejurisdictionofHuangmenling.Eunuchsarealsoresponsiblefortheguardingworkintheprovince.
LiuXiu nousi valtaistuimelle ja sijoittui DaSitu, DaSikong ja DaSima.
DaSitu,inchargeofpeople'seducation,inchargeofetiquette,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSikong,andplaysthetitleafterthedecisionismade.
DaSikong,responsibleforwaterconservancyprojects,urbandefenseconstruction,palaceconstruction,etc.,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSitu,andwillplaythetitleafterthedecisionismade.
DaSimaisresponsiblefortheassessmentofofficersacrossthecountry.Attheendofeachyear,theemperorisevaluatedandplayedasthebasisforthepromotionanddemotionofofficers.
IntheEasternHanDynasty,duetotheemphasisonclassics,theTaifuwastheheadofthecourtofficials.TheTaiFuusedthistoinstillhispoliticalideasintothePrince.Afterthecrownprinceascendedthethrone,heoftenusedtheTaiFutorecordbookaffairsandbecamethedefactoprimeminister.Historically,ZhaoXi,DengBiao,ZhangYu,FengShi,FengBiao,HuanYan,andZhaoJunallusedTaiFutorecordbooks.ThedeathoftheTaiFumeansthattheofficialisremoved(nolongerappointed)toshowrespect.AtthetimeoftheHanLingEmperor,ChenFanwasusedastheTaiFutorecordthebookaffairs.Later,ChenFanwasexecutedandHuGuangsucceededhim.Thisistheonlyexception.
SanGong
SanGongreferstoTaiwei,Situ,andSikong,thehighestgrade,andthenominaldutyistocoachtheemperortopresideovernationalgovernmentaffairs;abovetheSanGongthereistheTaifu,whoisresponsibleforcoachingtheemperor,Butnotstanding.TheactualgovernmentaffairsintheEasternHanDynastybelongedtoShangshutai.Therefore,ifSangongandTaifudidnothavethetitleof"RecordingShangshushi",theywerevacantpostswithoutrealpower.Thethreeofficialshavealonghistory,andtwoorthirtyeach.Amongthem,ChangShiisthemaindeputyoftheSanGong,andYuandYuaretheheadsofthedepartmentsinchargeofspecificaffairs(Yuistheprincipalandthedeputyisthedeputy).ExceptfortheappointmentofChangShibythecourt,theotherofficialsarehiredbytheSanGong.
AccordingtothesystemoftheEasternHanDynastywiththreemalesleadingtheJiuqing,TaiweiledthethreeQings,Taichang,Weiwei,andGuangluxun.TheofficialsinTaiwei'sMansionconsistedofonepersoninChangshi,whowasinchargeoftheaffairsofeachCao.Thereare24peopleineachCaoYue,history,andgenus.AmongtheCaoCao,XiCaoisresponsiblefortheappointmentandremovalofofficialsinTaiwei'sMansion;DongCaoisresponsibleforthetransferoftwothousandstones;HuCaoisresponsibleforhouseholdregistration,sacrifices,andagriculturalmulberry;ZouCaoisresponsibleformemorializing;ResigningCaoisresponsibleforhearingcasesandacceptingappeals;FaCaoisresponsibleforstationaffairs;WeiCaoisresponsiblefortherecruitmentandtransportationofsoldiersandprisoners;ThievesCaoisresponsibleforarrestingthieves;DecisionCaoisresponsibleforadjudicatingcriminallaw;SoldierCaoisresponsibleformilitaryaffairs;JinCaoisresponsibleforcurrencyandsaltandironaffairs;CangCaoisresponsiblefornationalwarehouseaffairs.Inaddition,thereisHuangGe,themainbook,thechiefofyourofficials.Inaddition,therearetwenty-threemembersofLingshiandtheimperialfamily.YourExcellencyorderedShitobeinchargeofTaiwei'shonorarydeacon;JishishiwasresponsibleforthemanagementofvariousdocumentssuchasthememorialsoftheTaiwei'smansion;MenlingshiwasinchargeoftheguardoftheTaiwei'smansion.OtherLingshiwassubordinatetoZhuCaoandhandledclericalaffairs.JudgingfromtheestablishmentandresponsibilitiesofthecadresintheTaiwei’sMansionintheEasternHanDynasty,theTaiwei’sjurisdictionseemstobeverybroad,buttheyareallnominal.Thereisnorighttocommunicatewitheachother,andtheTaiweihasnoactualpowertocontroltheaffairsofthegovernment.
Jiuqing
JiuqingisTaichang,Guangluxun,Weiwei,Taipu,Tingwei,Dahongxun,Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofu.Theirrespectivegovernmentaffairsare:TaichangzhangCeremony,GuangluxunandWeiweiinchargeofthepalaceandprovinceguards,Taipuinchargeoftheemperor'scarriagesandhorses,courtofficialsinchargeofjustice,Dahongxuninchargeofreceivingprincesandafewclan,andZongzhenginchargeoftheroyalfamily.Foraffairs,thechieffarmerisinchargeofthecountry'sfiscalrevenuesandexpenditures,andthelessermansionisinchargeoftheemperor'scostumes.ThechiefoftheofficialsoftheJiuqingistheQing,andthedeputyisCheng;eachofthemisdividedintoofficialstomanagespecificaffairs,generallywithLingastheprincipalandChengasthedeputy.
DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynasty,JiuqingoftheEasternHanDynastywassubordinatetoSanGong.Taichang,Guangluxun,andWeiweibelongtoTaiwei;Taipu,Tingwei,andDahongxuanbelongtoSitu;Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofubelongtoSikong.ThenineQingsoftheEasternHanDynastyalladdedtheword"Qing"totheofficialtitle,suchasTaichangqing,etc.,withtwothousandstonesintherank.Inaddition,therearesomedifferencesbetweentheEasternHanJiuqingandtheWesternHanDynasty:1.GuangluxunisinadditiontotheWesternHan'sfive-feelingZhongLangJiang,ZuoZhongLangJiang,RightZhongLangJiang,TigerBenZhongLangJiang,andHabayashiZhongLangJiang.,TheadditionofEastZhongLangJiang,BeiZhongLangJiang,XiZhongLangJiangandNanZhongLangJiang.2.ShaofuShangshuwasrenamedShangshutai,fromtheWesternHanDynastyChangShiCao,TwoThousandStoneCao,MinCao,andHostandGuestCaotoSixCao:ChangShiCaowaschangedtoofficialCao,andthreemaleCaoCaowereadded,andthehostandguestCaoweredividedintosouthernhostandguest.CaoandthenorthhostandguestCao.Shangshutaiaddedtwopeopleontheleftandright,sixforeachofCaoShilang,threeforeachofLingshiandthreeforCao,andthreeforeachofCaoZengling,whohadcomplicatedaffairs.TheShangshutaiorganizationismuchmoreimportantandlargerthantheWesternHanShangshu.
ForeignofficialsatthesamelevelasJiuqing(alsoknownas"LieQing")alsohaveJinWu,JiangZemin,andDaChangqiu.Amongthem,JinWuisresponsibleforpublicsecurityoutsidethepalaceandinsidethecapital.Thecitygateisalsoguardedbyalieutenantatthegate;themasterwillberesponsibleforcivilengineeringworkssuchastheancestraltemplehallandpalacecemetery.HisdeputyisCheng,andthesubordinatedepartmentsarealsoresponsibleforWithLingastheprincipalpositionandChengasthedeputyposition;DaChangqiuisinchargeofthequeen'saffairs,whichissimilarinnaturetotheyoungmansioninthecourt,andisassumedbytheeunuch.
Afterthecrownheirtothethronewasformallyestablished,therewasanDongguanPalacespeciallyaffiliatedtothecrownprince.Theestablishmentofofficialsisgenerallysimilartothatofthegovernment,buttheclassificationisnotasdetailedasthelatter.TheofficialpositionsoftheEastPalacearecrowned"Prince",suchasthePrinceTaifu,PrinceShaofu,andPrinceFamilyOrder.
Shangshutai
Shangshutaiistheemperor’ssecretarialagency,anditsofficialofficesarelocatedinthepalaceandoutsidetheforbiddenprovince.Mainlyinchargearethemanagementofchaptersandmemorials,draftingedicts,butinfact,ShangShutaiisinchargeofgovernmentaffairsonbehalfofthemonarch,withgreatpower.Shangshutaihasonechief(order)andonedeputychief(servant),andtherearesixpeopledividedintoeighteenunderShangshutai.TheofficialswhocommunicatedbetweenShangShutaiandtheemperorincludedShiZhong,ZhongChangShi,HuangMenShiLangandsoon.Amongthem,theservantswerefilledbyscholars;theservantsofZhongchangandHuangmenwereassumedbyeunuchs.Attendantsentertheforbiddenprovinceonlyifthereissomethingtodo.AttorneysinZhongchangandAttorneysfromHuangmenliveintheprovincedaily.Therefore,althoughtherankofservantsisthehighestamongthethree,andthesecondisthedegreeofintimacywiththemonarch,thedegreeofintimacywiththemonarchisbasedonZhongchang.Forthemost.TheguardworkinsidethepalaceandoutsidetheprovinceisinchargeofGuangLuxunandWeiWeiintheJiuqing.GuangLuxunisinsideandWeiWeiisoutside.Guangluxunsubordinatesfivegeneralsincludingfivegenerals,includingfivegenerals,left,right,Huben,andYulin.ThegeneralsofZhonglangincludeZhonglang,Shilang,andLang.Guangluxun’sguardforceisLangGuan,andWeiWei’sguardforceisarmedguards.Therefore,thepositionofWeiWeiinpalaceandguardaffairsisquiteimportant.
Localgovernmentsystem
ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thelocalgovernmentsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisbasicallythesameatthecountyandcountylevels,buttheimportanceandpowerofthecountyismuchlowerthanthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Attheprefecturelevel,therearefundamentaldifferences.TheprefecturesintheEasternHanDynastyhaveevolvedintoafirst-levelplace,surpassingtheprefectures.Sofar,thelocaladministrativedivisioninancientChinachangedfromasystemofprefecturesandcountiestoathree-levelsystemofprefectures,counties,andcounties,whichlasteduntil"abandonedprefectures"intheSuiDynasty.
TheEasternHanDynastydividedtheareaoutsidethecapitalofLuoyangintotwelvestates,andeachsentagovernortothepost.Inaddition,thesevencountiesofJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,YouFufeng,Hedong,Henan,Hanoi,andHongnongarethedistrictsunderthejurisdictionofSiliXiaowei,andtheyarecalledSilibu.SiLiXiaoweiisaBeijingofficial,andhisjobistomonitortheillegalactivitiesofhundredsofofficialsinBeijing.IntheEasternHanDynasty,everytimethethreeofficerswereretired,itwascausedbythecorrectionofthelieutenantsofthelieutenant.Therefore,thetitleofthelieutenantofthelieutenantwas"Xiong".Whentheemperorconvenedthecourtmeeting,XiaoweiSiLi,YuShiZhongchengandShangShulinghadseparateseats,called"ThreeAlones".TherankofthelieutenantofSiLiwastwothousandshi,andtheofficerswereengagedintheranks,falseassistants,etc.,andcommandedanarmedpoliceforcecomposedof1,200slaves.TheofficialnameofthelieutenantofSiLiwasalsoderivedfromthis.
TheprefecturesfollowedtheWesternHanDynastyandtheHanDynastyEmperor'ssystem,withoneprefectureandoneshepherdandtwothousandstoneranks.IntheeighteenthyearofJianwu(42years),thegovernor'shistorywaschangedtosixhundredstones.Inthe5thyearofEmperorZhongpingoftheHanLingEmperor(188years),hechangedthestatetoanimalhusbandryandrankedtwothousandstones.ThegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastyhasafixedstationandofficialoffice,andtheprefectsoftheprefectsoftherectificationpostdonotneedtobeverifiedbythethreepublicofficialsintheWesternHansystem,andtheycanbedirectlyremoved.Afterthestatewaschangedtopastoralism,healsoledthemilitaryandadministration,andhadahighposition.ItwasabitsimilartotheJieduShioftheTangDynasty,andthevastareaofjurisdictionwasnotcomparabletothatoftheJieduShi.SimilartotheWesternHanDynasty,thegovernoralsohadtotraveltotheprefecturetospyonthepoliticalsituationandreturntoBeijingtoreplayattheendoftheyear.However,thegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastydidnothavetogobacktoBeijinginperson,butsenthissubordinatestosubmitdocumentstotheSituMansion.
EasternHanDynastyhasatotalof105counties:27kingdoms,7countiesunderthesubordinates,and71counties.ExceptforthesevenprefecturesunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofLiability,theKingdomandtheprefecturesareequallydividedintotheprefectures.Amongthem,Yuzhouleadsthesixprefectures,Jizhounine,Yanzhoueight,Xuzhoufive,Binzhounine,Youzhoueleven,andQingzhou.Leadingsix,Jingzhouleadingseven,Yangzhouleadingsix,YizhouandLiangzhoueachleadingtwelve,andJiaozhileadingninecounties.
IntheEasternHanDynastysystem,theprinceappointedtheking,andthecountywasthestate.EachcountryhasoneFuandXiang.Fuisinchargeofthepalace,andhispositionisliketheprefectoftheHanDynasty;theministerisliketheprefectofthecounty,inchargeofgovernmentaffairs;theministerhasalonghistory,andthepositionislikethechiefofthecounty.Anotherlieutenant,witharankoftwothousandstones,wasappointedasacountycaptain,anofficerinchargeofmilitaryaffairsandarrestingthieves.
Theroyalmansionorderedoneman,Zhiqianshi,andhispositionwassimilartothatoftheHandynasty.Hewasinchargeofthedoctorandlangofthepalace;theservant,Zhiqianshi,wasresponsibleforthetraininganddrivingoftheroyalpalace’scarriagesandhorses;Thenumberofpeopleinthebook,therankofsixhundredstones,islikeShangshu;thenumberofpeoplewhoaregreeted,therankoffourhundredstones,thepositionisenvoybytheorderoftheking;therearealsothechiefofritualsandmusic,thechiefguard,thechiefmedicalengineer,thechiefYongcang,andthechiefpriestofthetemple,etc.Theranksareallfourhundredstones.
Therankoftheprefectofthecountyistwothousandshi,onlyHenanCountyislocatedbecauseofthecapital,andthegovernorcalledHenanYin,therankishigherthantheJiuqing,andtherankistwothousandshi.EachcountyhasoneChengshi,theprefect,andsixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofcivilaffairs;thebordercountyhasanotherChangshi,whoissixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.Underthelonghistory,Simawasresponsibleforspecificmilitarycommand.TherewerenocountycaptainsintheinterioroftheEasternHanDynasty,andtheTaishouledthetroops.Thefrontiercountyhasacaptainoracaptainofasubordinatecountryleadingthearmyandgovernsthecounty,anditsstatusisslightlysimilartothatofthesmallercountiesinthemainland.Forexample,inthefirstyearofHanheEmperorYongyuan(89),thecaptainoftheXihecountryandthecaptainoftheShangjuncountrywereplaced;inthefifteenthyearofYonghe(105)wasplacedthecapitaloftheeasternandwesternpartsofLiaoning.Wei;EmperorHan'ansettherighttoFufengDuwei,JingzhaoHuyaDuweiandsoon.
Thecounty-levellocalorganizationsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisthesameasthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.WhenLiehoutookthecountyasafief,hewascalledtheHouState,andtheHouStatehadoneminister,whichwasequivalenttothemagistrateorheadofthecounty(dependingonthesizeoftheHouState).Ifthenumberofhouseholdsinthecountryismorethan1,000,theywillhaveonefamilymemberandoneconcubine.TheyareofficialsoftheHoufuanddonotmanagecivilaffairs.Thosewhoarenotsatisfiedwithonethousandhouseholdswillonlyhaveoneconcubine.IntheEasternHanDynasty,theHouhadanothertownshipandapavilion,andthelandwasatownshipandapavilion.Thefiefsoftheempress,empressdowager,andprincessarecalledeup,andthesystemofsettingordersandlengthisequivalenttothatoftheHoustate.Roadsaresetupinareaswhereethnicminoritiesliveandbelongtocounties,mostlyinthesouthwesternregionssuchasBaandShu,withtheleadersofethnicminoritytribesasroadchiefs.Forcountieswithmorethan10,000households,onecountymagistrateisinchargeofQianshi;onecountychiefisinchargeofcivilaffairs,documents,andwarehouses;andtwocountylieutenantsareinchargeofpublicsecurity.Forcountieswithlessthan10,000households,thereisonecountyhead,witharankofthreehundredorfourhundredshi;onecountyprinceandonecountylieutenant.IfsaltwasproducedinthecountiesoftheEasternHanDynasty,thesaltofficerwasresponsibleforthemanagementofsaltfarmsandmines,andthecollectionofsalttaxes.Thecountyironofficialwhoproducesironisresponsibleforsmeltingandcasting.Inthecountywherethehandicraftindustryisdeveloped,theworkerofficerisresponsibleformanagingthecraftsmanandcollectingindustrialandcommercialtaxes.Incountieswithwell-developedfisheries,waterofficialsareresponsibleformanagingfisheriesandcollectingtaxes.Theabove-mentionedofficialsarenotaffiliatedtocountiesandcounties,butaresubordinatetotheShaofuandbelongtothedispatchedagency.TheofficialsystemoftheEasternHanDynastybelowthecountylevelisnodifferentfromthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Fordetails,pleaserefertotheofficialsystemoftheWesternHanDynasty.
Virkamiesten valintajärjestelmä
Katso:Havainnointi,Tutkiminen ja Haku
Inspection,ExaminationandRequisitionisthesystemofselectingofficialsintheEasternHanDynasty.Theso-calledinvestigationreferstothelocalprefecturesandcountiesrecommendingpeoplewithreputationsandvirtuesunderthenamesof"goodness","filialpiety",and"talentedtalents",andafterexaminations,theyareappointedtoofficialpositions.Theso-calledrequisitionreferstothedirectrecruitmentofsomeonetobeanofficialbytheimperialcourtorgovernment.
Inname,thosewhoarebeingprosecutedandexpropriatedmusthave"hightalentswiththesamename",whichishighlyregardedbythetownshippartypublicopinion.Therefore,inordertofightforinvestigationandexpropriation,thescholar-bureaucratsatthattimepaidmuchattentiontomodifyingtheircharacter,inordertoarousefameandraisetheirvalue.Somepeopleareevenmorepretentious,sellingfameandreputation,inordertowinhigh-rankingofficials.Duringtheinvestigationandexpropriation,briberyandentrustment,privilegesrampant,havebecomeacommonphenomenon.Eventhesupremerulerhastoadmitthatthe"electionsareobedient".AssoonasEmperorHanMingcametothethrone,hesaid:"Theelectionisnottruetoday,andtheevilspiritshavenotgone;pleaseentrustthepowertothehandicappedofficials."Itisunderthisdecadentelectoralsystemthatpowerfullandlordscontrolalllevelsofpoliticalpowerinafeudalway.Thehierarchicalrelationshiphasbecomeincreasinglysolidified,andagroupofwealthymagnatesand"Confucianfamilies"who"havebeenofficialsfromgenerationtogeneration"havebeguntotakeshape.Forexample,DengYu'sfamilyhas2membersofgeneralpublic,29membersofHou,13membersofgeneralsandbelow,14membersofmid-2000s,48membersofprefectsandcounties,andtherestoftheofficialpositionsareinnumerable.TheYangfamilyofHongnongandtheYuanfamilyofRunanwerealsofamousforthefourgenerationsandthreegongs.Thesearistocraticfamilieswilllaterdevelopintofamilyclans.
Military
Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,theseniorofficialsofthecentralgovernmentwhoarequitethreemenincludegenerals,generalshussars,generalschariots,andgenerals.GeneralYouandYouarenotstanding.Theabove-mentionedgeneralsallopenedtheirresidences.TheresidencesconsistedofChangshiandSima,twenty-ninemembers,thirty-onemembersofLingshiYubelongedto31people,twomembersofZhonglangandLang,andstaffofficers,allofwhomwereappointedbytheimperialcourt.Ifthegeneralsdirectlyleadthetroops,theyshallsetupcommanderssuchasschoollieutenants,Sima,junhou,andmilitarycommandersonthebuildingsoftheMinistry,Qu,andTun.
Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theQueenMothercametothecourt,andherrelativesruledasageneral.TogetherwiththeTaifuSangong,theywerecalledWufu.Thereisalsotheso-calledgeneralmiscellaneousnumber,setupontheoccasion,andwithdrawaftertheevent.GeneralWeiDuLiaowasundercivilstrifefromtimetotimeduetotheSouthernHuns,andhehasbeenstandingsincetheeighthyearofYongping(65years).TheEmperorofHanLingsetupeightlieutenantsintheWestGardentocommandthearmygarrisonedinLuoyang,thecapital,withtheeunuchastheleader.
Thestandingarmyiscomposedofthecentralandlocalarmy(countynationalarmy).IntheCentralArmy,thegarrisontroopsoftheBeijingDivisionwereledbytheChengmenColonel,andthefieldtroops(NorthernArmy)wereledbytheNorthernArmyZhonghou.TheNorthernArmyadministersfivearmsoftheMinistry,thedesignationsareTunqi(cavalry),Yueqi(specialforces),infantry,Changshui(waterarmy),andarchery(bowandarrow).ThecommanderistheschoollieutenantandthedeputyisSima.Thetotalnumberoftheentirearmyislessthan5,000.TheNorthernArmyusuallystationedinthecapitalinchargeofthemonarchSuweiandassistanttothecapital’spublicsecurity,andtheoccurrenceofwarbecamethecoreoftheformationoftheexpeditionforce.ThelocalcountysoldierswereabolishedandreducedmanytimesintheearlyEasternHanDynasty,leavingonlyafewgarrisonsintheborderareasandtheinlandpass.Intheeventofawar,theywereeithertemporarilyrecruitingtroopsormobilizingthenorthernarmyofthecapitaltofight.
Talous
Maatalous
Tuotantotyökalut
Itä-HanDynastiassalyhytkierukkaaura-auratapahtui,joka oli joustavakäytössäjakätevä kyntää pienillä tontilla maalla.Tämänlyhytkierukkaisen aura-auran ilmaantuminen onyhdistettynähankintaan. Kaikkien rauta-aurojen lukumäärä onkäytetty.Verrattuna aikaisempiin V-muotoisiin auroihin, terän pään kulmaa on pienennetty asteittain, mikä ei vain säästä maatyötä, mutta sallii myös syväaurauksen. ,nähtySichuaninLeshancliffin veistetyssä kivessä,onkultivaattori tai työkalu,joka on kätevä rikkaruohojen hävittämiseen;Mianyangista Sichuanista löytynyt rautakoukku, jonka pituus on 35 cm, on pieni maatilatyökalu, joka on tarkoitettu korjuuseen ja on erittäin kätevää käyttää.
Accordingtorecords,inthelastyearsofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,YongzhougovernorZhangJionceorderedrichman-madehousesinLongxi,Tianshui,andNan'ancounties.Itcanbeseenthatwatertankshavebeenwidelyusedatthattime.Shuizhuisatoolforpoundingstonewithwaterpower.Itisnotonlylabor-saving,butalsomoreefficientthanbeforeusingamortarorfoottopoundrice.Archaeologicalexcavationshavealsocontinuedtounearthmodelsofpotterywindmillsandpotterymillstones,whichindicatethatagriculturalproductsprocessingtoolshavemadesignificantprogress.
LingquWaterConservancy
Itäisissä hampaissa, jotka löytyvät kaikkialta, voit usein nähdäRiippapellon ja lammen yhdistelmän mallissa on arteesista vesikanavaa, joka kulkee lammikosta paddypellolle, ja joillain on myös väyläpoistumispaikalla. ihmiset ja loivat kaatuvia ja janoisia mustia, mikä paransi huomattavasti kastelutasoa.
DuringtheEasternHanDynasty,notonlymanyabandonedPitangswererestoredandexpanded,butalsoanumberofnewirrigationprojectswerebuilt.Forexample,theHongqiaopiintheRunanareawasabandonedintheWesternHanDynasty.AtthebeginningoftheEasternHanDynasty,DengChenservedastheprefectofRunan,repairingit,andirrigatingthousandsofhectaresoffertileland.Later,itcontinuedtobeexpanded.DuringtheHanDynastyandEmperors,HeChang,theprefect,repairedthechannelsthereandcultivatedmorethan30,000hectaresoffertileland.PuyangpiinthenorthofPixuCounty,ShaopiintheLujiangRiver,andJinghuLakeinKuaijiwereallwell-knownirrigationprojectsatthattime.
EasternHanDynastyDuPoetryWaterDrainage (5 kuvaa)
IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,manyirrigationchannelswereduginvariousplaces,suchasSanfu,Hanoi,Shanyang,Hedong,andShangTheDang,Taiyuan,Zhao,Wei,HexiandJiangnanregionsalso"irrigatedthroughcanals,"andsomeareasopenedupalotofricefields.ThetreatmentoftheYellowRiverwasahugewaterconservancyprojectatthattime.Atthebeginningofthe1stcenturyAD,theYellowRiverbrokeitsembankmentatthejunctionofHenanandHebei,andtherivermovedsouth,changingfromQiancheng(northofGaowan,Shandong)tothesea.Theriverfloodedandfloodeddozensofcounties.DuringEmperorHanMingDynasty,undertheauspicesoffamouswaterconservancyexpertsWangJingandWangWu,theJunyiDitchwasbuiltwiththe"weirflowmethod",andthecanalwasbuiltmorethanathousandmilesfromXingyang(nowZhengzhouXingyangCity,Henan)toQianchengHaikou.SoastodiverttheriverandBian.TheYellowRiverisconstrainedbytwodikes,andthewaterisstrongenoughtowashawaythesandandflowintothesea.Afterthehardworkofthepeople,thefloodsoftheYellowRiverwerefinallyovercome.Intheeighthundredyearssincethen,theYellowRiverhasnotbeendiverted,andthefloodshavealsodecreased.
Nautakarjankasvatustekniikka
Karjankasvatustekniikka onsaanut laajaa huomiota. Tuolloin eräät paikalliset virkamiehet kiinnittivät huomiota karjankasvatusteknologian edistämiseen,jarautarautakarjankasvatusteknologiaa edistettiinKeskitasangostapohjoisen tasangonjaThansannamingannarein. XindianziTownship,Helinger,Sisä-Mongolia.Itä-HanDynastyn SuideCountyssa,Shaanxin,Shaanxin ja Itä-HanDynastyn karjataloustodistaa karjankasvatustekniikanSisä-MongolianPalaisessa ja Pohjois-Piinalaisen vuokra-asiossa. RenYanista tuli Jiuzhenin ja edistetyn karjankasvatuksen prefekti paikallisella alueella.Länsi-HanDynastiassa keksitty intensiivinen viljelymenetelmä yleistyi nopeasti Itä-Han-dynastiassa.
InCuiShi’s"SiminyueOrder",somesituationsofintensivefarmingandmanagementinthelandlord’sfarmaredescribed.Theagriculturalmanagementofthisfarmlandpaysgreatattentiontoseasonalsolarterms,andemphasizesonkillingweedsandfertilizing.Accordingtothenatureofdifferentsoils,differentcropsareplantedanddifferentplantingdensitiesareused.Itcanalsoturnthesoilanddrythefieldsintime,androtatecropsintwoseasonstoimprovetheutilizationrateoftheland.
Käsityöteollisuus
Rautasulatustekniikka
EasternHanHuanShouKnife (6 kuvaa)
DuetothepopularizationofironfarmtoolsintheEasternHanDynasty,thedemandforsteelhasgreatlyincreased,whichpromotedtheimprovementofironsmeltingtechnology.Nanyang,theaccompanyingcapitaloftheEasternHanDynasty,wasthelargestironsmeltingcenterinthecountry.Amongthem,NanyangofficialandinventorDuShiinventedthewaterdrain(blastfurnace),whichusedhydraulicrotatingmachinerytoexpandandshrinktheblastbellows.Addoxygentotheblastfurnace.Thewaterdrainhasgreatlyimprovedthequalityandefficiencyofironsmelting.ItisamajorinnovationinironsmeltingtechnologyintheEasternHanDynasty.Itisalsoagreatinventioninthehistoryofironsmeltingandmachineryintheworld,aboutathousandyearsearlierthaninEurope.Inironcasting,theEasternHanDynastyhadalreadymasteredtheadvancedtechnologyoflaminatedcasting.InadryingfankilnfoundinWenCounty,HenanProvince,morethan500setsofstackedclaymoldsforcastingpartsofcartsandhorseswereunearthed.Bystackingseveralclaymoldstogetherandassemblingacompleteset,severalordozensofcastingscanbecastatatime.Atthesametime,thestackcastingtechnologyhasbeengreatlyimproved,fromtheoriginaldouble-holecastingtosingle-holecasting.Theimprovementofstackcastingtechnologyfurtherimprovesproductionefficiencyandsavesrawmaterials.ArchaeologicalexcavationsprovethatironutensilshavebeenwidelyusedinallaspectsoflifeintheEasternHanDynasty.Alargenumberofunearthedironnails,ironpans,ironknives,ironscissors,ironlamps,etc.arestrongevidence.Ironweaponsbegantograduallyreplacebronzeweaponsafterthemid-WesternHanDynasty,whenanewtechnologyforsmeltingironandsteelappearedatthattime-"HundredSteelmaking".Theso-called"100-smeltingsteel"referstotherepeatedheating,foldingandforgingofblockirontomakethesteelstructuredense,uniformincomposition,andreduceimpurities,therebyimprovingthequalityofthesteel.Theswordmadewiththistechnology-the"ringheadknife",hasametalringattheendofthehandleforeasymanipulation.Thebladeisstraightandthebladeislong,hardandsharp.Thequalityiscompletelyimpeccable,anditeasilyoverwhelmsthebronzesword.Itwasthemostadvancedandlethalclose-bodycoldweaponintheworldatthattime,anditwasalsoaweaponofextraordinarysignificanceinhumanhistory.
ThegestationstageoftheringfirstknifeandhundredsteelmakingtechnologywasintheWesternHanDynasty,whilethematurityandpopularizationwereintheEasternHanDynasty,andthecompletereplacementofthelongswordwasattheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.DuetotheadvancementofironsmeltingtechnologyandefficiencyintheEasternHanDynasty,thenumberofsteelknivesforgingandforginghasincreasedfrom10timesto30oreven50timesintheWesternHanDynasty.InJuly1974,aring-headknifeoftheEasternHanDynastywasunearthedintheCangshanareaofLinyi,Shandong.Theknifewasalsoengravedwith18charactersintheofficialscript:"Yongchu6thyear(112)MayBingwu"Thirty-six-thousand-swordsJiyangyi'sdescendants"."Thirty-seven"meansthirtyrefining,thatis,thisknifeusedthe"100-steel-making"techniquetofoldandforgethesteeluptothirtytimes,andthebladeofthisknifewasalsofoundtohavebeen"quenched".Toincreasethesurfacehardness.ItwaswiththesupportofthisadvancedweaponandthepowerfulnationalpoweroftheHanEmpirethattheEasternHanarmycompletelyeliminatedtheNorthernHunsandtheSouthernHunswerecompletelySinicized.Intheend,thispartofthedescendantsoftheNorthernHunswhomovedwestwardcametoEuropeandwascalledtheHuns,whichupendedtheWesternRomanEmpireintheirtwilightyears.
Itä-Han-dynastian aikana hiiltä(hiiltä) käytettiin polttoaineena raudansulatusteollisuudessa.GongyiCityn, Zhengzhoun, Henanin raudansulatuspaikalla havaittiin brikettejä, jotka oli sekoitettu maaperän ruohonvarsiin. luonnonkaasu keittää suolaa.
Tekstiiliteollisuus
Tekstiiliteollisuudessa kudontakukkia alkuvuonnaItäinenHanDynastiaSe on kudottu värikkääksi brokadiksi, jossa on monimutkaisia kuvioita. Tuolloin Shubrocade oli tunnettu kaikkialla maassa, ja silkkiteollisuusXiangyi (SuiCounty) ja pitkäjänteisessä osassa. .Arkeologiset materiaalitostavat myös sen, että silkkikudontateollisuus on kehittynytpaljonraja-alueilla.Punakuppiaurinkotulli monessa paikassa Xinjiangareentasakudotussa ja on säännöllisiä kuvioita. kirkkaat värit, jotka osoittavat tuolloin erittäin kehittynyttä villatekstiiliteknologiaa Luoteisosassa.
Lakkateollisuus
Muu käsityöteollisuus,kuten lakkateollisuus ja keramiikkateollisuus,Itä-HanDynastiassaOn myös todellista lisäkehitystä. TuolloinShuCountyssa ja Guanghanissa valmistetut lakkatuotteet olivatkuuluisin käsityö.Lakkatuote tuolloinposliinin pesulämpötila oli korkeampi ja ruokailuvälineiden veden imeytyminen oli heikompi.Yksilöllisistä esineistä päätellen se on hyvin lähellä myöhempää seladonia.
Kaupallinen
Maatyylinen tuotanto ja hallinta
Itä-HanDynastiaVoimakas maanherra vie suuren osan maata, omaksuu usein maatilatyylisiä tuotanto- ja hoitomenetelmiä. Tuolloin tiloilla oli useita toimialoja, mukaan lukien maatalous, metsätalous,eläintaloustuote. kaupallinen ja taloudellinen toiminta, joka oli äärimmäisen omavaraista.Esimerkiksi LiuXiun anopin,FanHongin,Huyangissa omistamalla maatilalla on muutama mailia Fanbeissa, yli 300 hehtaaria maata .Tässä maalaistalossa on monia taloja ja paviljonkeja "bambuja puut tekevät metsää, kuusi eläintä laiduntavat", "santelipuu ja mulperi,suljettu ovellatomakeamarket",joka osoittaa, että sen suuri mittakaava ja monipuolisen toiminnan ominaisuudet. Sichuanista löydetyissä muotokuvissa nähtiin myös isännöitsijän maatilan kanava.
The"SiminyueOrder"writtenbyCuiShireflectstheoperationofthelandlord’sfarmindetail.Theso-called:Thefarmsareplantedwithgraincropssuchaswheat,barley,springwheat,millet,millet,japonicarice,soybeans,andadzukibeans,cashcropssuchasflax,sesame,edibleedulis,fruitsandothervegetables;makevarioussauces,wine,vinegarandCaramelandotherfoods;andplantmedicinalplantstopreparemedicines.Inthislargefarm,variousforesttreesandfruittreesarealsoplanted,andfarmanimalssuchashorsesandcattleanddomesticanimalsareraised.Inmanualproduction,heraisessilkwormshimself,weavesvariouslinenandsilkfabrics,makesclothesandshoes,andmakesfarmtoolsandweapons.Inaddition,grainandagriculturalby-productsarealsotradedinthefarms.Itcanbeseenthatinthelandlord’sfarm,allkindsofsubsistencematerialscanbasicallybeself-sufficient.
Kehittyneet detalousalueet
ThegeneralpromotionofirontoolsandtheimprovementofcattlefarmingtechniquesareenhancedIthasimprovedtheabilityofpeopletofightagainstthenaturalworld,andinparticular,ithasmadepossiblethelarge-scaledevelopmentoftheriver-netswampareainthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Inadditiontovarioussocialreasonsatthattime,theeconomicareaoftheEasternHanDynastybegantoundergoobviouschanges.
BeforetheEasternHanDynasty,theadvancedareasofChina'seconomyweremainlynorthoftheHuaiRiver,especiallythemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiverincludingGuanzhong.ThepopulationdistributionatthattimewasalsomainlyconcentratedintheYellowRiverBasin.InthelateEasternHanDynasty,thissituationbegantochangesignificantly.SomeareasoftheYellowRiverBasinhavedecreasedinpopulationandareshowingsignsofdecline.Inthesouth,neweconomicdevelopmentareashaveemerged,andthepopulationhasrisensharply.
Withtheincreaseinpopulation,thedevelopmentspeedofmanyareasinthesouthhasaccelerated.Forexample,theTaihuLakeandQiantangRiverbasinswereunderthejurisdictionofKuaijiCountyduringtheWesternHanDynasty,andweredividedintoWuandKuaijiCountyduringtheEasternHanDynasty.Thisisadirectresultofeconomicdevelopment.Otherareas,suchasPoyangLake,DongtingLakeandtheChengduPlain,areconstantlydevelopingandbecomingneweconomicallydevelopedareas.However,duringtheEasternHanDynasty,mostofthepopulationwasstillconcentratedinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Therefore,theYellowRiverBasinwasstilltheeconomicandpoliticalcenteratthattime.
Population
Duetotheconstructionoffarmlandwaterconservancyprojects,theimprovementoffarmingtools,theimprovementofagriculturalfarmingtechniquesandthepromotionofintensivefarmingmethods,socialproductivityhasbeengreatlyincreased,andagriculturalproductionintheEasternHanDynastyTherehasbeenagreatdevelopment.Forexample,intheWesternHanDynasty,theJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,andYouFufengareasnearthecapitalwerelocatedintheGuanzhongareawithaparticularlydensepopulationofmorethan2.4million.BythetimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,theGuanzhongwarswerestillfrequentanddilapidated,andthepopulationdroppedsharplytomorethan500,000.Yanzhoualsoreducedfrommorethan7.8milliontoabout4million.Onthecontrary,thepopulationsofthesouthernstateshaveincreasedinvaryingdegrees.ThepopulationofYangzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.2milliontomorethan4.3million;thepopulationofJingzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.5milliontomorethan6.2million;thepopulationofYizhoualsoincreasedfrommorethan4.7milliontomorethan7.2million.
ThepeakoftheofficialhukoustatisticsoftheEasternHanDynastywasinthethreeyearsofYongshou(157years).Therewere10,677,960householdsand56476856inthecountry.Modernscholarsconsideredthatalargenumberofpeoplewereoccupiedorshelteredbypowerfullandlordsatthattime.MostofthegroupssuchasTufu,clans,guests,tribes,andslaves,aswellastheHuns,Qiang,Di,andBaiyuewhomigratedtotheHanregion,werenotincludedinthehouseholdregistrationstatistics.Therefore,itisbelievedthatthepeakpopulationoftheEasternHanDynastyreached65million.
ADyear | Kotitalouksien lukumäärä | Suiden määrä | Viljettyjen peltojen lukumäärä (yksikköYi) |
GuangwuEmperorZhongyuanIIYear(57 vuotta) | 4279634 | 21007820 | > - |
Keisari HanMingYongpingin kahdeksastoista vuosi(75 vuotta) | 5860573 | 34125021 | > - |
HanChapter EmperorChapteandSecondYear(88 vuotta) | 7456784 | 43356367 | > - |
HanDynastian ensimmäinen keisariJuanxin vuosi(105 vuotta) | 9237112 | 53256229 | 7320170 |
Han'an EmperorYanguang4th Year(125 vuotta) | 9647838 | 48690789 | 6942892 |
HanShunEmperorYongheThreeYears(138 vuotta) | 10780000 | 53869588 | > - |
HanDynastian keisari(140 vuotta) | 9698630 | 49150220 | > - |
HanDynastian ensimmäinen keisariJiankangofvuosi(144 vuotta) | 9946919 | 49730550 | 6896271 |
Yongjiaof-keisari HanChongin ensimmäinen vuosi(145 vuotta) | 9937680 | 49524183 | 6957676 |
HanZhidieditionin ensimmäinen vuosi(146 vuotta) | 9348227 | 47566772 | 6930123 |
Keisari HanHuanin ikuinen elämä kolmeksi vuodeksi(157 vuotta) | 10677960 | 56486856 | > - |
Lähde:"TheBookoftheLaterHan·TheFiveofJunguo"ja LiuZhaoNote;"BookofJin·Geography". |
Kulttuuri
EasternHandynastia noudatti monia Länsi-Han-dynastian suuntaviivoja ja käytäntöjä ja teki mukautuksia ja uudistuksia joissakin osissa.Tekemällä siitä sopivamman sosiaalisiin olosuhteisiin tuolloin pidempäänkin. paikallisten voimien ja maan vakauttaminen ylittää selvästi Länsi-HanDynastian talouden, kulttuurin, tieteen ja teknologian alueiden tason.
Thought
AttheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,thetheologicalConfucianismthatbeganwithDongZhongshucontinuedtodevelop,andthesuperstitionofZhenweibegantospreadwidely.LiuXiuusedFuRuiTuzhentoprovehiminordertobecomeemperor.Tobeanemperoristhe"mandateofheaven",itisthewillofGod.AfterLiuXiuestablishedtheregimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,hebelievedinZhenweievenmore.Alldecision-makingonmajorissuesshouldbebasedondivinity;divinityisalsousedto"determinesuspicion";theinterpretationofConfucianclassicsisbasedondivinity.
Teknologia
Paperinvalmistus
Itäisessä Han-dynastiassa paperiteollisuus on saavuttanut suuria saavutuksia.WesternHan-dynastiassa paperinvalmistusprosessi oli vielä tutkimusvaiheessa." edistettiin kuoren, hampun, rievujen ja vanhojen kalastusverkkojenkäyttötekniikkaa paperinvalmistusraaka-aineena.Uusi paperinvalmistusprosessi on tehnyt suuren läpimurron keskeisissä prosesseissa, kuten massan kemiallisessa käsittelyssä ja valkaisussa. CaiLunin yksinkertainen parannus ,parantaa paperin laatua ja helpottaa suosiota. CaiLunin saavutukset ovat kuolemattomia, ja maailma kutsuttiin sitä tuolloin "CaiHouPaperiksi". Siitä lähtien paperi on vaihtanut nopeasti vanhat bambulipsut, puiset lipsut ja silkki, mikä helpotti suuresti tieteen ja kulttuurin levittämistä ja edistämistä. ympäri maailmaa.Papereiden keksintö ja käyttöKiinan suuri panos maailman sivilisaatioon.
In105AD,CaiLuntransformedthepapermanufacturingtechnologyonthebasisofhispredecessors,whichmadetheChinesewritingrecordawayfromtheeraofusingbambooslips.Atthesametime,papermakingwasalsousedasthefourancientChinesemastersthatwearefamiliarwith.Oneoftheinventionshasspreadtothisday.AnothercontributionoftheEasternHanDynastytolatergenerationswasthedevelopmentofthepotteryindustry,whichallowedChinatocompletelybreakawayfromthematerialconstraintsoftheBronzeAgeandbroughtsomeproductsthatwerepreviouslyexclusivetothewealthyandnoblesintothehomesofordinarypeople.
NaturalScience
Nannyangin akateemisessa piirissäZhangHeng"Kesheng" edustaa luonnontieteitä. Näiden instrumenttien käyttöä käytetään edelleen laajalti.Erityisesti seismografiaa varten samankaltaisia laitteita ei keksitty Euroopassa, kunnes yli 1700 vuotta myöhemmin.Hänenselitys kuunpimennyksensyystätähtitieteellisessä mestariteoksessa"Lingxian"selittimaailmanensimmäisenhuulenhuulen.
Medicine
EasternHanDynastyisanimportantperiodfortheestablishmentoftraditionalChinesemedicine.HuaTuo,afamousdoctorinthelateEasternHanDynasty,wasthefirstsurgeonevertouseanesthesiatechnologytoperformsurgicaltreatmentonpatients.Thiswasaveryremarkableachievementinthefeudalerawhenmedicinewasrelativelybackward.The"WuQinXi"createdbyhimisChina'sfirstsetofgymnasticfitnessactivities."TreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases"byZhangZhongjing,anativeofNanyang,isanimmortalworkinthehistoryofChinesemedicineandhasbecomethemainfounderofChinesemedicine.Knownasthe"ancestorofmedicalprescriptions".
Painting
IntheEasternHanDynasty,calligraphyandpaintingwerenotsimplyusedastextandgraphicsymbols.Theirartisticstatusgraduallyemerged,althoughtherearenotmanyartworkshandeddownintheEasternHanDynastytoday.,ButyoucanstillgetaglimpseofthestyleandfeaturesofHanculturefromit.
Literature
EasternHanDynastygreatlyprosperedConfucianism,Taixueisfullofscholars,andtheacademicatmosphereisstrong.Therefore,theEasternHanDynastyoccupiesaveryprominentpositioninthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandcultureinChinesehistory,andhasachievedunprecedentedgreatness.Achievement.
Lisäksi XuShenin kirjoittamasta "ShuowenJiezi", joka tunnetaan WenzongZin esi-isänä, tuli kiinalaisia merkkejä koskevan tutkimuksen alullepanija, joten tulevien sukupolvien on otettava "Shuowen" ensin kiinalaisia merkkejä opiskellessaan.
History
ThemostimportanthistoricalworkintheEasternHanDynastyis"HanShu"byBanGu.TheBookofHanoriginatedfromLiuBang,theemperoroftheHanDynasty,andendedwithEmperorPingandWangMang.ItwrotethehistoryoftheWesternHanDynastyformorethantwohundredyearsandwasthefirsthistoryofChina.
Uskonto
Buddhalaisuus
Buddhalaisuus esiteltiin ensin KiinassaTarkka aika ei ole toistaiseksi selvä, mutta siitä on tullut yleinen mielipide, joka esiteltiinKiinassaHanDynastynaikanaviimeisimpänä.Ennätysten mukaan ennätysvuonna(2)ensimmäisenävuonna(t) i>,Dr.Jinglun opetuslapsi,DaYueshin lähettiläs,kuninkaan lähettiläs antoi "Buddhan Sutran".Yongpingin kymmenentenä vuonna EastHan-dynastiassa(67 vuotta),koska Mingemperor LiuzhuangYemengJinren meni länteen,CaiYanja QinJingille lähetettiin Tianzhutopray-buddhalaisuus.Cai,Qin ja muut käyttivät valkoisia hevosia tuomaan takaisin montaBudd-patsaita ja Buddhistuoriapyhiä kirjoituksia,ja tuonut takaisinvuoteenvanhemmalle,vanhemmalle tapana.Keisari Han Mingorin on määrä rakentaa luostarinTianzhufortyyliin, ja nimetty luostariksi"White HorseTemple"muistamaanvalkoisen hevosen buddhalaisuuden ansiot. Myöhemmin kaksi munkkia käänsi "42. luvun. ed by the highstrulingclass.ChuKingLiuYing,keisari HanMingista keisari Huaniin,he ovat todella hyviä buddhoja.Tämä tulee varmasti näyttelemään tiettyä roolia Budd-hänen yhteiskunnan vaikutuksen laajentamisessa.KeisariHuanin jälkeen oli Ruorong's" DaqiBuddhaTemple"ja"DaqiBuddhaTemple".
InthetwentyyearsfromthesecondyearofEmperorHuan'sJianhe(148)tothefourthyearofLingdiJianning(171),AnShigaotranslated"AnBanShouYiJing"and"YinZhi"EnteringClassics,“TheTwelveDoorClassics,”“LittleTwelveDoorClassics,”“OneHundredSixtyClassics”andsoon.ThetranslatedscripturesaremainlybasedontheclassicsonZen,withabriefintroductiontoAbhidhamma.ZhizhecametoLuoyanginthelastyearsofEmperorHuan,andtranslated"PrajnaRoadJourney","BanzhouSamadhiSutra","ShouShurangamaSamadhiSutra"andsoonatthetimeofEmperorHuan.ZhuFoshuo,AnXuan,ZhiYao,andKangMengxiang,whowerethesametwotranslatorsasAnShigaoandZhiJian,alsohavetheirowninterpretations.InadditiontothetranslatorsfromtheWesternRegions,ShamenYanfodiaooftheHanDynastyisalsoanoutstandingpersonwhoparticipatedinthetranslationwork.
Primitiivinen taolaisuus
Buddhalaisuuden vaikutuksen alaisena alkemistit aloittivat viljelyn, ohjaavat qi:n, elämänpituuden, kuolemattoman pitkäikäisyyden, haamujen ja jumalien uhraamisen, hahmoamulettin, noituuden ja taikauskon jne.sekoittuvat keskenään. on ensimmäinen taolalainen klassikko, joka tapahtui Han-dynastian keisarin Shun aikana. ZhangJia väitettiin olevansa "suuri ja viisas opettaja" ja perusti Taiping-taolalaisen tien .Hän käytti polviaanjajousenvarmistuspäässäensimmäisenä passinajaFushut parannussairaudensamana saarnaamisena.Se julistettiin, että"taivas on kuollut,keltainen taivas pysyy ja ikäJiazissa,maailma tulee vaurastumaan"ja käynnisti Keltaisen turbaaninousun.
ThedoctrineofWudoumidaoissimilartothatofTaipingdao,anditsfounderisZhangLingfromPeiren.ZhangLingwroteaTaoistbookduringEmperorShun'sreign.ThosewhoreceivetheTaowillproducefivebucketsofrice,soitiscalledthefivebucketsofrice.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,theWudouRiceRoadwasmainlyactiveinYongandYizhou,anditsbasewasinHanzhong.AfterZhangLing'sdeath,hissonZhangHengpreachedhisteachings,andZhangHengdiedandhissonZhangLufollowed.ZhangLutook"Laozi"asthemainclassicoftheFiveDouMidao,andannotatedit,called"LaoziXiangerNote".TheTaoism,Yin-YangandFiveElements,andmagicalmagicintheHancultureareorganicallyintegratedwiththebeliefsofSouthwestminorityethnicgroups,formingChina'snativereligionTaoism.InthehistoricaldocumentsoftheHanandJinDynasties,TaoismofZhangLingwasoftencalled"GhostTao",anditsTaoistswerecalled"GuiZu".ThedirectoriginofZhangLingzheng'sDaoofMightyAllianceistheprimitivewitchreligionoftheDiqiangpeopleinBashu-GhostDao.OnesaidthatthetruefounderofWudouMiDaowasZhangXiu.AfterZhangLukilledZhangXiuandseizedtherighttoteach,heentrustedZhangLingtocreateeducation.
Kiinaan tuotu Buddh-tao on taois. Sen vuoksi he taivuttelevat syntejään, suostuttelevat muita toimimaan hyvin tai järjestävät julkisia hyvinvointiyrityksiä - nämä ovat hyväntekeväisyyskohteita, jotka ovat buddhalaisuuden arvostettuja. hol.Iama pelkää, että LaoTzun "muutoksen" puoli oli myös inspiroitunut Buddhan "inkarnaatiosta" (nirmāna-kāya).
Nationalities
IntheEasternHanDynasty,therewerefrequentforeignexchanges.ThefamouspersonwhowasfamousintheWesternRegionshadbeenstationedintheWesternRegionsformorethan30years,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheWesternRegionscontrolledbytheHuns.NotonlydidtheWesterncountriessubordinatetotheHanDynastyonebyone,butalsoopeneduptheculturalexchangesbetweentheEastandtheWest.Duringthisperiod,healsosentGanYingtotheGreatQinKingdomintheWesternRegions.Althoughhewasunsuccessful,hisfootprintshavereachedthecountriesofthePersianGulf.
Inaddition,theEasternHanDynastydestroyedtheNorthXiongnuin1991.TheSouthernHunsareattachedtotheHanDynasty.In216AD,thelastHuchuquanShanyuoftheSouthernHunswenttoYechengtovisitCaoCao.CaoCaodividedtheSouthernHunsintofiveparts.TheXiongnuKhanateceasedtoexist,andtheNorthernForeignTroublesthathadplaguedtheHanDynastyforhundredsofyearsfinallycametoanend.
TheXiongnu
SouthernXiongnu
Jianwutkaksikymmentäkaksi(46 vuotta)-vuonna, taisteleeXionien nuaristokraattien välillä,joka epäilyttää toista,ja ilmaantui halkeamia. puoli",Xiongnus jaettu kahteen osaan, sitten pohjoiseen ja etelään. LiuXiuhyväksyiSouthernHunsien liittämisen ja sai ne eloon pilvissä.ItäHanDynastian hallitus tarjosi EteläHunsille tietyn määrän viljaa,karjaa,hevosia ,silkkiä ja silkkiäjoka vuosi.NandanYuzes lähettitämä palvelijat dynastiaan,ja jakoi heimot kahdeksaan rajamaakuntaanBeidi,Shuofang,Wuyuan,Yunzhong,Dingxiang,Yanmen,DaijunjaXihetauttaaItäHanDynastyapuolustamassaPohjois-Venäjää vastaan.
ThebattleoftheEasternHanDynastytodestroytheNorthernHunsandtheNorthernHuns'westwardmigration(3photos)
NorthernHunsit
b>
SouthernHunsin liittämisen jälkeen Itä-Han-dynastiaan Mongolianruohomaalla pysyneet NorthernHuns heikkenivät suuresti.Pohjoisen ja etelän välisen sodan aikana, ne hävisivät 6-vuotiaana. >(73 vuotta),EasternHanDynasty teki suuren vastahyökkäyksen,DouGudi jakoi joukot neljään ryhmään, tunkeutui NorthernHunsien takamaahan, saavutti suuren sotilaallisen voiton ja ajoi pohjoiseen PuLeimerelle.(Lakejiang) /i>,andstayinYiwuluCity(XinjiangHami).
BythetimeofEmperorZhangoftheHanDynasty,theNorthernHunsbecameweakerandweaker,andhundredsofthousandsofpeoplesurrenderedintothecongestion.InthefirstyearofYongyuan(89),DouXian,GengBingandothersledtheHanarmytojointheSouthernHunstomarchnorthwardandfoughtwithBeidanyu.LienChanwonthebattle,andthedescendantsweremorethan200,000people..Inthenexttwoyears,theNorthernHunscontinuedtofailandmigratedwestward,afterwhichpartoftheNorthernHunsmovedacrossCentralAsiaandWestAsiatoEurope.
WesternRegions
WhenXinmang,theXiongnucontrolledtheWesternRegions.(29years)inthefifthyearofthefoundingofWu,DouRongchengLikangwasappointedasthechiefcaptainoftheWesternRegions,whobelongedtothe55countriesoftheWesternRegions.Inthefuture,Shache,Shanshan,Cheshi,Yanqiandothercountriessuccessivelysentenvoysastribute,andrequestedthecentralgovernmenttosetupguardsintheWesternRegions.However,LiuXiuwasunabletomanagetheWesternRegionsduetotheinitialdecisionoftheCentralPlains,sohereturnedthewaiter.Afterthat,theWesternRegionswereinastateofchaos,andmostoftheregimesbelongedtotheHuns.
In73AD,BanChaofirstarrivedinShanshan.BanChao,withthedeterminationto"donotenterthetiger'slair,andwinthetiger'schild",ledhismentoattackandkillmorethan100NorthernHunsenvoys,andShanShanwasshocked.Later,hebroughtKhotanbacktotheCentralCommittee.Inthespringofthesecondyear,BanchaoabolishedtheShuleKingoftheKuchapeopleestablishedbytheNorthernHuns,andaccordingtothewishesoftheShulepeople,hereplacedtheoldprinceofShule.AfterBanChao'sresolutestruggle,theforcesoftheNorthernHunswereeliminatedonebyoneintheSouthernDao,andthecountriesoftheSouthernDaowerefreedfromtheruleoftheNorthernHuns.
BanChao’sactivitiesintheWesternRegionshavemadehistoricalcontributionstoenhancethefriendshipbetweentheHanpeopleandthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegions,strengthenthepoliticalandeconomictiesbetweentheCentralPlainsandtheWesternRegions,andmaintaintheunityofmulti-ethniccountries.TheBanchaozhanwassuccessfulbecauseitmetthedesireoftheHanpeopletorestorerelationswiththeWesternRegions,andthedesireofthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegionstogetridoftheslaveryoftheNorthernHunsandstrengthenthehistoricalconnectionwiththeHanpeople.
Wuhuan
In46AD,theHunssplitinternally,andthevariousministriesofWuhuantooktheopportunitytogetridofthecontroloftheHuns.AftertheSouthernHunswereannexedtotheEasternHanDynasty,WuhuanalsoexpressedsurrendertotheEasternHangovernment.LiuXiufeng,HaoDan,andmorethan80chiefsofallsizeswerethechiefsofKingHou,whomadethemliveinthetencountiesontheborderofYouandBinErzhou.TheyrecruitedWuhuanpeopletobeattachedtotheminNingCounty,ShangguCounty(northwestXuanhuaCounty,Hebei).)TheWuhuanschoollieutenantwasappointedtoguardandsupervisethevariousministriesofWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyprovidedfoodandclothingtotheWuhuanpeople,andusedtheirabilitytorideandshoottohelpthemdefendtheborder.ThevarioustribesofWuhuanguardedthefrontiersoftheEasternHanDynastyforgenerations,andinfactbecameahereditarymercenaryarmy.UntiltheWeiandJinDynasties,Wuhuancavalrywasstillfamousintheworld.
Xianbei
AftertheSouthernXiongnuandWuhuansuccessivelyreturnedtotheEasternHanDynasty,thevarioustribesofXianbeialsodispatchedtheirenvoys.(54)inthe30thyearofJianwu,XianbeiacceptedthetitleoftheCentralCommitteeoftheEasternHanDynasty,andwasalsounderthesupervisionofLieutenantWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyalsoboughttheadultsoftheXianbeitribeandmadethemspecializeindealingwiththeNorthernHuns.Inthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theremnantsoftheNorthernHunsmovedwestward,andtheXianbeitooktheopportunitytooccupythehomelandoftheHuns.Theymergedwiththemorethan100,000Hunsscatteredinthesameplace,andtheirpowerquicklybecamestronger.Fromthenon,theXianbeipeoplegotridoftheirattachmenttotheEasternHanDynastyandbecameathreatforceinthenorthduringthemiddleandlateEasternHanDynasty.
Qiangnationality
IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,LiuXiurestoredtheQiangschoollieutenanttoprotecttheQiangtribesafterheflattenedtheseparatistforcesinLongxi.County(easternGansuandwesternShaanxi).In58AD,afterDouGuandothersbrokethroughtheunsurrenderedShaoDangtribesinQinghai,theymovedtotheGuanzhongarea.InordertoisolatetheQiangtribeslivinginthehinterlandfromtheunsubmittedQianginQinghai,andpreventthemfromunitingresistance,theEasternHangovernmentestablishedTuntiandistrictsinXiningandLedu,Qinghaitoday,andstationedtroopsforlong-termcultivation.FromthetimeofEmperorHan'an,theQiangpeoplelaunchedthreelarge-scaleuprisings,whichlastedfor50to60years.ThestruggleoftheQiangpeopleechoedthepeasantuprisingsinvariousplaces,anddealtafatalblowtotheEasternHanDynasty.Duetotheprolongedbrutalwar,theentirenorthwesternregionwasdevastatedandsocialproductionsufferedtremendousdamage.
Barbarians
DuringthesocialturmoiloftheWesternHanDynastyandXinmang,alargenumberofHanpeopleflowedintotheWulingMountainsinwesternHunantoescapethewar,livinginamixedplacewiththelocalpeople.AftertheestablishmentoftheEasternHanDynasty,thelocalcountiesandcountiesalsoclashedwiththelocalpeopleinordertoregaincontroloftheseexiles.Inthetwenty-thirdyearofJianwu(47years),thelocalsinWulingrebelledandattackedthelocalcountiesandcounties.EmperorGuangwusentLiuShangandledmorethan10,000troopstocountertherebellion,buttheentirearmywaswipedout.Inthesecondyear,SupervisorsLiSongandMaChengmarchedintosuppression,buttheystillcouldnotwin.Inthethirdyear,GeneralFuboMaYuantooktheinitiativetoinviteYingandledmorethan40,000peopletoattack.Becausethesoldiersinthenorthwereunaccustomedtothesoilandtheterrain,mostoftheHan'scasualtieswerekilledandinjured,andMaYuanalsodiedoftheepidemic.Intheend,thelocalrebellioninWuling,whichlastedthreeyears,wasputdown.
Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,duetoincreasedcontrolandsearchofthebarbarians,theresultwasagreatuprisingofthebarbariansinvariousplaces.ThecontinuousstruggleoftheBarbarianpeoplecontinueduntilthefalloftheEasternHanDynasty.
Theeconomyandcultureofthe"SouthwesternYi"areahasdevelopedgreatly,andtheproductsareveryrich.InthewestofYizhouCounty,therearemanyAilaoyipeople.InthetwelfthyearofYongping(69years),thekingofAilao,Liumao,sentmorethan550,000peopletotheEasternHandynasty.EmperorMingoftheHansetupAilaoandBonancountiesinhisplace,aswellasthewesterncapitalofYizhou.尉所属六县合建为永昌郡，自此将整个云贵地区纳入版图。东汉时期，四川、云南西部地区少数民族诸部，都相继归附东汉，汉文化传入当地后，改变了当地风俗，提高了当地的经济文化水平。
外交
东亚
朝鲜半岛
在东汉末年，朝鲜半岛北部先后兴起高句丽、百济两个国家，两国的发展水平虽略有不同，但都处在由原始社会向阶级社会过渡阶段。他们在东汉的强烈影响下，并没有向奴隶社会发展，而是模仿汉朝的剥削方式和政治制度，从而走上了封建化的道路。
日本列岛
在日本列岛上居住着大和民族的先祖，东汉时有一百多个小国。建武中元二年（57年），日本国王遣使入都城洛阳进贡，愿为汉臣藩，求汉皇赐名。汉以其人矮，遂赐“倭国”。其王又求汉皇赐封，光武帝又赐其为“倭奴王”，并赐封“汉委奴国王金印”金印。这颗金印已于1784年在日本九州志贺岛出土，成了日本国宝，并作为中日两国最早友好交往的证明，今收藏于福冈市博物馆。
南亚和越南
东汉时期，印度、缅甸等国与中国的关系也更为密切。据记载：永元六年（94年），永昌境外的敦忍乙王莫延曾派遣使者来访，双方互赠礼物。公元97年，缅甸北部的掸国王雍由调派遣使者向汉王朝赠送珍宝。东汉政府则以金印回赠。永宁元年（120年），雍由调再次遣使来汉，并“献乐及幻人”，缅甸的音乐和杂技，在当时深受欢迎。自从佛教传入中国以后，汉与印度的联系就日趋密切。特别是汉明帝派人去印度取经以后，印度的僧侣大量来到中国，译佛经，传佛学，对中国的文化思想产生了重大影响。
东汉时，越南北部设置交趾、九真、日南三郡。东汉初，锡光任交趾太守，任延任九真太守，教越民耕种技术，设立学校，传播先进文化，对改变当地落后状态起了很大促进作用。但后来苏充任交趾太守，对越人加重剥削，引起越人的强烈不满。建武十六年（40年），交趾征侧、征贰起兵反抗，得到九真、日南等地人的响应，很快攻占六十多座城池。征侧、征贰自立为王，这就是越南历史上著名的二征王。二征王不久就被伏波将军马援镇压。东汉在镇压二征之后，在政治、经济等方面进行了一些改革，如穿渠溉田，发展农业生产，废除残暴的“越律”十余条等。东汉先进的经济文化给越南以深刻的影响。
西方
自张骞出使西域之后，通过丝绸之路，汉朝与中亚、西亚建立了经常的贸易关系。西汉末年，丝绸之路荒废，到东汉初，永元九年（97年），班超曾派副使甘英出使大秦国（罗马帝国），一直到达条支海（波斯湾）。也是完整的丝绸之路路线，西端从欧洲，东端到东汉京师洛阳。延熹九年（166年），大秦商人由海路来到东汉京师洛阳，以大秦王安敦的名义，觐见汉桓帝并赠送汉桓帝一些礼物。此后汉与罗马的贸易关系更为频繁。
东汉时期的欧亚大陆(4张)
皇帝世系
庙号 | 谥号 | 名讳 | 在位年份 | 年号 | 年号始终 | 在位时长（按年号算） |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
世祖 | 光武皇帝 | 刘秀 | 25年—57年 | 建武 | 25年—56年 | 33年 |
建武中元 | 56年—57年 | |||||
显宗 | 孝明皇帝 | 刘庄 | 57年—75年 | 永平 | 58年—75年 | 18年 |
肃宗 | 孝章皇帝 | 刘炟 | 75年—88年 | 建初 | 76年—84年 | 13年 |
元和 | 84年—87年 | |||||
章和 | 87年—88年 | |||||
穆宗 (后除) | 孝和皇帝 | 刘肇 | 88年—105年 | 永元 | 89年—105年 | 17年 |
元兴 | 105年 | |||||
孝殇皇帝 | 刘隆 | 105年—106年 | 延平 | 106年 | 1年 | |
孝德皇帝 | 刘庆 | - | - | - | 0年 汉安帝追尊为“孝德皇” | |
恭宗 (后除) | 孝安皇帝 | 刘祜 | 106年—125年 | 永初 | 107年—113年 | 19 |
元初 | 114年—119年 | |||||
永宁 | 120年—121年 | |||||
建光 | 121年—122年 | |||||
延光 | 122年—125年 | |||||
北乡侯 | 刘懿 | 125年 | - | - | 0年 一般不认为是东汉皇帝之一 | |
敬宗 (后除) | 孝顺皇帝 | 刘保 | 125年—144年 | 永建 | 126年—132年 | 19年 |
阳嘉 | 132年—135年 | |||||
永和 | 136年—141年 | |||||
汉安 | 142年—144年 | |||||
建康 | 144年 | |||||
孝冲皇帝 | 刘炳 | 144年—145年 | 永嘉 | 145年 | 1年 | |
孝质皇帝 | 刘缵 | 145年—146年 | 本初 | 146年 | 1年 | |
孝穆皇帝 | 刘开 | - | - | - | 0年 追尊为孝穆皇 | |
孝崇皇帝 | 刘翼 | - | - | - | 0年 追尊为孝崇皇 | |
威宗 (后除) | 孝桓皇帝 | 刘志 | 146年—167年 | 建和 | 147年—149年 | 21年 |
和平 | 150年 | |||||
元嘉 | 151年—152年 | |||||
永兴 | 153年—154年 | |||||
永寿 | 155年—158年 | |||||
延熹 | 158年—167年 | |||||
永康 | 167年 | |||||
孝元皇帝 | 刘淑 | - | - | - | 0年 汉灵帝追尊 | |
孝仁皇帝 | 刘苌 | - | - | - | 0年 汉灵帝追尊 | |
孝灵皇帝 | 刘宏 | 168年—189年 | 建宁 | 168年—172年 | 21年 | |
熹平 | 172年—178年 | |||||
光和 | 178年—184年 | |||||
中平 | 184年—189年 | |||||
弘农怀王 | 刘辩 | 189年 | 光熹 | 189年 | 1年 | |
昭宁 | 189年 | |||||
孝献皇帝 | 刘协 | 189年—220年 | 永汉 | 189年—189年 | 31年 | |
中平 | 189年—189年 | |||||
初平 | 190年—193年 | |||||
兴平 | 194年—195年 | |||||
建安 | 196年—220年 | |||||
延康 | 220年 |
注释：
在汉顺帝之前本来是阎太后（汉安帝皇后）拥立的（前）少帝刘懿，刘懿做了半年皇帝即死亡，顺帝趁机即位。史书和学者都没有把刘懿归于汉朝皇帝一类，有的则称为北乡侯。
献帝以前是（后）少帝刘辩，当了四个月皇帝，而且还有许多时间都在避难之中。史书和学者都没有把刘辩归于汉朝皇帝一类。但董卓毒杀少帝刘辩以后，改谥为弘农怀王，故，世称（后）少帝为”弘农王“。
蜀汉昭烈皇帝所上谥为“孝愍皇帝”，但上谥时刘协并未去世。
建安中，诏除显宗以下诸帝庙号。
永汉元年(189)十二月，诏除光熹、昭宁、永汉三号，复称中平六年。
刘庆、开、翼、淑、苌之帝谥，为汉安、桓、灵三帝追崇。
