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Sulautettu käyttöjärjestelmä



Historia

Itse asiassa upotetun ohjelman käsite on ollut olemassa jo kauan sitten. Viestinnän kannalta sulautettuja järjestelmiä käytettiin ohjaamaan sähköistä mekaanista puhelinvaihdetta 1960-luvulla, ja niitä kutsuttiin nimellä "StoredProgramControl"(StoredProgramControl).

Therealdevelopmentofembeddedcomputerswasaftertheadventofmicroprocessors.InNovember1971,Intelsuccessfullyintegratedthearithmeticunitandthecontrollercircuit,andlaunchedthefirstmicroprocessorIntel4004.Sincethen,variousmanufacturershavesuccessivelyintroducedmany8-bitand16-bitmicroprocessors.IncludingIntel8080/8085,8086,Motorola's6800,68000,andZilog'sZ80,Z8000,etc.Thesystemcomposedofthesemicroprocessorsasthecoreiswidelyusedinthefieldsofinstrumentation,medicalequipment,robots,andhouseholdappliances.Theextensiveapplicationofmicroprocessorshasformedabroadembeddedapplicationmarket.ComputermanufacturershavebeguntoprovideuserswithOEMproductsinalargenumberofplug-ins,andthenuserscanchooseasetofsuitableCPUboards,memoryboardsandvarioustypesaccordingtotheirneeds.TheI/Oplug-inboardconstitutesadedicatedembeddedcomputersystemandembedsitinitsownsystemequipment.

Forthesakeofflexibilityandcompatibility,serializedandmodularsingle-boardcomputershaveappeared.Popularsingle-boardcomputersincludeIntel’siSBCseriesandZilog’sMCB.Later,peoplecandesignadedicatedembeddedcomputerwithoutchoosingthechip,butaslongasselectingeachfunctionalmodule,adedicatedcomputersystemcanbebuilt.BothusersanddevelopershopetopurchasethemostsuitableOEMproductsfromdifferentmanufacturersandinsertthemintothepurchasedorself-madechassistoformanewsystem.Inthisway,itishopedthattheplug-insarecompatiblewitheachother,whichleadstotheindustrialcontrolmicrocomputersystembus.Birth.IntelintroducedMultibusin1976andexpandedtoMultibusIIwithabandwidthof40MB/sin1983.ThesimpleSTDbusdesignedbyPrologin1978iswidelyusedinsmallembeddedsystems.

The1980scanbesaidtobeanerawhenallkindsofbusesemergedinanendlessstream.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofmicroelectronicstechnology,integratedcircuitmanufacturersbegantointegratethemicroprocessor,I/Ointerface,A/D,D/Aconversion,serialinterface,RAM,ROMandothercomponentsrequiredinembeddedapplications.IntegrateintoaVLSI,therebymanufacturingamicrocontrollerforI/Odesign,whichiswhatwecommonlycallasingle-chipmicrocomputer,andbecomearookieintheemergenceofembeddedcomputersystems.SubsequentdevelopmentofDSPproductsfurtherimprovedthetechnicallevelofembeddedcomputersystems,andquicklypenetratedintovariousfieldssuchasconsumerelectronics,medicalelectronics,intelligentcontrol,communicationelectronics,instrumentation,andtransportation.

Inthe1990s,drivenbyhugedemandsfordistributedcontrol,flexiblemanufacturing,digitalcommunications,andinformationappliances,embeddedsystemsfurtheracceleratedtheirdevelopment.DSPproductsforreal-timesignalprocessingalgorithmsaredevelopingtowardshighspeed,highprecision,andlowpowerconsumption.Texaslaunchedthethird-generationDSPchipTMS320C30,leadingthedevelopmentofmicrocontrollersto32-bithigh-speedintelligence.Intermsofapplications,handheldcomputers,handheldPCs,andset-topboxesarerelativelymatureanddeveloprapidly.Especiallyhandheldcomputers.In1997,therewereonlyfourorfivebrandsofhandheldcomputersintheUSmarket.Attheendof1998,varioushandheldcomputershavesprungup.Inaddition,Nokialaunchedsmartphones,Siemenslaunchedset-topboxes,Wyselaunchedsmartterminals,andNSlaunchedWebPAD.Thesmallcomputermountedonthecarcannotonlycontrolvariousdevices(suchasaudio,etc.)inthecar,butcanalsobeconnectedtotheGPStoautomaticallycontrolthecar.

The21stcenturyisundoubtedlyaneraofnetworks,andtheapplicationofembeddedcomputersystemstovariousnetworksmustalsobeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofembeddedsystems.

Ominaisuudet

1)Järjestelmänydin onpieni

Koska sulautettuja järjestelmiä käytetään yleensä pienissä elektronisissa laitteissa, järjestelmäresurssit ovat suhteellisen rajalliset, joten ydin on perinteisempi Käyttöjärjestelmä on paljon pienempi.Esimerkki,Enea'n corelysson.

2)Highspecificity

Embeddedsystemsarehighlypersonalized,andthesoftwaresystemandhardwareareverytightlyintegrated.Generally,thesystemmustbetransplantedtothehardware,eveninTheproductsofthesamebrandandthesameseriesalsoneedtobecontinuouslymodifiedaccordingtothechanges,additionsandreductionsofthesystemhardware.Atthesametime,fordifferenttasks,itisoftennecessarytomakemajorchangestothesystem.Thecompilationanddownloadofprogramsmustbecombinedwiththesystem.Thismodificationandthe"upgrade"ofgeneralsoftwarearecompletelytwoconcepts.

3)Systemsimplification

Embeddedsystemsgenerallydonothaveacleardistinctionbetweensystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware,anddonotrequiretheirfunctionaldesignandimplementationtobetoocomplicated,whichwillhelpcontrolsystemcostsontheonehand,Butalsoconducivetotherealizationofsystemsecurity.

4)Highre-time-suorituskyky

High-reaaliaikainen järjestelmäohjelmisto (OS) on sulautettujen ohjelmistojen perusedellytys. Ja ohjelmistot tarvitsevat kiinteän tilan tallennusta nopeuttaakseen; ohjelmistokoodi vaatii korkeaa laatua ja korkeaa luotettavuutta.

5)Multitaskingoperatingsystem

Ifembeddedsoftwaredevelopmentistobestandardized,itmustuseamultitaskingoperatingsystem.Embeddedsystemapplicationscanrundirectlyonthechipwithoutanoperatingsystem;butinordertorationallyschedulemultipletasks,utilizesystemresources,systemfunctions,andinterfacewithspeciallibraryfunctions,usersmustchooseRTOS(Real-TimeOperatingSystem)bythemselvesDevelopmentplatform,soastoensurethereal-timeperformanceandreliabilityofprogramexecution,reducedevelopmenttime,andensuresoftwarequality.

6)Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequired

Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequiredforembeddedsystemdevelopment.Becauseitdoesnothavetheabilityofindependentdevelopment,usersusuallycannotmodifytheprogramfunctionsevenafterthedesigniscompleted.Asetofdevelopmenttoolsandenvironmentscanbeusedfordevelopment.Thesetoolsandenvironmentsaregenerallybasedonsoftwareandhardwareongeneral-purposecomputers.Equipmentandvariouslogicanalyzers,mixedsignaloscilloscopes,etc.Thereisoftentheconceptofahostandatargetmachineduringdevelopment.Thehostisusedforprogramdevelopment,andthetargetmachineisthefinalexecutionmachine.Thedevelopmentneedstobecombinedalternately.

Ydin

Suutetun järjestelmän ydin on upotettu mikroprosessori. Sulautetuilla mikroprosessoreilla on yleensä seuraavat neljä ominaisuutta:

1)Ithasstrongsupportforreal-timetasks,cancompletemulti-tasksandhasashortinterruptresponsetime,sothattheinternalcodeandreal-timeTheexecutiontimeoftheinnercoreisreducedtoaminimum.

2)Ithasaverypowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction.Thisisbecausethesoftwarestructureoftheembeddedsystemhasbeenmodularized,andinordertoavoidfalsecross-effectsbetweensoftwaremodules,itisnecessarytodesignapowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction,whichisalsoconducivetosoftwarediagnosis.

3)Extensibleprocessorstructure,inordertobeabletodevelopthehighestperformanceembeddedmicroprocessorthatmeetstheapplicationmostquickly.

4)Embeddedmicroprocessorsmusthavelowpowerconsumption,especiallyforbattery-poweredembeddedsystemsusedinportablewirelessandmobilecomputingandcommunicationdevices.mWorevenμWlevel.

Luokittelu

Jaettu laitteistosta ja ohjelmistosta.

Laitteistopohjainen

Upotettu mikroprosessori (mikroprosessoriyksikkö, MPU)

EmbeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.Itscharacteristicisthatithasa32-bitormoreprocessor,withhigherperformance,andofcourseitspriceiscorrespondinglyhigher.Butunlikecomputerprocessors,inactualembeddedapplications,onlyfunctionalhardwarecloselyrelatedtoembeddedapplicationsisretained,andotherredundantfunctionalpartsareremoved,sothatembeddedapplicationscanbeimplementedwiththelowestpowerconsumptionandresources.specialrequirements.Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.ThemainembeddedprocessortypesareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARMseries,etc.

Niiden joukossa Arm/StrongArmisanuotettu mikroprosessori, joka on kehitetty erityisesti kannettaville laitteille, mikä on keskihintainen.

EmbeddedMicrocontrollerUnit (MCU)

Thetypicalrepresentativeofembeddedmicrocontrolleristhesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Fromtheappearanceofsingle-chipmicrocomputerinthelate1970stotoday,Althoughmorethan30yearshavepassed,this8-bitelectronicdevicestillhasanextremelywiderangeofapplicationsinembeddeddevices.ThemicrocontrollerchipintegratesROM/EPROM,RAM,bus,buslogic,timer/counter,watchdog,I/O,serialport,pulsewidthmodulationoutput,A/D,D/A,FlashRAM,EEPROM,etc.Kindsofnecessaryfunctionsandperipherals.Comparedwithembeddedmicroprocessors,thebiggestfeatureofmicrocontrollersismonolithicandgreatlyreducedvolume,whichreducespowerconsumptionandcost,andimprovesreliability.Theon-chipperipheralresourcesofamicrocontrolleraregenerallyricherandsuitableforcontrol,soitiscalledamicrocontroller.

MCU:n alhaisen hinnan ja erinomaisten toimintojen vuoksi, sillä on suurin valikoima ja määrä. Edustavimpia ovat mm. AN-Bus, LCD ja monta omistettua MCU:ta ja yhteensopivia sarjoja, MCU:n osuus sulautettujen järjestelmien markkinoista on noin 70 %, AtmelduetoitsIntegratingFPGAjamuiden laitteiden tuottama AVR, joten se säästää erittäin korkean suorituskyvyn ,edistää yhden sirun mikrotietokoneiden korkeampaa kehitystä.

EmbeddedDigitalSignalProcessor (EDSP)

DSPprocessorisaprocessordedicatedtosignalprocessing.Thesystemstructureandinstructionalgorithmarespeciallydesigned,withhighcompilationefficiencyandinstructionexecutionspeed.DSPhasbeenwidelyusedinvariousinstrumentssuchasdigitalfiltering,FFT,andspectrumanalysis.

ThetheoreticalalgorithmofDSPhasappearedinthe1970s,butsincethespecializedDSPprocessorhasnotyetappeared,thistheoreticalalgorithmcanonlyberealizedbydiscretecomponentssuchasMPU.ThelowerprocessingspeedofMPUcannotmeetthealgorithmrequirementsofDSP,anditsapplicationfieldislimitedtosomecutting-edgehigh-techfields.Withthedevelopmentoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuittechnology,theworld'sfirstDSPchipwasbornin1982.ItscomputingspeedisdozensoftimesfasterthanMPU,andithasbeenwidelyusedinspeechsynthesisandcodecs.Bythemid-1980s,withtheadvancementanddevelopmentofCMOStechnology,thesecondgenerationofDSPchipsbasedonCMOStechnologycameintobeing,andtheirstoragecapacityandcomputingspeedweredoubled,becomingthebasisofvoiceprocessingandimagehardwareprocessingtechnology.Bythelate1980s,thecomputingspeedofDSPwasfurtherimproved,andtheapplicationfieldexpandedfromtheabove-mentionedscopetocommunicationsandcomputers.Afterthe1990s,DSPhasdevelopedtothefifthgenerationofproducts,withhigherintegrationandawiderrangeofapplications.

Laajimmin käytetty on TI:n TMS320C2000/C5000-sarja. Lisäksi Intelin MCS-296:lla ja Siemensin TriCorealilla on myös omat käyttöalueet.

UpotettuSystemOnChip

SoCpursuesthemosttolerantintegrateddevicesintheproductsystemandisoneofthehottopicsintheembeddedapplicationfield.ThebiggestfeatureofSOCisthatithassuccessfullyrealizedtheseamlessintegrationofsoftwareandhardware,anddirectlyembedsthecodemoduleoftheoperatingsystemintheprocessorchip.AndSOChasextremelyhighcomprehensiveness,usingVHDLandotherhardwaredescriptionlanguages​​insideasiliconchiptorealizeacomplexsystem.Usersnolongerneedtodrawhugeandcomplexcircuitboardsandmakealittleconnectionandsolderingliketraditionalsystemdesign.Theyonlyneedtousepreciselanguageandcomprehensivetimingdesigntodirectlycallvariousgeneral-purposeprocessorstandardsinthedevicelibrary,andthenAfterthesimulation,itcanbedirectlydeliveredtothechipmanufacturerforproduction.Sincemostofthesystemcomponentsareinsidethesystem,theentiresystemisparticularlysimple,whichnotonlyreducesthesizeandpowerconsumptionofthesystem,butalsoimprovesthereliabilityofthesystemandimprovesthedesignandproductionefficiency.

Koska SOC-tuotteet ovat usein omistettuja,useimmat ovat tuntemattomia käyttäjiä.Epätyypilliset SOC-tuotteet onPhilipsSmartXA.Muutama yleiskäyttöinen sarja, kuten TriCoreofSiemens,M-CoreofMotorola,jotkut ARM-sarjan laitteet,Neuronchipjointlydevelo.

Itisexpectedthatinthenearfuture,somelargechipcompanieswillrepelcompetitorsinonefellswoopbylaunchingmatureSOCchipsthatcanoccupymostmarkets.SOCchipswillalsoplayanimportantroleinapplicationfieldssuchassound,image,film,networkandsystemlogic.

Ohjelmistopohjainen

Ohjelmiston näkökulmasta se voidaan jakaa pääasiassa käyttöjärjestelmän tyypin mukaan. Sulautettuihin järjestelmiin on olemassa kaksi pääasiallista ohjelmistotyyppiä:reaaliaikaiset järjestelmät ja ajanjakojärjestelmät. Niiden joukossa reaaliaikaiset järjestelmät ja kovat järjestelmät:jaettu kahteen reaaliaikaiseen kategoriaan.

Thereal-timeembeddedsystemisdesignedtoperformspecificfunctionsandcanperformfunctionsstrictlyaccordingtotimesequence.Itsbiggestfeatureisthattheexecutionoftheprogramisdeterministic.Inareal-timesystem,ifthesystemfailstoachieveacertaintaskwithinaspecifiedtime,itwillleadtoacompletefailureofthesystem,thesystemiscalledahardreal-timesystem.Inasoftreal-timesystem,althoughresponsetimeisequallyimportant,overtimedoesnotcausefatalerrors.Ahardreal-timesystemoftenneedstoaddacontrolchipdedicatedtotimeandprioritymanagementonthehardware,whileasoftreal-timesystemmainlyimplementstimelimitmanagementthroughprogramminginsoftware.Forexample,WindowsCEisamultitaskingtime-sharingsystem,whileUcos-IIisatypicalreal-timeoperatingsystem.

Kokoonpano

Laitteistokerros

Laitteistokerros sisältää upotetun mikroprosessorin, muistin (SDRAM, ROM, Flash jne.), yleisen laitteistorajapinnan ja I/O-liitännän (A/D, D/A, I/O jne. .).Virtalähdepiirin,kellopiirinjamuistipiirin lisääminen upotetun prosessorinperustaan ​​muodostaa upotetun ydinohjausmoduulin.Käyttöjärjestelmä ja sovellusohjelmat voidaankiinnittää ROMiin.

Upotettu mikroprosessori

Thecoreofthehardwarelayeroftheembeddedsystemistheembeddedmicroprocessor.ThebiggestdifferencebetweentheembeddedmicroprocessorandthegeneralCPUistheembeddedMostoftheembeddedmicroprocessorsworkinsystemsspeciallydesignedforspecificusergroups.Itintegratesmanytaskscompletedbytheboardinthegeneral-purposeCPUinsidethechip,whichisconducivetothetrendofminiaturizationinthedesignofembeddedsystems,anditalsohasVeryhighefficiencyandreliability.

ThearchitectureoftheembeddedmicroprocessorcanadoptthevonNeumannsystemortheHarvardarchitecture;theinstructionsystemcanchoosethereducedinstructionsystem(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,RISC)andthecomplexinstructionsystemCISC(ComplexInstruction)SetComputer,CISC).TheRISCcomputeronlycontainsthemostusefulinstructionsinthechannel,ensuringthatthedatachannelexecuteseachinstructionquickly,therebyimprovingtheexecutionefficiencyandmakingtheCPUhardwarestructuredesignsimpler.

Embeddedmicroprocessorshaveavarietyofdifferentsystems.Eveninthesamesystem,theymayhavedifferentclockfrequenciesanddatabuswidths,orintegratedifferentperipheralsandinterfaces.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,therearemorethan1,000kindsofembeddedmicroprocessorsintheworld,andtherearemorethan30seriesofarchitectures,amongwhichthemainstreamsystemsareARM,MIPS,PowerPC,X86andSH.ButunliketheglobalPCmarket,noembeddedmicroprocessorcandominatethemarket.Intermsof32-bitproductsalone,therearemorethan100embeddedmicroprocessors.Thechoiceofembeddedmicroprocessorisdeterminedaccordingtothespecificapplication.

Muisti

Embeddedsystemsneedmemorytostoreandexecutecode.ThememoryoftheembeddedsystemincludesCache,mainmemoryandauxiliarymemory.

1) Välimuisti

Cacheisasmall-capacity,fast-speedmemoryarray.Itislocatedbetweenthemainmemoryandtheembeddedmicroprocessorcore.Whendatareadoperationsarerequired,ThemicroprocessorreadsdatafromtheCacheasmuchaspossible,ratherthanfromthemainmemory,whichgreatlyimprovestheperformanceofthesystemandincreasesthedatatransferratebetweenthemicroprocessorandthemainmemory.ThemaingoalofCacheistoreducethememoryaccessbottleneckcausedbythememory(suchasmainmemoryandauxiliarymemory)tothemicroprocessorcore,sothattheprocessingspeedisfasterandthereal-timeperformanceisstronger.

Intheembeddedsystem,Cacheisallintegratedintheembeddedmicroprocessor,andcanbedividedintodataCache,instructionCacheorhybridCache.ThesizeofCachedependsondifferentprocessors.Cacheisgenerallyintegratedintohigh-endembeddedmicroprocessors.

2)Päämuisti

Themainmemoryisaregisterthattheembeddedmicroprocessorcandirectlyaccess,usedtostoresystemanduserprogramsanddata.Itcanbelocatedinsideoroutsidethemicroprocessor,anditscapacityis256KB~1GB,dependingonthespecificapplication.Generally,theon-chipmemoryhasasmallcapacity,highspeed,andalargeoff-chipmemory.

Muistot, joita käytetään yleisesti päämuistina:

ROM-tyyppiNORFlash, EPROM ja PROM jne.

RAM-tyyppiSRAM, DRAM ja SDRAM jne.

Amongthem,NORFlashhasbeenwidelyusedintheembeddedfieldduetoitsadvantagessuchasmanyerasingtimes,faststoragespeed,largestoragecapacity,andlowprice.

3) Apumuisti

Auxiliarymemoryisusedtostoreprogramcodesorinformationwithalargeamountofdata.Ithasalargecapacity,butitsreadingspeedismuchslowerthanthatofmainmemory.,Usedforlong-termpreservationofuserinformation.Commonlyusedexternalstorageinembeddedsystemsare:harddisk,NANDFlash,CFcard,MMCandSDcard,etc.

UniversaldeviceinterfaceandI/Ointerface

Interactionbetweenembeddedsystemandtheoutsideworldrequiresacertainformofuniversaldeviceinterface,suchasA/D,D/A.I/O,etc.Peripheralsrealizetheinput/outputfunctionofthemicroprocessorthroughtheconnectionwithotherdevicesorsensorsoutsidethechip.Eachperipheralusuallyhasonlyasinglefunction,anditcanbeoutsidethechiporbuiltintothechip.Therearemanytypesofperipherals,rangingfromasimpleserialcommunicationdevicetoaverycomplex802.11wirelessdevice.

Yleisesti käytetyt sulautetut järjestelmät, joihin kuuluvat A/D (analoginen/digitaalinen muunnosliitäntä), D/A (digitaalinen/analoginen muunnosliitäntä), ja I/OinterfaceshaveRS-232-liitännät (sarjalinjan tiedonsiirtoliitäntä), Ethernet (Ethernet-liitäntä, liitäntä, videoväylä 2-liitäntä), USB (universaaliääniväyläliitäntä, V) (sarjaväyläliitäntä)jaIrDA (infrapunaliitäntä) jne.

Intermediatelayer

Thereisanintermediatelayerbetweenthehardwarelayerandthesoftwarelayer,alsoknownastheHardwareAbstractLayer(HAL)orBoardSupportPackage(BoardSupportPackage,BSP),whichseparatestheupper-layersoftware(application)ofthesystemfromthelower-layerhardware,sothatthelower-layerdriverofthesystemhasnothingtodowiththeupperlayer.Theupper-layersoftwaredevelopersdonotneedtocareaboutthespecificconditionsoftheunderlyinghardware,andcanproceedaccordingtotheinterfaceprovidedbytheBSPlayer.Development.Thislayergenerallyincludestheinitializationofrelatedunderlyinghardware,datainput/outputoperations,andhardwaredeviceconfigurationfunctions.BSPhasthefollowingtwocharacteristics.

Hardwarerelevance:Becausethehardwareenvironmentofembeddedreal-timesystemshasapplicationrelevance,asaninterfacebetweenupper-levelsoftwareandhardwareplatforms,BSPneedstoprovideoperatingsystemswithmethodstooperateandcontrolspecifichardware.

Operatingsystemrelevance:Differentoperatingsystemshavetheirownsoftwarehierarchicalstructure,therefore,differentoperatingsystemshavespecifichardwareinterfaceforms.

Actually,BSPisasoftwarelevelbetweentheoperatingsystemandtheunderlyinghardware,includingmostofthesoftwaremodulesinthesystemthatarecloselyrelatedtothehardware.DesigningacompleteBSPneedstocompletetwoparts:thehardwareinitializationoftheembeddedsystemandtheBSPfunction,andthedesignofhardware-relateddevicedrivers.

Embeddedsystem-laitteiston alustus

Järjestelmän alustusprosessi voidaan jakaa kolmeen päälinkkiin, jotka ovat joko alhaalta ylös, laitteistosta ohjelmistoon.: Sirutason alustus, korttitason alustus ja järjestelmätason alustus.

Sirutason alustus

Completetheinitializationoftheembeddedmicroprocessor,includingsettingthecoreregisterandcontrolregisteroftheembeddedmicroprocessor,thecoreworkingmodeoftheembeddedmicroprocessorandtheembeddedmicroprocessorLocalbusmodeandsoon.Chip-levelinitializationgraduallysetstheembeddedmicroprocessorfromthedefaultstatewhenitispoweredontotheworkingstaterequiredbythesystem.Thisisapurehardwareinitializationprocess.

Palvelutason alustus

Completetheinitializationofhardwaredevicesotherthanembeddedmicroprocessors.Inaddition,somesoftwaredatastructuresandparametersneedtobesettoestablishahardwareandsoftwareenvironmentforsubsequentsystem-levelinitializationandapplicationprogramoperation.Thisisaninitializationprocessthatincludesbothsoftwareandhardware.

Systeminisointi

Theinitializationprocessismainlysoftwareinitialization,mainlyfortheinitializationoftheoperatingsystem.TheBSPtransfersthecontroloftheembeddedmicroprocessortotheembeddedoperatingsystem,andtheoperatingsystemcompletestheremaininginitializationoperations,includingloadingandinitializingdevicedriversthathavenothingtodowithhardware,establishingasystemmemoryarea,loadingandinitializingothersystemsoftwaremodules,Suchasnetworksystems,filesystems,etc.Finally,theoperatingsystemcreatestheapplicationenvironmentandpassescontroltotheentranceoftheapplication.

Laitteistoon liittyvät laitteetAjurit

AnothermainfunctionofBSPishardware-relateddevicedrivers.Theinitializationofhardware-relateddevicedriversisusuallyaprocessfromhightolow.AlthoughtheBSPcontainshardware-relateddevicedrivers,thesedevicedriversareusuallynotdirectlyusedbytheBSP.Instead,theBSPassociatesthemwiththegeneraldevicedriversintheoperatingsystemduringthesysteminitializationprocess,andthenlaterTheapplicationiscalledbythegeneraldevicedrivertorealizetheoperationofthehardwaredevice.DriversrelatedtohardwareareanotherverycriticallinkinBSPdesignanddevelopment.

Järjestelmäohjelmistokerros

Järjestelmäohjelmistokerros koostuu reaaliaikaisesta käyttöjärjestelmästä (RTOS), tiedostojärjestelmästä, graafisesta käyttäjäliittymästä (GUI), verkkojärjestelmästä ja yhteisistä komponenttimoduuleista. RTO on sulautettujen sovellusohjelmistojen perusta ja kehitysalusta.

EmbeddedOperatingSystem

EmbeddedOperationSystem(EOS)isawide-rangingsystemsoftware.Inthepast,itwasmainlyusedinThefieldofindustrialcontrolanddefensesystems.EOSisresponsiblefortheallocationofallsoftwareandhardwareresourcesembeddedinthesystem,taskscheduling,andcontrolandcoordinationofconcurrentactivities.Itmustreflectthecharacteristicsofthesysteminwhichitislocated,andbeabletoachievetherequiredfunctionsofthesystembyloadingandunloadingcertainmodules.SomeEOSproductserieswithrelativelysuccessfulapplicationshavebeenlaunched.WiththedevelopmentofInternettechnology,thepopularizationandapplicationofinformationappliances,andtheminiaturizationandspecializationofEOS,EOShasbeguntodevelopfromasingleweakfunctiontoahighlyspecializedandstrongfunction.Theembeddedoperatingsystemhasmoreprominentfeaturesinthereal-timeefficiencyofthesystem,thedependencyofthehardware,thesolidificationofthesoftware,andthespecificityoftheapplication.EOSisrelativetothegeneraloperatingsystem.Inadditiontothemostbasicfunctionsofthegeneraloperatingsystem,EOSalsohasthefollowingfunctions:suchastaskscheduling,synchronizationmechanism,interruptprocessing,fileprocessing,etc.

Applications

IndustrialControl

Industrialautomationequipmentbasedonembeddedchipswillmakegreatprogress.Therearealreadyalargenumberof8,16,32-bitembeddedmicrocomputers.Intheapplicationofcontrollers,networkingisthemainwaytoimproveproductionefficiency,productquality,andreducehumanresources,suchasindustrialprocesscontrol,digitalmachinetools,powersystems,powergridsecurity,powergridequipmentmonitoring,andpetrochemicalsystems.Asfarastraditionalindustrialcontrolproductsareconcerned,thelow-endmodelsoftenuse8-bitmicrocontrollers.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,32-bitand64-bitprocessorshavegraduallybecomethecoreofindustrialcontrolequipment,andtheywillsurelyachieveconsiderabledevelopmentinthenextfewyears.

Trafficmanagement

Intheaspectsofvehiclenavigation,flowcontrol,informationmonitoringandcarservices,embeddedsystemtechnologyhasbeenwidelyused.EmbeddedGPSmodule,GSMmodulemobilePositioningterminalshavebeensuccessfullyusedinvarioustransportationindustries.GPSequipmenthasenteredthehomesofordinarypeoplefromcutting-edgeproducts,andyoucanfindyourlocationanytimeandanywherewithonlyafewthousandyuan.

Informationappliances

Thiswillbecalledthelargestapplicationfieldofembeddedsystems.Thenetworkingandintelligenceofrefrigeratorsandairconditionerswillleadpeople'slivesintoabrandnewspace.Evenifyouarenotathome,youcanremotelycontrolitviatelephonelineandinternet.Inthesedevices,embeddedsystemswillbeveryuseful.

Smarthomemanagement

Veden, sähkön ja kaasumittareiden automaattinen etäluenta, paloturvallisuus, varkaudenestojärjestelmä ja erillinen ohjaussiru korvaavat perinteisen manuaalisen tarkastuksen jasaavuttaaparemman,paremman,palvelevammantarkkuuden. s,sulautettujen järjestelmien etuedut on otettu huomioon.

POS-verkko

Julkisen liikenteen kontaktittomien älykorttien (ContactlessSmartcard, CSC) myöntämisjärjestelmä, julkinen puhelinkorttien myöntämisjärjestelmä, myyntiautomaatit, useat älykkäät pankkiautomaattipäätteet integroidaan täysin ihmisten elämään, kun pidät korttia.

EnvironmentalEngineeringandNature

Real-timemonitoringofhydrologicaldata,floodcontrolsystemandwaterandsoilqualitymonitoring,damsafety,earthquakemonitoringnetwork,real-timeweatherinformationnetwork,watersourceandairpollutionmonitoring.Inmanyareaswithharshenvironmentsandcomplexterrain,embeddedsystemswillrealizeunmannedmonitoring.

Robots

Thedevelopmentofembeddedchipswillmakerobotsmoreobviousinminiaturizationandhighintelligence.Atthesametime,theywillgreatlyreducethepriceofrobots,makingthemmoresuitableforindustrialapplicationsandservices.Thefieldhasbeenwidelyused.

Intheseapplications,youcanfocusontheapplicationofcontrol.Asfarasremotehomeappliancecontrolisconcerned,inadditiontodevelopingembeddedsystemsthatsupportTCP/IP,homeapplianceproductcontrolprotocolsalsoneedtobeformulatedandunified,whichrequireshomeappliancemanufacturerstodo.Inthesameway,allnetwork-basedremotecontroldevicesneedtorealizeaninterfacewiththeembeddedsystem,andthentheembeddedsystemcontrolsandrealizescontrolthroughthenetwork.Therefore,itisveryimportanttodevelopanddiscussembeddedsystems.

Applicationofelectromechanicalproducts

Comparedwithotherfields,electromechanicalproductscanbesaidtobeoneofthemosttypicalandbroadestapplicationsofembeddedsystems.Therearehugemarketsforsingle-chipmicrocomputers,industrialcomputers,andSOCsinvariouselectromechanicalproducts.

MobileInternetfield

ManymobileInternetfieldsalsorequireembeddeddevelopmenttechnology

Trendit

EmbeddedThe Embeddedoperating System tulee olemaan korvaamaton osa tulevaisuuden sulautetussa järjestelmässä. Sen tulevaisuuden kehitystrendeihin kuuluvat:

1.Customization:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillprovideasimplifiedsystemcallinterfaceforspecificapplications.Supportoneoronetypeofembeddedapplications.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillalsohaveascalableandscalablesystemarchitecture,providingamulti-levelsystemarchitecture.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillincludevariousplug-and-playdevicedriverinterfaces;

2.Energysaving:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillcontinuetousemicrokerneltechnologytoachievesmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,andlowcost.Supportsmallelectronicdevices.Atthesametime,improvethereliabilityandmaintainabilityoftheproduct.Embeddedoperatingsystemwillformaminimumcoreprocessingset,reducesystemoverhead,improveoperatingefficiency,andcanbeusedinvariousnon-computerequipment;

3,humanization:embeddedoperatingsystemwillprovidesophisticatedmultimediaHuman-machineinterfacetomeettheever-increasingneedsofusers;

4.Security:Theembeddedoperatingsystemshouldbeabletoprovideasecurityguaranteemechanism,andthereliabilityofthesourcecodeisgettinghigherandhigher;

5.Networking:Forthenetworkandforspecificapplications,theembeddedoperatingsystemrequiresastandardnetworkcommunicationinterface.Thedevelopmentofembeddedoperatingsystemswillbecomeeasiertotransplantandnetwork.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillhavenetworkaccessfunctions,provideTCP/UDP/IP/PPPprotocolsupportandaunifiedMACaccesslayerinterface,andreserveinterfacesforvariousmobilecomputingdevices;

6.Standardization:Withthedevelopmentofthewidespreadapplicationofembeddedoperatingsystems,theemergenceofproblemssuchasinformationexchangeandresourcesharingopportunities,itisnecessarytoestablishcorrespondingstandardstoregulateitsapplications.

Sulautetut käyttöjärjestelmät tarjoavat tietyn reaaliaikaisen suorituskyvyn, helposti leikattavissa ja mittakaavassa, ja ne voivatsoveltua useisiin ARMCPU:iin ja eri tyyppisiin sovelluksiin ARM7:stä X-mittaan. Sulautetut käyttöjärjestelmät voivat käyttää laajalti suosittuja ARMD-kehitystyökaluja, kuten SDT/ADSM:n,kuten SDT/ADSM- ja RecalmentalG:n DB, KDE tai Eclipedevelopmentympäristö. Markkinoilla on myös erityisiä kehitystyökaluja, kuten Tornado, μC/View, μC/KA, CODE/Lab, Metroworks jne.

NewproductsfromMicrosoft

MicrosoftplanstolaunchtheWindowsEmbedded8embeddedoperatingsysteminMarch2013,whichisthepuzzleformofWindows8.TheWindowsEmbedded8StandardoperatingsystemisamodularTheversionofWindows,whichrunssimilartoLinux-stylecustomization,allowsmanufacturerstomodifyandcustomizeit,andnewtouchandgesture-basedinterfaceswillbeappliedonthisembeddedoperatingsystem.

PeoplearealreadyfamiliarwithdeviceswithembeddedoperatingsystemssuchasVOIPphones,DVDplayers,GPSreceivers,andprinters.Asmoreandmoredevicesareaddedtocomputerchipsusingembeddedoperatingsystems,ithasbecomeanever-increasingdemandtomanagethesedevicesthroughsoftware.Inthepast,thebarebonesversionofLINUXwasanoptionforembeddedoperatingsystems,thankstoitslowsystemrequirementsandeasycustomization.Moreandmorehouseholditemsareenteringthefieldofintelligenceanddigital,arousingpeople'sinterestinthe"InternetofThings",andthisnetworkcanconnectallthecomputerizeditemsinyourhome,makingthemeasyfortheirownerstocontrolandsearch.Thingsareassimpleasfindingfilesonacomputer.

WindowsEmbedded8maybejustonestepinMicrosoft'srevivalplan.ThisplanwilltransformMicrosoftfromasoftwarecompanyintoacompanyof"devicesandservices".TheMicrosoftfolksareseekingtoreleaseanembeddedroadmap,mostlikelytoshowstockholdersthattheyarenotbulkydinosaursthatwillbedestroyedbythecomingwaveofmobile.Infact,theWindowsembeddedoperatingsystemhasexistedforsometime,andtheearliestWin3.xhasanembeddedversionthatcanrunonPOSterminals.ButtherealWindowsembeddeddevicewasbuiltin1999calledWindowsNTEmbedded.TheWindowsXPcodewasusedtocreate"XPembedded"atthattime.FollowingitspaceisWindowsEmbeddedcompact,somepeopleareveryunfamiliarwiththisname,butyoumusthaveheardofitsotherwell-knownname,WindowsCE.Thisproductismoreusedinset-topboxes,especiallyafteritisusedintheSegaill-fatedDreamcastconsole,itiswidelyknown.

In2009,WindowsXPEmbeddedwasupgradedtoWindowsEmbeddedStandard.ItprovidesacompleteWin32API,butunlikeWindowsCE,itcanrunonARM,MIPSandSuperHprocessors.WindowsEmbeddedStandardCanonlyrunonx86.Itisfullycompatiblewith"standard"projects,suchasNETframework,IE7,WindowsMediaPlayer,Silverlight,etc.WindowsEmbeddedStandardallowsmanufacturerstocustomizethesystem,deleteunnecessaryparts,whileretainingthecorefunctionsofthesystem.AndthisfeaturehasbeenusedbysomesmartpeopleinthepastforWindowson-siteCDSproductionsuchasBartPE.

Yleinen järjestelmä

μTenux

uC/OSII

RT-säie

uCLinux

FreeRTOS

RTX

Arm-Linux

VxWorks

RTEMS

pSOS

Ydin

PalmOS

WindowsCE

WindowsXPEmbedded

WindowsVistaEmbedded

EmbeddedLinux

ECOS

QNX

Ilves

Symbian

HOPENOS

Android

Maemo

Meego

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