Historia
Itse asiassa upotetun ohjelman käsite on ollut olemassa jo kauan sitten. Viestinnän kannalta sulautettuja järjestelmiä käytettiin ohjaamaan sähköistä mekaanista puhelinvaihdetta 1960-luvulla, ja niitä kutsuttiin nimellä "StoredProgramControl"(StoredProgramControl).
Therealdevelopmentofembeddedcomputerswasaftertheadventofmicroprocessors.InNovember1971,Intelsuccessfullyintegratedthearithmeticunitandthecontrollercircuit,andlaunchedthefirstmicroprocessorIntel4004.Sincethen,variousmanufacturershavesuccessivelyintroducedmany8-bitand16-bitmicroprocessors.IncludingIntel8080/8085,8086,Motorola's6800,68000,andZilog'sZ80,Z8000,etc.Thesystemcomposedofthesemicroprocessorsasthecoreiswidelyusedinthefieldsofinstrumentation,medicalequipment,robots,andhouseholdappliances.Theextensiveapplicationofmicroprocessorshasformedabroadembeddedapplicationmarket.ComputermanufacturershavebeguntoprovideuserswithOEMproductsinalargenumberofplug-ins,andthenuserscanchooseasetofsuitableCPUboards,memoryboardsandvarioustypesaccordingtotheirneeds.TheI/Oplug-inboardconstitutesadedicatedembeddedcomputersystemandembedsitinitsownsystemequipment.
Forthesakeofflexibilityandcompatibility,serializedandmodularsingle-boardcomputershaveappeared.Popularsingle-boardcomputersincludeIntel’siSBCseriesandZilog’sMCB.Later,peoplecandesignadedicatedembeddedcomputerwithoutchoosingthechip,butaslongasselectingeachfunctionalmodule,adedicatedcomputersystemcanbebuilt.BothusersanddevelopershopetopurchasethemostsuitableOEMproductsfromdifferentmanufacturersandinsertthemintothepurchasedorself-madechassistoformanewsystem.Inthisway,itishopedthattheplug-insarecompatiblewitheachother,whichleadstotheindustrialcontrolmicrocomputersystembus.Birth.IntelintroducedMultibusin1976andexpandedtoMultibusIIwithabandwidthof40MB/sin1983.ThesimpleSTDbusdesignedbyPrologin1978iswidelyusedinsmallembeddedsystems.
The1980scanbesaidtobeanerawhenallkindsofbusesemergedinanendlessstream.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofmicroelectronicstechnology,integratedcircuitmanufacturersbegantointegratethemicroprocessor,I/Ointerface,A/D,D/Aconversion,serialinterface,RAM,ROMandothercomponentsrequiredinembeddedapplications.IntegrateintoaVLSI,therebymanufacturingamicrocontrollerforI/Odesign,whichiswhatwecommonlycallasingle-chipmicrocomputer,andbecomearookieintheemergenceofembeddedcomputersystems.SubsequentdevelopmentofDSPproductsfurtherimprovedthetechnicallevelofembeddedcomputersystems,andquicklypenetratedintovariousfieldssuchasconsumerelectronics,medicalelectronics,intelligentcontrol,communicationelectronics,instrumentation,andtransportation.
Inthe1990s,drivenbyhugedemandsfordistributedcontrol,flexiblemanufacturing,digitalcommunications,andinformationappliances,embeddedsystemsfurtheracceleratedtheirdevelopment.DSPproductsforreal-timesignalprocessingalgorithmsaredevelopingtowardshighspeed,highprecision,andlowpowerconsumption.Texaslaunchedthethird-generationDSPchipTMS320C30,leadingthedevelopmentofmicrocontrollersto32-bithigh-speedintelligence.Intermsofapplications,handheldcomputers,handheldPCs,andset-topboxesarerelativelymatureanddeveloprapidly.Especiallyhandheldcomputers.In1997,therewereonlyfourorfivebrandsofhandheldcomputersintheUSmarket.Attheendof1998,varioushandheldcomputershavesprungup.Inaddition,Nokialaunchedsmartphones,Siemenslaunchedset-topboxes,Wyselaunchedsmartterminals,andNSlaunchedWebPAD.Thesmallcomputermountedonthecarcannotonlycontrolvariousdevices(suchasaudio,etc.)inthecar,butcanalsobeconnectedtotheGPStoautomaticallycontrolthecar.
The21stcenturyisundoubtedlyaneraofnetworks,andtheapplicationofembeddedcomputersystemstovariousnetworksmustalsobeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofembeddedsystems.
Ominaisuudet
1)Järjestelmänydin onpieni
Koska sulautettuja järjestelmiä käytetään yleensä pienissä elektronisissa laitteissa, järjestelmäresurssit ovat suhteellisen rajalliset, joten ydin on perinteisempi Käyttöjärjestelmä on paljon pienempi.Esimerkki,Enea'n corelysson.
2)Highspecificity
Embeddedsystemsarehighlypersonalized,andthesoftwaresystemandhardwareareverytightlyintegrated.Generally,thesystemmustbetransplantedtothehardware,eveninTheproductsofthesamebrandandthesameseriesalsoneedtobecontinuouslymodifiedaccordingtothechanges,additionsandreductionsofthesystemhardware.Atthesametime,fordifferenttasks,itisoftennecessarytomakemajorchangestothesystem.Thecompilationanddownloadofprogramsmustbecombinedwiththesystem.Thismodificationandthe"upgrade"ofgeneralsoftwarearecompletelytwoconcepts.
3)Systemsimplification
Embeddedsystemsgenerallydonothaveacleardistinctionbetweensystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware,anddonotrequiretheirfunctionaldesignandimplementationtobetoocomplicated,whichwillhelpcontrolsystemcostsontheonehand,Butalsoconducivetotherealizationofsystemsecurity.
4)Highre-time-suorituskyky
High-reaaliaikainen järjestelmäohjelmisto (OS) on sulautettujen ohjelmistojen perusedellytys. Ja ohjelmistot tarvitsevat kiinteän tilan tallennusta nopeuttaakseen; ohjelmistokoodi vaatii korkeaa laatua ja korkeaa luotettavuutta.
5)Multitaskingoperatingsystem
Ifembeddedsoftwaredevelopmentistobestandardized,itmustuseamultitaskingoperatingsystem.Embeddedsystemapplicationscanrundirectlyonthechipwithoutanoperatingsystem;butinordertorationallyschedulemultipletasks,utilizesystemresources,systemfunctions,andinterfacewithspeciallibraryfunctions,usersmustchooseRTOS(Real-TimeOperatingSystem)bythemselvesDevelopmentplatform,soastoensurethereal-timeperformanceandreliabilityofprogramexecution,reducedevelopmenttime,andensuresoftwarequality.
6)Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequired
Developmenttoolsandenvironmentarerequiredforembeddedsystemdevelopment.Becauseitdoesnothavetheabilityofindependentdevelopment,usersusuallycannotmodifytheprogramfunctionsevenafterthedesigniscompleted.Asetofdevelopmenttoolsandenvironmentscanbeusedfordevelopment.Thesetoolsandenvironmentsaregenerallybasedonsoftwareandhardwareongeneral-purposecomputers.Equipmentandvariouslogicanalyzers,mixedsignaloscilloscopes,etc.Thereisoftentheconceptofahostandatargetmachineduringdevelopment.Thehostisusedforprogramdevelopment,andthetargetmachineisthefinalexecutionmachine.Thedevelopmentneedstobecombinedalternately.
Ydin
Suutetun järjestelmän ydin on upotettu mikroprosessori. Sulautetuilla mikroprosessoreilla on yleensä seuraavat neljä ominaisuutta:
1)Ithasstrongsupportforreal-timetasks,cancompletemulti-tasksandhasashortinterruptresponsetime,sothattheinternalcodeandreal-timeTheexecutiontimeoftheinnercoreisreducedtoaminimum.
2)Ithasaverypowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction.Thisisbecausethesoftwarestructureoftheembeddedsystemhasbeenmodularized,andinordertoavoidfalsecross-effectsbetweensoftwaremodules,itisnecessarytodesignapowerfulstorageareaprotectionfunction,whichisalsoconducivetosoftwarediagnosis.
3)Extensibleprocessorstructure,inordertobeabletodevelopthehighestperformanceembeddedmicroprocessorthatmeetstheapplicationmostquickly.
4)Embeddedmicroprocessorsmusthavelowpowerconsumption,especiallyforbattery-poweredembeddedsystemsusedinportablewirelessandmobilecomputingandcommunicationdevices.mWorevenμWlevel.
Luokittelu
Jaettu laitteistosta ja ohjelmistosta.
Laitteistopohjainen
Upotettu mikroprosessori (mikroprosessoriyksikkö, MPU)
EmbeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.Itscharacteristicisthatithasa32-bitormoreprocessor,withhigherperformance,andofcourseitspriceiscorrespondinglyhigher.Butunlikecomputerprocessors,inactualembeddedapplications,onlyfunctionalhardwarecloselyrelatedtoembeddedapplicationsisretained,andotherredundantfunctionalpartsareremoved,sothatembeddedapplicationscanbeimplementedwiththelowestpowerconsumptionandresources.specialrequirements.Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.ThemainembeddedprocessortypesareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARMseries,etc.
Niiden joukossa Arm/StrongArmisanuotettu mikroprosessori, joka on kehitetty erityisesti kannettaville laitteille, mikä on keskihintainen.
EmbeddedMicrocontrollerUnit (MCU)
Thetypicalrepresentativeofembeddedmicrocontrolleristhesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Fromtheappearanceofsingle-chipmicrocomputerinthelate1970stotoday,Althoughmorethan30yearshavepassed,this8-bitelectronicdevicestillhasanextremelywiderangeofapplicationsinembeddeddevices.ThemicrocontrollerchipintegratesROM/EPROM,RAM,bus,buslogic,timer/counter,watchdog,I/O,serialport,pulsewidthmodulationoutput,A/D,D/A,FlashRAM,EEPROM,etc.Kindsofnecessaryfunctionsandperipherals.Comparedwithembeddedmicroprocessors,thebiggestfeatureofmicrocontrollersismonolithicandgreatlyreducedvolume,whichreducespowerconsumptionandcost,andimprovesreliability.Theon-chipperipheralresourcesofamicrocontrolleraregenerallyricherandsuitableforcontrol,soitiscalledamicrocontroller.
MCU:n alhaisen hinnan ja erinomaisten toimintojen vuoksi, sillä on suurin valikoima ja määrä. Edustavimpia ovat mm. AN-Bus, LCD ja monta omistettua MCU:ta ja yhteensopivia sarjoja, MCU:n osuus sulautettujen järjestelmien markkinoista on noin 70 %, AtmelduetoitsIntegratingFPGAjamuiden laitteiden tuottama AVR, joten se säästää erittäin korkean suorituskyvyn ,edistää yhden sirun mikrotietokoneiden korkeampaa kehitystä.
EmbeddedDigitalSignalProcessor (EDSP)
DSPprocessorisaprocessordedicatedtosignalprocessing.Thesystemstructureandinstructionalgorithmarespeciallydesigned,withhighcompilationefficiencyandinstructionexecutionspeed.DSPhasbeenwidelyusedinvariousinstrumentssuchasdigitalfiltering,FFT,andspectrumanalysis.
ThetheoreticalalgorithmofDSPhasappearedinthe1970s,butsincethespecializedDSPprocessorhasnotyetappeared,thistheoreticalalgorithmcanonlyberealizedbydiscretecomponentssuchasMPU.ThelowerprocessingspeedofMPUcannotmeetthealgorithmrequirementsofDSP,anditsapplicationfieldislimitedtosomecutting-edgehigh-techfields.Withthedevelopmentoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuittechnology,theworld'sfirstDSPchipwasbornin1982.ItscomputingspeedisdozensoftimesfasterthanMPU,andithasbeenwidelyusedinspeechsynthesisandcodecs.Bythemid-1980s,withtheadvancementanddevelopmentofCMOStechnology,thesecondgenerationofDSPchipsbasedonCMOStechnologycameintobeing,andtheirstoragecapacityandcomputingspeedweredoubled,becomingthebasisofvoiceprocessingandimagehardwareprocessingtechnology.Bythelate1980s,thecomputingspeedofDSPwasfurtherimproved,andtheapplicationfieldexpandedfromtheabove-mentionedscopetocommunicationsandcomputers.Afterthe1990s,DSPhasdevelopedtothefifthgenerationofproducts,withhigherintegrationandawiderrangeofapplications.
Laajimmin käytetty on TI:n TMS320C2000/C5000-sarja. Lisäksi Intelin MCS-296:lla ja Siemensin TriCorealilla on myös omat käyttöalueet.
UpotettuSystemOnChip
SoCpursuesthemosttolerantintegrateddevicesintheproductsystemandisoneofthehottopicsintheembeddedapplicationfield.ThebiggestfeatureofSOCisthatithassuccessfullyrealizedtheseamlessintegrationofsoftwareandhardware,anddirectlyembedsthecodemoduleoftheoperatingsystemintheprocessorchip.AndSOChasextremelyhighcomprehensiveness,usingVHDLandotherhardwaredescriptionlanguagesinsideasiliconchiptorealizeacomplexsystem.Usersnolongerneedtodrawhugeandcomplexcircuitboardsandmakealittleconnectionandsolderingliketraditionalsystemdesign.Theyonlyneedtousepreciselanguageandcomprehensivetimingdesigntodirectlycallvariousgeneral-purposeprocessorstandardsinthedevicelibrary,andthenAfterthesimulation,itcanbedirectlydeliveredtothechipmanufacturerforproduction.Sincemostofthesystemcomponentsareinsidethesystem,theentiresystemisparticularlysimple,whichnotonlyreducesthesizeandpowerconsumptionofthesystem,butalsoimprovesthereliabilityofthesystemandimprovesthedesignandproductionefficiency.
Koska SOC-tuotteet ovat usein omistettuja,useimmat ovat tuntemattomia käyttäjiä.Epätyypilliset SOC-tuotteet onPhilipsSmartXA.Muutama yleiskäyttöinen sarja, kuten TriCoreofSiemens,M-CoreofMotorola,jotkut ARM-sarjan laitteet,Neuronchipjointlydevelo.
Itisexpectedthatinthenearfuture,somelargechipcompanieswillrepelcompetitorsinonefellswoopbylaunchingmatureSOCchipsthatcanoccupymostmarkets.SOCchipswillalsoplayanimportantroleinapplicationfieldssuchassound,image,film,networkandsystemlogic.
Ohjelmistopohjainen
Ohjelmiston näkökulmasta se voidaan jakaa pääasiassa käyttöjärjestelmän tyypin mukaan. Sulautettuihin järjestelmiin on olemassa kaksi pääasiallista ohjelmistotyyppiä:reaaliaikaiset järjestelmät ja ajanjakojärjestelmät. Niiden joukossa reaaliaikaiset järjestelmät ja kovat järjestelmät:jaettu kahteen reaaliaikaiseen kategoriaan.
Thereal-timeembeddedsystemisdesignedtoperformspecificfunctionsandcanperformfunctionsstrictlyaccordingtotimesequence.Itsbiggestfeatureisthattheexecutionoftheprogramisdeterministic.Inareal-timesystem,ifthesystemfailstoachieveacertaintaskwithinaspecifiedtime,itwillleadtoacompletefailureofthesystem,thesystemiscalledahardreal-timesystem.Inasoftreal-timesystem,althoughresponsetimeisequallyimportant,overtimedoesnotcausefatalerrors.Ahardreal-timesystemoftenneedstoaddacontrolchipdedicatedtotimeandprioritymanagementonthehardware,whileasoftreal-timesystemmainlyimplementstimelimitmanagementthroughprogramminginsoftware.Forexample,WindowsCEisamultitaskingtime-sharingsystem,whileUcos-IIisatypicalreal-timeoperatingsystem.
Kokoonpano
Laitteistokerros
Laitteistokerros sisältää upotetun mikroprosessorin, muistin (SDRAM, ROM, Flash jne.), yleisen laitteistorajapinnan ja I/O-liitännän (A/D, D/A, I/O jne. .).Virtalähdepiirin,kellopiirinjamuistipiirin lisääminen upotetun prosessorinperustaan muodostaa upotetun ydinohjausmoduulin.Käyttöjärjestelmä ja sovellusohjelmat voidaankiinnittää ROMiin.
Upotettu mikroprosessori
Thecoreofthehardwarelayeroftheembeddedsystemistheembeddedmicroprocessor.ThebiggestdifferencebetweentheembeddedmicroprocessorandthegeneralCPUistheembeddedMostoftheembeddedmicroprocessorsworkinsystemsspeciallydesignedforspecificusergroups.Itintegratesmanytaskscompletedbytheboardinthegeneral-purposeCPUinsidethechip,whichisconducivetothetrendofminiaturizationinthedesignofembeddedsystems,anditalsohasVeryhighefficiencyandreliability.
ThearchitectureoftheembeddedmicroprocessorcanadoptthevonNeumannsystemortheHarvardarchitecture;theinstructionsystemcanchoosethereducedinstructionsystem(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,RISC)andthecomplexinstructionsystemCISC(ComplexInstruction)SetComputer,CISC).TheRISCcomputeronlycontainsthemostusefulinstructionsinthechannel,ensuringthatthedatachannelexecuteseachinstructionquickly,therebyimprovingtheexecutionefficiencyandmakingtheCPUhardwarestructuredesignsimpler.
Embeddedmicroprocessorshaveavarietyofdifferentsystems.Eveninthesamesystem,theymayhavedifferentclockfrequenciesanddatabuswidths,orintegratedifferentperipheralsandinterfaces.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,therearemorethan1,000kindsofembeddedmicroprocessorsintheworld,andtherearemorethan30seriesofarchitectures,amongwhichthemainstreamsystemsareARM,MIPS,PowerPC,X86andSH.ButunliketheglobalPCmarket,noembeddedmicroprocessorcandominatethemarket.Intermsof32-bitproductsalone,therearemorethan100embeddedmicroprocessors.Thechoiceofembeddedmicroprocessorisdeterminedaccordingtothespecificapplication.
Muisti
Embeddedsystemsneedmemorytostoreandexecutecode.ThememoryoftheembeddedsystemincludesCache,mainmemoryandauxiliarymemory.
1) Välimuisti
Cacheisasmall-capacity,fast-speedmemoryarray.Itislocatedbetweenthemainmemoryandtheembeddedmicroprocessorcore.Whendatareadoperationsarerequired,ThemicroprocessorreadsdatafromtheCacheasmuchaspossible,ratherthanfromthemainmemory,whichgreatlyimprovestheperformanceofthesystemandincreasesthedatatransferratebetweenthemicroprocessorandthemainmemory.ThemaingoalofCacheistoreducethememoryaccessbottleneckcausedbythememory(suchasmainmemoryandauxiliarymemory)tothemicroprocessorcore,sothattheprocessingspeedisfasterandthereal-timeperformanceisstronger.
Intheembeddedsystem,Cacheisallintegratedintheembeddedmicroprocessor,andcanbedividedintodataCache,instructionCacheorhybridCache.ThesizeofCachedependsondifferentprocessors.Cacheisgenerallyintegratedintohigh-endembeddedmicroprocessors.
2)Päämuisti
Themainmemoryisaregisterthattheembeddedmicroprocessorcandirectlyaccess,usedtostoresystemanduserprogramsanddata.Itcanbelocatedinsideoroutsidethemicroprocessor,anditscapacityis256KB~1GB,dependingonthespecificapplication.Generally,theon-chipmemoryhasasmallcapacity,highspeed,andalargeoff-chipmemory.
Muistot, joita käytetään yleisesti päämuistina:
ROM-tyyppiNORFlash, EPROM ja PROM jne.
RAM-tyyppiSRAM, DRAM ja SDRAM jne.
Amongthem,NORFlashhasbeenwidelyusedintheembeddedfieldduetoitsadvantagessuchasmanyerasingtimes,faststoragespeed,largestoragecapacity,andlowprice.
3) Apumuisti
Auxiliarymemoryisusedtostoreprogramcodesorinformationwithalargeamountofdata.Ithasalargecapacity,butitsreadingspeedismuchslowerthanthatofmainmemory.,Usedforlong-termpreservationofuserinformation.Commonlyusedexternalstorageinembeddedsystemsare:harddisk,NANDFlash,CFcard,MMCandSDcard,etc.
UniversaldeviceinterfaceandI/Ointerface
Interactionbetweenembeddedsystemandtheoutsideworldrequiresacertainformofuniversaldeviceinterface,suchasA/D,D/A.I/O,etc.Peripheralsrealizetheinput/outputfunctionofthemicroprocessorthroughtheconnectionwithotherdevicesorsensorsoutsidethechip.Eachperipheralusuallyhasonlyasinglefunction,anditcanbeoutsidethechiporbuiltintothechip.Therearemanytypesofperipherals,rangingfromasimpleserialcommunicationdevicetoaverycomplex802.11wirelessdevice.
Yleisesti käytetyt sulautetut järjestelmät, joihin kuuluvat A/D (analoginen/digitaalinen muunnosliitäntä), D/A (digitaalinen/analoginen muunnosliitäntä), ja I/OinterfaceshaveRS-232-liitännät (sarjalinjan tiedonsiirtoliitäntä), Ethernet (Ethernet-liitäntä, liitäntä, videoväylä 2-liitäntä), USB (universaaliääniväyläliitäntä, V) (sarjaväyläliitäntä)jaIrDA (infrapunaliitäntä) jne.
Intermediatelayer
Thereisanintermediatelayerbetweenthehardwarelayerandthesoftwarelayer,alsoknownastheHardwareAbstractLayer(HAL)orBoardSupportPackage(BoardSupportPackage,BSP),whichseparatestheupper-layersoftware(application)ofthesystemfromthelower-layerhardware,sothatthelower-layerdriverofthesystemhasnothingtodowiththeupperlayer.Theupper-layersoftwaredevelopersdonotneedtocareaboutthespecificconditionsoftheunderlyinghardware,andcanproceedaccordingtotheinterfaceprovidedbytheBSPlayer.Development.Thislayergenerallyincludestheinitializationofrelatedunderlyinghardware,datainput/outputoperations,andhardwaredeviceconfigurationfunctions.BSPhasthefollowingtwocharacteristics.
Hardwarerelevance:Becausethehardwareenvironmentofembeddedreal-timesystemshasapplicationrelevance,asaninterfacebetweenupper-levelsoftwareandhardwareplatforms,BSPneedstoprovideoperatingsystemswithmethodstooperateandcontrolspecifichardware.
Operatingsystemrelevance:Differentoperatingsystemshavetheirownsoftwarehierarchicalstructure,therefore,differentoperatingsystemshavespecifichardwareinterfaceforms.
Actually,BSPisasoftwarelevelbetweentheoperatingsystemandtheunderlyinghardware,includingmostofthesoftwaremodulesinthesystemthatarecloselyrelatedtothehardware.DesigningacompleteBSPneedstocompletetwoparts:thehardwareinitializationoftheembeddedsystemandtheBSPfunction,andthedesignofhardware-relateddevicedrivers.
Embeddedsystem-laitteiston alustus
Järjestelmän alustusprosessi voidaan jakaa kolmeen päälinkkiin, jotka ovat joko alhaalta ylös, laitteistosta ohjelmistoon.: Sirutason alustus, korttitason alustus ja järjestelmätason alustus.
Sirutason alustus
Completetheinitializationoftheembeddedmicroprocessor,includingsettingthecoreregisterandcontrolregisteroftheembeddedmicroprocessor,thecoreworkingmodeoftheembeddedmicroprocessorandtheembeddedmicroprocessorLocalbusmodeandsoon.Chip-levelinitializationgraduallysetstheembeddedmicroprocessorfromthedefaultstatewhenitispoweredontotheworkingstaterequiredbythesystem.Thisisapurehardwareinitializationprocess.
Palvelutason alustus
Completetheinitializationofhardwaredevicesotherthanembeddedmicroprocessors.Inaddition,somesoftwaredatastructuresandparametersneedtobesettoestablishahardwareandsoftwareenvironmentforsubsequentsystem-levelinitializationandapplicationprogramoperation.Thisisaninitializationprocessthatincludesbothsoftwareandhardware.
Systeminisointi
Theinitializationprocessismainlysoftwareinitialization,mainlyfortheinitializationoftheoperatingsystem.TheBSPtransfersthecontroloftheembeddedmicroprocessortotheembeddedoperatingsystem,andtheoperatingsystemcompletestheremaininginitializationoperations,includingloadingandinitializingdevicedriversthathavenothingtodowithhardware,establishingasystemmemoryarea,loadingandinitializingothersystemsoftwaremodules,Suchasnetworksystems,filesystems,etc.Finally,theoperatingsystemcreatestheapplicationenvironmentandpassescontroltotheentranceoftheapplication.
Laitteistoon liittyvät laitteetAjurit
AnothermainfunctionofBSPishardware-relateddevicedrivers.Theinitializationofhardware-relateddevicedriversisusuallyaprocessfromhightolow.AlthoughtheBSPcontainshardware-relateddevicedrivers,thesedevicedriversareusuallynotdirectlyusedbytheBSP.Instead,theBSPassociatesthemwiththegeneraldevicedriversintheoperatingsystemduringthesysteminitializationprocess,andthenlaterTheapplicationiscalledbythegeneraldevicedrivertorealizetheoperationofthehardwaredevice.DriversrelatedtohardwareareanotherverycriticallinkinBSPdesignanddevelopment.
Järjestelmäohjelmistokerros
Järjestelmäohjelmistokerros koostuu reaaliaikaisesta käyttöjärjestelmästä (RTOS), tiedostojärjestelmästä, graafisesta käyttäjäliittymästä (GUI), verkkojärjestelmästä ja yhteisistä komponenttimoduuleista. RTO on sulautettujen sovellusohjelmistojen perusta ja kehitysalusta.
EmbeddedOperatingSystem
EmbeddedOperationSystem(EOS)isawide-rangingsystemsoftware.Inthepast,itwasmainlyusedinThefieldofindustrialcontrolanddefensesystems.EOSisresponsiblefortheallocationofallsoftwareandhardwareresourcesembeddedinthesystem,taskscheduling,andcontrolandcoordinationofconcurrentactivities.Itmustreflectthecharacteristicsofthesysteminwhichitislocated,andbeabletoachievetherequiredfunctionsofthesystembyloadingandunloadingcertainmodules.SomeEOSproductserieswithrelativelysuccessfulapplicationshavebeenlaunched.WiththedevelopmentofInternettechnology,thepopularizationandapplicationofinformationappliances,andtheminiaturizationandspecializationofEOS,EOShasbeguntodevelopfromasingleweakfunctiontoahighlyspecializedandstrongfunction.Theembeddedoperatingsystemhasmoreprominentfeaturesinthereal-timeefficiencyofthesystem,thedependencyofthehardware,thesolidificationofthesoftware,andthespecificityoftheapplication.EOSisrelativetothegeneraloperatingsystem.Inadditiontothemostbasicfunctionsofthegeneraloperatingsystem,EOSalsohasthefollowingfunctions:suchastaskscheduling,synchronizationmechanism,interruptprocessing,fileprocessing,etc.
Applications
IndustrialControl
Industrialautomationequipmentbasedonembeddedchipswillmakegreatprogress.Therearealreadyalargenumberof8,16,32-bitembeddedmicrocomputers.Intheapplicationofcontrollers,networkingisthemainwaytoimproveproductionefficiency,productquality,andreducehumanresources,suchasindustrialprocesscontrol,digitalmachinetools,powersystems,powergridsecurity,powergridequipmentmonitoring,andpetrochemicalsystems.Asfarastraditionalindustrialcontrolproductsareconcerned,thelow-endmodelsoftenuse8-bitmicrocontrollers.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,32-bitand64-bitprocessorshavegraduallybecomethecoreofindustrialcontrolequipment,andtheywillsurelyachieveconsiderabledevelopmentinthenextfewyears.
Trafficmanagement
Intheaspectsofvehiclenavigation,flowcontrol,informationmonitoringandcarservices,embeddedsystemtechnologyhasbeenwidelyused.EmbeddedGPSmodule,GSMmodulemobilePositioningterminalshavebeensuccessfullyusedinvarioustransportationindustries.GPSequipmenthasenteredthehomesofordinarypeoplefromcutting-edgeproducts,andyoucanfindyourlocationanytimeandanywherewithonlyafewthousandyuan.
Informationappliances
Thiswillbecalledthelargestapplicationfieldofembeddedsystems.Thenetworkingandintelligenceofrefrigeratorsandairconditionerswillleadpeople'slivesintoabrandnewspace.Evenifyouarenotathome,youcanremotelycontrolitviatelephonelineandinternet.Inthesedevices,embeddedsystemswillbeveryuseful.
Smarthomemanagement
Veden, sähkön ja kaasumittareiden automaattinen etäluenta, paloturvallisuus, varkaudenestojärjestelmä ja erillinen ohjaussiru korvaavat perinteisen manuaalisen tarkastuksen jasaavuttaaparemman,paremman,palvelevammantarkkuuden. s,sulautettujen järjestelmien etuedut on otettu huomioon.
POS-verkko
Julkisen liikenteen kontaktittomien älykorttien (ContactlessSmartcard, CSC) myöntämisjärjestelmä, julkinen puhelinkorttien myöntämisjärjestelmä, myyntiautomaatit, useat älykkäät pankkiautomaattipäätteet integroidaan täysin ihmisten elämään, kun pidät korttia.
EnvironmentalEngineeringandNature
Real-timemonitoringofhydrologicaldata,floodcontrolsystemandwaterandsoilqualitymonitoring,damsafety,earthquakemonitoringnetwork,real-timeweatherinformationnetwork,watersourceandairpollutionmonitoring.Inmanyareaswithharshenvironmentsandcomplexterrain,embeddedsystemswillrealizeunmannedmonitoring.
Robots
Thedevelopmentofembeddedchipswillmakerobotsmoreobviousinminiaturizationandhighintelligence.Atthesametime,theywillgreatlyreducethepriceofrobots,makingthemmoresuitableforindustrialapplicationsandservices.Thefieldhasbeenwidelyused.
Intheseapplications,youcanfocusontheapplicationofcontrol.Asfarasremotehomeappliancecontrolisconcerned,inadditiontodevelopingembeddedsystemsthatsupportTCP/IP,homeapplianceproductcontrolprotocolsalsoneedtobeformulatedandunified,whichrequireshomeappliancemanufacturerstodo.Inthesameway,allnetwork-basedremotecontroldevicesneedtorealizeaninterfacewiththeembeddedsystem,andthentheembeddedsystemcontrolsandrealizescontrolthroughthenetwork.Therefore,itisveryimportanttodevelopanddiscussembeddedsystems.
Applicationofelectromechanicalproducts
Comparedwithotherfields,electromechanicalproductscanbesaidtobeoneofthemosttypicalandbroadestapplicationsofembeddedsystems.Therearehugemarketsforsingle-chipmicrocomputers,industrialcomputers,andSOCsinvariouselectromechanicalproducts.
MobileInternetfield
ManymobileInternetfieldsalsorequireembeddeddevelopmenttechnology
Trendit
EmbeddedThe Embeddedoperating System tulee olemaan korvaamaton osa tulevaisuuden sulautetussa järjestelmässä. Sen tulevaisuuden kehitystrendeihin kuuluvat:
1.Customization:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillprovideasimplifiedsystemcallinterfaceforspecificapplications.Supportoneoronetypeofembeddedapplications.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillalsohaveascalableandscalablesystemarchitecture,providingamulti-levelsystemarchitecture.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillincludevariousplug-and-playdevicedriverinterfaces;
2.Energysaving:Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillcontinuetousemicrokerneltechnologytoachievesmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,andlowcost.Supportsmallelectronicdevices.Atthesametime,improvethereliabilityandmaintainabilityoftheproduct.Embeddedoperatingsystemwillformaminimumcoreprocessingset,reducesystemoverhead,improveoperatingefficiency,andcanbeusedinvariousnon-computerequipment;
3,humanization:embeddedoperatingsystemwillprovidesophisticatedmultimediaHuman-machineinterfacetomeettheever-increasingneedsofusers;
4.Security:Theembeddedoperatingsystemshouldbeabletoprovideasecurityguaranteemechanism,andthereliabilityofthesourcecodeisgettinghigherandhigher;
5.Networking:Forthenetworkandforspecificapplications,theembeddedoperatingsystemrequiresastandardnetworkcommunicationinterface.Thedevelopmentofembeddedoperatingsystemswillbecomeeasiertotransplantandnetwork.Theembeddedoperatingsystemwillhavenetworkaccessfunctions,provideTCP/UDP/IP/PPPprotocolsupportandaunifiedMACaccesslayerinterface,andreserveinterfacesforvariousmobilecomputingdevices;
6.Standardization:Withthedevelopmentofthewidespreadapplicationofembeddedoperatingsystems,theemergenceofproblemssuchasinformationexchangeandresourcesharingopportunities,itisnecessarytoestablishcorrespondingstandardstoregulateitsapplications.
Sulautetut käyttöjärjestelmät tarjoavat tietyn reaaliaikaisen suorituskyvyn, helposti leikattavissa ja mittakaavassa, ja ne voivatsoveltua useisiin ARMCPU:iin ja eri tyyppisiin sovelluksiin ARM7:stä X-mittaan. Sulautetut käyttöjärjestelmät voivat käyttää laajalti suosittuja ARMD-kehitystyökaluja, kuten SDT/ADSM:n,kuten SDT/ADSM- ja RecalmentalG:n DB, KDE tai Eclipedevelopmentympäristö. Markkinoilla on myös erityisiä kehitystyökaluja, kuten Tornado, μC/View, μC/KA, CODE/Lab, Metroworks jne.
NewproductsfromMicrosoft
MicrosoftplanstolaunchtheWindowsEmbedded8embeddedoperatingsysteminMarch2013,whichisthepuzzleformofWindows8.TheWindowsEmbedded8StandardoperatingsystemisamodularTheversionofWindows,whichrunssimilartoLinux-stylecustomization,allowsmanufacturerstomodifyandcustomizeit,andnewtouchandgesture-basedinterfaceswillbeappliedonthisembeddedoperatingsystem.
PeoplearealreadyfamiliarwithdeviceswithembeddedoperatingsystemssuchasVOIPphones,DVDplayers,GPSreceivers,andprinters.Asmoreandmoredevicesareaddedtocomputerchipsusingembeddedoperatingsystems,ithasbecomeanever-increasingdemandtomanagethesedevicesthroughsoftware.Inthepast,thebarebonesversionofLINUXwasanoptionforembeddedoperatingsystems,thankstoitslowsystemrequirementsandeasycustomization.Moreandmorehouseholditemsareenteringthefieldofintelligenceanddigital,arousingpeople'sinterestinthe"InternetofThings",andthisnetworkcanconnectallthecomputerizeditemsinyourhome,makingthemeasyfortheirownerstocontrolandsearch.Thingsareassimpleasfindingfilesonacomputer.
WindowsEmbedded8maybejustonestepinMicrosoft'srevivalplan.ThisplanwilltransformMicrosoftfromasoftwarecompanyintoacompanyof"devicesandservices".TheMicrosoftfolksareseekingtoreleaseanembeddedroadmap,mostlikelytoshowstockholdersthattheyarenotbulkydinosaursthatwillbedestroyedbythecomingwaveofmobile.Infact,theWindowsembeddedoperatingsystemhasexistedforsometime,andtheearliestWin3.xhasanembeddedversionthatcanrunonPOSterminals.ButtherealWindowsembeddeddevicewasbuiltin1999calledWindowsNTEmbedded.TheWindowsXPcodewasusedtocreate"XPembedded"atthattime.FollowingitspaceisWindowsEmbeddedcompact,somepeopleareveryunfamiliarwiththisname,butyoumusthaveheardofitsotherwell-knownname,WindowsCE.Thisproductismoreusedinset-topboxes,especiallyafteritisusedintheSegaill-fatedDreamcastconsole,itiswidelyknown.
In2009,WindowsXPEmbeddedwasupgradedtoWindowsEmbeddedStandard.ItprovidesacompleteWin32API,butunlikeWindowsCE,itcanrunonARM,MIPSandSuperHprocessors.WindowsEmbeddedStandardCanonlyrunonx86.Itisfullycompatiblewith"standard"projects,suchasNETframework,IE7,WindowsMediaPlayer,Silverlight,etc.WindowsEmbeddedStandardallowsmanufacturerstocustomizethesystem,deleteunnecessaryparts,whileretainingthecorefunctionsofthesystem.AndthisfeaturehasbeenusedbysomesmartpeopleinthepastforWindowson-siteCDSproductionsuchasBartPE.
Yleinen järjestelmä
μTenux
uC/OSII
RT-säie
uCLinux
FreeRTOS
RTX
Arm-Linux
VxWorks
RTEMS
pSOS
Ydin
PalmOS
WindowsCE
WindowsXPEmbedded
WindowsVistaEmbedded
EmbeddedLinux
ECOS
QNX
Ilves
Symbian
HOPENOS
Android
Maemo
Meego