Palontorjuntajärjestelmä

Introduction

Weaponfirecontrolsystemisageneraltermforequipmentthatcontrolsweaponstoautomaticallyorsemi-automaticallyimplementaimingandlaunching.Abbreviationforweaponfirecontrolsystem.Modernartillery,tankguns,tacticalrocketsandmissiles,airborneweapons(aircraftguns,bombsandmissiles),shipborneweapons(navalguns,torpedoes,missilesanddepthbombs)aremostlyequippedwithfirecontrolsystems.Unguidedweaponsareequippedwithfirecontrolsystems,whichcanimprovethespeedandaccuracyofaimingandlaunching,andenhancetheiradaptabilitytoharshbattlefieldenvironments,soastogivefullplaytotheweapon'sdamagecapability.Theguidedweaponisequippedwithafirecontrolsystem.Becauseofthemoreaccurateaimingbeforelaunch,itcanimprovetheworkingconditionsofitsguidancesystem,improvethemissile'sresponsetomobiletargets,andreducetheerrorrateoftheguidancesystem.

Sävellys

1,targettracker

2,palonhallintatietokone

3,järjestelmäkonsoli

4.Ampunhallintalaite

5.Liitäntälaitteet

6.Tarvittavat oheislaitteet

Toiminto

1.Hanki taistelukenttätilannetiedot kohteesta ja kohteista

2,Laskee ammuntaparametrit,antaa ampuma-apua päätöksentekoon

3,Hallitse voimaaseiden laukaisua, arvioi ampumisen vaikutus

Luokittelu

1. Käyttötarkoituksen mukaan: aluksen palonhallintajärjestelmä, lentopalonhallintajärjestelmä, maapalonhallintajärjestelmä

2,menetelmän mukaan:analoginen,digitaalinen

3.Asetyyppien mukaan: kevyiden aseiden palonhallintajärjestelmät, raskaiden aseiden palonhallintajärjestelmät, panssaroidut palonhallintajärjestelmät jne.

Systemcomponents

ShootingvariouselementsItistheazimuthandfiringangleoftheweaponbarrelorlaunchtrajectorythatcansendthewarhead(warhead)tothetargetarea.Forwarheadswithtimefuzes,therearealsofuzedivisions.GuidedweaponsandunderwaterweaponsmayalsoincludeGuidancedistance,steeringangle,setdepthanddivergenceangle.Itisthecoretaskoftheweaponfirecontrolsystemtofindouttheshootingelementsaccuratelyandinrealtime.

TargetsearchandidentificationUsingobservationequipmenttosearchfortargetsisthefirsttaskofthefirecontrolsystem.Thecommonlyusedobservationequipmentinthefirecontrolsystemincludesradar,opticalorlaserrangefinder,infraredorlow-lightnightvision,battlefieldreconnaissanceTV,soundmeasuringequipment,sonar,etc.Forfixedtargets,mapsandaerial(orsatellite)photoscanalsobeused.Aftersearchingforthetarget,thetargettype(vehicles,aircraft,missiles,ships,weapons,personnel,etc.),model,quantity,andattributesoffriendorfoeshouldbefurtheridentified.Theapplicationofimagerecognitiontechnologyhasautomatedtargetrecognition,andthemosteffectivedeviceforfriendorfoeidentificationistheelectronicfriendorfoeidentifier.

TargetparametermeasurementTargetparametersincludetargetpositionparametersandmotionparameters.Targetpositionparametersrefertothecoordinatesofthetargetrelativetothegeographiccoordinatesystemortheobservationcoordinatesystem,suchasdistance,azimuth,highandlowangle,etc.;targetmotionparametersincludespeed,heading,shipangle,acceleration,etc.,whichareusedtoobtainshootingDatathatisindispensabletothemeta.Observationequipmentusedfortargetparametermeasurementshouldhavehighaccuracy.Theyaremostlyusedtodeterminethepositionofthetarget.EquipmentusingtheDopplereffectcanalsodeterminethelongitudinalvelocityofthetargetrelativetotheobservationequipment.Formovingtargets,theobservationequipmentmustalsotrackthetargetinrealtime,measureaseriesoftargetparametervalues,andprovideconditionsforusingthesemeasuredvalues​​toestimatethecurrentinstantaneouspositionandmotionparametersofthetarget.

MeteorologicalandballisticconditionmeasurementThemeteorologicalparameterssuchastemperature,airpressure,windspeed,winddirectionandballisticconditionparameterssuchastheinitialvelocitydeviationoftheprojectile,thetemperatureoftheprojectile,thedeviationoftheprojectileweight,etc.willallproducetheactualtrajectoryTheimpactmustbemeasuredintimesothatitcanbetakenintoaccountwhensolvingtheshootingelements.Theweightdeviationoftheprojectilecanbemeasuredbytherootgauge,barometer,anemometer,andprojectilemuzzlevelocitymeasuringinstrument.Meteorologicalradarandprojectilevelocitymeasurementradararemoreadvancedmeteorologicalandballisticconditionmeasurementequipment.Sincemeteorologicalconditionsaffecttheentiretrajectory,therelevantmeteorologicalmeasurementpointsshouldcovertheentiretrajectory.Fornavalunderwaterweapons,hydrologicalfactorssuchaswavesandoceancurrentsarealsomeasured.

CarrierMotionparametermeasurementThethreetranslationaldegreesoffreedomand3Thisrotationdegreeoffreedombothdeterioratestheobservationconditionsandchangestheballisticparameters.Themotionparametersthatseriouslyaffecttheshootingeffectshouldbemeasured,andtheobservationequipment,weaponbarrelorlaunchershouldbemadetomovewiththesamemagnitudeandoppositedirectionrelativetoitscarrier,orbecorrectedwhensolvingtheshootingelementstomaketheshootingOrthrowasfaraspossiblenottobeaffectedbythemovementofthecarrier.Thefirecontrolsystemusedforaimingandlaunchinginmotionisusuallyequippedwithathree-degree-of-freedomortwo-degree-of-freedomgyrosysteminordertotimelymeasurethethreeattitudeangles(pitch,yaw,andtilt)orangularvelocityofthecarrier.Forhigh-speedmovingvehicles(suchasairplanes,ships,etc.),thereisalsoaspeedmeasuringdeviceformeasuringthemovingspeedofthevehicle.Forfirecontrolsystemsthatrequireveryhighfiringaccuracy,suchastheshort-rangeanti-missileanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystem,itisnotonlyrequiredtomeasurethreeattitudeanglesorangularvelocities,butalsotomeasurethespeedofheave,lateralandlongitudinalmovements,andevenconsiderTheelasticdeformationofthecarrier.

MissingtargetmeasurementDuetotheinfluenceofvariousrandomfactorsthataredifficulttocontrolandcorrect,thefirstshotorthefirstgroupofwarheadsmaymissthetarget.Atthistime,theamountofmissshouldbemeasured,andthemeasuredamountofmissshouldbeusedtocorrecttheshootingelements.Thisisthecalibration.Forfixedtargetsorslow-movingtargetsrelativetotheweaponsystem,allequipmentthatcanobservetheexplosionpointandestimatethedeviationoftheexplosionpointfromthetargetcancompletethecalibrationtask.Theartillerycalibrationradarcanestimatethepointofimpactofthewarheadwithintheeffectiveareaof​​itslobe,anditisanadvancedcalibrationtool.Whenshootingathigh-speedtargetssuchasairplanesormissiles,itisnecessarytosimultaneouslytrackandmeasurethecoordinatesofthetargetandthewarheadovertime.Phasedarrayradarisanadvancedtooltoachievethismeasurement.

DataprocessingModernfirecontrolsystemsmainlyusedigitalelectroniccomputerstocompletedataprocessing.Thiskindofcomputeriscalledafirecontrolcomputer,andisoftencalledacommander.Itisthecorecomponentofthefirecontrolsystem.Itstaskistostorealldataandinformationrelatedtothetarget,missdistance,meteorologicalconditions,ballisticconditions,andcarriermotionparameters;calculatethecurrentinstantaneoustargetpositionandmotionparameters;accordingtotheballisticequationunderactualcombatconditionsorstoreitinfirecontrolTheshootingtableinthecomputercalculatesthecoordinatesofthehitpoint,calculatestheshootingelements;correctstheshootingelementsaccordingtothepastmisses;evaluatestheshootingeffect,etc.Itspurposeistooutputcontrolinstructionstothedisplaydeviceandthefollow-upsystem,oroutputcontrolinstructionstotheautopilot.

WeaponlaunchcontrolThepurposeistocontroltheweapontoreachthecorrectshootingpositionandshootinapredeterminedway.Inordertogivetheweaponshootingelements,hydraulicorelectromechanicalfollow-upsystemsareusuallyusedtocontroltheweapon'sfiringangle,azimuthangle,andfuzedivisionstomakethemconsistentwiththeoutputvalueofthefirecontrolcomputer.Whentheweaponiscompletelyorpartiallyfixedtothecarrier,forexample,thebarreloftheairborneartilleryandthelaunchtrackofthebombarecompletelyfixedtotheaircraft,andtheazimuthangleofsomelarge-caliberself-propelledartilleryisthesameasthatofthevehiclebody.Atthistime,thefirecontrolcomputerTheoutputinformationshouldbesenttotheautomaticcontrolmechanismtodrivethecarriertomoveinadirectionthatenablesthewarheadtohitthetarget.

Systemcontrol,informationdisplayandtransmissionInordertogivefullplaytothesubjectiveinitiativeofcommandandoperationpersonnel,thefirecontrolsystemisequippedwithasystemcontroloperationanddisplaypanel,whichhasagoodman-machineOperationinterface.

Thetypeandscaleofthefunctionalmodulesofthefirecontrolsystemaredesignedandequippedaccordingtothecharacteristicsandapplicationenvironmentoftheweaponstheycontrol.Forexample,thefirecontrolsystemofaweaponusedtostopfiringdoesnotneedtohavethefunctionofmeasuringthemovementparametersofthecarrier;inordertoreduceweightandreducethecost,someartillery,especiallysmallandmedium-calibergroundartillery,areoftennotequippedwithafollow-upsystem,andThegunner’sfiringelementsaresetontheartilleryaccordingtothefirecontrolcomputer;theanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystem,becauseofthesimultaneoustrackingoffasttargetsandobservationofhigh-speedprojectiles,theequipmentandtechnologyarecomplicatedandexpensive.Automaticcalibration;thefirecontrolsystemoftherevolvingtubeartilleryandthemulti-loadedartilleryoftheshort-rangeanti-missile.Inordertoensurethehitrateoftheweapon,mostofthemissedtargetsareautomaticallydetectedtoformalargeclosed-loopfirecontrolsystemforautomaticcalibration.Inordertomakeuseoftheadvantagesofdifferentobservationequipment,ensurethattherequiredinformationcanbeobtainedinvariousenvironments,andimprovetheirmobilityonthebattlefield,multipleobservationequipmentareoftenassembledinthesamecarriertoformcorrespondingreconnaissancevehicles,Reconnaissanceaircraft,aerialmooringplatformsandotherequipment.Meteorologicalobservationstations(vehiclesandships)alsointegratevariousmeteorologicalobservationequipmenttocompletelarge-scalemeteorologicalobservationandnotificationtasks.Althoughthesereconnaissanceorobservationvehicles,ships,andairplanescarryingavarietyofequipmenthavetocompletethetasksundertakeninthefirecontrolsystem,theyconstituteaweaponequipmentsystemindependentofthefirecontrolsystem.

Thecontrolofweaponshooting,fromthefirstsightandmeterusedatfirst,tothelatermorecomplexsightingdevice,allrelyonhumaneyeobservationandmanualoperation.Automatedfirecontrolsystemswerenotfirstusedinanti-aircraftgunfiringcontroluntilWorldWarII.Theanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystematthattimeusedradarandopticalrangefinderstosearchandtracktargets,electromechanicalanalogcomputersfordataprocessing,follow-upsystemstodrivetheartillery,andsynchronizedtransmissiondevicestoconnecttheabove-mentionedpartsintoanautomatedairdefensecomplex.Afterthewar,digitalcomputersreplacedanalogcomputers,greatlyimprovingthefunctionofthefirecontrolsystem.Frombeingabletocontrolonlyasingleweaponormultipleidenticalweaponstoshootatthesametargetwiththesameelements,itdevelopedtobeingabletocontrolmanydifferenttypesofweapons.Plantoshootmultipletargetswithdifferentelements.WiththedevelopmentofVLSIdigitalcomputers,suchasthedisplayofbattlefieldsituation,theformulationofcombatplans,theidentificationandselectionoftargets,thedistributionoffirepower,thedeterminationofammunitionconsumption,theevaluationofshootingeffects,themanagementofcommunicationsandtheprocessingofinformationTheabove-mentionedfirecontrolandotherproblemscanallbesolvedinthesamecomputersystem.Modernweaponfirecontrolsystemshavedevelopedintoanimportantpartofthecommand,control,communicationsandintelligence(C3I)system.

Famoussystem

Phalanxsystem

Phalanxsystem, valmistettu Yhdysvalloissa, päätarkoitus:puolustus

Aegissystem

Aegissystem, valmistettu Yhdysvalloissa, päätarkoitus:puolustus