Ensimmäinen maailmansota

Warbackground

Threepairsofcontradictions

Attheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningoftheInthestruggleforworldhegemonyandcolonies,fiercestruggleswerelaunched.ThecontradictionsamongEuropeanpowerswerenumerousandcomplicated,buttherewerethreepairsofbasiccontradictions,namely,thecontradictionbetweenFranceandGermany,thecontradictionbetweenRussiaandAustria,andthecontradictionbetweenBritainandGermany.

Ranskan ja Saksan välinen ristiriita

ThecontradictionbetweenFranceandGermanyisveryacute.France,whichwasdefeatedintheFranco-PrussianWar,lostitsoriginaldominanceinWesternandCentralEurope.Allclassesinthecountryunanimouslydemandedrevenge.GermanytriedtoexpanditsarmamentsinordertopreventFrancefromcomingback.

Venäjän ja Itävallan välinen ristiriita

ThemanifestationoftheRussian-AustriancontradictionisthestrugglefortheBalkanPeninsula.Overtheyears,underthebannerofGreaterSlavism,theRussianEmpirehasexpandedtothesouthernSlavs’settlementsontheBalkans.TheAustro-HungarianEmpire,whichislocatedinCentralEurope,isalsoexpandingtothenorthwestoftheBalkans,fearingthatitwillruleitself.ThesouthernSlavsunderwentindependencefromtheruleoftheAustro-HungarianEmpire.

Brittiläis-saksalaiset ristiriidat

Startingfromitstraditionalforeignpolicy,theUnitedKingdomstrivestomaintainthebalanceofpowerintheEuropeancontinent.UnwillingtoseeRussia’spowerintheBalkansswellingtoofar,withtheintensificationofconflictsoverthecolonyissue,thecontradictionbetweenBritainandGermanybegantointensifyandgraduallybecamethemaincontradictionbetweenimperialistcountries.

Three-Power Alliance

1870- ja 1980-luvulla Saksa, Itävalta-Unkari ja Italia perustivat Kolmen vallan liittoutuman Venäjän keisarikuntaa ja Ranskaa vastaan. Venäjän luonto. Myöhemmin, koska Italia epäonnistui taistelussa Ranskan kanssa Tunisiasta, Bismarck otti mahdollisuuden voittaa Italian ja tehdä yhteissopimuksen Ranskan kanssa. Vuonna 1882 Saksa, Itävalta ja Italia allekirjoittivat" Allianssisopimus" ja Kolmen vallan liitto perustettiin muodollisesti. Saksasta tuli kolmen kansallisen liiton ydin.

TheThreeKingdomsTreaty

Inordertodealwiththe"ThreePowersAlliance",FranceandtheRussianEmpirereachedamilitaryagreementin1892,whichstipulatesthatifFranceisattackedbyGermanyorItalybackedbyGermany,RussiawillattackGermanywithallitsmilitarypower.OnceRussiaisattackedbyGermanyortheAustro-HungarianEmpiresupportedbyGermany,FranceshouldattackGermanywithallitsmilitarypower.

AftertheformationoftheRussian-Frenchalliance,aconfrontationbetweenthetwomajormilitaryblocsbegantoappearinEurope.

ItisalsothefirststepinthedirectionoftheThree-nationAgreement.AsthecontradictionbetweenBritainandGermanydevelopedintothemaincontradictionbetweenimperialism,BritainadjusteditsrelationswithFranceandRussia.ItsignedtheAnglo-FrenchtreatyandtheAnglo-Russiantreatyin1904and1907respectively.Theestablishmentofthethree-nationtreatymadethetwomajormilitaryblocsinEuropefinallyform.

Sodan syy

28. kesäkuuta 1914 (Serbian kansallispäivä) nuori serbialainen mies tarkasti Itävalta-Unkarin kruununprinssinFerdinin ja hänen vaimonsa(kuvassa oikealla), kun hän käyttiSarajevossa.Rilaprinssi .

OnJuly28ofthesameyear,withthesupportofGermany,theAustro-HungarianEmpiredeclaredwaronSerbiaunderthepretextoftheSarajevoincident.ThenGermany,Russia,France,Britainandothercountrieswentintowaroneafteranother,andtheFirstWorldWarbrokeout.ThewarringpartiesaretheGermanEmpireandtheAustro-HungarianEmpireoftheAlliedPowers,aswellastheOttomanEmpireandBulgariathatsupportthem.TheotherpartyistheAlliedPowersofBritain,France,andtheRussianEmpire,aswellascountriessuchasSerbia,Belgium,Italy,andJapanthatsupportthem.

Italy,whichwasoriginallyamemberoftheAlliedPowers,tookintoaccountthestakesandjoinedthefightontheAlliedPowersside.

InordertoexpanditspowerinEastAsiaandinvadeChina,Japanusedthe"Anglo-JapaneseAlliance"concludedin1902asanexcusetodeclarewaronGermanyin1914andquicklyoccupiedGermany'ssphereofinfluenceinShandong,China.

Sodan jälkeen

Ensimmäisen maailmansodan syttymisen jälkeen sota käytiin pääasiassa Euroopan taistelukentällä. Länsirintama, jossa brittiläiset, ranskalaiset ja belgialaiset joukot kohtasivat saksalaisia, ja itärintamajoukkoja vastaan Itävallan ja venäläisjoukot Heidän joukossaan länsirintama pelasi päättävän roolin.

I maailmansodan sotilasmaat

Tämä sota voidaan jakaa kolmeen osaan:

1914wasthefirststageofthewar.Inthisyear,accordingtotheSchlieffenplanformulatedbeforethewar,theGermanarmyfirstlaunchedalarge-scaleoffensiveonthewesternfront.DuetothefierceresistanceoftheBritish,French,andBelgiantroopsinbattlessuchastheBattleofMarneandtheRussianoffensiveontheeasternfront,ItbankruptedtheGermanplanforaquickfight.Thetwosidesfightingonthewesternfrontbuilttrenches,confrontedeachotherforalongtime,andswitchedtopositionalwarfare.

1915–1916 oli sodan toinen vaihe.Koska molempia osapuolia pidettiin 1916 ratkaisevana vuonna, tänä vuonna käytiin kolme laajamittaista maataistelua, nimittäin "Verdunin taistelu", "Sommen taistelu" ja Venäjän (Venäjän kesällä) Jyllannin taistelu Britanniassa hallitsi edelleen lujasti merta. Tässä vaiheessa sodan strateginen aloite siirrettiin liittoutuneille maille.

Ensimmäinen maailmansota

1917-1918wasthethirdstageofthewar.In1917,theUnitedStatesparticipatedinthewaragainstGermany,andChinaandothercountriessuccessivelyenteredthewar.ThecampoftheAlliedPowersincreasedto27countries.Russiabrokeoutthe"FebruaryRevolution"and"OctoberRevolution"andwithdrewfromtheimperialistwar.

InMarch1918,theGermanarmybegantolaunchanoffensiveontheWesternFrontandwasdefeated.OnAugust8,underthecommandofFoch,theAlliedforcesbeganacounterattack,drivingtheGermanforcesoutofthebordersofFranceandBelgium,andthemainGermanforceshadbeguntorapidlydisintegrate.OnSeptember15,theBulgarianarmywasdefeatedandsurrenderedtotheAlliesonthe29th.TurkeysurrenderedonOctober31.OnNovember3,theAustro-HungarianEmpiresurrendered.OnNovember4,thenavalfleetoftheKielmilitaryportheldanuprising.OnNovember9,Berlinworkersandsoldiersstagedageneralstrikeandanarmeduprising.Duetointernalandexternaldifficulties,KaiserWilhelmIIwasforcedtoabdicateandfledonthe10th.Netherlands.

OnNovember11,1918,Germanyofficiallyannounceditssurrender.GermanrepresentativessignedthearmisticeagreementonthemarchingtrainofGeneralFochintheCambianForestnorthofParis.ThisistheendoftheFirstWorldWar.

Theresultofthewar

WorldWarIwasanimperialistwarwithanunbalanceddistributionofspoilsbetweenimperialists.Itwasanunjustwarforbothsides,althoughSerbiaisfightingtodefenditssovereigntyandindependence.Thewaritisengagedinhasajustnationalliberationcharacter,butthiscannotfundamentallychangetheinjusticeoftheentirewar.

IntheFirstWorldWar,theAlliedPowersledbyBritain,FranceandRussiaandtheAlliedPowersledbyGermanyandAustriafoughtlifeanddeathinthemaintheaters.Inthiswar,allpartiesusedalotofmodernwarequipment.Inordertogivetheenemythegreatestdamage,thebattlewasunprecedentedlytragic,withheavycasualties.

Vuonna 1918 Yhdysvaltain presidentti Wilson julkaisi "Neljäntoista rauhanpisteen julistuksen",Saksa ja Itävalta antautuivat ja ensimmäinen maailmansota.

TheFirstWorldWarbroughtunprecedentedcatastrophestomankindandbroughthugedisasterstotheparticipatingcountries.Thewarlasted4years,morethan30countries,1.5billionpeoplewereinvolvedinthewar,30millioncasualties,andseriouseconomiclosses.Ontheotherhand,thewarpromotedtheformationofindependentAsianandAfricannationsandtheawakeningofthecolonialpeople.

Sodan vaikutus

Ensimmäinen maailmansota kesti yli neljä vuotta. Yli 30 maata ja 1,5 miljardia ihmistä osallistui sotaan. Se aiheutti valtavaa materiaalia ja henkisesti vammaisia.

ThemajorresultoftheFirstWorldWarwasthatitseverelyweakenedthepowerofimperialismanddestroyedtheChristianProtestantcountryineasternEurope,theGermanEmpireincentralEurope,andtheGermanEmpireincentralEurope.TheancientfeudalempiresofEurope,suchastheChristian-CatholicdualmonarchyinthenorthwestoftheBalkans,theAustro-HungarianEmpire,theimperialistcountriesofBritain,France,andItalywereweakened,andtheOttomanEmpirewastheIslamicfeudalmilitaryempirethatusedtospanEurope,AsiaandAfrica.Alsodeclareddisintegration.

Inthelatterpartofthewar,theRussianproletariatlocatedintheeasternborderofEuropeopenedaweaklinkinthechainofimperialismandwonthevictoryoftheOctoberSocialistRevolutioninRussia.Intheearlypost-warperiod,thecapitalistcountries’TheproletarianrevolutionarymovementandthenationalliberationmovementsinAsia,Africa,andLatinAmericahaveseenanewupsurge.

WarEvaluation

TheFirstWorldWarwasawarbetweenunjustimperialists.Itbroughtheavydisasterstopeopleallovertheworld.ItalsobroughtAmajoradvanceinscienceandtechnologyhascome,whichgreatlystrengthenedthepolitical,economic,technological,cultural,andmilitaryaspectsofvariouscountries.Atthesametime,theFirstWorldWaracceleratedthepaceoftherealizationofhumanrights.

Kansallisvaltioiden perustaminen on suurin saavutus, jonka tämän sodan aikana on tuonut manteli.

Theformationofnationalconsciousnessandthebloomingofnationalconceptsbehindthiscanbesaidtobethebestopportunitygivenbyhistorytothereconstructionoftheinternationalorderafterthewar.

Sotahahmot

Sotahahmojen esittely
Kuva	Esittely
	DouglasHaigYleinen HagertakescommandofBritainattheBattleoftheSommeThearmyfought,andtherewereasmanyas60,000Britishcasualtiesonthefirstdayofthewar.Thisbattleresultedinthelossofmorethan600,000troopsfromtheAllies—buttheyonlyadvancedlessthaneightmiles.Haigledthearmytovictoryagainin1918,buthealsobecameoneofthemostcontroversialgeneralsinthehistoryofWorldWarI.
	KaiserWilhelmII KaiserWilhelmIIwasafanaticalmilitarist.AftertheSarajevoincident,WilhelmIIinstigatedtheAustro-HungarianEmpiretoadoptapolicyofaggression.WilliamisinchargeoftheGermanarmyinnameonly,butitishisgeneralswhoholdtherealpower.In1918,attheendoftheFirstWorldWar,hewasforcedtoabdicate.
	HelmutMochb> HelmutJohannesLudwigvonMoch,commonlyknownasLittleMoch.GeneraloftheGermanEmpireArmy,becauseofthenameofhisgreatuncleOldMochandhisoriginasamilitaryattachétoKaiserWilhelmII.Withaweakcharacter,hesurpassedmanymorecapablepeopleastheChiefofStaffoftheGermanArmyandpresidedovertheearlydaysoftheFirstWorldWar.TheSchlieffenplanwasdismissedaftertheplanfailedanddiedinobscurity.
	ErichvonFalkingham FarkinghamservedinChinafrom1896to1903andparticipatedintheEight-PowerAlliedForces'invasionofChina.In1913,hebecamethePrussianMinisterofWar(equivalenttotheGermanMinisterofDefense).HedidnotadvocatetheinvolvementofGermanyinafull-scalewaratthebeginning,butsoonhechangedhispositionandurgedKaiserWilhelmIItodeclarewaronBritainandFrance.HewasoneoftheinitiatorsoftheFirstWorldWar.
	HenryPhilippePetain MarshalofFrance,headofVichyFrance.Hislifewasquitebumpy,withnationalheroesandtraitorsallinone.GraduatedfromtheSaintCyrMilitaryAcademyin1878.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,hebecamefamousforleadingthe1916BattleofVerdunandbecameaheroatthattime.AfterthefiascooftheFrenchSomme,herestoredthemoraleoftheFrenchinthedarkesttime.AfterthedefeatofFranceinWorldWarII,hebecametheprimeministeroftheVichygovernmentandsignedthe"CombigneForestArmisticeAgreement"withGermanyonJune22,1940.FromJuly1940toAugust1944,heservedastheheadoftheVichygovernmentandbecameapuppetofNaziGermany.ArrestedinApril1945,hewassentencedtodeathbytheSupremeCourtinAugustofthesameyearfortreason,andlatercommutedtolifeimprisonment.
	JosephXiafei JosephJacquesCezerChafei,ranskalainen marssi ja sotilasstrategi.Ensimmäisen maailmansodan alussa Ranskan Charmian ylipäällikkö. Hän on vakaa persoonallisuus, tylsä ja pidättyvä. Vaikka hän on vähän hidas, hän on äärimmäisen kova.
	FerdinandFoch TheFrenchMarshal,thecommander-in-chiefoftheAlliedForcesinthelastfewmonthsofWorldWarI,isrecognizedasthemostimportantleaderoftheAlliedForces.ParticipatedinmanybattlesaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarI.Afterachievingaseriesofvictories,hewasappointedcommanderoftheNorthernArmyandserveduntilRobertNevillesucceededJosephChaffeeasthecommander-in-chiefoftheFrencharmy,andwaslatertransferredtotheFrencharmyheadquarters.In1918,hewasappointedasthesupremecommanderoftheAlliedPowers.In1918,hesignedanarmisticeagreementwithGermanyonbehalfofFranceintheCompiègneForest,andlaterplayedanimportantroleintheParisPeaceConference.Therearemanybooksinhislifethatonceputforwardtheideathatvictoryliesinthewill.Later,herealizedthatthenewequipmentandmechanizationofthearmyaredecisive,andemphasizedtheprincipleofannihilatingideasandconcentratingsuperiorforces.Authorof"PrinciplesofWar","WarGuide"andsoon.
	GeorgeClemenceau GeorgeClemenceau(September28,1841-November24,1929),Frenchpolitician,journalist,andPrimeMinisteroftheThirdRepublic,oneofthefewmostnegativepeopleinmodernFrenchhistoryOneofthewell-knownpoliticians,hispoliticalcareerlastedmorethanhalfacenturyandwascloselyconnectedwithmanymajorpoliticaleventsinFrance.ItmadeimportantcontributionstothevictoryoftheAlliedPowersintheFirstWorldWarandthesigningoftheVersaillesPeaceTreaty,andwascalledthe"FatherofVictory"byEuropeansatthattime.
	Englannin kuningasKuningas George V Duringthefour-yearwar,KingGeorgeVwentallouttosupportthevictoryofthewar.Heinspectedarmyandnavalforces,hospitals,factoriesanddocks.Hemadeadonationtothetreasury,andonthesuggestionofacongressman,hequitdrinkingandabidebytherationingregulations.HefelloffhishorsewhileinspectingtroopsinFranceandseverelyinjuredhispelvis.Healsosentthetwoprincestoserveinthearmy.
	tsaariGulaII ThelasttsaroftheRussianEmpire,reignedfrom1894to1917.Hesuppressedinternallyandexpandedexternally,butachievednothing.AfterLushuninnortheasternChinawasconqueredbyJapanin1905,thebloodySundayincidentinthecapitaltriggeredthe1905Revolution.DuetoStolypin’sreforms,hetemporarilysurvivedthedifficulties,butfellintomorecomplicatedBalkanissues.ThenewsthattheRussianarmylostitstroopsonthefrontlinesofWorldWarIcompletelydestroyedtheimageoftheTsar's"littlefather".ThisimagehasremainedinthemindsoftheRussianpeopleforhundredsofyears.RussiahassuccessivelyeruptedthemagnificentFebruaryRevolutionandtheOctoberRevolution.Theformeroverthrewtheruleofthetsaristautocracy,andthelatterfinallyendedhislife.