Gini-kerroin

Generalalgorithm

HirschmanproposedanindexforjudgingthedegreeofequalityofdistributionbasedontheLorenzcurve.SupposetheareabetweentheactualincomedistributioncurveandtheabsoluteequalitycurveofincomedistributionisA,andtheareaatthebottomrightoftheactualincomedistributioncurveisB.AndthequotientofAdividedby(A+B)indicatesthedegreeofinequality.ThisvalueiscalledtheGinicoefficientorLorenzcoefficient.IfAiszero,theGinicoefficientiszero,whichmeansthattheincomedistributioniscompletelyequal;ifBiszero,thecoefficientis1,andtheincomedistributionisabsolutelyunequal.Themoretheincomedistributiontendstobeequal,thesmallerthearcoftheLorenzcurveandthesmallertheGinicoefficient.Conversely,themoreincomedistributiontendstobeinequality,thegreaterthearcoftheLorenzcurve,thelargertheGinicoefficient.Inaddition,youcanrefertotheParetoIndex(referstoameasureofthedegreeofunevenincomedistribution).

TheGinicoefficienthasanintuitivemathematicalmeaning.Supposetwopeoplearerandomlydrawnfromthetotalpopulation,andtheirincomesareand.Sothericherofthetwohasanincome,andthepooreronehasanincome.Inthelanguageofprobabilitytheory,Mandmaretheorderstatisticsoftheincomeofthesetwoindividualsdrawnatrandom.FromthedefinitionoftheLorentzcurveabove,itcanbededucedthattheGinicoefficientsatisfies

whereisthemathematicalexpectation,and1≥2≥μistheoverallpercapitaincome.TheaboveformulaisconvenienttounderstandthemeaningoftheGinicoefficient.Itissimilartothecoefficientofvariationσ/μ,usedtodescribethedegreeofdispersionofaconstantpositivedistribution,andhasscaleinvariance.Forexample,ifeveryone’sincomeismultipliedby2,theGinicoefficientisconstant.TheLorentzcurvemethodismoreconvenienttocalculatethevalueoftheGinicoefficientfromtheactualsurveystatisticsofincomequintilesanddeciles.

Monet kotimaiset tutkijat ovat tutkineet erityistä Gini-kertoimen laskentamenetelmää ja ehdottaneet enemmän kuin erilaisia ​​laskentakaavoja.Herra ZhangJianhuaShanxin maatalousyliopiston talous- ja kauppakorkeakoulusta ehdotetaan yksinkertaiseksi ja helposti käytettäväksi sopivaksi määräksi. fincomeandjagadaryhmiin. Olettaen, ettäväestön kumulatiivinen tulo ensimmäisestäryhmästä muodostaa osuudenkoko väestönkokonaistulosta_i, sittenLorentzin käyrä kulkee. /sub>=0andw_n=1,natotalofi=0,1,2,...,eiLorentz-käyräsaavutaann+1pisteenä.Voit käyttäätrapetsimuotoista sääntöä integroidaksesiLorentz-käyränalueenBlöydäksesiB-alue.AndA+B=1/2oikeassa. /(A+B)=1–2B.Ryhmienn määrän lisääminenSimpsonin integrointimenetelmää käyttämällä voi tehdä laskentatuloksesta tarkempia.

Thereisalsoasimpleandeasycalculationmethod,whichistoestimatetheGinicoefficientbasedontheproportionofthemediantotheaverage.Whenusingthismethod,youneedtoassumethattheincomeobeysthelog-normaldistribution,andthencalculatetheGinibasedonandCoefficient

whereerfistheerrorfunction.TheconversiontableofthepercentageofmedianandGinicoefficientisasfollows:

Taloudelliset vaikutukset

IncomeGiniCoefficient

Sen erityinen merkitys viittaa tulojen osuuteen, joka on käytetty kaikkien asukkaiden tulojen epätasaiseen jakautumiseen.Asukkaiden enimmäismäärä on"1"osuustulossa ja"vähimmäistulossa". on ehdottoman epätasainen, eli 100% yksikön kaikkien ihmisten käyttämä tuloista, kun taas jälkimmäinen termi tarkoittaa, että tulojen jakautuminen asukkaiden kesken on ehdottoman tasapuolista, eli ihmisten väliset tulot ovat täysin tasa-arvoisia, eikä ole mitään eroa. Kuitenkin nämä kaksi tilannetta ovat todellisia ja todellisia. ualvalueoftheGini-kerroinvoi ollavain0:n ja 1:n välillä.PienempiGini-kerroin,mitälisäksitulojakauma,jasuurempiGini-kerroin,setätasaisempiatulojakauma.Kansainvälisesti 0,4yleensäkäytetäänvaroituslinjana rikkaiden ja köyhien erojen välillä.

WealthGiniCoefficient

InadditiontotheincomeGinicoefficient(IncomeGini),thereisalsoawealthGinicoefficient(WealthGini).TheapproximatealgorithmisthesameastheincomeGinicoefficient.ThedifferenceisthattheincomeGinicoefficientdatacomesfromhouseholdincomestatisticsinacertainarea,andthewealthGinicoefficientdatacomesfromthehouseholdtotalassetsstatisticsinacertainarea.IntheGinicoefficient,thewealthGinicoefficientisoftensignificantlylargerthantheincomeGinicoefficient.Theprincipleiseasytounderstand.Wealthistheaccumulationofincome,soitisoftenmoreextreme.

NotethattheactualvalueofthewealthGinicoefficientcanonlybebetween0-1,butitdoesnotmeanthatthesumofthewealthofanypartofthepersonislessthan100%,becausetherearesometotalhouseholdassetsThisisobvious:thetop80%ofmostEuropeancountriesalreadyhave100%oftheirwealth.IntheUnitedStates,thebottom14%ofincomeisnegative,andthetotalofthebottom36%iszero.

Segmentointi

Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien kehitysohjelma ja muut organisaatiot määräävät:

• Jos alle 0,2,indeksitaso onerittäin matala (korkea keskiarvo);

• 0,2-0,29tarkoittaaindeksitasoa (keskiarvo);

• 0,3-0,39 tarkoittaa indeksitasoa (suhteellisen kohtuullinen);

• 0,4-0,59keskiarvokorkeaindeksitaso (suurempi aukko);

• yli 0,6keskiarvoindeksitasoErittäin korkea (thegapishuge).

Giniin-indeksi on yleensä 0,4tulonjakovajeen "varoituslinja". Kultaisen osan lain mukaan sen tarkan arvon tulisi olla 0,382.YleensäKehittyneiden maidenGin-indeksi on välillä0,24.0,0. Kiinan tilastovirasto ilmoitti, ettäGini-kerroin oli 0,474 vuonna 2012, 0,473 vuonna 2013, 0,469 vuonna 2014, 0,462 vuonna 2015, ja 0,465 vuonna 2016.

Chinahasenteredtheranksofincomedisparity,andthedistributionofwealthisveryuneven.However,thisdataiscontroversialandquestionedbymanyindustryscholars.ScholarsYueXimingandLiShizaiwroteinTheWallStreetJournalthatthereporthostedbyGanLiclaimedthatthestatisticalsamplewastoosmallandtherewereproblemswiththeinformationneededforhouseholdincome,sothestatisticalvaluewastoolarge.GanLithenwroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalonJanuary24,2013inresponsetothecorrespondingquestions.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal,believingthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequerieswell.TheyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andre-calculated.question.YangYiyong,directoroftheInstituteofSocialDevelopmentoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,believesthatXicai’sGinicoefficientismoreliketheGinicoefficientofbankfinancialassetsthantheGinicoefficientofincome.Inaddition,thefollow-upsurveyofChinesefamiliesbyPekingUniversityshowedthattheGinicoefficientofChinain2012was0.49.TheChinaSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversityreleasedthe"ChinaMinshengDevelopmentReport2014".Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.

DatareleasedbytheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChinashowedthattheGinicoefficientin2015was0.462,whichwastheseventhconsecutiveyearofdeclineandthelowestvaluesinceofficialstatisticswereavailable.WiththesmoothimplementationofChina's"13thFive-YearPlan"(2016-2020)guidedbythefivemajordevelopmentconcepts,theGinicoefficientforjudgingthefairnessofincomedistributionisexpectedtofallbelowtheinternationalwarninglineinthenextfiveyears.

Influencingfactors

TheinfluencingfactorsoftheGinicoefficientincludethelevelofeconomicdevelopment,socialandculturaltraditions,politicalandeconomicsystems,etc.Oneoftheimportantfactorsiswhatkindofgoalsthepolicymakershopetoachievewiththeincomedistributionsystem,whethertheyfocusonthestimulusandincentiveeffectofdistributiondifferences,ortheadjustmentandguaranteeroleofthedistributionpolicy.

Inreality,JapanisoneofthecountrieswiththelowestGinicoefficientintheworld.AccordingtoKyodoNewsonOctober11,2013,the2011surveyreportreleasedbytheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareofJapanonFridayshowedthatJapan’sdomesticGinicoefficientwas0.2708,arecordhigh.Accordingtoreports,since1984,Japan'sGinicoefficienthascontinuedtorise.Thesurveyis0.2708,whichisanincreaseof0.0218comparedwiththedatain2008,whichisarecordhigh.TheMinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfarebelievesthattheincreaseinlow-incomeelderlyandsinglehouseholdshasledtoawideningofthegap.ItisreportedthattheGinicoefficientisanimportantanalysisindexusedinternationallytocomprehensivelyexaminetheincomedistributiondifferencesamongresidentsofacountryorregion.TheclosertheGinicoefficientisto1,thelargertheincomedistributiongap.InJapan,theGinicoefficientsurveyisconductedeverythreeyearsorso,andthisisthe16thtime.TheGinicoefficientofJapanisgenerallyaround0.25,andthatofGermanyisaround0.3,whiletheGinicoefficientoftheUnitedStateshasexceededthewarninglineof0.4.TheGinicoefficientofdevelopingcountriesisgenerallyhigh,roughlyaround0.4.AnimportantreasonforthelowGinicoefficientinJapanisthatthegovernmenthasimplementedahighprogressivetaxsystemto"robtherichandhelpthepoor".Thehighestincometaxrateforhigh-incomegroupsreaches75%,whilethegenerallow-incomegroupisonly15%.ThetaxratefortheaveragemiddleclassintheUnitedStatesisroughly15%or25%,andtherichermiddleclassmayhavetopay35%.However,sincethetaxrateapplicabletotheinvestmentincomeofthesuper-richdoesnotexceed15%,whichismuchlowerthanthetaxratepayableonwageincome,thetaxrateapplicabletotheincomeofmanyrichpeopleismuchlowerthanthatoftheaveragemiddleclass.

Japan,whichfocusesontheroleofsalarysecurityinthedesignofthesalarysystem,hasarelativelysmallsalaryincomegap;whileintheUnitedStates,whichfocusesonincentives,thesalaryincomegapisoftendozensorevenhundredsoftimes.Asaresult,theAmericaneconomyandsocietyhavestrongvitalityandinnovation,butthesocialfragmentationandfragmentationareobvious;whileJapanesesocietyisrelativelystable.Evenifamajorcrisissuchas1998occurred,nomajorsocialproblemsoccurred,butSocialvitalityandinnovationarealsoinsufficient.

Kiinan merkitys

Gini-kerroin ennen Kiinan uudistusta ja avaamista oli 0,16.

In2007,itexceededthewarninglineof0.4andreached0.48.Atthattime,theGinicoefficienthadalreadyexceeded0.5.Duetotheexistenceofhiddenbenefitsforsomegroups,thegapinactualincomeinChinaisevenhigher.Thisshouldarouseahighdegreeofvigilance,otherwiseitwillcauseaseriesofsocialproblems,andthencausesocialunrestandendangerthesocialistpeople'spower.

Evaluationofsandhas

Edut

BecausetheGinicoefficientgivesaquantitativeboundaryreflectingthedegreeofthedifferencebetweentherichandthepooramongresidents,Itcanobjectivelyandintuitivelyreflectandmonitorthegapbetweentherichandthepooramongtheresidents,forecast,warnandpreventthepolarizationbetweentherichandthepoor.Therefore,ithasbeenwidelyrecognizedandwidelyadoptedbycountriesallovertheworld.

Haitat

1. Se ei osoita, missä on epäoikeudenmukaista jakautumista.

2. Kansainvälisesti ei ole standardia Gini-kertoimen asettamiselle. Jotkin ongelmat, kuten siitä, pitäisikö verot jättää pois, onko julkisen tuen saajat jätettävä pois, ei-paikallisille asukkaille, vai eikö ole velvollinen hallitukselle.

ChinaCoefficient

Coefficientsituation

TheChinaNationalLivelihoodDevelopmentReport2014wasreleasedbytheChineseSocialScienceResearchCenterofPekingUniversity.Accordingtothereport,China’spropertyinequalityisrisingrapidly:in1995,theGinicoefficientofChinesepropertywas0.45,in2002itwas0.55,andin2012,theGinicoefficientofnetfamilypropertyinmycountryreached0.73,andthetop1%ofhouseholdsaccountedforthreeFormorethanone-quarteroftheproperty,thebottom25%ofhouseholdsownonlyabout1%ofthetotalproperty.

Vuonna 2010 kaksi Xinhua-uutistoimiston tutkijaa huomautti, ettäKiinan Gini-kerroin tosiasiallisesti ylitti 0,5.Southwestern University of Finance and Economics-yliopiston julkaisemien tietojen mukaanChinaHouseholdFinanceSurveyin0. 61, joka oli paljon korkeampi kuin globaalikeskiarvo 0,44.

ThereportdatafromSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsshowsthatin2010,theGinicoefficientofChinesehouseholdswas0.61,theGinicoefficientofurbanhouseholdswas0.56,andtheGinicoefficientofruralhouseholdswas0.60.Intermsofregions,theGinicoefficientineasternChinais0.59,theGinicoefficientincentralChinais0.57,andtheGinicoefficientinwesternChinais0.55.Theinvestigationteambelievesthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,central,andwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.

However,thisreporthascausedcontroversy.YueXiming,aprofessorattheSchoolofFinanceofRenminUniversityofChina,andLiShizai,aprofessorattheIncomeDistributionInstituteofBeijingNormalUniversity,wroteintheWallStreetJournalthatthestatisticalsampleistoosmallandhouseholdincomeneedsinformationThereareproblemswiththeaboveandtheimbalanceofthesamplestructure,sothestatisticalresultsaretoolarge.GanLisubsequentlywroteanarticleinTheWallStreetJournalinresponsetorelatedquestions,pointingoutthatweightscanbeusedtoadjusttheimbalanceofthesample.OnFebruary5,2013,YueXimingandLiShionceagainpublishedanarticleinTheWallStreetJournal.TheybelievedthatGanLi’sresponsedidnotanswermostofthequestionswell,andpointedoutthatXicai’ssurveyresultswerelackinginsomestructuresandcouldnotbepassed.Weightcorrectionandotherissues.Atthesametime,theyrecalculatedtheprojectdatadisclosedbySouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,andfoundthattheresultsofXicaicouldnotbereplicated,andXicai'sprocessingoftheheadandtaildatawasarbitrary,sotheyquestionedagain.

Furthermore,thePekingUniversityChinaFamilyDynamicsTrackingSurveyshowedthatChina’sGinicoefficientwas0.49in2012.

Itisworthnotingthattheincomegapbetweenpensionsandpensionsisoneoftheimportantreasonsfortheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralresidents,accountingfor25.3%oftheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralhouseholds.DatafromtheChinaFamilyFinanceSurveyshowsthatin2010,about45%offamilymembersretiredwithoutanysocialpensioninsuranceandretirementwages.

2013GiniCoefficient

Xinhuanet, Chengdu, 24. helmikuuta.ÄskettäinTheChinese Household Finance SurveyandResearch CenterofSouthwestern University of FinanceRaportti julkaistiinManagement Summit Forumissa.Raportti huomautti, että .3 % vuoteen 2011 verrattuna, jaGini-kerroin putosi 0,761:stä 0,717:ään.

Analyysitulokset

1.Kiinan asukastulot kasvavat jatkuvasti

TheincomegapofChineseresidentshasincreased,whichisspecificallyusedforstatisticsTheGiniCoefficient,astatisticalindicatorofincomedisparityinacountryorregion,showsthattheincomedisparityofChineseresidentscontinuestogrow.TheGinicoefficientisastatisticalindicatorthatreflectsthelevelofincomedisparityamongresidentsinacountryorregion.Itcanreflectthefairnessofincomedistributioninacountryoraregion.

Toinen, KiinanGiniCoefficient

In1978,China’sGinicoefficientwas0.317.Since1994,ithascrossedthe0.4warningline(exceptin1999).Andtheoveralltrendisincreasingyearbyyear,exceeding0.465in2004.Sincethen,theNationalBureauofStatisticsnolongerpublishesthedomesticGinicoefficient.Sincethen,theGinicoefficientismostlyestimatedbyeconomists.AreportfromtheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesstatedthatChina'sGinicoefficientreached0.496in2006.In2010,tworesearchersfromXinhuaNewsAgencyevenjudgedthatChina'sGinicoefficientactuallyexceeded0.5.

3.Kiinan kiinnostavan rakenteen tilanne

TherearethreeaspectstodiscusstheissueofChina’sintereststructurefromarelativelylargeperspective:First,thefourthaspectoftheintereststructure.Twoformsandthreevariables;second,theanalysisofthecurrentsituationthatChina’sinterestpatternhasbeendistorted;andthird,thereformstrategytocorrecttheinterestpattern.

1.Etukuvion poliittinen merkitys

Firstofall,Iwanttodefinetheinterestpatternitself.Theso-calledinterestpatternreferstotheformofsocialinterestformedunderacertainsocialandinstitutionalenvironmentwitheconomicbenefitsasthemainmanifestation.Theformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyandsocialmembers.Whyisitsaidthattheformofsocialinteresthasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers?Ifasocietyisafriendlyformofsocialinterest,itisastabilizerforthebenigndevelopmentofsocietyandsocialharmony;ifitisaformofbadsocialinterest,itisalsosocialinstabilityorevensocialinstability.Animportantsourceofturmoil,soithasaprofoundimpactonsocietyanditsmembers.

Inanycountry,theproblemofthepatternofinterestsisnotasimpleeconomicproblem,butapoliticalproblemmanifestedbyeconomicproblems.Thereareatleastthreereasons:First,economicissuesareoftenintertwinedwithpoliticalissues,anditisdifficulttofindthattheinterestpatternisalleconomicissues.Iftheinterestpatternisdistortedorbenign,itisallrelatedtopoliticalfactors;second,evenifitispoliticalIntheend,allstrugglesarerelatedtoeconomicbenefits;thethirdisthatpoliticalfactorsaremoredominantanddecisiveinsolvingeconomicbenefits.Fromthesethreeperspectives,Ithinkthatstudyingtheissueofthepatternofinterestsisnotjustaneconomicissue,butapoliticalissue.

2.Kolme muuttujaa, jotka vaikuttavat kiinnostuksen kohteiden malliin.

Therearethreemainelementsthatdeterminethebasicformoftheinterestpattern.Thefirstistherationalityoftheincomedistributionsystem;thesecondisthefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies;thethirdistheeffectivenessofpublicpowerconstraints.Thesethreefactorsdeterminewhetherasocietyisabenigninterestpatternoraviciousinterestpattern.Anychangeinanyofthesethreevariableswillhaveaprofoundimpactonotherfactors.

3.Sisäinen suhde kolmen muuttujan ja neljän eri kiinnostuksen kohteiden mallin välillä.

Thechangeofeachofthesethreevariableswillhaveanimpactontheentirestructure.Thegrowthanddeclineofthethreevariablesmayresultinfourdifferentpatternsofinterests.Thefirst:abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern,theincomedistributionsystemitselfisrelativelyreasonable,thegovernment'spublicpoliciescanreflectfairnessandjustice,andtheexerciseofpublicpowercanbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Thesethreevariablesarewithintherangeofreasonablefactors,andasawhole,abenignandharmonioussocialinterestpatternwillbepresented.IgenerallywanttofindacorrespondingrelationshipwiththeGinicoefficient.Ofcourse,thiscorrespondencemaynotbeaccurate.Itisentirelymypersonalthinking.IthinkthatwhentheGinicoefficientisbetween0.2and0.3,itbelongstoabenignandharmonioussocialinterestpattern.Thesecondtype:thepatternofmildsocialinterestsisdistorted.Therearesomeobviousunreasonablefactorsintheincomedistributionsystemitself,whichmaycauseaslightdistortionofthesocialinterestpattern,butthefairnessandimpartialityofgovernmentpoliciesdoesnotcausemajorproblems,andtheoperationofpublicpowercanbecontrolledandrestricted.ThelattertwoThevariablesarehealthy.Achangeinthefirstvariablemaycauseaslightdistortionoftheprofitpattern.IthinkthecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughly0.3-0.4.Atthistime,itwasmainlythoughtthatthereformandadjustmentoftheunreasonablesystemitself.Thethirdtype:thepatternofmoderateinterestsisdistorted.Theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,andthereisaproblemwiththefairnessandjusticeofgovernmentpublicpolicies,butthesituationofpublicpowercangenerallybeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.Atthistime,thecorrespondingGinicoefficientisroughlybetween0.4and0.5.Atthistime,thekeyreformsareunreasonable.Thedistributionsystemandguaranteethefairnessandjusticeofpublicpolicies.Fourth:Thepatternofsocialinterestsisseverelydistorted,allthreevariableshaveproblems,theincomedistributionsystemisunreasonable,thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment'spublicpoliciesareproblematic,andthesituationofpublicpowercannotbeeffectivelycontrolledandrestricted.ThecorrespondingGinicoefficientAbove0.5,ifatthisstage,theintereststructureisseverelydistorted,anall-roundreformofthethreeelementsmustbecarriedout.

Neljä.Kiinan vääristyneen intressirakenteen nykytilanteen analyysi

1.Analysisoftheunreasonabletrendoftheincomedistributionsystem.Thegoalofgettingrichfirsthasbeenachieved,andthegoalofcommonprosperityhasfailed.Thefourmajorgapshavebeenenlargedinthereformanddevelopment,andthegapsbetweentherichandthepoor,urbanandruralareas,industries,andregionsareallbeingenlarged.Intheearly1990s,intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationaccountedfor53.4%​​ofGDP.By2008,itfellto39.4%.Intheprimarydistribution,laborcompensationwassqueezedtoaverysmallspace.Theexpenditureonpeople’slivelihoodinthesecondarydistributionstillaccountsforarelativelylowproportionofthetotalfiscalexpenditure.Indevelopedcountries,itaccountsfor56%to70%ofthefourmajorexpenditures.However,Chinahascontinuouslyincreaseditsinvestmentinpeople’slivelihoodovertheyears,accountingforonly28.8in2009.%.

2.Thefairnessandjusticeofthegovernment’spublicpolicieshasproblemsinsomeaspects,manifestedinthreeaspects.Oneisthatenterprisesandenterprisesarenotonthestartinglineofthesamecompetition.Thereisnolevelplayingfieldwithenterprises;second,thereareseriousinequalitiesineducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurityinthesociety,andthisgroupandthatgroupareinanunequalposition;thirdisthedevelopmentopportunitiesformembersofsocietyInequalityandunfairnessareveryserious.WhenaruralchildcannotfindadecentjobevenafterpassingTsinghuaUniversityandPekingUniversity,thesocietyisincrisis.

3.Thepowerofrestraintandbalanceofpublicpowerlacksaneffectivesystemguarantee.Manyofourconstraintsonpublicpowerhavenotformedaninstitutionalframework.Infact,Chinahasformedthreevestedinterestgroups.Graypower,graycapital,andgrayprofiteeringareflooding,andhugegrayprofiteeringcanbeobtainedovernighttobecomearichman..Thereisaproblemwiththesethreevariables.TheGinicoefficientisprobablyabove0.6.China'sGinicoefficientsometimesexceeds0.65.ItisaconsensusthatthegapbetweentherichandthepoorinChinahaswidenedseverely.

Viidenneksi, uudista strategia kiinnostuksen kohteiden mallin korjaamiseksi

Facedwithsuchaseverelydistortedinterestpattern,correctingtheinterestpatternrequiresathree-prongedapproach.Itistointroduceanincomedistributionsystemreformplanassoonaspossible,increasetheproportionoflaborremunerationintheprimarydistribution,andincreasetheproportionofhouseholdconsumptioninnationalconsumption;inthesecondarydistribution,itisnecessarytofurtherincreaseinvestmentinpeople'slivelihoodandincreasetheproportionofpeople'slivelihoodexpenditureinfiscalexpenditure..Thesecondistoadjustgovernmentpublicpoliciestoensurefairnessandjustice,reformthemonopolystatusofstate-ownedenterprises,provideaninstitutionalenvironmentforfaircompetitionfordifferenttypesofenterprises,andbedeterminedtoresolveinstitutionalunfairnessinthefieldsofmedicalcare,education,andsocialsecurity.Factorsthatmakeitgraduallymovetowardsfairnessandjustice,andarelativelyfairdevelopmentenvironmentmustbeprovidedformembersofsociety.Thethirdistostrengthentherestraintandsupervisionofpublicpower,curbthespreadofthe"threeash"phenomenon,andbuildaneffectiveframeworkforrestrictingpublicpowerthroughanti-corruption.Strictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'involvementincommercialactivities,andstrictlyrestrictpartyandgovernmentofficials'spousesandchildren'sparticipationincommercialactivities.Abolishtheactualadministrativelevelsofallstate-ownedenterprises,re-examinethecurrentleadershipsystemandmanagementmethodsofChina'sstate-ownedenterprises,implementmarketizationforallstate-ownedenterprises'managersandoperators,andabolishthegovernment-business-take-allsystem.Implementfreemedicalcareforthewholepeopletoensurethehealthofthewholepeople.

Kiinalle on tärkeä tehtävä lievittää tai ratkaista tulot 6. ja 12. viiden vuoden suunnitelmakauden aikana

Theeconomicconstructionofthe12thFive-YearPlanwillbefullylaunched.ItwillbeanimportanttaskforChinatoresolvethegapbetweentherichandthepoorandnarrowtheincomegapinChina.

MaailmanKerroin

Vuonna 2009 Maailmanpankki julkaisi dataraportin, joka osoittaa, ettäkeskitulokorkeimmantulon20%väestöstäjapienimmäntulon20%väestöstä. 4,9 kertaa Intiassa ja alhaisin Japanissa, mikä vain 3,4 kertaa.

Maailman korkeimman Gini-kertoimen paikkaNamibiaAfrikka,jaManner-Kiinan ja Hongkongin,Kiinan,AasianGini-kertoimet alueet, joilla on suuria eroja rikkaiden ja köyhien välillä; jopa kehitysmaat ovat mukana, Hongkong, Kiina, maailman vakavimpien erojen joukossa, toiseksi ElSalvador, Kolumbia, Honduras, Chile, Panama ,Zimbabwe,Etelä-Afrikka,Paraguay,Bolivia,Haiti,Keski-Afrikan tasavalta,SierraLeone,Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia sijoittui 18:ksi alareunasta.

Beyondthewarningline

Internationally,economistsusuallyusetheGiniindextoshowthewealthdistributionofacountryandregion.Thisindexisbetweenzeroandone.Thelowerthevalue,themoreeventhedistributionofwealthamongmembersofsociety,andviceversa.

JosGini-kerroin on pienempi kuin 0,2, se tarkoittaa absoluuttista keskimääräistä tuloa; 0,2–0,3 tarkoittaa suhteellisen keskimääräistä; 0,3–0,4 tarkoittaa suhteellisen kohtuullista.

Kansainvälisesti 0,4 pidetään yleensä tulonjakovajeen "varoituslinjana".Kehittyneiden maiden Ginin-indeksi on yleensä 0,24 ja 0,36 välillä, kun taas Yhdysvaltojen Ginin-indeksi on suhteellisen korkea, 0,4. SekäGinico. Kiinan Gini-kerroin saavutti 0,415, mikä ylitti varoituslinjan 0,4.

QuotedfromanarticlebyXinhuaNewsAgencyandChinaEconomicNetonMay10,2010:

TheDirectoroftheLaborandWageResearchInstituteoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity,andtheProfessionalCommitteeoftheChineseSocietyofLaborChangSuHainanbelievesthatChina'sincomegapisshowingatrendofwideningandmulti-levelexpansion.Atpresent,theincomeratioofurbanandruralresidentsinChinahasreached3.3times,thehighestintheworldisabout2times;thewagegapbetweenworkersisalsoveryobviousbetweenindustries,thedifferencebetweenthehighestandthelowestisabout15times;theincomegapbetweendifferentgroupsisalsorapidlywidening.Theincomegapbetweentheexecutivesoflistedstate-ownedenterprisesandthefront-lineemployeesisabout18times,andthegapbetweentheaveragesalaryofstate-ownedenterpriseexecutivesandthesocietyis128times.

LiShi,directoroftheIncomeDistributionandPovertyResearchCenterofBeijingNormalUniversity,hasparticipatedin4large-scaleresidents’incomesurveyssincethe1980s.Hesaidthattheincomegapbetweenthetop10%andthebottom10%hasincreasedfrom7.3timesin1988to23timesin2007.Xinhuanet,Chengdu,February24.Recently,theSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChinaHouseholdFinanceSurveyandResearchCenterreleasedareportatthe"2014ChinaWealthManagementSummitForum".Thereportpointedoutthatin2013,thetop10%ofChinesehouseholdsowned60.6%ofassets,adecreaseof3.3%comparedwith2011,andtheGinicoefficientdroppedfrom0.761to0.717.

Expertopinion

Changethesystemshortcomingsofthecurrenttaxsysteminregulatingincomedistribution,improvethetaxregulationsystem,andmakethefunctionoftaxregulationanddistributioninresidents’income,stockassets,investmentincome,etc.Thelinkhasbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay.

Inresponsetothesingle,missing,andweakenedtaxregulationinChina,amulti-tax,three-dimensional,andfull-processtaxregulationsystemhasbeenestablished.Itisnecessarytoimprovetaxationpoliciesandgraduallyestablishacomprehensivecoordinationandcooperationthatcoverstheentireprocessofresidents'incomeoperations,withpersonalincometaxasthemainbody,propertytaxandsocialsecuritytaxasthetwowings,andothertaxesassupplementaryincomedistributiontaxcontrolsystem,usingcomprehensivecontrolMeanstostrengthenthetaxregulationofthehigh-incomeclass.

Thefirstistospeedupthereformofpersonalincometaxandestablishataxsystemthatcombinescomprehensiveandclassifiedtaxation.

Thesecondistodeepenthereformoftheconsumptiontaxsystem.Givefullplaytothetaxredistributionfunctionofconsumptiontaxproducts,applylowtaxratesortaxexemptionstonecessities,andapplyhightaxratestoluxurygoods.

Thirdly,itispossibletoconsideradoptingaprogressivetaxrateforthepersonalincometaxleviedoninterestonsavingsdeposits,aswellaslevyingtaxessuchaspropertytaxandinheritancetax.

Put"therichpeoplefirst"asanewstageofeconomicdevelopmentandamajoreconomicpolicytosolvetheproblemofincreasingtheGinicoefficient,andimplementactivetaxsupportpoliciesforlow-incomeearners.

Thefirstistoimprovetaxationpoliciesandmeasurestosupportagriculturaldevelopment.Thebasicstatusofagricultureandthecharacteristicsoflow-qualityindustriesrequirethegovernmenttofurtherincreasethelevelofspecializationandscaleofagriculturalproduction,vigorouslydevelopagriculturalindustrialclusters,andimprovethemodernagriculturalproductmarketsystemaftertheabolitionofagriculturaltaxes.Amorefavorablevalue-addedtaxrateisadoptedforagriculturalproductionmaterialstolowerthepriceofproductionmaterialsandreducetheburdenonfarmers.

Thesecondistoincreasesupportforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,sothattheprivateeconomyhasachievedrapiddevelopment.TheimportantroleplayedbyChineseSMEsinsolvingsocialemploymentandmaintainingsocialstabilityisobvious.

Thethirdistoincreasetaxsupportforthereemploymentoflaid-offandunemployedpeopleincitiesandtownstopromoteemploymentandreemployment.

Neljänneksi, on suositeltavaa periä sosiaaliturvaveroja.

Improvesupportingmeasuresandincreasethesupervisionoftheincomeofabnormalhigh-incomegroups.Thehigh-incomeclassismainlyentrepreneurs,filmandtelevisionstars,monopolyindustrypractitioners,governmentofficials"rent-seeking"grayincomeearners,andillegalundergroundeconomicupstarts.Establishinganeffectivepersonalincomemonitoringmechanismandmonitoringpersonalincometaxsourcesisaveryimportantbasicwork.

Thefirstistostrengthenthesupervisionofmonopolyincome.

Thesecondistoactivelyimplementthereal-namesystemfordeposits,andgraduallycreateconditionstoimplementthereal-namesystemforfinancialassetstolimitillegalincome.

Thethirdistotakeeffectivemeasurestocrackdownonblackincome,corruptincome,grayincome,andabnormalincomederivedfromvariouspolicyloopholes.

Ofcourse,theroleoftaxationinsolvingthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoorandresolvingthe"surpassingpolice"oftheGinicoefficientis,afterall,limited.ItmustworktogetherwithothergovernmentmacroeconomicpoliciestobettersolveChinaTheproblemofwideningincomedistributiongap,therebypromotingthehealthyandharmoniousdevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.

GlobalGiniCoefficient

Ruohonvihreä: alle 0,25

Pinkgreen: 0,25–0,29

Vaaleanvihreä: 0,30–0,34

Taivaansininen: 0,35–0,39

Cobaltblue: 0,40–0,44

Violetti: 0,45–0,49

Magenta: 0,50–0,54

Oranssi: 0,55–0,59

Vermilion:notlessthan0,60

Harmaa: Nodata

CountriesareusedasthedivisionunitTheGinicoefficientsectionofthegraph,theclosertothepurple,themoreuneventheincome.Theclosertoblue-green,themoreeventheincome.

Content

Accordingtothedivisionofregions,theGinicoefficientoftheeasternregionis0.59,theGinicoefficientofthecentralregionis0.57,andtheGinicoefficientofthewesternregionis0.55.Itcanbeseenthattheincomegapbetweentheeastern,centralandwesternregionsiscloselyrelatedtothedegreeofmarketeconomydevelopment.

"Fromtheperspectiveoftheeconomicdevelopmentofvariouscountries,thehighGinicoefficientisacommonphenomenonintheprocessofrapideconomicdevelopmentandanaturalresultoftheeffectiveallocationofresourcesbythemarket.WesterndevelopedcountriesdidnotcarryoutsecondarydistributionwhenTheGinicoefficientisalsoveryhigh.Forexample,atthetime,Italywas0.53,theUnitedStateswas0.49,andGermanywas0.5.Afterwesterndevelopedcountriesimplementedredistribution,theGinicoefficientwasabout0.3.Buttheprobleminourcountryisthatthereisbasicallynosecondarydistribution."GanLisaid.