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Definition

Indailylife,doaudiencesinthesamemovietheaterandpassengersonthesameplaneformagroup?Isagroupagroupofindividualswithacommongoalandconsistentcompliance?Itisonthebasisofthinkingabouttheabove-mentionedproblemsthatsocialpsychologistshavedeterminedsomebasiccharacteristicstoscientificallydefinethegroup.

Shaw(Shaw,1981)believesthatagroupiscomposedoftwoormoreindividualswhointeractandinfluenceeachother.Hepointedoutthatallgroupshaveacommonfeature,thatis,groupmembersinteractwitheachother,andthereisareasonfortheexistenceofgroups.Forexample,inordertomeetacertainneed,provideinformationorachieveaunifiedgoal,etc.ItcanbeseenthataccordingtoXiao'sdefinition,theaudienceinthesamemovietheaterandthepassengersonthesameplanecanonlybesaidtobeagroup,notarealandinteractivegroup.

Baker(Back,1977)believesthatthekeytotheunderstandingoftheconceptofagroupisthatallitsmembersmusthaveanobservableandmeaningfulwayofcontactingeachother;theinteractionbetweenindividualsmakespeopleBecomeagroupandworkhardforacommongoal.Moreandmoreresearchersbelievethatagroupisamixtureofalltheabovemeaningsorwithmoremeanings.Others(N.Dasgupta,M.R.Banji&R.P.Abelson,1999;B.Lickel,eta1.,2000)believethatagroupisagroupofpeoplecloselyconnectedinsomeway.Barronetal.(2003)believethatagroupisagroupofpeoplewhoareconnectedbyacertainbondandhavedifferentdegreesofcohesion.

Ryhmien ominaisuudet

Vaikka ryhmät vaihtelevat suuresti tyypin, koon, luonteen ja mittakaavan suhteen, kaikilla ryhmillä on seuraavat ominaisuudet:

Firstofall,Allmembershavecommongroupgoalsandinterests.Anygroupmusthaveagroupaim.Thereareorganizationalguaranteesformutualcooperationandcooperationwithinthegroup.Everymemberofthegrouphascommoninterestsandmakestheirowneffortstoachievethegroupgoal.Usually,thegoalofagroupissomethingthatasingleindividualcannotachievealone.

Secondly,eachmemberhasgroupconsciousness.Everymemberofthegrouprealizesthatheisamemberofthegroup,realizestheexistenceofothermembers,andinteractswiththem,andestablishesinterdependentrelationshipsandemotions.Groupmembersoftencarryoutnecessaryexchangesandcommunication.Themembershipofagrouphelpstoestablishapositivesocialidentityandisconducivetotheformationofanintegratedsenseofself.Ifseveralpeopleormorepeoplegathertogether,iftheydon'thavemuchpsychologicalcontactwitheachother,thenthesepeoplecan'tbecalledagroup,butthesepeoplecanonlybedescribedasabunchofpeopleoragroupofpeople.

Again,thememberscancooperateandcooperateclosely.Thatis,theremustbeadivisionoflaborwithinthegroupandacertainorganizationalstructure.Eachmemberofthegrouphasacertainpositioninthegroup,playsacertainrole,performscertaintasks,andhascertainrightsandobligations,thatis,groupdevision.Forexample,acompanygrouphasadivisionoflaborsuchaschairman,generalmanager,supplyandmarketing,technology,andpropaganda,allofwhichperformtheirduties.

Finally,thegroupmustmeettheneedsofeachmember'ssenseofbelonging.Thisisanemotionthatindividualsconsciouslybelongtothegrouptheybelongto,andtheyhavepsychologicaldependenceandasenseofcommonality.Withthiskindofemotion,theindividualwillusethegoalofthegroupasthecriterion,carryouthisownactivities,cognitionandevaluation,consciouslysafeguardtheinterestsofthegroup,andresonateemotionallywithothermembersofthegroup.

Miten ryhmä toimii

Miten ryhmä vaikuttaa jäseniin?Tämä koskee ryhmän toimintaa. Keskustelemme ryhmän olemuksesta, tilasta, normeista ja yhteenkuuluvuudesta.

Grouprole

Thismainlyreferstothefunctionaldifferenceswithinthegroup.Inagroup,notallpeopledothesamethingandplaythesamerole;butdifferentpeoplecompletedifferenttasksandplaydifferentroles.Nomatterhowtheroleisacquired,peopletendtointernalizeitandassociatetheroleplayedwiththeself-concept.Whetherheorsheisinthegroupornot,therole’sexpectationsandcharacteristicswillbereflectedinthebehavior.

Groupstatus

Itmainlyreferstothepositionandrankinthegroup.Inaschool,whentheprincipalwalksintotheclassroom,thestudentswillstandup,andthestudentswillnotsitdownuntilheisseated.Whyisthishappening?Oneoftheexplanationsisthattherearestatusdifferencesingroups.Differentstatus,theirrightsarealsodifferent.Thestatusofanindividualinagrouphasagreatinfluenceontheindividual,sopeopleareoftenextremelysensitivetoit,andhavingahigherstatusmeanshavingmorerights.Psychologistswhoadvocateevolutiongenerallybelievethatintermsofsurvivalandreproduction,peoplewithhigherstatusaremorelikelytoobtainfoodoraspousethanpeoplewithlowerstatus.Inshort,statusisactuallyarewardformembersofthegroupandamanifestationofgroupinfluence.

GroupNorms

Thethirdfactorthatgroupsinfluenceonindividualsisgroupnorms,whichtellmembershowtoact.Compliancewiththesenormsisoftenanecessaryconditionforgainingstatusandotherbenefitsinthegroup.

Ryhmien yhteenkuuluvuus

Erilainen koheesio, ryhmän vaikutus psykologiaan ja jäsenten käyttäytymiseen on myös erilainen. Ryhmillä, joilla on korkea koheesio, on suurempi vaikutus yksilöihin.

Inshort,thefourelementsofthegroup'srole,status,normsandcohesionworktogethertodeterminethevariouspsychologyandbehaviorsofgroupmembers.

Ryhmien tyypit

Ryhmät ovat erilaisia.Jokaisen ryhmän luonne, rakenne, toiminta ja toimintatapa ovat erilaisia. Ryhmän tarkoituksen mukaan kosketusmekanismi, ryhmän jäsenten vaikutustapa ja viestintäominaisuudet, eri ryhmien ryhmäryhmien ominaisuudet.

Viralliset ja epäviralliset ryhmät

Jokaisen ryhmän jäsenen vuorovaikutuksen tarkoituksen ja luonteen mukaan ryhmät voidaan jakaa virallisiin ryhmiin ja epävirallisiin ryhmiin. Tiedemies E. Mayo (1931) ehdotti Hawthorne-kokeessa.

Formalgroup(formalgroup)referstoagroupestablishedbasedonmembership,charterorotherformaldocuments.Theformalgroupstructureisclear.Theystipulatethestatusandrolesofmembers,clearlyputforwardtherightsandobligationsofeachmember,andhavegoodgroupnorms,clearinformationcommunicationroutesandpowercontrolmechanisms,anddetailedregulationsforthetaskstobecompleted.Governments,companies,factories,schoolclasses,etc.areallformalgroups.

Informalgroups(informalgroups)refertogroupsthathavenoformalregulations,spontaneouslyformed,whosestatusandroles,rightsandobligationsarenotclear,andhavenofixedorganization.ItismainlyusedforSatisfypeople'scertainlifeneeds,andwithobviousemotionalcolor,thatis,basedonpersonalgoodwill.Therearethreereasonsfortheformationofinformalgroups:oneistheconsistencyofacertaininterestorpointofview;thesecondisduetothecommonvalues​​andcommoninterestsandhobbies;thethirdisduetosimilarlifeexperiencesorbackgrounds,suchasstampcollectors,Spontaneousfishingteams,travelcompanions,classmatesassociations,etc.Sinceinformalgroupsarebasedonemotionsandhobbies,theyhavestrongcohesionandattractivenesstomembers.

Socialpsychologyresearchandlifepracticehaveshownthattherearealwaysvariousinformalgroupsinformalgroups(ChenJingchun,2002).Informalgroupswillaffectformalgroupstoacertainextent,andtheirinfluencemaybeItispositiveoritcanbenegative.Iftheinformalgroupitselfhasstrongcohesion,itcanpromotetheconsolidationoftheformalgroup.Whenthegoalsandnormsofaformalgroupareinconsistentwiththeindividualneedsofitsmembers,thetwogroupswillconflictandbecomeanobstacletothefunctionoftheformalgroup.

Largegroupsandsmallgroups

Accordingtothesizeandcommunicationmethodsofthegroups,groupscanbedividedintolargegroupsandsmallgroups.Thisdistinctionisblurredbecausethesizeofthegroupisrelative.However,fromapsychologicalpointofview,therearestandardsforthedivisionofgroupsize,thatis,whethergroupmembersareinface-to-facecontactandcontactsituations.

Largegroup(largegroup)referstoagroupwithalargenumberofmembersinindirectwaytogetintouch,suchasthroughthecommongoalofthegroup,throughvariouslevelsoforganizations,etc.,sothatmemberscanestablishindirectconnections.Largegroupscanbefurtherdividedintogroupsofdifferentformsandlevels.Forexample,itcanbedividedintogroupssuchastownships,streets,andresidentialvillages;itcanalsobedividedintosocialoccupationgroupsorpopulationgroups;itcanalsobedividedintopoliticalgroups,workgroups,andentertainmentgroups.Theselargegroupsdonothavedirectsocialcommunicationandsocialinteraction,andcanbeusedasspecialresearchobjectsofsocialpsychology,buttheyaremoreoftenusedasresearchobjectsofsociology.

Smallgroupreferstoacombinationthatisrelativelystable,hasasmallnumberofpeople,isunitedforacommongoal,andhasdirectcontactwitheachmember.Ithasacommongoal,andallmembersworktogetherforthisgoal.Membersofsmallgroupsarefamiliarwitheachother,oftenface-to-facecommunication,andtheirpsychologicalfeelingsaremoreobvious.Itssizecannotbelessthan2people,butgenerallynomorethan30people.Couples,families,relativesandgroups,classes,etc.canallberegardedassmallgroups.Apersoncanassumedifferentsocialroles,orbeamemberofseveralsmallgroupsatthesametime,andcancommunicatedirectlywithothersaccordingtohisownwishesandneeds.Inasmallgroupwithalargenumberofpeople,duetovariousreasons,somepeoplehavemoreinteractionactivities,communicationismorefrequent,andthecommunicationismoreintimateinnature,whichcanbecalleda"smallgroup".Thenumberof"smallgroups"isnotlarge,usually2-7people.A"smallgroup"maybeaformalgrouporaninformalgroup,anditalsobelongstoasmallgroup.Smallgroupshavealwaysbeensubjectsofinteresttosocialpsychologists.Forexample,Allport,Mayo,Lewin,Sharif,Lipa,etc.haveallconductedsystematicresearchonsmallgroupsandhaveachievedfruitfulresearchresults.

Membergroupsandreferencegroups

Accordingtothepsychologicalyearningofgroupmembersforthegroup,groupscanbedividedintomembergroupsandreferencegroups.Membergroups,alsoknownassubordinategroups,refertogroupsinwhichindividualsaretheirofficialmembers,suchasteams,groups,classes,schools,districts,etc.whereanindividualbelongs.Theso-calledreferencegroupreferstoagroupthatindividualsconsciouslyacceptitsnormsandguidelinesandusethemtoguidetheirbehavior.Itisagroupthatpeoplelike,anditsvalueandnormsystemareoftenpersonalgoalsorstandards.Alsoknownasrolemodelgroups,suchasadvancedclasses,excellentteams,etc.Thereferencegroupmayhaveapositiveornegativeinfluenceongroupmembers.Inaperson'smind,thereareoftentwoormorereferencegroups.Ifthenorms,guidelines,andgoalsofthesereferencegroupsareconsistent,theywillenhancethemotivationoftheindividualandserveasagoodexample;otherwise,itwillcauseconflictsandstrugglesintheindividual'sinnermotivation.

Inreallife,someteenagersshowdeviantbehaviorsorcriminalbehaviorsbecausetheyregardcriminalgangsastheirownreferencegroup,andregardtheirbehavioralnormsandguidelinesastheirownbehavioralstandards.Therefore,peopleshouldstrengthentheresearchonreferencegroupsinordertoascertainthereferencegroupintheindividual'sheart,sothatcorrectandhealthygroupnormscanbetransformedintopersonalbehaviorstandards.

Petrovskyn luokittelu

Vuosien tutkimuksen ja harjoittelun jälkeen entinen Neuvostoliiton sosiaalipsykologi Petrovski kirjoitti kirjansa "CollectiveSocialPsychology"(kääntäjä LuShengzhong,People's Education, ryhmien jäsenten väliset yhteydet,ryhmätjaettu irrallisiin ryhmiin,yhteisryhmiinja kollektiiveihin.

Loosegroupreferstoacommunityinwhichtherelationshipbetweenmembersisnotmediatedbythepurpose,content,meaningandvalueofcommonactivities.Inmanycases,therearenocommonactivitiesinloosegroupsatall.Forexample,passengersonairplanes,audiencesinconcerthalls,guestsinhotels,andtravelcompanionsontheroadareamongtheloosegroups.

Jointgroup(jointgroup)orcooperativegroupreferstoagroupthatgraduallycondensesintoanorganizedcollectionthroughcommonactivitiesandestablishesavarietyofemotionalrelationshipsamongmembers.Eachmemberrealizesthateachotherbelongstothesamesocialcommunity,andmutualattractionwithinthegroupisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Insuchgroups,psychologicalrelationshipssuchasemotionsdominate.Petrovskybelievesthatthejointgrouporthecooperativegroupseemstobeatransitionalgroupbetweentheloosegroupandthecollective.

Collectiveisthehigheststageofgroupdevelopment.Therelationshipbetweenmembersisagroupmediatedbythecontentofgroupactivitieswithpersonalsignificanceandsocialvalue.Thismeansthatcollectivemembersnotonlyrecognizethevalueofgroupactivitiestoindividualsandthecollective,butalsorecognizeitssignificancetosocietyasawhole.Generally,atruecollectiveshouldtakeintoaccounttheinterestsofindividuals,collectivesandtheentiresociety.

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