Definition
Indailylife,doaudiencesinthesamemovietheaterandpassengersonthesameplaneformagroup?Isagroupagroupofindividualswithacommongoalandconsistentcompliance?Itisonthebasisofthinkingabouttheabove-mentionedproblemsthatsocialpsychologistshavedeterminedsomebasiccharacteristicstoscientificallydefinethegroup.
Shaw(Shaw,1981)believesthatagroupiscomposedoftwoormoreindividualswhointeractandinfluenceeachother.Hepointedoutthatallgroupshaveacommonfeature,thatis,groupmembersinteractwitheachother,andthereisareasonfortheexistenceofgroups.Forexample,inordertomeetacertainneed,provideinformationorachieveaunifiedgoal,etc.ItcanbeseenthataccordingtoXiao'sdefinition,theaudienceinthesamemovietheaterandthepassengersonthesameplanecanonlybesaidtobeagroup,notarealandinteractivegroup.
Baker(Back,1977)believesthatthekeytotheunderstandingoftheconceptofagroupisthatallitsmembersmusthaveanobservableandmeaningfulwayofcontactingeachother;theinteractionbetweenindividualsmakespeopleBecomeagroupandworkhardforacommongoal.Moreandmoreresearchersbelievethatagroupisamixtureofalltheabovemeaningsorwithmoremeanings.Others(N.Dasgupta,M.R.Banji&R.P.Abelson,1999;B.Lickel,eta1.,2000)believethatagroupisagroupofpeoplecloselyconnectedinsomeway.Barronetal.(2003)believethatagroupisagroupofpeoplewhoareconnectedbyacertainbondandhavedifferentdegreesofcohesion.
Ryhmien ominaisuudet
Vaikka ryhmät vaihtelevat suuresti tyypin, koon, luonteen ja mittakaavan suhteen, kaikilla ryhmillä on seuraavat ominaisuudet:
Firstofall,Allmembershavecommongroupgoalsandinterests.Anygroupmusthaveagroupaim.Thereareorganizationalguaranteesformutualcooperationandcooperationwithinthegroup.Everymemberofthegrouphascommoninterestsandmakestheirowneffortstoachievethegroupgoal.Usually,thegoalofagroupissomethingthatasingleindividualcannotachievealone.
Secondly,eachmemberhasgroupconsciousness.Everymemberofthegrouprealizesthatheisamemberofthegroup,realizestheexistenceofothermembers,andinteractswiththem,andestablishesinterdependentrelationshipsandemotions.Groupmembersoftencarryoutnecessaryexchangesandcommunication.Themembershipofagrouphelpstoestablishapositivesocialidentityandisconducivetotheformationofanintegratedsenseofself.Ifseveralpeopleormorepeoplegathertogether,iftheydon'thavemuchpsychologicalcontactwitheachother,thenthesepeoplecan'tbecalledagroup,butthesepeoplecanonlybedescribedasabunchofpeopleoragroupofpeople.
Again,thememberscancooperateandcooperateclosely.Thatis,theremustbeadivisionoflaborwithinthegroupandacertainorganizationalstructure.Eachmemberofthegrouphasacertainpositioninthegroup,playsacertainrole,performscertaintasks,andhascertainrightsandobligations,thatis,groupdevision.Forexample,acompanygrouphasadivisionoflaborsuchaschairman,generalmanager,supplyandmarketing,technology,andpropaganda,allofwhichperformtheirduties.
Finally,thegroupmustmeettheneedsofeachmember'ssenseofbelonging.Thisisanemotionthatindividualsconsciouslybelongtothegrouptheybelongto,andtheyhavepsychologicaldependenceandasenseofcommonality.Withthiskindofemotion,theindividualwillusethegoalofthegroupasthecriterion,carryouthisownactivities,cognitionandevaluation,consciouslysafeguardtheinterestsofthegroup,andresonateemotionallywithothermembersofthegroup.
Miten ryhmä toimii
Miten ryhmä vaikuttaa jäseniin?Tämä koskee ryhmän toimintaa. Keskustelemme ryhmän olemuksesta, tilasta, normeista ja yhteenkuuluvuudesta.
Grouprole
Thismainlyreferstothefunctionaldifferenceswithinthegroup.Inagroup,notallpeopledothesamethingandplaythesamerole;butdifferentpeoplecompletedifferenttasksandplaydifferentroles.Nomatterhowtheroleisacquired,peopletendtointernalizeitandassociatetheroleplayedwiththeself-concept.Whetherheorsheisinthegroupornot,therole’sexpectationsandcharacteristicswillbereflectedinthebehavior.
Groupstatus
Itmainlyreferstothepositionandrankinthegroup.Inaschool,whentheprincipalwalksintotheclassroom,thestudentswillstandup,andthestudentswillnotsitdownuntilheisseated.Whyisthishappening?Oneoftheexplanationsisthattherearestatusdifferencesingroups.Differentstatus,theirrightsarealsodifferent.Thestatusofanindividualinagrouphasagreatinfluenceontheindividual,sopeopleareoftenextremelysensitivetoit,andhavingahigherstatusmeanshavingmorerights.Psychologistswhoadvocateevolutiongenerallybelievethatintermsofsurvivalandreproduction,peoplewithhigherstatusaremorelikelytoobtainfoodoraspousethanpeoplewithlowerstatus.Inshort,statusisactuallyarewardformembersofthegroupandamanifestationofgroupinfluence.
GroupNorms
Thethirdfactorthatgroupsinfluenceonindividualsisgroupnorms,whichtellmembershowtoact.Compliancewiththesenormsisoftenanecessaryconditionforgainingstatusandotherbenefitsinthegroup.
Ryhmien yhteenkuuluvuus
Erilainen koheesio, ryhmän vaikutus psykologiaan ja jäsenten käyttäytymiseen on myös erilainen. Ryhmillä, joilla on korkea koheesio, on suurempi vaikutus yksilöihin.
Inshort,thefourelementsofthegroup'srole,status,normsandcohesionworktogethertodeterminethevariouspsychologyandbehaviorsofgroupmembers.
Ryhmien tyypit
Ryhmät ovat erilaisia.Jokaisen ryhmän luonne, rakenne, toiminta ja toimintatapa ovat erilaisia. Ryhmän tarkoituksen mukaan kosketusmekanismi, ryhmän jäsenten vaikutustapa ja viestintäominaisuudet, eri ryhmien ryhmäryhmien ominaisuudet.
Viralliset ja epäviralliset ryhmät
Jokaisen ryhmän jäsenen vuorovaikutuksen tarkoituksen ja luonteen mukaan ryhmät voidaan jakaa virallisiin ryhmiin ja epävirallisiin ryhmiin. Tiedemies E. Mayo (1931) ehdotti Hawthorne-kokeessa.
Formalgroup(formalgroup)referstoagroupestablishedbasedonmembership,charterorotherformaldocuments.Theformalgroupstructureisclear.Theystipulatethestatusandrolesofmembers,clearlyputforwardtherightsandobligationsofeachmember,andhavegoodgroupnorms,clearinformationcommunicationroutesandpowercontrolmechanisms,anddetailedregulationsforthetaskstobecompleted.Governments,companies,factories,schoolclasses,etc.areallformalgroups.
Informalgroups(informalgroups)refertogroupsthathavenoformalregulations,spontaneouslyformed,whosestatusandroles,rightsandobligationsarenotclear,andhavenofixedorganization.ItismainlyusedforSatisfypeople'scertainlifeneeds,andwithobviousemotionalcolor,thatis,basedonpersonalgoodwill.Therearethreereasonsfortheformationofinformalgroups:oneistheconsistencyofacertaininterestorpointofview;thesecondisduetothecommonvaluesandcommoninterestsandhobbies;thethirdisduetosimilarlifeexperiencesorbackgrounds,suchasstampcollectors,Spontaneousfishingteams,travelcompanions,classmatesassociations,etc.Sinceinformalgroupsarebasedonemotionsandhobbies,theyhavestrongcohesionandattractivenesstomembers.
Socialpsychologyresearchandlifepracticehaveshownthattherearealwaysvariousinformalgroupsinformalgroups(ChenJingchun,2002).Informalgroupswillaffectformalgroupstoacertainextent,andtheirinfluencemaybeItispositiveoritcanbenegative.Iftheinformalgroupitselfhasstrongcohesion,itcanpromotetheconsolidationoftheformalgroup.Whenthegoalsandnormsofaformalgroupareinconsistentwiththeindividualneedsofitsmembers,thetwogroupswillconflictandbecomeanobstacletothefunctionoftheformalgroup.
Largegroupsandsmallgroups
Accordingtothesizeandcommunicationmethodsofthegroups,groupscanbedividedintolargegroupsandsmallgroups.Thisdistinctionisblurredbecausethesizeofthegroupisrelative.However,fromapsychologicalpointofview,therearestandardsforthedivisionofgroupsize,thatis,whethergroupmembersareinface-to-facecontactandcontactsituations.
Largegroup(largegroup)referstoagroupwithalargenumberofmembersinindirectwaytogetintouch,suchasthroughthecommongoalofthegroup,throughvariouslevelsoforganizations,etc.,sothatmemberscanestablishindirectconnections.Largegroupscanbefurtherdividedintogroupsofdifferentformsandlevels.Forexample,itcanbedividedintogroupssuchastownships,streets,andresidentialvillages;itcanalsobedividedintosocialoccupationgroupsorpopulationgroups;itcanalsobedividedintopoliticalgroups,workgroups,andentertainmentgroups.Theselargegroupsdonothavedirectsocialcommunicationandsocialinteraction,andcanbeusedasspecialresearchobjectsofsocialpsychology,buttheyaremoreoftenusedasresearchobjectsofsociology.
Smallgroupreferstoacombinationthatisrelativelystable,hasasmallnumberofpeople,isunitedforacommongoal,andhasdirectcontactwitheachmember.Ithasacommongoal,andallmembersworktogetherforthisgoal.Membersofsmallgroupsarefamiliarwitheachother,oftenface-to-facecommunication,andtheirpsychologicalfeelingsaremoreobvious.Itssizecannotbelessthan2people,butgenerallynomorethan30people.Couples,families,relativesandgroups,classes,etc.canallberegardedassmallgroups.Apersoncanassumedifferentsocialroles,orbeamemberofseveralsmallgroupsatthesametime,andcancommunicatedirectlywithothersaccordingtohisownwishesandneeds.Inasmallgroupwithalargenumberofpeople,duetovariousreasons,somepeoplehavemoreinteractionactivities,communicationismorefrequent,andthecommunicationismoreintimateinnature,whichcanbecalleda"smallgroup".Thenumberof"smallgroups"isnotlarge,usually2-7people.A"smallgroup"maybeaformalgrouporaninformalgroup,anditalsobelongstoasmallgroup.Smallgroupshavealwaysbeensubjectsofinteresttosocialpsychologists.Forexample,Allport,Mayo,Lewin,Sharif,Lipa,etc.haveallconductedsystematicresearchonsmallgroupsandhaveachievedfruitfulresearchresults.
Membergroupsandreferencegroups
Accordingtothepsychologicalyearningofgroupmembersforthegroup,groupscanbedividedintomembergroupsandreferencegroups.Membergroups,alsoknownassubordinategroups,refertogroupsinwhichindividualsaretheirofficialmembers,suchasteams,groups,classes,schools,districts,etc.whereanindividualbelongs.Theso-calledreferencegroupreferstoagroupthatindividualsconsciouslyacceptitsnormsandguidelinesandusethemtoguidetheirbehavior.Itisagroupthatpeoplelike,anditsvalueandnormsystemareoftenpersonalgoalsorstandards.Alsoknownasrolemodelgroups,suchasadvancedclasses,excellentteams,etc.Thereferencegroupmayhaveapositiveornegativeinfluenceongroupmembers.Inaperson'smind,thereareoftentwoormorereferencegroups.Ifthenorms,guidelines,andgoalsofthesereferencegroupsareconsistent,theywillenhancethemotivationoftheindividualandserveasagoodexample;otherwise,itwillcauseconflictsandstrugglesintheindividual'sinnermotivation.
Inreallife,someteenagersshowdeviantbehaviorsorcriminalbehaviorsbecausetheyregardcriminalgangsastheirownreferencegroup,andregardtheirbehavioralnormsandguidelinesastheirownbehavioralstandards.Therefore,peopleshouldstrengthentheresearchonreferencegroupsinordertoascertainthereferencegroupintheindividual'sheart,sothatcorrectandhealthygroupnormscanbetransformedintopersonalbehaviorstandards.
Petrovskyn luokittelu
Vuosien tutkimuksen ja harjoittelun jälkeen entinen Neuvostoliiton sosiaalipsykologi Petrovski kirjoitti kirjansa "CollectiveSocialPsychology"(kääntäjä LuShengzhong,People's Education, ryhmien jäsenten väliset yhteydet,ryhmätjaettu irrallisiin ryhmiin,yhteisryhmiinja kollektiiveihin.
Loosegroupreferstoacommunityinwhichtherelationshipbetweenmembersisnotmediatedbythepurpose,content,meaningandvalueofcommonactivities.Inmanycases,therearenocommonactivitiesinloosegroupsatall.Forexample,passengersonairplanes,audiencesinconcerthalls,guestsinhotels,andtravelcompanionsontheroadareamongtheloosegroups.
Jointgroup(jointgroup)orcooperativegroupreferstoagroupthatgraduallycondensesintoanorganizedcollectionthroughcommonactivitiesandestablishesavarietyofemotionalrelationshipsamongmembers.Eachmemberrealizesthateachotherbelongstothesamesocialcommunity,andmutualattractionwithinthegroupisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Insuchgroups,psychologicalrelationshipssuchasemotionsdominate.Petrovskybelievesthatthejointgrouporthecooperativegroupseemstobeatransitionalgroupbetweentheloosegroupandthecollective.
Collectiveisthehigheststageofgroupdevelopment.Therelationshipbetweenmembersisagroupmediatedbythecontentofgroupactivitieswithpersonalsignificanceandsocialvalue.Thismeansthatcollectivemembersnotonlyrecognizethevalueofgroupactivitiestoindividualsandthecollective,butalsorecognizeitssignificancetosocietyasawhole.Generally,atruecollectiveshouldtakeintoaccounttheinterestsofindividuals,collectivesandtheentiresociety.