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Vetypolttokenno



Ominaisuudet

Saasteeton

Polttoainekenno ei saastuta ympäristöä.Sähkökemiallisen reaktion kautta sen sijaan, että se käyttää polttoa (bensiini, diesel) tai energiavarastoa (akkua) -suurintäyteisintä CO2-liuosta,perinteistä polttokaasua. ja pöly. Kuten edellä mainittiin, polttoainekennottuottavat vain vettä ja lämpöä .Jos vetyä tuotetaan uusiutuvilla energialähteillä (valosähköpaneelit, tuulivoiman tuotanto jne.),koko kiertoprosessi on prosessi, joka ei täysin tuota haitallisia päästöjä.

Ei kohinaa

Polttoainekenno käy hiljaa ja melu on vain noin 55 dB, mikä vastaa ihmisten normaalin keskustelun tasoa. Tämä tekee polttoainekennosta sopivan sisäkäyttöön tai paikkoihin, joissa melua on rajoitettu ulkona.

Highefficiency

Thepowergenerationefficiencyoffuelcellscanreachmorethan50%,whichisdeterminedbytheconversionpropertiesoffuelcells.Itdirectlyconvertschemicalenergyintoelectricalenergywithouttheneedforthermalenergy.Andtheintermediatetransformationofmechanicalenergy(generator).

Difference

Drybatteriesandaccumulatorsareenergystoragedevicesthatstoreelectricalenergyandreleaseitwhenneeded;hydrogenfuelcellsarestrictlyapowergenerationdevice.Likeapowerplant,itisanelectrochemicalpowergenerationdevicethatdirectlyconvertschemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Inaddition,theelectrodesofhydrogenfuelcellsaremadeofspecialporousmaterials.Thisisakeytechnologyofhydrogenfuelcells.Itnotonlyprovidesalargecontactsurfaceforgasandelectrolyte,butalsocatalyzesthechemicalreactionofthebattery..

Applicationfields

Aerospacefield

Inthe1960s,hydrogenfuelcellshavebeensuccessfullyusedintheaerospacefield.The"Apollo"spacecraftthattravelsbetweenspaceandtheearthisequippedwithsuchasmallandlarge-capacitydevice.Afterenteringthe1970s,aspeoplecontinuedtomasteravarietyofadvancedhydrogenproductiontechnologies,hydrogenfuelcellsweresoonusedinpowergenerationandautomobiles.

Largepowerstations,whetherhydropower,thermalpowerornuclearpower,sendthegeneratedelectricitytothepowergrid,andthepowergriddeliversittousers.However,duetothedifferentloadsofdifferentpowerusers,thepowergridsometimespresentsapeakandsometimesatrough,whichwillleadtopoweroutagesorvoltageinstability.Inaddition,about70%ofthecombustionenergyoftraditionalthermalpowerplantsisconsumedinhugeequipmentsuchasboilersandsteamturbinegenerators,anditconsumesalotofenergyandemitsalotofharmfulsubstancesduringcombustion.Theuseofhydrogenfuelcellpowergenerationistodirectlyconvertthechemicalenergyofthefuelintoelectricalenergywithoutburning.Theenergyconversionratecanreach60%to80%,andithaslowpollutionandlownoise.Thedevicecanbelargeorsmall,anditisveryflexible.

Hydrogenhasactivechemicalproperties,anditcanbecombinedwithmanymetalsoralloys.Aftersomemetalsoralloysabsorbhydrogen,ametalhydrideisformed.Someofthemetalhydrideshaveahighhydrogencontent,evenhigherthanthedensityofliquidhydrogen,andthemetalhydridewilldecomposeundercertaintemperatureconditions,andTheabsorbedhydrogenisreleased,whichconstitutesagoodhydrogenstoragematerial.

Automotiveapplications

20hydrogenfuelcellsedansindependentlydevelopedbyChinawillbelaunchedinBeijingattheNewEnergyVehicleEngineeringCenterofTongjiUniversity.TheywillbeputintooperationduringtheOlympicGames.These20hydrogenfuelcellcarsarebasedontheVolkswagenPassatLingyumodelandsuccessfullydevelopedthroughtherestructuringandintegrationofthelatestgenerationoffuelcellcarpowersystemplatforms.Theyusehydrogenasanenergysourceandgeneratewaterthroughthechemicalreactionofhydrogen,thusrealizingzeropollution.Ahydrogenfuelcellcarcanrunmorethan300kilometersperhourwithasinglehydrogenaddition,andthespeedcanreach140-150kilometersperhour.Hydrogenfuelcellcarsaremorethan200kilogramsheavierthandiesellocomotivesofthesametype,whichismorethan5timesmoreexpensive.

Theworkingprincipleofahydrogenfuelcellvehicleis:sendhydrogentotheanodeplate(negativeelectrode)ofthefuelcell.Aftertheactionofthecatalyst(platinum),anelectroninthehydrogenatomisseparatedandlosestheelectron.Hydrogenions(protons)passthroughtheprotonexchangemembraneandreachthecathodeplate(positiveelectrode)ofthefuelcell,whileelectronscannotpassthroughtheprotonexchangemembrane.Thiselectroncanonlypassthroughtheexternalcircuitandreachthecathodeplateofthefuelcell,therebybeinggeneratedintheexternalcircuit.Current.Aftertheprotonsreachthecathodeplate,theyrecombinewithoxygenatomsandhydrogenionstoformwater.Sincetheoxygensuppliedtothecathodeplatecanbeobtainedfromtheair,aslongastheanodeplateiscontinuouslysuppliedwithhydrogen,thecathodeplateissuppliedwithair,andthewater(vapor)istakenawayintime,electricenergycanbecontinuouslysupplied.Theelectricitygeneratedbythefuelcellissuppliedtotheelectricmotorthroughinverters,controllersandotherdevices,andthenthewheelsaredriventorotatethroughthetransmissionsystem,driveaxle,etc.,sothatthevehiclecandriveontheroad.Comparedwithtraditionalvehicles,theenergyconversionefficiencyoffuelcellvehiclesisashighas60to80%,whichis2to3timesthatofinternalcombustionengines.Thefuelofthefuelcellishydrogenandoxygen,andtheproductiscleanwater.Itdoesnotproducecarbonmonoxideandcarbondioxide,nordoesitemitsulfurandparticulates.Therefore,hydrogenfuelcellvehiclesaretrulyzero-emissionandzero-pollutionvehicles,andhydrogenfuelistheperfectvehicleenergysource!

Theadvantagesofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesareundoubted,andthedisadvantagesareobvious.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,issuessuchassafetyandhydrogenfuelstoragetechnologythathaveplaguedthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcellshavebeengraduallyovercomeandcontinuouslyimproved.However,thecostissueisstillthebiggestbottleneckhinderingthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Thecostofahydrogenfuelcellis100timesthatofanordinarygasolineengine,andthispriceisunbearablebythemarket.

Itisreportedthatthisbatchofhydrogenfuelcellvehicleshasamaximumoutputof60kilowattsandafuelconsumptionofonly1.2kilogramsofhydrogenper100kilometers,whichisapproximatelyequivalentto4litersofNo.93gasoline.

TheBritishgovernmentwillvigorouslydevelophydrogenfuelcellvehicles,andplanstoincreasethenumberofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesintheUKto1.6millionby2030,anditsmarketsharewillreach30%-50by2050%.Thegovernmentwillrealizethelocalizedproductionofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesfrom2015anddeveloprelatedtechnologiesonitsown.Inaddition,itwillalsobuildahydrogenfuelsupplystation.

Atpresent,ToyotaMotorCorporationhasdrasticallyreducedthecostoffuelcells.Thepriceofthevehicleiscontrolledat69,000USdollars(400,000yuan),whichcanprovide100KWpoweroutputandabatterylifeof700kilometers.ItwillbeinNorthAmerica.ItwillbelaunchedinJapanandthemarketwillbeinthefirsthalfof2015.

Lentokonesovellus

Toimintaperiaate

Fuelcellisakindofpowergenerationdevice,Butnotlikeordinarynon-rechargeablebatteries,whichareusedupanddiscarded,andlikerechargeablebatteries,theymustberechargedwhentheyareusedup.Asthenamesuggests,fuelcellscontinuetoaddfueltomaintaintheirelectricity.Thefuelrequiredis"hydrogen".Thisiswhyitisclassifiedasanewenergysource.Theoperatingprincipleofthefuelcellisthatthebatterycontainstwoelectrodes,anodeandcathode,respectivelyfilledwithelectrolyte,andthetwoelectrodesareformedbyapermeablemembrane.Hydrogenenterstheanodeofthefuelcell,andoxygen(orair)entersthefuelcellfromthecathode.Throughtheactionofthecatalyst,thehydrogenmoleculesoftheanodearedecomposedintotwoprotonsandtwoelectrons.Theprotonsareattractedbyoxygentotheothersideofthefilm,andtheelectronsformacurrentthroughanexternalcircuitandreachthecathode..Undertheactionofthecathodecatalyst,protons,oxygenandelectronsreacttoformwatermolecules,sowatercanbesaidtobetheonlyemissionfromfuelcells.The"hydrogen"fuelusedinfuelcellscancomefromthehydrogenproducedbytheelectrolysisofwaterandanyhydrocarbons,suchasnaturalgas,methanol,ethanol(alcohol),biogas,andsoon.Becausethefuelcellgenerateselectricityandwaterthroughthechemicalreactionofhydrogenandoxygen,itisnotonlycompletelypollution-free,butalsoavoidsthetime-consumingproblemoftraditionalbatterycharging.Itiscurrentlythemostpromisingnewenergymethod.IfitcanbepopularizedandappliedInvehiclesandotherhigh-pollutingpowergenerationtools,itwillsignificantlyreduceairpollutionandthegreenhouseeffect.

100 kilometriä tunnissa

BoeingsuccessfullytestedasmallaircraftpoweredbyhydrogenfuelcellsonApril3,2008.Boeingsaidthisisthefirsttimeinthehistoryofworldaviation,indicatingthattheaviationindustrywillbemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyinthefuture.ButBoeingadmitsthatthistechnologyisunlikelytoprovidethemainpowerforlargepassengeraircraft.

BoeingconductedthreetestflightsofhydrogenfuelcellaircraftinOcaña,SpainfromFebruarytoMarch2008.Thesuccessfultestflightsareofhistoricalsignificance.Thetake-offandclimbprocessofsmallairplanesuseshybridelectricityprovidedbytraditionalbatteriesandhydrogenfuelcells.Afterclimbingtoacruisingaltitudeof1,000metersabovesealevel,theaircraftcutoffthetraditionalbatterypowersupplyandreliedonlyonhydrogenfuelcellstoprovidepower.Theplaneflewatanaltitudeof1,000metersforabout20minutesataspeedofabout100kilometersperhour.ThistechnologyisofgreatsignificancetoBoeing,anditalsomakesthefutureoftheaviationindustry"fullofgreenhope."

ThesmallaircraftisconvertedfromtheAustrian"Diamond"(Diamond)two-seaterpropellerpoweredglider.Protonexchangemembranefuelcellsandlithium-ionbatteriesareinstalledintheaircraft.Thesmallaircrafthasawingspanof16.3meters,afuselagelengthof6.5meters,weighsabout800kilograms,andcanaccommodatetwopeople.Duringthetestflight,therewasonlyonepilotonboard.

Inthecabin,thetraditionalbatteryisplacedintheonlypassengerseat,andanoxygentanksimilartothatusedbydiversisbehindthepilot.Boeingsaidtheaircrafthasacontinuousflighttimeofupto45minutesand"willnotproduceanynoise."Hydrogenfuelcellsgenerateelectricitythroughtheprocessofconvertinghydrogenintowateranddonotproducegreenhousegases.Inadditiontoheat,watervaporistheonlyby-productproducedbyhydrogenfuelcells.

Boeing’shydrogenfuelcellaircraftbroughttechnologicalbreakthroughs,butthe"Boeing(Europe)ResearchandTechnology"departmentsaid.Thistechnologymayprovideauxiliarypowerforlargeaircraft,butitrequirestechnologicalbreakthroughs.

Tekniset rajoitukset

Inthecontextofrisingfuelprices,environmentalpollutionandglobalwarming,thedemandforcleaner,safer,andmoreefficientvehiclesisgrowingrapidly.

Boeing’shydrogenfuelcellaircrafthasbroughttechnologicalbreakthroughs,butBoeing(Europe)ResearchandTechnologyDirectorEscattisaidthathydrogenfuelcellscanprovideflightpowerforsmallaircraft,butnotforlargeaircraft.Passengeraircraftprovidethemainpower.

Boeing'sengineerinchargeofflighttests,NievesRapeña,saidthatthistechnologymayprovideauxiliarypowerforlargeaircraft,butitrequirestechnologicalbreakthroughs.Boeingsaiditwillcontinuetodevelopthepotentialofhydrogenfuelcellstoimprovetheenvironment.

TheInternationalEnergyAgencysaidthatthepromotionoftheuseofhydrogenandhydrogenfuelcellscanreducetheenergyconsumptionofoil,naturalgas,andcoalthatcangenerategreenhousegases.

Developmentstatus

AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyStorageSummit,asatruly"zeroemission"cleanenergy,theapplicationofhydrogenfuelcellsindevelopedcountriesisaccelerating.Japanwillbuild100hydrogenrefuelingstationsby2015,and13ofthemhavebeencompleted.TheEUhasrecentlyapprovedtheprojecttoincreasefuelcellbuses;HyundaiMotor'six35fuelcellvehiclemassproductionmodelhasbeenrolledoffthelineinMarch2012andisplannedfor2015Massproductionsince2010.Thisshowsthatfuelcellshavetrulymovedfromthelaboratorytoindustrialization,andcomparedwithlithiumbatteries,ithastheadvantageofzeropollution.

TheU.S.DepartmentofEnergystatedtotheoutsidethatSouthKoreanautomakerHyundaiMotor,GermanautomakerMercedes-Benz,JapaneseautomakersNissanMotorandToyotaMotorhavereachedanagreementwiththedepartmentandwillpreparetolaunchthefirstroundofhydrogenpower.car.Thispublicsectorandprivateenterprisecooperationmodelwillfocusontheconstructionofhydrogenenergyinfrastructure,andwillnamethisH2USA.

SouthKorea'sHyundaiMotorheldamassproductionceremonyforhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehiclesattheUlsanplant.Fromtheendofthismonth,theTucsonixhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehicleswillbeofficiallyproduced.

AttheEuropeanlevel,theNetherlands,Denmark,Sweden,France,theUnitedKingdomandGermanyhavereachedanagreementtojointlydevelopandpromotehydrogenenergyvehicles.ThecountrieswilljointlybuildaEuropeanhydrogenfacilitynetworkandcoordinateenergytransmission.

TheBritishgovernmenthasproposedthatitwillvigorouslydevelophydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Itplanstohave1.6millionhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesintheUKby2030,anditsmarketsharewillreach30%by2050-50%.

mycountry’sfirsthydrogenfuelcellelectriclocomotivewasfinallydevelopedafterfouryearsandcanbeusedinindustrialfields,suchasminingtractors.Inaddition,duringthe2008OlympicGames,20hydrogenfuelcellcarsindependentlydevelopedbymycountrywereputintooperation.TongjiUniversityparticipatedinthedevelopmentofthefirstbatchoffuelcellvehiclestoobtainanationalroadpermit.

OnJune30,2010,ShandongDongyueGroupannouncedtotheworldthatChina’sself-developedperfluorinatedionmembranesforchlor-alkaliandfuelcellmembraneswillbedomesticallyproduced.After8yearsofscientificresearch,itbrokethelong-termmonopolyofthetechnologyintheUnitedStatesandJapan.Atthesametime,"Dongyue"completedaproductionfacilitywithanannualoutputof500tonsfortheproductionofsulfonicacidresinionmembranes,whichisthecorematerialoffuelcells.Thethirdcountrywiththetechnologyandindustrializationcapabilities.

The"high-energyhydrogenfuelcell"jointlydevelopedbyJapaneseelectronicpartsmanufacturerRoma,AquaFairyandKyotoUniversity.Thisnewtypeofbatterygenerateselectricitythroughachemicalreactionbetweencalciumhydrideandwater.Afuelcelloflessthan3cubiccentimeterscangenerate5watt-hoursofelectricity.Itcanbewidelyusedinavarietyofelectronicdevicesincludingsmartphones,ortoprovidebackuppowersupplyinemergencysituations.

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