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Basicintroduction

Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageresearch.Theobjectofitsresearchishumanlanguage,anditstaskistostudyanddescribethestructure,functionandhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage,revealtheessenceoflanguage,andexplorethecommonlawsoflanguage.

Relatedclassifications

Linguisticsinabroadsenseincludeslinguistics.Thestudyoflanguageinacertainperiodoftimeiscalledsynchroniclinguistics;thestudyoflanguagechangesindifferentperiodsiscalledDiachroniclinguistics;comprehensiveresearchonmultiplelanguages,tryingtofindcommonrulesamongthem,calledgenerallinguistics;applyinglinguisticknowledgetopracticalwork,calledappliedlinguistics;tracingcertainlanguages​​throughthecomparisonofphoneticsandmorphologyThekinshipofthetwolanguages​​iscalledhistoricalcomparativelinguistics;theuseofcomparativemethodstodiscoversomecommonphenomenainvarioushumanlanguages​​iscalledtypelinguistics;thecomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwolanguages​​inordertosolveteachingortranslationproblemsiscalledcontrastivelinguistics.

Kielellä on viisi yhteistä merkitystä:(1)tietyn lauseen esittäminen tietyssä kontekstissa;(2)erityisen kaiuttimen erityinen puhetyyli, jota kutsutaan myös idiolektiksi;(3)viittauserityiseen kielenmuunnelmaan;(4)viittaa abstraktiin järjestelmään, joka on poimittu kaikista kielistä; .

Fonetiikan, kieliopin, sanaston ja kirjoittamisen aiheet keskittyvät itse kielen rakenteeseen, joka on kielitieteen keskus. Jotkut ihmiset kutsuvat mikrolingvistiikkaa.

Theresearchonthephysicalpropertiesofspeech,humanpronunciationmethods,andthephysiologicalprocessesofspeechperceptionisphonetics.

Thestudyofhowmanydifferentsoundsalanguagehas,andhowtheyaredifferentandrelatedtoeachotherisphonologyorphonology.

Theresearchonthewayofwordformationandinflectionismorphology,alsocalledmorphology;theresearchonhowtocomposewordsintophrasesorsentencesisthestudyofsentenceformation,alsocalledsyntax.Accordingtotraditionalgrammar,thecombinationofmorphologyandsentencemakingisgrammar.

Theresearchofvocabularyitems,lexicalmeaning,andwordevolutionislexicology;thesourceandhistoryofwordsaretracedbacktoetymology;theonethatcollectsmanylexicalitems,classifies,compares,andannotatesthemislexicology.

Tostudytherelationshipbetweentermsandconceptsandreferents,tofigureoutthesimilaritiesanddifferences,prosandcons,upperandlower,andcrossrelationsofvariouswordmeanings,andtoanalyzethemeaningoftheentiresentenceorsomeofitscomponents.Thisissemantics.Thedisciplinethatstudiestheshape,system,origin,evolutionanddevelopmentofcharactersisphilology.

History

Thehistoryoflinguisticsisveryold.Theearliestlanguageresearchofmankindbeganwiththeinterpretationofancientdocuments,andthestudyoflanguageforthepurposeofstudyingphilosophy,historyandliterature.DuringtheHanDynasty,Chinaproducedelementaryschools,includingwriting,phonologyandexegesis.InIndiaandGreece,grammarwasestablishedfromthe4thtothe3rdcenturyBC.Modernlinguisticswasestablishedintheearly18thcentury.AsWesternlinguistsdiscoveredthesimilaritiesbetweenIndo-Europeanlanguages​​andSanskrit,historicalcomparativelinguisticscameintobeing,whichaimedtofindtheoriginallanguageofvariouslanguages.

Role

Languageisauniquewayofcommunicationforhumanbeings.Itreflectsthehighlyevolvedmentalabilitiesofhumanbeingsonthebiologicalorpsychologicallevel,andreflectstheprogressofhumancivilizationonthesocialandculturallevel.Linguisticsistostudythecoreinstinctofhumanlanguageability,throughtheanalysisandresearchofspokenlanguage,writtenlanguageandevensignlanguage,andthenunderstandthenatureofhumanbeings.

Inadditiontounderstandingtheessenceofhumanlanguage,linguisticresearchalsohasavarietyofapplications.Intermsoflanguageeducation,throughtheunderstandingofthelanguageitself,variousdictionaries,grammarbooks,andtextbooksarecompiledforpeopletolearnthelanguage,whichalsohelpstoimprovetheabilitytodealwiththedifficultiesanderrorsencounteredintheprocessoflanguagelearning.Intermsoftranslationindifferentlanguages,linguistictheoryprovidesmorespecificguidancefortranslationandinterpretation,anditalsohelpstousetechnologyformachinetranslation.

Tutkimuskohteet

Nykyajan kielitieteen pääasialliset tutkimuskohteet ovat kieli ja hahmot.

Kielirakenne

Foneettinen

Sananmuodostus

Syntaksi

Semanttinen

Keskusteluluku

Kielisovellus

Pragmatiikka

Kieltenoppiminen ja koulutus

Käännös

Aluskoulu

Kielitiede

Fonologia

Alatieteet

Kielitiede on monia alalajeja:

Synkroninen kielitiede

Diakroninen kielitiede

Yleinen kielitiede ja mikrolingvistiikka

Fonetiikka

Fonologia

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Sananmuodostus

Kielioppi

Semantiikka

Pragmatiikka

Leksikologia

Dialektologia

Retoriikka

Sanat

Etymologia

Sanakirja

Tyyli

Vertaileva kielitiede

Vertaileva historiallinen kielitiede

Tyyppilingvistiikka

Kontrastiivinen kielitiede

Vertaileva kielitiede

Kielimaantiede

Sosiolingvistiikka

Murteologia: Murteen maantiede

Tyyli

Psykolingvistiikka

Kognitiivinen lingvistiikka

Soveltava kielitiede

Kielenopetus

FirstLanguageTeaching

Second LanguageTeaching:EnglishTeaching

Vieraan kielen opetus

Discourse Linguistics

Kokeellinen kielitiede

Matemaattinen kielitiede

Algebrallinen lingvistiikka

Tilastolingvistiikka

Soveltava matemaattinen kielitiede

Laskennallinen lingvistiikka

Corpus LinguisticsTranslation Studies

Verkkolingvistiikka

Neurolingvistiikka

Samanaikainen kielitiede

HumanLinguistics

Ethnic Linguistics

Fonologia

Synonyymit

Kirjoittaminen

Kansainvälinen kielitiede

Eksegetiikka

Context Studies

Biolingvistiikka

CosmoLinguistics

Yleinen kielitiede

MainSchools

Kielikoulu

NaturalSchool

Uusi GrammarSchool

Sosiologinen koulu

Esteettinen koulu

StructuralistSchool

FunctionalSchool

Kielikoulu

AmericanDescriptive LinguisticSchool

InstitutionalSchool

Idealismin koulu

CaseGrammarSchool(CaseGrammar)

RelationGrammarSchool(RelationGrammar)

Formalismi

Generatiivinen kielioppi

Generatiivinen semantiikka

Lexikaal-funktionaalinen kielioppi

Head-Driven PhraseStructureGrammar

Kognitiivinen-funktionalismi

Head-Driven PhraseStructureGrammar

Kognitiivinen-funktionalismi

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Funktionaalinen kielioppi

Järjestelmätoiminnallinen lingvistiikka

RoleandReferenceGrammar

Kognitiivinen kielioppi

FutureDevelopment

Asanancientdiscipline,themajoroflinguisticsisusedbytheChinesenationtounderstandChinesehistoryandstudyChinesecultureAtooltoimproveourownqualityhasextremelysignificanthumanisticandsocialsciencevalueforsocialdevelopment.Becauseofthis,accordingtosurveys,almost80%ofcollegesanduniversitieshaveestablishedlinguisticsmajorssincetheestablishmentoftheirschools,andtheyrecruitnewstudentsatasteadyrateeveryyear.Aconsiderablenumberofpeoplechooselinguisticsastheirmajorafterenteringtheuniversity.Itisafactrecognizedbythesocietythatmorethan90%ofpeoplebelievethatthelinguisticsmajorofnormalcollegeshasmoredevelopmentpotential.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyBei’anCollegeEntranceExaminationNetwork,in2004,theteachingprofessionhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularprofessions.Oneisthestabilityandautonomyofthejob,andtheotheristhatthesalaryofteachershasbeensteadilyimprovedinrecentyears,andtherehavebeengratifyingchanges.In2005,thedemandfornormalstudentswasstillverylarge.

Ingeneral,theestablishmentofthelanguageandliteraturemajorhasmanymeanings.Fromapracticalpointofview,thehighemploymentrateandabundantemploymentbenefitsoflinguisticsareenoughtoenableaconsiderablenumberofpeopletolivearelativelyprosperouslife.Atthesametime,thehardworkofworkersontheeducationfronthaseliminatedamajorproblemforthesociety.Somesocialinstabilityfactors;fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,duetothestrongatmosphereofChinesecultureandthestrongattractionofnationalspirit,sincetheinitialestablishmentofthelinguisticsmajor,itsgradualimprovementandrapiddevelopmentareobvioustoall.Becauseofthisinfluence,Chineselanguageandliteraturemajors,especiallylinguisticsmajorsinnormaluniversities,willsurelycreateabroaderdevelopmentspaceforstudentsinanincreasinglydiversifiedsocialenvironment.

Famouslinguist

Chineselinguist

GuYanwu(1613-1682),formerlynamedJiangJiang,withthewordZhongqing.AfterthedeathofMingDynasty,hechangedhisnametoYanwu,withthewordNingren,andalsosignedJiangShan'sservant.ThescholarrespectsMr.Tinglin.AnativeofKunshan,Jiangsu.Awell-knownthinker,historian,andlinguistinthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties.Hehasmadegreatcontributionstothecountry.HeparticipatedinthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyandlaterdevotedhimselftoacademicresearch.Inhislateryears,hefocusedonthetextualresearchofConfucianclassics,andeditedtheancientpronunciation,dividedinto10ancientrhymes.Theauthorof"Rizhilu","FiveBooksofPhonology",etc.,hewasthepioneerofancientrhymeintheQingDynasty,andhehasmademanyachievements;healsocontributedtothestudyofrhyme,butnotasmuchashiscontributiontothestudyofancientrhyme.ThegreatestfeatureofGuTinglin’sacademicstudiesistheidealisticmetaphysicsthatcontradictstheSong-MingNeo-Confucianism,whileemphasizingobjectiveinvestigationandresearch,creatinganewgenerationofnewstyles,andproposing"agentlemanlearnsbyunderstandingthewayandsavingtheworld.Itisonlybypoetry.That'sit,howgoodistheso-calledcarvingandsealcarving?"

LiLinsi(1896-1970),formerlyknownasLiJiaxiang,anativeofHangzhou,Zhejiang,wasadirectdescendantofLiE,awell-knownwriterintheQingDynasty,andafamousmodernlinguist.Inhisearlyyears,hestudiedinJapanandGermanyformorethantenyears,andobtainedamaster'sdegreeinlawfromtheUniversityofJenainGermanyandadoctorateinphilosophyfromtheUniversityofHeidelberg.HehasasolidfoundationinChinesestudiesandisproficientinGerman,Japanese,Englishandotherlanguages.Hehasintroducedandtranslatedandpublishedalargenumberofforeignbooksandfilmandtelevisionworks.Atthesametime,hehasintroducedChina'sexcellenttraditionalculturetotheWesternworld.DuringhistenureasaprofessoratNationalCentralUniversity,JinanUniversity,andShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,hetrainedalargenumberoftalentsforthecountry.HealsotranslatedandintroducedalargenumberofJapaneseandGermanmilitaryworks,andmadeimportantcontributionstothevictoryoftheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan.

Westernlinguist

NoamChomsky,themostfamouscontemporaryAmericanlinguist,MITprofessor,founderofstructuralgenerativegrammar,hasaprofoundinfluenceHehaswrittenlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,andcomputerscience.HeisalsoadecisivefigureincontemporaryWesternintellectualsopposinghegemonism.Hehaswrittenalargenumberofpoliticalessaysandworks.Whenevertheinternationalpoliticallandscapeundergoesmajorchanges,Westernintellectualsoften"LookuptoChomsky",andhehasrepeatedlymadelandmarkspeechesatthesemoments.After"September11",Chomskyacceptedinterviewsfromalmostallfamousmediaintheworld,andhisuniversitylecturesalsoattractedhundredsofmetersofticket-collectingteams.

Edward Sapir, amerikkalainen lingvisti.Firth(J·R·Firth) oli Britannian ensimmäinen kielimies. Hyväksyi ajatuksen "kieliympäristöstä" ja kehitti sen "järjestelmäksi" kielentutkimuksen ideana."

SwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)isanimportantfounderofmodernlinguisticsandoneofthepioneersofstructuralism.Heiscalledthefatherofmodernlinguisticsandtheoriginatorofstructuralismbylatergenerations."CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale"(CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale)isSaussure'srepresentativework,whichembodieshisbasiclinguisticideasandhasaprofoundinfluenceonmodernlinguisticresearchinthe20thcentury.Atthesametime,duetothegeneralityandprofoundnessofitsresearchperspectiveandmethodology,theideasinthebookhavebecomeanimportantsourceofthoughtforstructuralism,animportantphilosophicalschoolinthe20thcentury.

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