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Markkinoiden sääntely



Definition

Itisthemanifestationofthelawofvalueregulatingcommodityproductionandcommoditycirculation.Whentheproductionofcommoditiesexceedsdemand,supplyexceedsdemandinthemarket,pricesfall,andprofitsdecrease.Whenpricesfallbelowthevalue,profitmarginsarelowerthanaverage,commodityproducerswillreduceproduction,reducingsupplyinthemarketanddemandexceedingsupply,Thepricewillriseagain.

Selitys

Markkinat:①Hyödykevaihtosuhteiden määrää käytetään myös hyödykekaupan paikkana. Heijastaa erilaisia ​​taloudellisia suhteita, kuten tuotantoa, jakelua, vaihtoa ja kulutusta. Se voidaan luokitella pölyn mukaan tuotelajin, tuotannon ja alueen pölyn mukaan. hyödykkeiden vaihdosta ja tuotannosta, kunnes kapitalistisesta yhteiskunnasta tuli hallitseva talousilmiö. Katso "markkinatalous".②Viittaamalla suosittuun alaan ja asemaan: tällä näkemyksellä on edelleen tietyt työväenluokan markkinat .

Säätö:1.Säädä määrä tai aste tarpeiden mukaan.2.Korjaus ja kuntoutus.3.Muuta sovittamaan rytmiin.4.Tarkoittaa, ettäsää ontasapainoinen ja kohtalainen.

Ehdot

Hinnat voivat liikkua vapaasti tarjonnan ja kysynnän muutosten mukaan.

Commoditycurrencyisabasicandpositivetoolfortheallocationofsocialresources.

Producershavetherighttoproduceaccordingtomarketpricechanges.

Consumershavetherighttobuygoodsbasedonmarketpricesandtheirowncurrencyincome.

Toiminto

Hyödykkeiden tarjonnan ja kysynnän säätäminen

①Whenthesupplyofacertaincommodityexceedsthedemand,thepricerises,andthedemandforthecommoditydecreases.,Supplyincreases;whenthesupplyofacertaincommodityexceedsdemand,thepricedrops,causinganincreaseindemandandadecreaseinsupply.

②Regulatethedistributionofeconomicresourcesamongsocialsectors,regionsandenterprises.

③Regulatethedistributionofmaterialbenefitsamongdifferentinterestgroups.

Itcanencourageenterprisestocompeteandrealizethesurvivalofthefittest;

Itcanstimulatetheproductionenthusiasmofenterprisesandworkers,andmaketheeconomyvigorousandvigorous.

Säänteletaloudellisten resurssien jakautumista yhteiskunnan eri näkökohtien kesken

Themarketmechanisminducestheflowofeconomicresourcesthrougheconomicparameterssuchasprices,taxrates,andinterestratestoachieveresourceallocationOptimization.

Sääntele materiaalihyötyjen jakautumista eri intressiryhmien kesken

Marketregulationusesbenefitinductionasthebasicmeans.AnychangeineconomicparameterswillcausematerialbenefitsDistributionandredistribution.

Pricesfluctuateupanddownwithvalueasthecenter,sothatthedistributionofsociallaboramongvariousdepartmentscanbeadjusted,sothatproductionandneedstendtobalance;

MarketadjustmentcanreflectandadjustflexiblyMarketsupplyanddemandrelations,guideproductionandconsumption,andencourageenterprisestoproduceandoperateaccordingtomarketdemand;

Canencourageenterprisestocompeteandrealizethesurvivalofthefittest;

CanencourageenterprisesandworkerstoproduceEnthusiasmmakestheeconomyvigorousandvigorous.

Ominaisuudet

Mikrokosminen

Markkinasääntelyllä on joustavuuden ja mukavuuden ominaispiirteitä yhden hyödykkeen tarjonnan ja kysynnän tasapainossa, mutta yhteiskunnan kokonaistarjonnan ja kysynnän toteuttaminen on vaikeaa.

Tapahtuman jälkeinen

Markkinasäädöt vievät hintaa perussignaalina, mutta hinnanmuutoksia tapahtuu vain, jos tarjonnan ja kysynnän välillä on ristiriita, joten ennakkosäätötoimintoa ei ole.

Spontaanius

Korkeamman voiton tavoittelun vuoksi, missä on markkinamahdollisuuksia suuremmalle voitolle, useat markkinaresurssit kasvavat spontaanisti.

Blindness

Becauseeachproducerinthemarketcannotaccuratelygraspthemarketprospectsfromthemacrolevel,andcannotcontrolthetrendofeconomicchanges,allThedecision-makingofproducersandoperatorswillbeblindedtoacertainextent.

Hysteresis

Decisionsthatarereasonableintheeyesofindividualoperatorsmayhavebeenlaggingatthemacrolevel.Marketadjustmentisakindofexpostadjustment.Thereisacertaintimelagfrompriceformation,pricesignaltransmissiontoadjustmentofcommodityproduction.

Facingproblems

Theestablishmentanddevelopmentofmycountry'smarketeconomyistoachievetheoptimalallocationandcombinationofresourcesthroughtheregulationofthemarket.Thefunctionofmarketregulationhasbecomeahouseholdname.However,theawarenessofitsdrawbacksisfarfromenough.Forexample,ecologicalresourcesandecologicalenvironmentaremostlypublicgoods,whichhaveexternaleffectswithoutenteringthemarket,thatis,theeffectofeconomicman’sactionsontheenvironmentisnotreflectedinthetransactionmethod(cost-benefit).Inthisregard,themarketIt'smalfunctioning.

Viat

Yleensä puhtaalla markkinasäännöksellä on seuraavat viat:

First,puremarketregulationisdifficulttoachievethetotalbalanceofthenationaleconomy.Easily

causecyclicaleconomicfluctuations.Marketadjustmentisachievedthroughfluctuationsinsupplyanddemandandprices.Becauseindividualproducershavelimitedgraspoftheeconomyasawholeandrelevantmarketinformation,theirviewsonthefutureareoftenbiased,anditisdifficultforindividualcompaniestosimplyintegratetheirplansintoaunifiednationwidespontaneously.Planning,itisdifficultfordecisionmakerstocoordinatewitheachother.Forexample,hemayonlyunderstandthesupplyanddemandandpricestatusofrelevantcommoditiesintheregionalmarket,butitisdifficulttounderstandthestatusofthenationalmarket.Hemayblindlyproduceandleadtosurplusorshortage.Whenthiscontradictionreachesacertainlevel,itwillcauseeconomicfluctuationsandeveneconomiccrises.,Leadingtothewasteofsocialwealthandtheregressionofproductivity.Thisrequiresthegovernmenttoprovideplanningguidanceandmakeadjustmentsthroughfiscalandfinancialpoliciestostabilizetheeconomiccycleandavoidmajoreconomicfluctuations.

Second,marketregulationalonecannotsolvethelong-termdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Therearetwosituationshere.Firstofall,commodityproducersinamarketeconomybasicallymakedecisionsbasedonprices,butthesupply-demandrelationshipreflectedbypricesisoftenshort-termandcannotreflectthelong-termdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Ifproducersareallowedtomakedecisionsbasedonsuchpricechanges,itislikelytobedetrimentaltothelong-termdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Forexample,certainproducts,especiallynewhigh-techproducts,havealargepotentialdemandandarecriticaltofutureeconomicdevelopment,buttheyhavenotbeenrecognizedbypeople,thedemandisnotlarge,andthepriceisunfavorable,soproducersareoftenunwillingtoinvest.Ifthegovernmentdoesnotprovideguidanceorimplementpreferentialpolicies,itmayaffecttheoptimalstructureofthelong-termdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Anothersituationis:certainbasicindustries,high-techindustries,etc.,havelargeinvestmentscalesandlonginvestmentperiods,andindividualsandenterprisescannotaffordthem.Thegovernmentisalsorequiredtoundertakeorimplementpreferentialpolicies,otherwiseitwillalsoaffectthelong-termdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.佳结构。Goodstructure.

Third,marketregulationalonecannotsolveeconomicexternalitiesandaffecttheoverallbenefitsofsociety.Economicexternalityreferstothedifferencebetweenthesocialeffectsofsomeeconomicactivitiesandindividualeffects,andbetweensocialcostsandindividualcosts.Inotherwords,economicactivitiesthatarebeneficialtoindividualsmaynotnecessarilybeequallybeneficialtosociety,andmayevencauseharm.Forexample,chemicalplantsproducechemicalproductswithhighprofits,butthedischargedsewagepollutestheriver.Notonlydoesthefoodfactorythattakewaterfromthesameriverfailtoproduceit,butitalsoaffectsthedrinkingwatersafetyofthemasses.Theoppositesituationisthatsomeprojectsmayhavegoodsocialbenefitsandaregoodforregionaleconomicdevelopment,buttheyarenotidealintermsofeconomicaccountingwithintheenterprise.Neitheroftheabovetwosituationscanberesolvedthroughmarketregulationalone,andwilleventuallyaffecttheeffectiveallocationofsocialresources.Therefore,itisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoadoptnon-marketmethodsforregulationandguidance.Forexample,usingadministrativeplanningtorestrictthedevelopmentofcertainpollutingindustries,orcollectingpollutionfeestocontroltheenvironment,andsubsidizingaffectedmanufacturersandresidents.

Fourth,simplemarketregulationcaneasilyleadtothecreationofmonopoly,anditisdifficulttoensurethenormalfunctioningofthecompetitionmechanism,therebyaffectingtheimprovementofoveralleconomicbenefits.Theeffectivefunctionofthemarketmechanismispremisedonfullcompetition,butcompetitiondoesnothavethecharacteristicsofself-sustainability.Completefreecompetitionmustresultinmonopoly.Forexample,incertainindustrieswithsignificanteconomiesofscale,thelargerthescale,thestrongerthecompetitiveness.Eventually,throughthemergerprocessof"bigfisheatsmallfish",amonopolybyseverallargecompaniesisformed,andthesemonopolycompaniesmonopolizerawmaterials,Monopolytechnology,monopolypricesandothermeansmanipulatethemarket,makingthecompetitionmechanismineffective,andultimatelydamagingtheoveralleconomicefficiency.Therefore,opposingmonopolyandensuringfaircompetitionareimportantcontentandindispensabledutiesofgovernmentadministrativeintervention.Incountrieswithunderdevelopedmarketsystems,theroleofcompetitionisstillrestrictedbythelowdegreeofmarketdevelopmentandimperfectmarketorder.Therefore,thegovernmentalsoassumestheimportantresponsibilityofcultivatingandorganizingmarkets.

Fifth,itisdifficultforsocialpublicproductstobedistributedthroughthenormalmarketpricemechanism.Publicproductsareproductsprovidedtotheentiresociety.Theyarecharacterizedbybeingunabletobedividedintoseveralsharesandclassifiedasconsumptionbycertainindividualsorenterprises,andconsumptionbyotherindividualsorenterprisesisrejected.Theincreaseinconsumptionwillnotcauseanincreaseinsocialmarginalcosts.Thisistheso-calledindivisibilityoftheutilityofpublicgoods,thenon-exclusivenessofconsumption,andtheirresistibilityofbenefits.Forexample,theweatherforecastpublishedbytheMeteorologicalStationthroughtheTVnetworkcanbenefitallTVviewers.Whetheritiswatchedby50millionpeopleor500millionpeopledoesnotaffectthecostoftheforecastbroadcastontheday,norcanitchargetheviewersseparately.Examplesofpublicproductsincludenationaldefense,police,environmentalprotection,andcertainpublicfacilities.Therearealsomanyproductscalled"quasi-publicproducts"thatalsohavesomeoftheabove-mentionedcharacteristics.Theseproductscannotbesolvedbyrelyingsolelyonmarketregulation.Theyaregenerallybornebythegovernmentandincludedinthescopeoffiscalfunctions.Someofthemmustbepricedandsubsidizedbythegovernmenttoensurethatthesocietyreceivessufficientpublicproducts.Sixth,relyingsolelyonmarketregulationispronetoincomeinequalityandpolarization.Marketcompetitionisbasedontheprinciplesofsurvivalofthefittestandsurvivalofthefittest,whilealsoacknowledgingtheexistenceofunfairnessandopportunities.Inaneconomywheremarketcompetitionisallowedtofunctionfreely,firstly,becausethequalityandquantityofproductionresourcesownedbyproducersaredifferent,theoutcomeofcompetitionisdeterminedassoonastheyenterthemarket.Atthesametime,riskfactorsrelatedtomarketfluctuationswillalsoaffectcompetition.Theoutcome.Therefore,itwillcausethephenomenonofwideningincomedisparityandpolarization,aggravatesocialcontradictionsandconflicts,andaffectsocialsecurityandstability.Therefore,thegovernmentmustadoptvariousincomedistributionpoliciesandsocialsecuritypoliciestopreventthewideningoftheincomegapandpolarization,andimplementnecessarysocialsecurity.Ingeneral,themarketasameansofsocialresourceallocationisnotperfect.Duetotheexistenceoftheseshortcomings,itisdeterminedthatsimplemarketadjustmentisnotenoughtoensurethemostreasonableallocationofsocialresources,norcanitguaranteethecoordinateddevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety.Therefore,thegovernmentmustcarryoutmacro-controloverthemarketeconomy.

Tulokset

Ensinnäkin joillakin ekologisilla resursseilla (kuten ilmalla, joilla, valtamerillä jne.) ei ole omaisuutta tai epäselviä omistusoikeuksia, jotka vaikuttavat ihmisten innostukseen suojeluun, hallintaan ja investointeihin.

Secondly,someecologicalenvironmentresourcescannotformamarket,ormarketcompetitionisinsufficient,thereisnopriceorthepriceislow,resultinginover-utilizationandwaste;

Third,becausemostecologicalresourceshavepropertiessimilartopublicgoods,suchascleanair,naturalwatersources,wildanimals,etc.,theiruseandconsumptionarenotexclusiveandcannotbeprovidedspontaneouslybythemarket.Thishascausedsomemanufacturerstoignorethem.Thegrounddischargeswastegasandwastewaterintotheairandriverwater,causinggreatpollutiontotheecologicalenvironment.Asaresult,undertheinfluenceofmarketregulation,thenaturalenvironmentasapublicgoodcanbepollutedbyanyone,andnoonecanbearthecorrespondingresponsibilityifitispolluted.The"freeriderphenomenon"hasappearedinthetreatmentofpollution,andsomepeopleareevenwillingtotakeamoralhazardtoseekforit.Maximizepersonalinterests.

Marketadjustmentisanadjustmentmethodofeconomicoperationthatiscompatiblewithproductionforprofit.Itstronglypromotesthedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandpromotestherapidgrowthofsocialwealth.Theseeminglyirregulareconomicbehaviorthroughtheroleofmarketregulationwillgenerallypresentamorereasonableresulttoachievetheoptimalcombinationofresources.However,withthedevelopmentofthemarketeconomy,thedrawbacksofmarketregulationhavebecomeincreasinglyprominent.Thefailureofthe"invisiblehand"ofthemarketcaneasilyleadtovariousecologicalproblems.Themarketregulateslocalinterestsandimmediateinterests,butitisdifficulttotakeintoaccountoverallinterestsandlong-terminterests.Notonlydoesmarketregulationfailtoincentivizeandsolvethemostpressingecologicalproblem,itwillworsentheproblemasitdevelops.The"marketomnipotencetheory"isnotomnipotent.Themarketdoesplayanunparalleledroleinregulatingtheeconomy.However,duetotheshort-term,spontaneous,blind,decentralizedandlaggingnatureofmarketregulation,itcannotsolveallproblems.

Arvopaperiasiat

Markkinasääntelyyn liittyvät ongelmat ilmenevät pääasiassa kahdesta osasta:

First,themarketlacksaneffectiveself-regulationmechanism.Formorethanadecade,theShenzhenandShanghaistockmarketshaveoftenexhibitedamarketoperationtrendofskyrocketingandslumping.Stockvaluationsareeitherlowerthanthelevelofoverseasemergingmarketsorevenmaturemarkets,orhigherthanthevaluationlevelofoverseasmaturemarketsby2to3times.Lessinareasonableinvestmentarea.Atlowpointsofgreatinvestmentvalue,theShenzhenandShanghaistockmarketsoftenlackthepowerofmarketrebound;athighpointsofextremelyspeculativerisk,theShenzhenandShanghaistockmarketsoftenlackthepowerofmarketself-adjustment.Second,thesignsofadministrativeregulationofthestockmarketaremoreobvious.DuetothelackofanadjustmentmechanismfortheShenzhenandShanghaistockmarkets,andbasedontheconsiderationofthehealthyandstabledevelopmentofthemarket,themanagementadoptedsomeadministrativecontrolandcontrolmeasuresasalastresort.Thiskindofregulationsometimesaddstothecolorofthe"policymarket"intheoperationofChina'sstockmarket,butsometimesitmaynotbeabletoachievetheregulationgoal.

Themainreasonsforthelackofeffectiveself-stabilizationandadjustmentmechanisms

Therearemanyreasonsforthelackofeffectiveself-stabilizationandself-regulationmechanismsintheChinesesecuritiesmarket:

1.Thesecuritiesmarketisahighlymarket-orientedmarket.Theformationofamarketmechanismrequiresalongprocess,andthemarketmechanismneedstoruninrepeatedlytobeeffective.China'ssecuritiesmarkethasonlybeenestablishedformorethantenyears,anditisstillinthestageof"emerging+transition".Theformationofmarketmechanismandtherunning-inmechanismofthemechanismareintheinitialstage.Marketstabilityandmarketregulationstillhavegreaterrequirementsforeffectiveness.distance.

2.Therapidchangesintheoperatingenvironmentofthemarkethaveaffectedmarketstabilityandtheroleofregulatorymechanisms.TheestablishmentandoperationofChina'ssecuritiesmarketformorethanadecadehasalsobeenadecadeofrapidchangesinChina'seconomicsystem,economicgrowthmode,andeconomicstructure.Thesechangeshavehaddirectorindirect,majororsubtle,short-termorlong-termimpactsontheoperationofChina'ssecuritiesmarket,makingitmoredifficultforthefragilestabilityandregulationmechanismofChina'ssecuritiesmarkettofunction.

Kiinteistöala

Markkinoiden sääntely ja kehitys ovat terveellisempiä

Therealestateindustryhasalwaysbeenthemostmarket-orientedindustry,withnoaccessrestrictionsandnoqualificationrestrictions.Thecompetitionisfierceanddevelopershaveahardtime.Housingpriceshavenotrisensharplyinthepastmanyyears.However,startingfrom2004,thestatebegantoregulatetheindustry.Thelandcreditcontrolwasverystrong,andtheexpectedreductioninsupplyledtoariseinhousingprices.Theadjustmentofhousingpricesistheresultofeconomiclaws,notpolicycontrols.Thatistosay,eveniftherealestatepolicyisrelaxed,housingpriceswillstillfall.Likethestockmarket,thepolicywillnotbeeffectiveagainstmarketlaws.

Ifthegovernmentdoesnotsavethemarket,thedownturninthemarketwillinevitablyleadtoadecreaseinthenewlystartedareaandadecreaseinrealestateinvestment.Itwillalsoleadtoadecreaseinthesupplyoftherealestatemarketintwotothreeyears,andthustheadjustmentofhousingpricesintheshortterm.Thedownturnintherealestatemarkethasbecomeanewcornerstoneforthehealthydevelopmentoftheindustryinthenextstage.Inthisprocess,realestatecompanieswillsurvivethesurvivalofthefittest,thequalityofhouseswillbefurtherimproved,andhomebuyerswillreceivebenefits.

Thekeypointisthattherealestateindustryisdifficulttoadjustinaccordancewithmarketrules.Localgovernmentshavesuccessivelyintroducedpoliciestoprotectthisindustry.Weestimatethatinthefirsthalfoftheyear,therewillbetworesultsofpolicyrelaxation:ontheonehand,landThelooseningofcreditandcreditwillincreasesupply,whichwillmakethesituationworse;ontheotherhand,thelooseningofmortgagepolicywillcontinuetoblowbubbles,andrationaladjustmentcannotbeachieved;therefore,webelievethatthegovernmentdoesnotneedandshouldnotrescuethemarket.Perhapstherescueisadisaster.

Tosumup,ifthegovernmentdoesnotrescuethemarket,althoughthesentimentmaybemorepessimisticintheshortterm,wecanlookatthemediumandlongtermoptimistically;ifthegovernmentrescuesthemarket,itmaybeoptimisticintheshortterm,butwillbepessimisticinthemediumandlongterm.

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