Optinen lasi - adomain

Concept

Amorphous(glassy)opticaldielectricmaterialthattransmitslight.Itcanbeusedtomakevariousopticalelementssuchasprisms,lenses,filters,etc.Afterthelightpassesthrough,thepropagationdirection,phaseandintensitycanbechanged.Accordingtodifferentrequirements,opticalglasscanbedividedintothreecategories:①Colorlessopticalglass-itisalmostcompletelytransparentinthevisibleandnear-infraredwideband,anditisthemostusedopticalglass.Accordingtothedifferenceofrefractiveindexanddispersion,therearehundredsofbrands,whichcanbedividedintotwovarieties,namelycrownopticalglass(representedbyK)andflintopticalglass(representedbyF).Crownglassisborosilicateglass,whichbecomesflintglassafteraddingalumina.Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthattherefractiveindexanddispersionofflintglassarerelativelylarge,sospectroscopiccomponentsaremostlymadeofit.②Radiationresistantopticalglass——hasallthepropertiesofcolorlessopticalglass,andcanbasicallynotchangetheperformanceunderradiationirradiation.Foropticalinstrumentsirradiatedbygamma,itsvarietyandbrandarethesameascolorlessopticalglass.Itschemicalcompositionisbasedoncolorlessopticalglass,andasmallamountofceriumoxideisaddedtoeliminatethecolorcenterformedbyhigh-energyradiationintheglass,sothatthelightabsorptionofthisglasshaslittlechangeafterbeingirradiated.③Coloredopticalglass-specificabsorptionortransmissionpropertiesforcertainwavelengthsoflight.Alsoknownasfilterglass,therearemorethanonehundredvarieties.Thecolorfiltercanselectivelyabsorbcertaincolors,andtheneutralfilterabsorbsthelightofallwavelengthsthesame,butitreducestheintensityofthebeamwithoutchangingitscolor.Theinterferencefilterisbasedontheprincipleoflightinterference,whichreflectsunwantedcolorsinsteadofabsorbingthem.

Inrecentyears,somenewtypesofopticalglasshavebeendeveloped,suchasglasswithgoodtransmittancetoinfraredandultraviolet;glasswithextremelyhighorextremelylowrefractiveindexordispersion;Glass;magneto-opticalglassinwhichthepolarizationplanerotateswhenlightpassesthroughtheglassalongthedirectionofthemagneticforce;electro-opticalglassthatproducesbirefringenceundertheactionofanexternalelectricfield,etc.

Prospects

Opticalglassisthefoundationandimportantpartoftheoptoelectronictechnologyindustry.Especiallyafterthe1990s,withthecontinuousintegrationofoptics,electronicinformationscience,andnewmaterialscience,theapplicationofopticalglassasthebasicmaterialofoptoelectronicsinthethreefieldsofopticaltransmission,opticalstorageandoptoelectronicdisplayhasadvancedbyleapsandbounds.Socialinformatization,especiallyoneofthebasicconditionsforthedevelopmentofoptoelectronicinformationtechnology.

Kotimaantalouden jatkuvan ja vakaan kehityksen myötä Kiinan optisen lasinvalmistusteollisuus kehittyy nopeasti.Kansallisen tilastoviraston tietojen mukaan vuonna 20106ylemmänmittaisenlasikokoisen2yritysyrityksenlukumäärä. ry:n vuosimyyntitulot olivat 23,405 miljardia yuania,vuosikasvu 53,70%;toteutunut voitto oli 1,537 miljardia yuania,vuosikasvu 87,10%;omaisuus;Skaalaus saavutti 7,45 miljardin kasvun .49 % edellisvuodesta.Koska optisen lasinvalmistusteollisuutta hallitsevat kotimaiset yritykset, talouskriisin vaikutus on suhteellisen pieni, ja teollisuudella on edelleen hyvä kasvuvauhti.

Productintroduction

Glassmaterialsusedtomanufacturelenses,prisms,mirrors,windows,etc.ofopticalinstrumentsormechanicalsystems.Includingcolorlessopticalglass(usuallyreferredtoasopticalglass),coloredopticalglass,radiationresistantopticalglass,radiationprotectionglassandopticalquartzglass.Opticalglasshasahighdegreeoftransparency,ahighdegreeofchemicalandphysical(structureandperformance)uniformity,andhasspecificandpreciseopticalconstants.Itcanbedividedintosilicate,borate,phosphate,fluorideandchalcogenideseries.Therearemanyvarieties,mainlyclassifiedaccordingtotheirpositionintherefractiveindex(nD)-Abbevalue(VD)diagram.Traditionally,alltypesofglasswithnD>1.60,VD>50andnD<1.60,VD>55aredesignatedascrown(K)glass,andtheothertypesofglassaredesignatedasflint(F)glass.Crownglassisgenerallyusedasaconvexlens,andflintglassisusedasaconcavelens.Usuallycrownglassbelongstoalkali-containingborosilicatesystem,lightcrownglassbelongstoaluminosilicatesystem,heavycrownglassandbariumflintglassbelongtoalkali-freeborosilicatesystem,andmostflintglassbelongstoleadpotassiumsilicatesystem.Withthecontinuousexpansionoftheapplicationfieldofopticalglass,itsvarietyisconstantlyexpanding,anditscompositionincludesalmostalltheelementsintheperiodictable.

Aninorganicglassymaterialthattransmitslightthroughrefraction,reflection,andtransmission,orchangestheintensityorspectraldistributionoflightthroughabsorption.Ithasstableopticalpropertiesandhighopticaluniformity.

Optinen luokitus

Väritön optinen lasi

Therearespecificrequirementsforopticalconstants,withhightransmittanceinthevisibleregion,nochoiceAbsorbthecharacteristicsofcoloring.AccordingtothenumberofAbbe

,se on jaettu koronaalityyppiseen ja flint-tyyppiseen lasiin,jakaikittainen tyyppi on jaettu useisiin tyyppeihin taitekertoimen mukaan,ja ne on järjestetty taitekertoimen mukaan.Käytetään useimmiten linsseinä, prismoina, peileinä jne.teleskooppeina,mikroskooppeina,mikrofoneina.

Säteilyä estävä optinen lasi

Se on suuriabsorptiokapasiteetti korkeaenergiselle säteilylle,mukaan lukien runsaasti lyijyä sisältävää lasiajaCaO-B2O2-järjestelmälasia, edellinen voi estää γ- ja röntgensäteilyn, jälkimmäinen voiabsorboida hitaita neutronejajalämpöneutroneja.pääasiassakäytetäänydinteollisuusteollisuudessa.

Säteilynkestävä optinen lasi

Undercertainγ-rayandX-rayirradiation,thetransmittanceofthevisibleareachangesless.VarietiesandgradesSameascolorlessopticalglass,itisusedtomanufactureopticalinstrumentsandpeepwindowsunderhigh-energyradiation.

Värioptinen lasi

Alsoknownasfilterglass.Ithasselectiveabsorptionandtransmissionpropertiesforspecificwavelengthsintheultraviolet,visibleandinfraredregions.Accordingtothespectralcharacteristics,itisdividedintothreetypes:selectiveabsorption,cut-offandneutralgray;accordingtothecoloringmechanism,itisdividedintoioncoloring,metalcolloidcoloringandsulfurseleniumTherearethreetypesofchemicalcoloring,whicharemainlyusedtomanufactureopticalfilters.

Ultravioletti ja infrapunaoptinen lasi

Ithasspecificopticalconstantsandhightransmittanceintheultravioletorinfraredband,andcanbeusedasultravioletandinfraredopticalinstrumentsorUsedaswindowmaterial.

Optinen kvartsilasi

Withsilicaasthemaincomponent,ithasthecharacteristicsofhightemperatureresistance,lowexpansioncoefficient,highmechanicalstrength,andgoodchemicalproperties.Itisusedtomanufactureprisms,lenses,windowsandmirrorswithspecialrequirementsfortransmissionofvariouswavebands.Inaddition,therearealsophotomasks,liquidcrystaldisplaypanels,andthin-plateglassusedinthemanufactureoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuits;magneto-opticalglassinwhichthepolarizationplanerotateswhenlightpassesthroughtheglassalongthedirectionofmagneticforce;lightpassesthroughinacertaindirectionAcousto-opticglasswithlightdiffraction,reflection,convergenceorlightfrequencyshiftoccurswhenultrasonicglassisused.

Dispersioluokitus

Disperion mukaan se on jaettu kahteen luokkaan: kruunutyyppi (K), jolla on pienempi dispersio, ja flinttyyppi (F), jolla on suurempi dispersio.

①Kruununoptinen lasi on jaettu fluorikruunuun (FK), kevytkruunuun (QK), fosforikruunuun (PK), raskaaseen fosforikruunuun (ZPK), kruunuun (K), raskaaseen kruunuun (ZK), bariumkruunuun (BaK), lantaanikruunuun (LaK), titaanikruunuun (TiK) ),jne.

②Flintopticallasi on jaettu kevyeen piikiviin (QF), piikiviin (F), raskaisiin piikiviin (ZF), bariumflinttiin (BaF), raskaaseen piikiviin (ZBaF), lantaanikiviin (LaF), raskaaseen taanikiviin (ZLaF), titaanikiviin (TiF), TFflint(F) ), jne. Ne jakautuivat eri alueille taiteindeksinnja dispersiokertoimenv suhteellisessa kuvassa.

Säteilyn esto

Säteilyä estävä lasi on eräänlainen yleinen optinen lasi. Mukaan lukien säteilynkestävä lasi ja säteilynkestävä lasi. Säteilynkestävä lasi on pääasiassa lasia, jolla on suuri absorptiokapasiteetti γ-säteille ja röntgensäteille. lasinsisällä positiiviset ja negatiiviset elektroniparit generoidaan,herätetty tila ja vapaatilaelektronigeneroidaan samaan aikaan, jotta ruiskutetun γ-säteen tai röntgensäteen energiaa pienennetään ja läpäisytehoa pienennetään .,Pelasi suojaavaa.

Kun säteilynkestävän lasin tiheys kasvaa, suojauskyky kasvaa vastaavasti. γ-säteenkestävän lasin tiheys ei yleensä ole alle 4,5 g/cm. Viime vuosina lasia, jonka tiheys on 6,2-6,5 g/cm, on alettu käyttää useaan kertaan.

Radiation-resistantopticalglassmainlyreferstoopticalglassthatisnoteasytocolorundertheactionofgammarays.Thenamingofradiation-resistantopticalglassgradesisstillbasedontheopticalglassgrade,indicatingthenumberofroentgensthatcanwithstandradiation.Forexample,theopticalconstantofK509radiation-resistantopticalglassisthesameasK9,anditcanwithstand10roentgendosesofgammarays.Ordinaryglassgeneratesfreeelectronsafterbeingradiatedbyhigh-energyrays,whichcombinewiththevacanciesintheglasstoformacolorcenter.Atthesametime,itcanalsoshiftthenucleus,destroythenormalstructure,andalsoproduceacolorcenter,whichmakestheglasscolor.

CeO2isintroducedintotheradiation-resistantopticalglass.Afterhigh-energyγ-raysareirradiated,electronscanbetrappedduetoformula①,andnocolorcenterisgeneratedinsidetheglass.Moreover,becausetheabsorptionbandsofCeandCeareintheultravioletArea.WhentheCeO2contentistoohigh,theabsorptionbandintheultravioletandinfraredextendstothevisiblelightregion,whichincreasestheabsorptionoftheblueregionofvisiblelight,resultinginayellowishglass.Atthesametime,itwillalsodarkenthecolorduetotheinfluenceofothercomponentsintheglass,sothecontentofCeO2cannotbetoohigh.ThecontentofCeO2inK509isabout0.4%to0.5%,andthecontentofCeO2inK709isabout1%.

Makingmaterials

Usehigh-qualityquartzsandasthemainmaterial.Appropriatelyaddauxiliarymaterials.Duetothehighrefractiveindex,lowdispersionandgoodchemicalstabilityofrareearths,opticalglasscanbeproduced,whichcanbeusedtomakelensesforadvancedcameras,videocameras,telescopesandotheradvancedopticalinstruments.Forexample,akindoflanthanumglasswithexcellentopticalpropertiescontaininglanthanumoxidelao360%andboronoxideb2o340%isanindispensableopticalmaterialformanufacturinghigh-endcameralensesandperiscopelenses.Inaddition,usingtheradiationprotectionpropertiesofsomerareearthelements,radiationprotectionglasscanbeproduced.

Tuotantomenetelmä

Optisen lasin valmistukseen käytettävät raaka-aineet ovat joitakin oksideja, hydroksideja, nitraatteja ja karbonaatteja sekä fosfaatteja tai fluorideja, jotka otetaan käyttöön muotoiluvaatimusten mukaisesti. kobolttia, nikkeliä jne. on valvottava tiukasti. Kun ainesosia vaaditaan, tarkka punnitus ja tasainen sekoitus vaaditaan. Päätuotantoprosessit ovat sulatus, muovaus, hehkutus ja tarkastus.

①Smelting:Therearesinglecruciblebatchsmeltingmethodandtankkiln(seekiln)continuoussmeltingmethod.Singlecruciblesmeltingmethodcanbedividedintoclaycruciblesmeltingmethodandplatinumcruciblesmeltingmethod.Nomatterwhatkindofsmeltingmethodisused,itneedstobestirredwithastirrer,andthetemperatureandstirringarestrictlycontrolledtomaketheglassliquidreachahighdegreeofuniformity.Theclaycruciblecansmeltmostcrownglassandflintglass,withlowcost,andisusedwhenthemeltingtemperatureoftheglassexceedstheservicetemperatureofplatinum.Theplatinumcruciblecansmelthigh-qualityglassthathasaseriouscorrosiveeffectontheclaycrucible,suchasheavycrown,heavybariumflint,rareearthglassandfluorophosphorousglass.Platinumcruciblesareheatedbyelectricity,generallysilicon-carbonrodsorsilicon-molybdenumrodelectricfurnacesareused.However,high-frequencyheatingcanbeusedtomanufactureglassthathasahightendencytocrystallize,requiresrapidcooling,andhascertainrequirementsontheatmosphere.

Sincethe1960s,variouscountrieshavesuccessivelyadoptedcontinuoustanksmeltinglinedwithplatinumtogreatlyincreasetheoutputandqualityofopticalglass.Thisisthemaintrendinthedevelopmentofthecurrentopticalglassproductionprocess.

②Themoldingmethodsformoldingopticalglassincludeclassicalcruciblemethod,rollingmethodandpouringmethod,butleakagemolding(usingasinglecrucibleorcontinuousmeltingtoflowoutthematerialliquid)ismoreandmorewidelyused.Itcandirectlydrawarodordropmaterialtoformalarge-sizeblank,whichimprovestheutilizationrateofthedropandtheyieldrate.

③AnnealingInordertoeliminatetheinternalstressoftheglasstothegreatestextentandimprovetheopticaluniformity,astrictannealingsystemmustbeformulatedandprecisionannealingiscarriedout.

④TarkastusIndikaattoritmitataan: optinen vakio, optinen tasaisuus, jännityskaksitaitus, raidat, kuplat jne.

Optinen lasi

QualityRequirements

Thedifferencebetweenopticalglassandotherglassesisthatasanintegralpartoftheopticalsystem,itmustmeettherequirementsofopticalimaging.Therefore,thejudgmentofthequalityofopticalglassalsoincludessomespecialandstricterindicators.Therearethefollowingrequirementsforopticalglass:1.Specificopticalconstantsandtheconsistencyoftheopticalconstantsofthesamebatchofglass

Eachtypeofopticalglasshasaspecifiedstandardrefractiveindexvaluefordifferentwavelengthsoflight,asanopticaldesignThebasisfortheauthortodesigntheopticalsystem.Therefore,theopticalconstantsoftheopticalglassproducedbythefactorymustbewithinacertaintolerancerangeofthesevalues,otherwisetheactualimagingqualitywillnotmatchtheexpectedresultduringthedesignandthequalityoftheopticalinstrumentwillbeaffected.Atthesametime,becausethesamebatchofinstrumentsareoftenmadeofthesamebatchofopticalglass,inordertofacilitatetheunifiedcalibrationoftheinstruments,theallowabledeviationoftherefractiveindexofthesamebatchofglassesismorestringentthantheirdeviationfromthestandardvalue.

Toiseksi korkea läpinäkyvyys

Theimagebrightnessoftheopticalsystemisproportionaltotheglasstransparency.ThetransparencyofopticalglasstolightofacertainwavelengthisexpressedbythelightabsorptioncoefficientKλ.Afterthelightpassesthroughaseriesofprismsandlenses,partofitsenergyislostbytheinterfacereflectionoftheopticalpartsandtheotherpartisabsorbedbythemedium(glass)itself.Theformerincreaseswiththeincreaseoftherefractiveindexoftheglass.Forhigh-refractive-indexglass,thisvalueisverylarge.Forexample,thelightreflectionlossofonesurfaceofthecounterweightflintglassisabout6%.Therefore,foranopticalsystemcontainingmultiplethinlenses,themainwaytoincreasethetransmittanceistoreducethereflectionlossonthelenssurface,suchascoatingthesurfacewithananti-reflectioncoating.Forlarge-sizedopticalpartssuchastheobjectivelensofanastronomicaltelescope,thetransmittanceoftheopticalsystemismainlydeterminedbythelightabsorptioncoefficientoftheglassitselfduetoitslargethickness.Byimprovingthepurityoftheglassrawmaterialsandpreventinganycoloringimpuritiesfrommixingintheentireprocessfrombatchingtosmelting,thelightabsorptioncoefficientoftheglasscangenerallybemadelessthan0.01(thatis,thelighttransmittanceoftheglasswithathicknessof1cmisgreaterthan99%).

Coldprocessing

AmethodofusingchemicalvaporheattreatmentandasinglepieceofsodalimesilicaglasstochangeitsoriginalmolecularstructurewithoutaffectingtheoriginalcolorandlighttransmittanceoftheglasstoachieveUltra-hardnessstandard,ultra-hardnessfire-resistantglassanditsmanufacturingmethodandspecialequipmentthatmeetthefire-proofrequirementsunderhigh-temperatureflameimpact.Itismadeofthefollowingweightratiocomponents:potassiumsaltvapor(72%to83%),argon(7%to10%),gaseouscopperchloride(8%to12%),nitrogen(2%～6%).Itincludesthefollowingprocessflow:cuttingwithsoda-limesilicaglassasthesubstrate,andcoldprocessingoffineedgegrinding→chemicalvaporheattreatmentofthecold-workedsoda-limesilicaglass→coatingthesurfaceofthesoda-limesilicaglasswithafireprotectionfilm→Thesurfaceofsodalimesilicaglassissubjectedtospecialphysicaltemperingtreatment.Aspecialthermaldecompositiongasificationequipmentiscomposedofacylinderbody,acylinderheadfittedwithit,andareactionkettleintegrallyconnectedwiththecylinderhead.

Development

Thedevelopmentofopticalglassandthedevelopmentofopticalinstrumentsareinseparable.Newreformsinopticalsystemsoftenputforwardnewrequirementsforopticalglass,thuspromotingthedevelopmentofopticalglass.Similarly,thesuccessoftrialproductionofnewvarietiesofglassalsoofteninturnpromotethedevelopmentofopticalinstruments.

Theearliestopticalmaterialsusedtomakeopticalpartswerenaturalcrystals.ItissaidthatcrystalwasusedaslensinancientAsilia,whilenaturaltourmaline(teamirror)andcitrinewereusedinancientChina.ArchaeologistsprovedthatpeopleinEgyptandus(WarringStatesPeriod)wereabletomakeglassbeforethethirdmillenniumAD.ButtheuseofglassasglassesandmirrorsbeganinVeniceinthethirteenthcentury.Engelsgaveahighevaluationofthisinthe"NaturalDialectics",thinkingthatthiswasoneoftheoutstandinginventionsofthetime.Sincethen,duetothedevelopmentneedsofastronomersandnavigation,Galileo,Newton,Descartes,etc.alsomadetelescopesandmicroscopesoutofglass.Sincethe16thcentury,glasshasbecomethemainmaterialformanufacturingopticalparts.

Intheseventeenthcentury,achromaticopticalsystemsbecamethecentralissueofopticalinstruments.Atthistime,duetotheimprovementoftheglasscompositionandtheintroductionofleadoxideintotheglass,Hullobtainedthefirstpairofachromaticlensesin1729.Sincethen,opticalglasshasbeendividedintotwocategories:crownandflintglass.

In1768,JiNanfirstproduceduniformopticalglassbymixingwithclayrodsinFrance,andthusbegantoestablishanindependentopticalglassmanufacturingindustry.Inthemid-nineteenthcentury,severaldevelopedcapitalistcountrieshavesuccessivelyestablishedtheirownopticalglassfactories,suchastheFrenchPara-MuntuCompany(1872),theBritishChanceCompany(1848),andtheGermanSchottCompany(1848).)Wait.

Inthenineteenthcentury,therewasagreatdevelopmentinopticalinstruments.OntheeveoftheFirstWorldWar,inordertorapidlydevelopmilitaryopticalinstruments,Germanyrequiredtobreakthelimitationofthelackofopticalglassvarieties.Atthistime,thefamousphysicistAyuanparticipatedintheworkoftheSchottfactory.HeaddednewoxidessuchasBaO,B2O3,ZnO,P2O3,etc.totheglass,andstudiedothereffectsontheopticalconstantsoftheglass.Onthisbasis,bariumcrown,boroncrown,zinccrownandothertypesofglassweredeveloped,andatthesametime,specialrelativelypartialdispersionflintglasswastrial-produced.Duringthisperiod,thevarietiesofopticalglasshavegreatlyexpanded,andthereforemorecompletecamerasandmicroscopeobjectiveshaveappearedinthefieldofopticalinstruments.

1930-luvulle saakka, mestOftheworkwasstillCarriedtonThebasisoftHeschottfactory.by1934, hehadobtainedaseriesofheavycrownglasses, Suchasgermansk-16 (620/603) ja -sk-18 (639/555) .SOFARSFAR, ITCANBECONSIDEDASTASTAURAAVEEVEEDEVOREDEVEREVOREDOPTANESEVEREVOREDOPTANESEVOREDOPTINGEEDOPTINGEEDOPTINESEVOREDOPTINESEVORESEVOPTANSEVERFOPTANSEVARESFOPTINS.

BeforeandafterWorldWarII,withthedevelopmentofvariousopticalinstrumentssuchasaerialphotography,ultravioletandinfraredspectroscopyinstruments,andadvancedphotographicobjectivelenses,newdemandsforopticalglasswerecreated.Atthistime,opticalglasshascorrespondinglydevelopednewdevelopments.In1942,scientistsinMoreyintheUnitedStatesandlaterintheSovietUnionandGermanysuccessivelyintroducedrarefiedoxidesandscatteredoxidesintotheglass,thusexpandingtheglassvarietiesandobtainingaseriesofhigh-refractive-indexandlow-dispersionopticalglasses.SuchasGermanLaK,LaF,SovietUnionCTKandТЬФandothervarietiesseries.Atthesametime,researchonlow-refractive-indexandlarge-dispersionglasshasalsobeencarriedoutandaseriesofopticalglasseswithfluorotitanicsilicatesystemhavebeenobtained,suchastheSovietUnionЛФ-9,ЛФ-12,GermanF-16andothervarieties.

Becausetherearemoreorlessdefectsintheprocessingoruseperformanceofvariousnewtypesofopticalglass,whileresearchingandexpandingthefieldofopticalglass,italsoaimstoimprovethephysicalpropertiesofvariousnewtypesofopticalglass.Andphysicochemicalproperties.Andtheproductionprocesshasdonealotofwork.

Summarizingtheabovehistoricaldevelopmentprocess,itcanbepredictedthatthefuturedevelopmentdirectionofopticalglassis:

①Erityisen korkeataiteisen lasin valmistus;

②Obtainspecialrelativelypartialdispersionglass;

③Kehittää infrapuna- ja ultraviolettitoptinen lasi;

④Korvaa joitakin ei-toivottuja komponentteja, kuten radioaktiivista THO2:ta, myrkyllistä BcO:a, Sb2O3:a jne.；

⑤Paranna lasin kemiallista vakautta;

⑥Improveglasstransparencyandpreventglassradiationcoloring;

⑦Improvetheprocessandreducethepriceofnewvarietiesofglass.

Rareearthelements

Inthe1930s,anewrareearthelementopticalglassappeared,themaincomponentsofwhichareoxidesoflanthanum,thoriumandtantalum.Therareearthelementopticalglasshasahighrefractiveindex,whichopensupnewpossibilitiesforthedesignofopticallenses.Lanthanumglassisoftenfoundinlarge-aperturelensestoday.Theproductionofthoriumglasshasbeendiscontinuedduetoradioactivity.Lead-freeopticalglass

Lyijytön optinen lasi ei sisällä lyijyä ja darseenia, ja se on merkitty N:llä.

Optisen lasin luokitus

GlasseswithsimilarchemicalcompositionandopticalpropertiesarealsodistributedinadjacentpositionsontheAbbediagram.TheAbbediagramhasasetofstraightlinesandcurves,whichdividetheAbbediagramintomanyareastoclassifytheopticalglass;suchascrownglassK5,K7,K10intheKarea,andflintglassF2,F4,F5intheFarea.Symbolsinthenameoftheglass:

Fstandsforflint

Kysee kruunulevylle

Bstandsforboron

BAstandsforbarium

LASettaa lantaania

Nstandsforlead-free

Pstandsforphosphorus

Optisen lasin fyysiset parametrit

VdAbbeLaskea neljä merkittävää lukua

ndrefractiveindexseitsemänmerkittävää lukua

Veljämerkittäviä lukuja

ei edes merkittäviä lukuja