Fotoni

Fotonien kehitys

Ehdotus ja fotonien kehitys – valon kvanttiteoria

In1901,GermanphysicistPlanck(Plank)foundtheenergydistributionlawoftheabsoluteblackbodyradiationspectrumunderthermalequilibriumconsistentwiththeexperiment.Thislawisthestartingpointforthedevelopmentofquantumtheory.Thebasisofthislawistoassumethatmatterhasdiscontinuouscharacteristicsoflightemittedandabsorbed,andthatlightisemittedorabsorbedbyafinitepart-lightquanta.

Theenergyεofthisphotonisproportionaltothevibrationfrequencyωoflight,andcanbeexpressedbythefollowingequation

Tässä

WhenEinsteinpointedoutthatinadditiontoenergyε,animpulse(thedirectionofthisimpulseisconsistentwiththepropagationdirectionoflight)mustbeusedtodescribethephoton,thephotonTheexpressionhasonlygotaperfectform.

Jos aaltovektorikotetaan käyttöön, sen komponentti on yhtä suuri

whereλisthewavelength,andcosα,cosβ,cosγIsthecosineofthenormaldirectionofthelightwave,sotheimpulseformulaofthelightquantumcanbewritteninvectorform

photonaction

photonisTheelementaryparticlethattransmitselectromagneticinteractionisagaugeboson.Photonisthecarrierofelectromagneticradiation,andinquantumfieldtheory,photonisconsideredasthemediatorofelectromagneticinteraction.Comparedwithmostelementaryparticles,therestmassofaphotoniszero,whichmeansthatitspropagationspeedinvacuumisthespeedoflight.Likeotherquanta,photonshavewave-particleduality:photonscanshowthepropertiesofclassicwavessuchasrefraction,interference,anddiffraction;andtheparticlenatureofphotonscanbeprovedbythephotoelectriceffect.Photonscanonlytransmitquantizedenergy.Theyarelatticeparticlesandthemass-energyphaseofcirclequantumparticles.

Photonproperties

Aftertheestablishmentofquantumelectrodynamics,itisconfirmedthatphotonsarethemediaparticlesthattransmitelectromagneticinteractions.Chargedparticlesinteractbyemittingorabsorbingphotons.Thepairofpositiveandnegativechargedparticlescanbeannihilatedandconvertedintophotons,andtheycanalsobegeneratedinanelectromagneticfield.

Photonsareparticlesthatcarryenergyinlight.Theenergyofaphotonisproportionaltothefrequencyofthelightwave.Thehigherthefrequency,thehighertheenergy.Whenaphotonisabsorbedbyanatom,anelectrongainsenoughenergytotransitionfromtheinnerorbittotheouterorbit,andtheatomwiththeelectronictransitionchangesfromthegroundstatetotheexcitedstate.

Photonshaveenergy,Momentum,andmass.Massa-energiayhtälön mukaanE=mc²=hν,etsi i>m=hν/c²,

Becausethephotoncannotbestationary,ithasnostationarymass.Themasshereistherelativisticmassofthephoton.

Kvanttikenttäteorian mukaan positiivisten ja negatiivisten hiukkasten pari voidaan tuhota pariksi korkean energian gammafotoneiksi,japariksi korkeaenergisiä gammafotoneja, jotka voivat tuottaa jopakorkean lämpötilanparin. 15K, fotonien muuntaminen baryoneiksi, kuten protoneiksi ja neutroneiksi, voi tapahtua.

Thepositron-negativeelectronscattering(alsocalledBha-Bhascattering)representedbyFeynmandiagram,andthewavylinerepresentstheprocessofexchangingvirtualphotons.

Katso:Suhteellisuusteorian erikoisteoria

Fromtheperspectiveofwaves,photonshavetwopossiblepolarizationstatesandthreeorthogonalwavevectorcomponents,whichdetermineFromthepointofviewofparticles,therestmassofthephotoniszero,thechargeiszero,andthehalf-lifeisinfinite.Aphotonisagaugebosonwithaspinof1,sothenumberofleptons,baryons,andsingularnumbersareallzero.

Fotonin massat tiukasti nolla, mikä on oleellisesti yhtä suuri kuin Coulombin lain tiukka versioidenneliösuhde. Jos fotonmassa ei ole nolla, niin Coulombin laki ei ole tiukka käänteinen neliölaki. Kaikki liittyvät klassiset s, luottaa siihen oletukseen, että fotonssin staattinen massa on tiukasti nolla. Einsteinin massa-energiasuhteesta ja fotonienergiakaavasta fotomassan yläraja voidaan karkeasti saada:m=hν/< i>c²

Tässämon fotonmassan yläraja jaνonelektromagneettisen aallon taajuus, joka onSchumannin resonanssi erittäin matalalla taajuuskaistalla. Pienin tunnettu taajuus on noin 7,8 Hz (Hertz).

Thisvalueisonlytwoordersofmagnitudehigherthanthecurrentlyacceptedupperlimit.

KatsoPhotons:CanonicalBosons

Photonscanbeproducedinmanynaturalprocesses,forexample:inmolecules,atomsornucleifromhighenergylevelstolowenergyPhotonsareradiatedwhenthechargeisacceleratedduringtheleveltransition,andphotonsarealsoproducedwhenparticlesandantiparticlesareannihilated;intheabove-mentionedtimereversalprocess,photonscanbeabsorbed,thatis,molecules,atomsornucleitransitionfromlowenergylevelstohighenergylevels,Thegenerationofparticleandantiparticlepairs.

Fotonien nopeusvakuumissavalon nopeudella ja energianE ja vauhdinpsuhde onp=E/c ;Staattisen massan ja suhteellista mekaniikkaa sisältävien hiukkasten energia-momenttisuhde.

Valokuvan energia ja momentti liittyy vain fotonin taajuuteen ν; oritanssi liittyy vain aallonpituuteenλ. Siten valonmomentti onp=h/λ=hv/ c.

missäh kutsutaan Planckin vakioksi.

Päätelmä voidaan tehdä fotonien energia- ja momenttikaavoista

Theannihilationprocessofparticlesandtheirantiparticlesmustproduceatleasttwophotons.Thereasonisthatthetotalmomentumofthesystemcomposedofparticlesandtheirantiparticlesinthecenterofmasssystemiszero.Duetothelawofconservationofenergy,thetotalmomentumofthegeneratedphotonsmustalsobezero;becauseasinglephotonalwayshasanon-zeromomentum,thesystemOnlytwoormorephotonscanbegeneratedtosatisfythetotalmomentumofzero.Thefrequencyatwhichphotonsareproduced,thatis,theirenergy,isdeterminedbythelawofconservationofenergy-momentum(four-dimensionalmomentumconservation).Fromtheconservationofenergy-momentum,itcanbeseenthattheinverseprocessofparticleandantiparticleannihilation,thatis,theprocessoftwo-photongeneratingelectron-antielectronpairscannotbespontaneouslygeneratedinavacuum.

Photonissa on aaltohiukkasosaisuus

Thatistosay,photonnotonlyhasthecharacteristicsofoneparticlebyoneparticle,butalsohasthevolatilitylikesoundwave.Whentimeisaninstantaneousvalue,photonspropagateintheformofparticles;whentimeisanaveragevalue,photonspropagateintheformofwaves.Thewavenatureofphotonsisprovedbythediffractionofphotons,andtheparticlenatureofphotonsisprovedbythephotoelectriceffect.

Jotkut ovat sitä mieltä, että fotonin dynaaminen massabezero ja fotonin staattinen massa on väärin, muuten sen dynaaminen massa on ääretön. Mutta sen dynaaminen massa on olemassa. >,(Missä< i>hisPlanckin vakio),soitsmassvoidaan saadamassa-energiakaavasta:m=E/c² =hv/c²jossac² edustaa valonnopeuden neliötä. Tämän menetelmän ehdotti ensin Einstein.

PhotonTheory

Photonshavespeed,energy,momentum,mass,andcondensation.Itisimpossibleforphotonstostandstill.Photonscanbecomeothersubstances(suchasapairofpositiveandnegativeelectrons),butenergyandmomentumareconserved.[Withinafewnanoseconds)controlthepathandpolarizationofphotonswiththesamewavelengthasthecurrentopticalcommunicationnetwork.Thenewphotoniccircuitcanbeintegratedintotheexistingopticalcommunicationnetwork,therebysignificantlyimprovingtheperformanceofthenetwork.Thelatestresearchhastakenasteptowardstherealizationofopticalquantumcommunication.

ScientistsfromtheUniversityofBristol,Heriot-WattUniversity,andtheKavliInstituteforNanoscienceintheNetherlandspublishedthisstudyontherapidcontrolofthepathandpolarizationofsinglephotonsinthelatestissueofPhysicalReview"LearningExpress"magazine.

Whentheystudiedaquantumopticaldevicecomposedofcircuits,theyfoundthatasinglephotonwouldmovethroughthesecircuits,andthesecircuitscouldalsobereconfiguredtochangethepathandpolarizationdirectionofthephoton.However,suchquantumopticalcircuitscannotquicklymanipulatesingle-photonandmulti-photonstates.Inordertosolvethisproblem,theyusedalithiumniobatewaveguidethathasbeenproventobecapableofrapidmanipulationinexistingcommunicationmodulators,andprovedthatapplyingavoltagetothewaveguideneartheelectrodecanquicklymanipulateoneortwowavelengthsof1550nanometers.Thequantum(includingpathandpolarization)stateoflightcomposedofaphotonisexactlythewavelengthusedintheexistingcommunicationnetwork.

DamienBonooftheUniversityofBristol,wholedtheresearch,said:“Inthisexperiment,wedemonstratedtwocircuitconfigurations.Eachcircuitconfigurationleadstoadifferentquantumstate.Configurationonlytakesafewnanoseconds.Inpreviousexperiments,thecircuitcanbereconfiguredeveryfewseconds.Communicationnetworksuseswitchesmadeofthesametechnologytotransmitinformationbytesencodedbyopticalpulseseveryday.Intermsoftheabove,suchaswitchcanalsobeusedatthesingle-photonlevel."

Bonosaid:"Uptonow,themanipulationofthequantumstateoflightonthechiphasalwaysreliedonheaters,whichcanbeusedasaslowphaseshifter.Thelatestresearchshowsthatthelithiumniobatewaveguidecanuseacompletelydifferentmethodtomanipulatethequantumstateoflightmorequickly.Wecannotonlyopenandclosetheopticalpackettosendtraditionalinformationaccordingtotheprescribedroute,butalsoQuicklyprocessandmanipulatethequantumstateoflight."

Scientistspointedoutthatbeingabletoquicklycontrolthepolarizationandpathofasinglephotononasingleplatformisveryimportanttobasicquantumscienceandquantumtechnology.Bonosaidthatthelithiumniobatematerialsusedtomakethesedevicescanalsorandomlygeneratephotons.Inaddition,single-photondetectorswithsuperconductivitycanalsobeintegratedonsuchachip.Atechnologyplatformthatcombineslightsources,circuits,anddetectorsthatcanrandomlygeneratephotonscanbeusedinthefollowingareas:multiplephotonsourcesareusedtoobtainreliablesingle-photonsources,quantumrelaysrequiredforlong-distancequantumcommunications,Quantumkeydistributionusedinquantumcryptography,etc.

Inthepast,someold-fashionedradiosusedelectronictubes,andtheyhadtobewarmedupeachtimetheyworked.Withtheapplicationofsemiconductortubes,thepreheatingtimeissaved.Nowadays,similaradvanceshavetakenplaceinthefieldofopticalquantummodulationequipment.Inthepast,aheaterwasusedtoreconfigurethecircuitinafewseconds,anditwaspossibletoswitchtoanothercircuitinafewnanoseconds.Theuseoflithiumniobateasawaveguidedeviceisacommontechnicalmethodinthemodemera.Butwhowouldhavethoughtthataslightchangeinthemediocrephotoelectricconversionequipmentcouldhelpthemostcutting-edgeopticalquantumcommunicationresearchtomakeabreakthrough?Withtheintegrationoflightsources,circuits,anddetectors,theworkloadofquantumcommunicationresearcherscanbereducedalot.

Aiheeseen liittyvät tapahtumat

Huazhongin tiede- ja teknologiayliopiston professorit määrittävät uudelleen fotonpyyhkäisymassan ylärajan

ProfessorsofHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyredefinetheupperlimitofphotonrestingmassSomepeopleintheindustrybelievethatthezerorestmassofphotonsisoneofthebasicassumptionsofclassicalelectromagnetictheory.Butsomescientistsbelievethatphotonsmayhaverestmass.Iftheexperimentfinallydetectsthatthephotonhasarestmass,thensomeclassicaltheorieswillhavetochange.

IntheAmerican"PhysicalReviewLetters"(PhysicalReviewLetters),aspecialarticleintroduced:"AnewexperimentcompletedbyChinesescientistLuoJunandothersshowsthatunderanycircumstances,Therestmassofaphotonwillnotexceed10totheminus54kilogram.Thisresultis1/20ofthepreviouslyknownupperlimitofphotonmass.”LuoJunandhiscolleaguesusedanovelexperimentalmethodtoexperimentinacave.Theupperlimitoftherestingmassofphotonsintheroomhasbeenfurtherincreasedbyatleastanorderofmagnitude.

Itisreportedthatifthephotonhasastaticmass,althoughitwillnotaffectpeople’sdailylife,theconsequenceswillbefundamental-forexample,thespeedoflightwillchangewiththechangeofwavelength,andLightwaveswillbeabletoproducelongitudinalvibrationsjustlikesoundwaves.