silkki - adomain

Raaka-aineen ominaisuudet

Luonnollinen kuitu

Silkkien sisältämä luonnonkuitupääasiassa silkkikuitu, mikä on kookon muodostuessa kookoskoon erittämän silkkinesteen jatkuvaa koagulaatiota. mukaan lukien mulperisilkki, tussahsilkki, risiinisilkki ja maniokki.

Silkfiberistheonlynaturalfilamentfiberthathasbeenputintopracticaluse.Itismadefromthecoagulationofsilkwormslime.Silkfibersaredividedintomanytypesduetothedifferentfeedinghabitsofsilkworms.Amongthem,therearemulberrysilkfibersformedbyeatingmulberryleaves,tussahsilkfibersformedbyeatingtussahleaves,andotherwildsilkfibersformedbyeatingcassavaleaves,mulberryleaves,andcastorleaves.Mulberrysilkfiberandtussahsilkfibercanretaintheformoffilamentfiberinthefilamentyarnformedbyclustering,andotherwildsilkfiberscanonlybetransformedintoshortfibersfortextileprocessing.Amongthefilamentyarnsformedbybundlingofmulberrysilkfibersandtussahsilkfibers,thefilamentyarnsofmulberrysilkfibersarethemostimportantandaccountformostofthenaturalfilamentyarns.

Silkkirakenne

Thesilkwormspitsouttwosilksatthesametime,butaftersolidification,theywillmergetoformacocoonsilk.Thesectionofthecocoonsilkissimilartoglasses.Eachcocoonsilkcontainstwosilkfibersbondedtogetherbysericin,calledsilkfibroin,thatis,non-gluesilkfibers.Ithasacross-sectionalcharacteristicclosetoatriangle,buttheshapeandcross-sectionalareaarenotuniform.

Silkfibroinisalsocalledsilkfibroinfiber,whichisthesilkfiberthatisfinallyused.

Sericinwrapsaroundthesilkfibroinfiber,anditspresencewillhaveanimportantimpactontheuse,processingandproductstyleofthefiber.

Thecontentofsericinoneachcocoonsilkisnotuniform.Thesilkthatisspitouthaslowsericincontent,andthesilkthatisspitoutattheendhasthehighestsericincontent.Silkfiberhasarelativelycompletefibrilstructure,whichcanfullyexpresstheexcellentqualityofnaturalfiber.

Kemiallinen koostumus

Fibroin(Fibroin;シルクタンパク),alsoknownassilkfibroin.Itisanitrogen-containingpolymercompound,thesinglebaseofitsmacromoleculeisalphaaminoacid.ThegeneralstructuralformulaofαaminoacidisRCH(NH₂)COOH.Becauseitsaminogroupislocatedontheαcarbonatomnexttothecarboxylgrouporcarboxylicacid,itiscalledαaminoacid.Accordingtothegeneralstructuralformulaofsilkfibroinmolecules,thesidegroupsconnectedtodifferentpeptidegroupsintheentiremacromolecularchainaredifferent,whichisanimportantfeatureofnaturalproteinfibers.

Silkkifibroiinia on 18 erilaista aminohappoa.Silkkikuitupitoisuus on noin 70–80 % silkkiä, mukaan lukien glysiini (gly), alaniini (ala) ja seriini (ser). Se muodostaa yli 80 % kokonaiskoostumuksesta.

Muokkaus

Althoughsilkfibroinhasmanyexcellentperformances,becausesilkfibroinmoleculescontainacertainamountofhydroxyphenolgroupsandotherThestructureiseasytoabsorbultravioletlightanddenature.Underultravioletlightirradiation,theaminoacidcompositionwillbebrokendown,andthewhitenesswillobviouslydecrease.Withtheincreaseofirradiationtime,theyellowingdegreeofsilkfibroinalsoincreases,especiallyinthepresenceofwater.Moreserious.Mechanicalpropertiesandthermalpropertieshavealsobeengreatlyreduced,whichhasagreatimpactonitsperformance,andsilkfibroinisdifficulttodyeandeasytofade.Inordertoimprovedefects,itmustbemodified.Modificationcanbedonebybiologicalgeneticmethods.Toimprovethespeciesofsilkworms,chemicalandphysicalmethodscanalsobeusedtoimprovethem,usuallychemicalmodificationandpolymerblending.

Tekokuituja

Nykyaikaisissa teollisissa silkeissä on harvoin 100 % puhdasta silkkituotteita, pääasiassa luonnonkuitujen, tekokuitujen ja selluloosan yhdistelmää.

Man-madefibersrefertonon-naturalfibersmadebyphysicalandchemicalmethods,whicharedividedintotwotypes:regeneratedfibersandchemicalfibers.Regeneratedfiberismadeofsomenaturalpolymercompoundsortheirderivativesasrawmaterials,whicharedissolvedintotextilesolution,andthenspunintofibrousmaterials;chemicalfiberismadeofpetroleum,naturalgas,coalandagriculturalandsidelineproductsasrawmaterialsSyntheticfibermade.Man-madefibersareaddedtosilkmainlytomakesilkanti-shrinkage,moth-proof,andeasiertopreserve.

Man-madefibershaveahistoryofonly100years.Beforethat,humanshavereliedonnaturalfiberssuchascotton,wool,silk,andlinentobeusedintextilesandclothingandotherproductionfields.Afterthe1950s,varioussyntheticfiberscameoutsuccessively,inlargequantitiesandlowprices,whichgreatlyenrichedthetotaloutputandscopeofuseoftextilefibersandbecamecompetitorsofnaturalfibers.Therawmaterialofsyntheticfiberispetroleum,buttheearth’spetroleumresourceswillbeexhaustedafter30-50years.Withthecontinuousadvancementofsocialeconomyandthechangeofconsumerconsciousness,inordertocopewiththeoilcrisisandadapttotheglobaltrendofenvironmentalprotectionconcepts,thefiberindustryalsoGraduallymoveclosertothedevelopmentanduseofnaturalfibers.Variousnewtypesoffibershavecomeout,suchasnaturalcoloredcotton,bamboofiber,Lyocellfiber,PLAfiber,soybeanproteinfiber,silkwormpupaproteinfiber,etc.,allofwhichhavethecharacteristicsofnaturalfibers,whicharenotonlyexcellentinperformancebutalsoenvironmentallyfriendly.

Silkin ominaisuudet

Edut

First:comfortabletowear.Realsilkiscomposedofproteinfibersandhasgoodbiocompatibilitywiththehumanbody.Inadditiontoitssmoothsurface,itsfrictionalstimulationcoefficienttothehumanbodyisthelowestamongallkindsoffibers,only7.4%.

Second:Goodmoistureabsorptionanddesorption.Silkproteinfiberisrichinmanyhydrophilicgroupssuchasaminegroups(-CONH)andaminogroups(-NH₂),andbecauseofitsporosity,itiseasyforwatermoleculestodiffuse,soitcanbeintheairItabsorbsoremitsmoistureinthemedium,andmaintainsacertainamountofmoisture.Undernormaltemperature,itcanhelptheskinretainacertainamountofmoisturewithoutmakingtheskintoodry;wearinginsummer,itcanquicklydissipatesweatandheatfromthehumanbody,makingpeoplefeelextremelycool.

Silkhasnotonlygoodheatdissipationperformance,butalsogoodwarmthretention.Itsthermalinsulationbenefitsfromtheporousfiberstructure.Therearemanyveryfinefibersinsilkfibers,andthesefinefibersarecomposedofevenfinerfibers.Therefore,morethan38%oftheseeminglysolidsilkisactuallyhollow.Thereisalargeamountofairinthesegaps,whichpreventsthedissipationofheatandmakesthesilkhavegoodwarmthretention.

Third:Soundabsorption,dustabsorption,flameretardant.Silkfabrichasahighporosity,soithasgoodsoundabsorptionandairabsorption,soinadditiontomakingclothing,itcanalsobeusedforinteriordecoration.Becausesilkhasmoistureabsorption,moisturereleaseproperties,moistureretention,airabsorptionandporosity,itcanalsoadjustindoortemperatureandhumidity,andcanabsorbharmfulgases,dust,andmicroorganisms.Inaddition,realsilkfibershavelowthermaldenaturationandarerelativelyheatresistant.Whenheatedto100℃,onlyabout5-8%embrittlement,whilemostsyntheticfibershaveathermaldeflectionthatis4-5timeslargerthanthatofsilk.Theburningtemperatureofsilkis300-400℃,whichisaflame-retardantfiber,whiletheburningtemperatureofsyntheticfiberis200-260℃,whichisflammableandeasytomelt.Therefore,theuseofsilkfiberasarawmaterialforinteriordecorationcannotonlyplayaroleinsoundabsorption,dustabsorption,andheatpreservation,butalsoplayaflameretardantfunction.

Fourth:UVresistance.Thetryptophanandtyrosineinsilkproteincanabsorbultravioletlight,sosilkhasagoodanti-ultravioletfunction.Ultravioletraysareveryharmfultohumanskin.Ofcourse,aftersilkabsorbsultravioletrays,itundergoeschemicalchanges,sothatsilkfabricsarepronetoyellowingundersunlight.

Fifth:healthcare.Thehealthcarefunctionofsilkfiberisirreplaceable.Itcontains18kindsofaminoacidsnecessaryforthehumanbody,whichisalmostthesameastheaminoacidscontainedinhumanskin,soitisalsocalledthe"secondskin"ofhumanbeings.Wearingsilkclothescannotonlypreventultravioletradiation,preventharmfulgasesfrominvading,andresistharmfulbacteria,butalsoenhancethevitalityofskincellsonthebody,promoteskincellmetabolism,andhaveagoodauxiliarytherapeuticeffectoncertainskindiseases.

Haitat

Ryppyjä, helposti imeytyvä, ei tarpeeksi vahva ja haalistuu nopeasti.

Silkweavingprocess

Silkreeling

Theoriginalsilkreelingmethodistosoakthecocooninahotpotofsoup,drawthesilkbyhand,andwinditinThesilkbasketbecomestherawmaterialforweavingsilk.Basinsandbasketsaretheoriginalsilkreelingequipment.Onesilkwormcocooncandrawoutabout1,000metersofcocoonsilk,andseveralcocoonsilksarecombinedintorawsilk.

Silkreelingisamajorprocessinthesilk-makingprocess.Accordingtoproductspecifications,severalboiledcocoonsilksaredissociatedandcombinedintorawsilkortussahsilk.Therearemanysilkreelingmethods.Accordingtothedifferenceoftheupsanddownsofthecocoonsduringsilkreeling,theycanbedividedintothreetypes:floatingreeling,semi-sinkingreeling,andsinkingreeling.Theupsanddownsofsilkwormcocoonsaremainlydeterminedbytheamountofwaterabsorbedinthecocooncavityafterthecocoonisboiled.Accordingtothedifferenttypesofsilkreelingmachines,itcanbedividedintotwotypes:verticalreelingandautomaticreeling.Accordingtothedifferentperceptiontypesoftheautomaticsilkreelingmachine,itcanbedividedintotwotypes:fixed-grainperceptionreelingandfixed-fibreperceptionreeling.Theprocessofdrawingcocoonsoutofsilkisgenerallyreferredtoassilkreeling.

Weaving

Afterprocessing,rawsilkisdividedintowarpandweft,andtheyareinterwoventoformasilkfabricaccordingtoacertainorganizationallaw.Thisistheweavingprocess.Theproductionprocessofallkindsofsilkfabricsisnotthesame,andcanberoughlydividedintotwotypes:rawweavingandcookedweaving:rawweaving,thatis,thewarpandweftsilksarefirstmadeintofabricswithoutsmeltinganddyeing,whichiscalledgreensilk,andthenthegreensilkissmeltedanddyed.Intothefinishedproduct.Thisproductionmethodhaslowcostandshortprocess,andisthemainmethodusedinsilkproduction.Cookedweavingmeansthatthewarpandweftyarnsaredyedbeforeweaving,andthefinishedsilkdoesnotneedtobedyedtobecomeafinishedproduct.Thismethodismostlyusedintheproductionofhigh-endsilkfabrics,suchasbrocadeandtaffeta.Beforeweaving,preparatoryworkmustbedone,suchasdippingtosoftensericin,doublingandtwistingofsilkthatcanimproveproductperformance,aswellaswarpingandweftrolling.Atthesametime,becausesilkishighlyhygroscopic,itisnecessarytodoagoodjobofpreventingmoisture.Theautomaticloomsusedinsilkweavingproductionmainlyinclude:waterjetloomsusedtoproducesyntheticfiberfilamentfabricsandrapierloomsusedtoproducemulti-colorweftjacquardfabrics.

Dyeingandfinishing

Dyeingandfinishingreferstotheprocessofchemicaltreatmentoftextilematerials(fibers,yarnsandfabrics),whichisalsocommonlyreferredtoasprintinganddyeinginmoderntimes.Dyeingandfinishing,togetherwithspinning,weavingorknittingproduction,formthewholeprocessoftextileproduction.Thequalityofdyeingandfinishinghasanimportantinfluenceontheusevalueoftextiles.Theprocessmainlyincludestherefining,bleaching,dyeing,printingandfinishingofrawsilkandfabrics.

Jalostettu

Silkiscomposedoftwomonofilaments.Themainbodyissilkandtheouterlayeriswrappedwithsericin.Mostofthepigments,oils,waxesandinorganicsaltsarepresentinsericin.Theseimpuritieshaveagreatinfluenceontheeffectofprintinganddyeing,sotheymustberemovedbeforedyeing.Inlong-termpractice,peoplehavemasteredthecharacteristicsofsericinthatiseasilydissolvedinhotwaterundertheactionofchemicalagentsorenzymes,andtakeadvantageoftheweaknessofsericintoputrawsilkorrawsilkintosoap(orsyntheticdetergent)andThemixedsolutionofsodaash(sodiumcarbonate)isheated,andthesericinisheatedandthenhydrolyzed.Aftersuchrefining,thesericinisremovedandthesilkproteinispreserved,andimpuritiessuchaspigments,fats,andwaxesareremoved,soastoobtainsilkproductswithawhitecolor.Degummingisalsocalledrefining,andtherawsilkafterdegummingiscalledcookedsilk.Thedegreeofrawsilkdegummingmustbedeterminedaccordingtoproductionrequirements.

Valkaisu

Thedegummedsilkfibershouldbebleachedtoremovenaturalpigments.Otherwise,whendyeinglightcolors,thecolorofthefinishedproductwillchangeduetothepresenceofnaturalpigments.Silkcanbebleachedbyoxidationorreductionofvariousbleachingagents.Therehavebeenreportsontheprocessofbleachingsilkwithhydrogenperoxideinthepresenceofacatalyst.ThioureadioxideisareductivebleachingagentwithlowBODandCODvalues,soitcanbeusedasalow-pollutionnon-toxicbleachingagent.However,comparedwiththesodiumsulfide,althoughitisheavilypolluted,itisstillusedinlargequantities.However,theapplicationofTDUislimitedduetoitshighprice.

Väritys

Afterrefiningthewhitesilk,itentersthedyeingstage.Dyeingistheprocessofchemicallyreactingdyeswithsilkwormsandsilk,sothatthesilkcanbedyedwithvariouscolors.Sincesilkisaproteinfiber,itisnotalkali-resistant,sodyeingshouldbecarriedoutinanacidicorclosetoneutraldyeingsolution.Themaindyesusedinsilkfabricsare:aciddyes,reactivedyes,directdyesandvatdyes.Thecolordyedwithaciddyesisbrighter.Afterdyeing,itistreatedwithcationicfixingagenttoimprovethewashingfastnessoftheproduct.Reactivedyeshavegoodwashingfastnessonsilk.Thedyeingmethodofthefabricvarieswiththetypeoffabric.Forexample,crepeandgauzefabricsaredyedwithropeoroverflowjetdyeing,andspinning,silk,andsatinfabricsaredyedwithopenwidthhangingorrolldyeing.

Tulostaminen

Acolorismonotonousafterall.Inadditiontodyeing,peoplealsouseprintingtechniquestomakesilkcolorful.Printingreferstoaprocessinwhichdyesareprintedonfabricsinaccordancewiththedesignedcolors.Commonlyusedprintingprocessesincludedirectprinting,dischargeprinting,andanti-dyeing.Directprintingmeansthatthecolorpasteisdirectlyprintedonthesilkfabricthroughthescreenprintingplate.Itisoneofthebasicprintingmethodsandcanbeprintedwithavarietyofdyes.Dischargeprinting,alsoknownasengravingprinting,isaprocessofdischargedyeingusingengravingagent.Beforeprintinganddyeing,thesilkisdyedwithaciddyesandreactivedyeswithazostructure,andthenprintedonthecoloredsilkaccordingtothepattern.Theengraving(discharge)pastemadefromtheengravingagentthatdestroysthepigment,aftersteaming,thegroundcoloroftheengravingpastebecomeswhite,whichiscalled"carvingwhite".

Värinkestävä painatus silkkikankaiden painamiseen "anti-valkoista" tai"värinkestävää"pastaakuvion mukaan,ja värjää sen jälkeen kuivumisen.Koska kuvioosassa on värjäyksenestoainetta"antivalkoisessa"pastassa tai"värinkestävässä"pastassa,se ei ole värjätty.

Viimeistellään

Afterthesilkfabricisrefined,dyed,andprinted,thefinalfinishingworkcanbecarriedoutonthefabric.Thefinishingprocessmainlysolvestheproblemsofdampness,wrinkles,andunevenwidthleftoverfromthepreviousprocesses,highlightsthesoftnessofthesilkfabricitselfandincreasesitswearingfunction,andmainlyadoptstwomethodsofmechanicalfinishingandchemicalfinishing.Mechanicalfinishingincludestenteringfinishing,steamironing,calendering,etc.;chemicalfinishingismainlytoaddchemicalagents,suchassofteners,antistaticagents,fireretardants,sandlotionscomposedofsodaashandtrisodiumphosphate,etc.Soastoachievetheeffectofanti-wrinkle,anti-shrinkage,softnessandthickness.Thetreatedfabricsarenotonlymoresuitableforwearing,buttheconsumptionfieldofsilkisalsobroadened.

Historiallinen kehitys

Alkukehitys

Epämuistoiset legendat,Huangdin vaimoLeiZuusi"kasvatakseen silkinviljelyä", mutta todellisuudessa silkkiä?Keksintö on edelleen kiistanalainen.

ExpertsspeculatebasedonarchaeologicalfindingsthatinthemiddleoftheNeolithicperiodfivetosixthousandyearsago,Chinabegantoraisesilkworms,takesilk,andweavesilk.WhatreallyshowsthatthesilkwormcocoonsareusedisthehalfofthesilkwormcocoonsexcavatedinXiyinVillage,XiaCounty,ShanxiProvincein1926.AccordingtotheresearchofarchaeologistLiJiandentomologistLiuZhenle,itisdeterminedtobeasilkwormcocoon.Thecocoonshellisabout1.36cmlongand1.04cmwide.Thepartofthecocooniscutawaywithasharpblade.TheageofXiyinVillagewastheYangshaoperiod(about5600-6000yearsago),whichprovidedpeoplewithphysicalobjectstostudytheoriginofsilk.

Neljä Weng-arkkua löydettiinWanggousiteista Xingyangissa Henanin maakunnassa, jonka sanotaan olevan noin 5500 vuotta vanha.

PeoplehavediscoveredtextiletoolsintheHemudusite,andfromthisitcanbeinferredthattheuseofsilkisatleastnolaterthantheLiangzhuculture.ThemostinfluentialargumentisthearchaeologicaldiscoveryofChinesescientistsin1958,thesilkfabricsoftheDawenkoucultureperiod5300yearsago.

SilkfabrictechnologyhasbeenmonopolizedbyChinaforhundredsofyears.Becauseitsweavingtechnologywasacomplicatedprocessatthattime,andbecauseofitsuniquehandleandluster,itattractedpeople’sattention.Therefore,silkfabricsbecameanindustrialrevolution.Inthepast,theworld'smaininternationaltradematerials.Theearliestsilkfabricscouldonlybeusedbyemperors,buttherapiddevelopmentofthesilkindustryallowedsilkculturetocontinuouslypenetrateintoChineseculturegeographicallyandsocially.Andithasbecomeanindispensablehigh-enditemintheforeigntradeofChinesebusinessmen.

Atfirst,Chinastrictlycontrolledthespreadofsilkweavingandsericulturetechnology,andprohibiteditsflowtoforeigncountries.However,withtheassistanceofChineseimmigrants,NorthKoreasuccessfullyachievedabreakthroughinsericulturetechnologyintheprevious200years.Inaddition,theWesternRegionHetianRiverBasin(thefirst500years-thefirst300years)andIndia(300yearsago)successfullyrealizedsericulture.However,theRomanEmpireonlyobtainedsilkwormeggsanddevelopedsericulturetechnologyinabout550years.

DuringtheShangandZhouDynasties

DuringtheShangDynasty,agriculturehadagreatdevelopment,andthesericultureindustryalsoformedacertainscale.AlthoughthenumberofShangDynastysilkfabricsdiscoveredbyarchaeologyislimited,jacquardsilkfabricshaveappeared,whichshowsthattheweavingtechnologyatthattimehasreachedaconsiderablelevel.

IntheWesternZhouDynasty,therulershadalreadystrictlyorganizedandmanagedtheindustrialproduction,andthesilkproductiontechnologyhadimprovedcomparedwiththeShangDynasty.

TheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodwasaperiodoftransitionfromslaverytofeudalisminChinesehistory.Theproductiveforcesandsocio-economicpatternshaveundergonetremendouschanges.Thesericultureandsilkindustryhasalsoreceivedattention,andthedevelopmentofagriculturalmulberryhasbecomeanimportantnationalpolicyfortheprosperityofthecountryandthepeople.

DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,farmerswhocombinedagricultureandhandicraftsbecamethebasicproductionunitsofsociety,andhandicraftsbecameanimportantpartoftheagriculturaleconomy.Thespecializeddivisionoflaborinsilkproductionismoreobvious,andsometechnologieshavebeenpasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandhavereachedaveryhighlevel.Silkcanbeproducedinalmostallplaces,andthevarietiesofsilkarealsoabundant,mainlydividedintothreecategories:silk,silk,andbrocade.TheemergenceofbrocadeisanimportantmilestoneinthehistoryofChinesesilk.Itcombinestheexcellentperformanceofsilkwithfineart.Itisnotonlyanobleclothingmaterial,butalsoaworkofart.Ithasgreatlyimprovedtheculturalconnotationandhistoricalvalueofsilkproducts,andhasafar-reachingimpact.Atthistime,ChinesesilkalsospreadtoIndia.TheIndianpoliticianandphilosopherKautilya’s"Politics"(alsotranslatedas"AdministrationoftheState")hasthewordcinapatta,whichmeans"ChinaBundlesofsilk".Inaddition,itcanbeseenfrommanycharactersinSanskritthattheancientIndianpeopleknewmoreaboutsilkthantheGreeksandRomans.Theyknewthatsilkwasspitbyworms,andsilkwasdrawnfromcocoons.

QinandHanDynasties

TheQinandHanDynastieswereaperiodofinitialconsolidationanddevelopmentofChinesefeudalsociety.TheunificationoftheQinandtheestablishmentofacentralizedpowersystemlaidthefoundationfortheprosperityoftheHanDynasty.IntheearlyHanDynasty,thepolicyof"cultivatingwiththepeople"wasimplemented,whichpromotedtherapideconomicdevelopment.Alarge-scalegovernment-runsilkindustrywasestablished,anditsproductsmainlymettheneedsofthecourtandthegovernment;theprivatesilkweavingindustryalsohadagreatdevelopment,andsomeworkshopsformedtheirownproductcharacteristicsandpopularity.ComparedwiththeShangandZhoudynasties,thesilk-producingareasdeveloped.ThefocusofsilkproductionintheWesternHanDynastywasinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.StartingfromtheEasternHanDynasty,theShubrocadeinthesouthwesthasbecomeawell-knownsilkproductthroughoutthecountry.

DuringtheQinandHandynasties,notonlydidthesilkweavingindustrygetgreatdevelopment,butwiththelarge-scaleexpansionofChina'sforeigninfluenceintheHanDynasty,thetradeandexportofsilkreachedunprecedentedprosperity.DuringEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,heattackedtheXiongnuinthenorthandcontrolledtheHexiCorridorleadingtotheWesternRegions.ZhangQianmadetwomissionstotheWesternRegions,connectingtheinlandoftheCentralPlainstotheWesternRegionsandconnectingtheEurasiancontinent.ThepromotionoftradeledtothefurtherdevelopmentofeconomicandculturalexchangesbetweentheCentralPlainsandthefrontiers,Chinaanditsneighborsintheeastandwest,thusformingthefamous"SilkRoad".ThisroadstartsfromChang'an,goesthroughGansuandXinjiangallthewaywest,passesthroughCentralAsiaandWestAsia,andfinallyreachesEurope.InthethirdyearofYuanshuo(126yearsago),underthewestwardpolicyofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,ChinesesilkandsilkwerecontinuouslyexportedtoCentralAsia,WestAsiaandEuropethroughtheSilkRoad.AlargeamountofHansilkwasunearthedalongtheSilkRoad.Thefabricwasthephysicalevidenceoftheprosperityofthetradeatthattime.China'ssilkproductiontechnologyalsospreadtoCentralAsiaduringthisperiod.

DuringtheWeiandJinDynasties

DuringtheWei,JinandSouthernandNorthernDynasties,warscontinueduninterrupted,thecountrywasdividedforalongtime,andtheregimechangedfrequently.Severesocialturmoil,complicatedpoliticalstructure,andextensiveinternationalexchangeshavemadesilkproductiondifficulttodevelop,butithasrichconnotationsanddiversefaces.Duringthisperiod,thenorthwasstillthemainproducingareaofsilkfabrics.ThesilkindustryinChengdu,Sichuanhadalwaysbeendeveloped.DuetotherelevantpoliciesoftheThreeKingdomsperiod,thedevelopmentofthesilkindustryintheJiangnanareamadenewprogress.ItwasfurtherdevelopedthroughthemanagementoftheSouthernDynasty.Afterthemid-generation,theriseofJiangnansilkweavingindustrylaidthefoundation.

Thelong-termwarsintheThreeKingdoms,JinDynasty,andNorthernandSouthernDynastiescausedseriousdamagetotheeconomyoftheYellowRiverBasin.BytheSuiDynasty,thecenterofChina'ssericultureandsilkindustryhadshiftedtotheYangtzeRiverBasin.

TheSuiandTangDynasties

TheSuiandTangDynastieswerethepeakofthedevelopmentofChinesefeudalsociety.Ingeneral,thecountrywasstrong,economicallydeveloped,andbusinessprosperous,especiallytheculturalopeningup.Theeraisgraceful,generous,andeclectic.Thesilkindustryhasalsoseenaclimaxofdevelopmentonthissocialbasis.Atthattime,therewerethreeimportantsilkproducingareas:onewastheYellowRiverBasin,withHebeiandHenanasthemainbody;theotherwastheBashuareaofSichuan,wherethewestofJiannanRoadandShannanRoadcouldbeincludedinthisarea;andthethirdwasthesoutheastareaundertheYangtzeRiver.,Basicallyformingasituationwherethethreepowersstandontopofeachother.AftertheAnshiRebellion,theimportanceoftheJiangnanregionhasgreatlyincreased.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofsilkinthenorthwestregionissecondtononeintheremoteareasandshowsstronglocalcharacteristics.

TheTangDynastywastheheydayofsilkproduction,andtheoutput,qualityandvarietyreachedunprecedentedlevels.Theproductionorganizationofsilkisdividedintothreetypes:courthandicraftindustry,ruralsidelineindustryandindependenthandicraftindustry,andthescaleisgreatlyexpandedcomparedwiththepreviousgeneration.Atthesametime,theforeigntradeofsilkhasalsobeengreatlydeveloped.Notonlyhasthenumberofchannelsonthe"SilkRoad"increasedtothree,butthefrequencyoftradehasalsobeenunprecedentedlyhigh.TheproductionandtradeofsilkmadeahugecontributiontotheprosperityoftheTangDynasty.

ThesilktradeintheTangDynastywasverydeveloped,andtheland-basedsilkcommercialroadsusedaroundaboutroadtothenorth.TheMaritimeSilkRoadalsoemergedduringthisperiod.SilkproductswereexportedtotheKoreanPeninsula,JapanandSoutheastAsia,India,andevenspreadtoEuropebyArabmerchantsthroughtheEastChinaSeaLineandtheSouthChinaSeaLine.Theprosperityofthesilktradeledtothespreadofsilktechnology.Bythe7thcentury,silkproductionstartedfromJapanintheeast,Europeinthewest,andIndiainthesouthwest,whichbasicallylaidthefoundationforthepatternofsilkproductionareasinthefuture.

TheTwoSongDynasties

IntheSongDynasty,withtheadvancementofsericulturetechnology,Chinesesilkhadashortperiodofglory.Notonlyhasthevarietyofsilkpatternsincreasedsignificantly,especiallythreedistinctivenewvarietiesofsilkbrocade,silkandgold-decoratedfabricshaveappeared,andagreatbreakthroughhasbeenmadeinthesummaryandpromotionofsericultureproductiontechnology.

TheYellowRiverBasin,JiangnanregionandSichuanregionwereimportantproducingareasforsilkproductionintheNorthernSongDynasty.ThefocusofproductioninthemiddleandlatestageshasbeenshiftedtotheJiangnanregion,buttheNorthstillmaintainsanadvantageintheproductionofhigh-endsilkfabrics.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,thesilkproductionareaswerebasicallyconcentratedintheYangtzeRiverBasin,andthesilkproductioninthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhadanabsoluteadvantage.Zhejianghasbecomeaveritable"SilkHouse".LiaobegantodevelopsericultureandsilkproductionaftercapturingthesixteenstatesofYanyun.AlthoughthesilkindustryintheJinDynastyruledareawasdestroyed,italsomaintainedacertainscale.

TheofficialsilkproductionworkshopsoftheSongDynastywereofconsiderablescale.TheLingjinInstitute,theDyeingInstitute,theWensiInstituteandtheWenxiuInstituteweresetupunderthesupervisionoftheShaofuSupervisioninthecapital.Atthesametime,government-runweavingwasalsosetupinimportantsilkproductionareas.mechanism.TheAyaNishikiInstituteinTokyohadmorethan400loomsduringtheJinzongperiod,andtheannualoutputofRunzhouweavingandLuowuwas10,000horses.Wuzhou,theemergingcenterofsilkweavingindustry,isknownasthe"clothingworld".IntheTaihuLakeBasin,"thecocoonstandsonthemountain,andthesoundofthecarriageisheard".ThefolksilkweavingindustryintheSongDynastywasverydeveloped.Inadditiontobeingatraditionalhandicraftindustryinruralareas,alargenumberofsilkweavingworkshopsemergedincities,andthepowerofprivatemachineoperatorscontinuedtogrow.Intermsofforeigntrade,duetotheinterruptionoftheSilkRoadontheland,themaritimesilktradehasmadeconsiderableprogress.China'srawsilkandsilkareexportedtoallpartsoftheworldthroughtheMaritimeSilkRoad.

YuanDynasty

BeforeunifyingChina,therulersoftheYuanDynastyadjustedtheireconomicpoliciesandpaidattentiontotheprotectionofproductivityandmeansofproduction.Theofficialestablishmentoftheagriculturalmanagementagency-theDepartmentofAgriculture,toguideandsuperviseagriculturalproduction;thefirstofficialagriculturalbook"AgriculturalMulberryCollection"inhistorywasalsoissuednationwidetopromoteadvancedproductiontechnology;Agriculturalproductionandsocialeconomyhaverecoveredanddevelopedrelativelyquickly.Westernastronomy,calendar,arithmetic,andmedicinewereintroducedtoChina,andChinesecompasses,gunpowder,andprintingwerealsospreadabroad.TheculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandforeigncountriesandthepoliticalsituationofunificationhavepromotedtheimprovementofsilktechnology.ThenorthernsilkindustryinthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiverhasrebounded,thedivisionoflaborinsilkproductionhasbeenmeticulous,andtheweavingtechnologyhasimproved;inthesouthofthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver,thepositionofthecenterofgravityofsilkproductionhasbeenfurtherconsolidatedandimproved.

Sincethemid-YuanDynasty,thepatternofproductionareashasundergonemajorchanges.Silkproductioninthenorthhasdeclined,andtheJiangnanareahasbecomemoreimportant.Thereasonisthat,ontheonehand,thecolderclimatemakesthenorthunsuitableforsericultureproduction;ontheotherhand,theplantingofcottonalsomakesthesericultureindustrytendtobeconcentrated.Thehugegovernment-runweavingsystemwasanimportantfeatureofsilkproductionintheYuanDynasty,andithadacertaininhibitoryeffectonfolksilkproduction.

MingDynasty

DuetothebuddinganddevelopmentofcapitalismintheMingDynasty,theproductionandtradeofsilkhavealsoundergonemajorchanges:thecommercializationtrendofsilkproductionhasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.Overseastradehasdevelopedrapidly.TheSuhuareainthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasbecomethemostimportantsilkproducingarea.Anumberoftypicalsilkspecializedtownshavebeendeveloped,andtheofficialweavinghasbecomeincreasinglymature.Atthistime,thedevelopmentofChinesesilkhasreacheditsmostactiveperiod.

AtthebeginningoftheMingDynasty,thepolicyoffocusingonthedevelopmentofreclamation,constructionofwaterconservancyandrevitalizationofagriculturewasadopted,whichchangedthestatusofhandicraftslavesintheYuanDynastyandgreatlyliberatedthelaborproductivity.Inadditiontotakingturnsonaregularbasis,hereditaryhandicraftsmencanmaketheirownhandicraftsandsellthemonthemarketmostofthetime,whilealsoreducingcommercialtaxes.Therestorationofagriculture,handicraftsandcommercehaspromotedtheprogressanddevelopmentofsericultureandsilkproductiontechnology.ManybooksofhighacademicvaluehavebeenpublishedintheMingDynasty.Forexample,LiShizhen’s"CompendiumofMateriaMedica"hasmadeascientificclassificationofmulberryvarieties;XuGuangqi's"NongzhengQuanshu"in"SericultureChapter"hasacomprehensivediscussiononsericultureproduction;SongYingxing's"HeavenlyCreations"wasthemostimportantworkonsilkproductionatthattime.

IntheearlyMingDynasty,aseriesofmeasureswereadoptedtoemphasizeagricultureandthrift.Theproductionareaofsericultureandsilkindustryhasbeenreduced,butaregionalintensiveproductioncenteredonthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasbeenformed.JiaandHuarethefivemajorsilktowns.Afterthemid-MingDynasty,thesocialatmospheregraduallybecameextravagant.Undertheconditionsofcommodityeconomyandprofessionaldivisionoflabor,thesilkindustryandcommerceintheJiangnanregionenjoyedgreatprosperity.

Thegovernment-runweavingindustryintheMingDynastywasrelativelylarge.InadditiontotheestablishmentofcentraldyeingandweavinginstitutionsinNanjingandBeijing,localweavinganddyeingbureauswereestablishedinSuzhou,Hangzhou,andmorethan20placesacrossthecountry.,Tosupplythehorsesneededbythecourtandthegovernmenteveryyear.Therearetwotypesofproductionmethods,"localweaving"andoutgoing"collarweaving".Localweavingisashiftservicesystem,andthecollarweavingisaprivatemachine.ThepersonalattachmentofcraftsmenislooserthanthatoftheYuanDynasty.

Silkproductsflowedintoneighboringcountriesandregionsintheformofroyalrewards.Afterthemid-MingDynasty,thegovernmentsetup"Shibosi"inGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Ningboandotherplaces.ChineserawsilkandsilkweresoldinlargequantitiestoJapanandtoEuropeviaMacau.

DuringtheQingDynasty

IntheearlyQingDynasty,thesilkindustrysufferedheavylossesinthewar.TheKangxiperiodadoptedencouragementmeasures,andsilkproductiondevelopedrapidly,anditwasfurtherconcentratedintheTaihuLakeareaandthePearlRiverDelta.Inparticular,theJiangnanareabecamethecenterofthenationalsilkindustryintermsofscaleandlevel.

TheQingDynastygovernment-runweavingsystemabolishedtheMingDynastycraftsmanshipsystem,andtherawmaterialswerealsomainlypurchased.TheoverallscalewasreducedcomparedwiththeMingDynasty.TheimportantonesareJiangningWeavingBureau,SuzhouWeavingBureauandHangzhouWeavingBureau,Collectivelyknownas"JiangnanThreeWeaving",responsibleforsupplyingallkindsofsilkfabricsneededbythecourtandgovernment.Theproductionscaleoftheprivatesilkweavingindustryhasexpanded,andtheprofessionalandregionaldivisionoflaborhasbecomemoreobvious.Anumberofprosperoussilkprofessionaltownshaveemergedwithawidevarietyofproductsandaprosperousdomesticmarket.Intermsofforeigntrade,seabanshavebeenstrictlyenforced,therestrictionsonforeigntradehavebeenstrengthened,andone-portcommercehasbeenimplemented.Nevertheless,China'srawsilkexportstoJapanandrawsilkandsilkfabricsexportstoEuropeancountrieshavestillreachedaconsiderablescale.

InthelateQingDynasty,China'ssilkindustryfellintoaverysadsituationunderthedoubleblowofheavytaxesandforeigndumping.

DuringtheRepublicofChina

The"IndustrialPlan"formulatedbySunYat-senlisted750,000tonsofcocoons,71,000tonsofsilk,and1.125billionmetersofsilkaccordingtotheneedsof450millionpeopleinChinaatthattime.“Improvethesilkindustrytoincreaseproduction”,“researchthespinningmethodstoocarefully,andimprovethetypes,varieties,qualityandcolorofsilk”inthe"People’sLivelihood",sothat"China’ssilkindustrycanOnlythroughgradualprogresscanwecompetewithforeigncountries.Mr.Zhongshansaid,"IfChina’smulberryleaves,silkwormeggsandsilkqualityarenotimproved,ortheoldlawsarenotimproved,China’ssilkindustrywillnotonlyfail.Thewarningof"elimination"becametheconsensusofthenationalsilkindustryatthattime.Manypeopleofinsightrushedtocallfor"industrytosavethecountry",requestingtheestablishmentofsilktechnicalschools,thedevelopmentofsilkproduction,andtheincreaseofsilkexports.Atthattime,someindustrialistsrespondedpositively,andthegovernmentalsoresponded.Withcertainsupport,theproductiontechnologyofmulberrysericulture,silkwormreelingandsilkweavinghasbeenimproved.Silkhasbecomeanimportantmaterialforthecountry’sforeignexports,accountingformorethan20%ofthecountry’stotalexportvalueatthattime.(1937),whentheWarofResistanceAgainstJapanbegan,theJapaneseimperialistsinvadedandoccupiedChina'smainsilkproducingareassuchasJiangsu,Zhejiang,Shandong,andGuangdong,plunderingsilkresourcesandunderminingChina'ssilkproduction.Inthe34thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1945),afterthevictoryoftheAnti-JapaneseWarSoonafterthecivilwarbetweentheKuomintangandtheCommunistParty,theproductionandexportofcocoonsilkwasthelowestpointintheRepublicofChinainthe38thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1949),andtheentiresilkindustrywasdying.

Moderndevelopment

Domesticdevelopment

Inthetenyearsfrom1980to1990,China'srawsilkproductionincreasedfrom36,000tonsto57,000tons,andtheoutputofsilkfabricsmorethandoubled;theconsumptionofsilkfabricsItalsoincreasedfrom400millionmetersto1.22billionmeters.Therawsilkexportsaccountedformorethan80%oftheworld’srawsilktradevolume,andsilksandsatinalsoaccountedforabout50%.Theyhaveregainedthedominantpositionintheworldsilkmarket,andthesilkindustryhasbecomethecountry’smainstayofforeignexchangeearnings.Industry,arelativelycompletesilkindustrysystemhasbeenestablished,andsilkproductsaresoldinmorethan100countriesandregions.

WiththecontinuousadvancementofthetechnologicallevelofChina’ssilkindustry,thepaceoftechnologicalinnovationhasalsobeenaccelerated,especiallyforcomputers,E-commerceplatformsandmoderninformationprocessinghavebeenfullyutilizedinalldirections.Themosttypicalexampleisthatthepopularizationofcomputershascompletelyeliminatedthecenturies-oldverticalreelingmachine,whichhasgreatlyimprovedtheautomaticreelingofthesilkindustry.Thelevelofsilk.Theuseofcomputermonitoringandauxiliarymeanscanfullyrealizethesmall-batch,multi-varietybusinessmodel.Mechatronicshasbecomethemainfeatureofthedevelopmentofinternationaltextilemachinery.AlmostalljacquardmachinesandlargecircularknittingmachineshavebeeninstalledwithelectronicjacquardInstallation.

Thereliabilityofsilkproductionequipmentisthecruxofthegapbetweendomesticequipmentandtheadvancedlevelofforeigncountries.Domesticsalesofdomestictextileequipmentisonlyabout10,000units.However,accordingtoconservativeestimates,China’stextileindustrytextileseveryyear.Thedemandforequipmentisashighas20,000to30,000units.

Inthefieldofrawmaterialapplication,Chinesescientificresearchhasmaderemarkableachievements,suchasdecipheringthemysteryofthesilkwormgenome,successfullycultivatingnaturalcolorcocoons;overcomingthedifficultiesofautomaticsilkreelingandvacuuminfiltrationcocooncookingtechnology;fullymasteredTheultra-microstructureofsilkfiber;thein-depthstudyonthetensilepropertiesofthesilkwormsilkformedbyforcedtractionandtheresults;theextractionofsericinandsilkfibroinfromtheby-productsofsilkproductionhasbeenpromotedandapplied;thesuccessfuldevelopmentofthesilk/mulberryelasticsilkandbulkNewfull-silkdifferentiatedtextilematerialssuchasstretchsilk;electronicspinningmethodtopreparesilkfibroinfunctionalnanofibers;newenvironmentally-friendlydyeingmaterials,auxiliariesandsupportingprocessesforsilkhavecomeoutoneafteranother.

Välirakenne, vaiheittaiset tuloksetonpäässyt ratkomaan silkkiongelmia, kuten ryppyjä, kutistumista ja haalistumista estäviä, ja niitä on käytetty raskaaseen silkkiin, aitoon silkkiorgettiin, tekosilkkiin, kemialliseen kuitusilkkiin ja tietokoneeseen, verhoiluun, brodeereihin.

Thecompositeofsilktextiletechnologyhasalsomadecontinuousprogress,whichmainlyreflects:thecompositetechnologyandprocessingtechnologyofchemicalfibers;theblendingandcompositeofnaturalfibers;thecompositeofnaturalfibersandchemicalfibers;multiplefunctionalfinishingThecomposite;thecompositeofavarietyoffabrics,suchasdouble-layerpastecomposite,inlaycompositecomposite,sandwichcomposite,etc.

TheadvantagesandgapsofChina'ssilkindustrycoexist.Chinesesilkexportcompaniescompeteforinternationalmarketsharemainlythroughvolumegrowth,whichhasexacerbatedthepricechaosinthedomesticsilkmarkettoacertainextent.Asexportpriceshavebeendecliningyearafteryear,theexportpricesofsilkandsilksandsatinarenowonly50-60%ofwhattheyweretenyearsago.Infact,China'ssilkandsilkexportshavelongbeentrappedinaviciouscircleofrisingpricesandfallingprices.AlthoughChina'ssilkindustryhasverygoodfavorableconditionsfortheproductionandsupplyofrawmaterials,therehasneverbeenabrandwithahighreputationandaconsiderablemarketshareintheworld.TheinternationalobjectiveevaluationofChinesesilkisstillstuckinChina.OnlyafterfinishinginItalyorfinishinginFrancecanitbelistedinhigh-endfashionapparel.

silk

Forthisreason,since2002,theChinaNationalSilkAssociationbegantopayattentiontotheapprovalandregistrationofhigh-endsilkmarks.Onthisbasis,in2004,thedomesticsilkindustrylistedfivebrandsofall-silksilkproductsasChina'sfamousbrands,andgrantedthefirstbatchof17enterprisestherighttousehigh-endsilklogos.Theimplementationandpromotionofthehigh-endsilklogoindicatesthattheproductsofChinesesilkenterprisesareenteringanewperiodofsublimationfromcheaplow-gradeproductstohigh-endindustrialchainfields.

In2010,thenationalmulberryorchardareareached12.03millionmu,theoutputofsilkwormcocoonswas649,000tons,andtheoutputofrawsilkwas162,000tons,anincreaseof3.7%,5.4%and30.4%respectivelyover2005.Duringthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"period,China'saverageannualsilkwormcocoonoutputhasstabilizedatabout650,000tons,thetotaloutputofsilkandsilkflossproductshasreachedmorethan120,000tons,theeconomicincomeofsericulturehasexceeded20billionyuan,andthetotaloutputvalueofthesilkindustryhasreachedmorethan200billionyuan.Theexportofrealsilkproductsremainedabove3.5billionU.S.dollars.By2015,energyconsumptionperunitvalueaddedinthefieldsofcocoondryingandsilkprintinganddyeingwillbereducedbymorethan20%comparedtotheendofthe"EleventhFive-YearPlan"period,andwaterconsumptionperunitvalueaddedinthesilkindustrywillbereducedbymorethan30%.Thecomprehensiveutilizationrateofwasteisincreasedtomorethan80%.

Kansainvälinen kehitys

1.Teollinen sopeutus muuttaa silkintuotannon mallia

1.Kookossilkin tuotannon gradienttisiirto

Kokonaisvolyymin näkökulmasta Kiina, Intia, Brasilia, Vietnam, Thaimaa ja muut kehitysmaat ovat kehittyneet nopeasti, kun taas kehittyneet maat, kuten Italia, Ranska, Japani ja Etelä-Korea, ovat kokeneet jyrkkää laskua.

2.Silkintuotanto on yleensä monipolarisoitunut

Thereare65countriesandregionsintheworldwithsilkproduction,ofwhichtherearenearly40ofacertainscale,occupyingtheworld’ssilkproductionThereareaboutl0ofcertainstatus.Astheworld'slargestsilkindustryinChina,theannualoutputofsilkwormcocoonsreached440,000tons.Thehighestyearreached700,000tons,accountingforabout70%oftheworld'stotaloutput.TheproductionofcocoonandsilkinIndiahasdevelopedrapidlyandhasreplacedJapanasthesecondlargestsilkproducerintheworld.Thailand,Vietnam,Brazil,Malaysiaandothercountriesalsoattachgreatimportancetoinvestmentinthesericultureindustryandhaveadoptedaseriesofmeasurestopromotethedevelopmentoftheirownsericultureindustry.

Second,technologicalinnovationguidesthetrendofsilkconsumption

1.Tuotantoteknologian tehostaminen

JapaneseresearchershavedevelopedsterilesilkproductiontechnologyanddevelopedtofuThelow-costartificialfeedwithslagasthemainingredientbreakstheseasonalproductionpatternofsericultureforthousandsofyears,andthecocoonsproducedhavetheadvantagesofgoodwhiteness,highsilkyield,anddirectsilkreeling.Atthesametime,countriesaroundtheworlduseadvancedtechnologytoproduce"clonedsilkworms",aswellasgenetransplantationtechnologies,newproteinmaterials,andartificialjet-spunsilkworms,whichwillsurelyreplacetraditionalcocoonproductionmethods.

Intermsofindustrialproduction,developedcountriessuchasJapan,Germany,Italy,andSouthKoreahaveusedtheircomprehensivetechnologicaladvantagestocontinuouslyinnovateinthedeepprocessingtechnologyofsilkproductsandareinaleadingpositionintheinternationalmarket.TheUnitedStates,Switzerland,Spain,etc.havestrongstrengthinthedevelopmentoffilamentfiberrawmaterialsandsilktechnologyandequipment,leadingthedevelopmenttrendofnewsilktechnologyinthe21stcentury.Inadditiontoretainingsometraditionalcraftsmanshipinmanycountries,productioncraftscontinuetoevolveinatechnology-intensivedirection,towardautomation,high-speed,andelectronicdevelopment.

2.Silkkituotteiden monipuolistaminen

Thedevelopmenttrendofnewinternationalsilktechnologyistogohandinhandinthefieldsofclothingindustry,decoration,military,cosmetics,medicalandotherfields.Japan,Italy,theUnitedStatesandotheradvancedsilkproducingcountrieshavemademajorbreakthroughsinthecomprehensiveutilizationofsilk.Forexample,theapplicationanddevelopmentofextremelyfineandextra-thicknesssilkwormspecies,silkisinaleadingpositioninthefieldsoffood,cosmetics,medicineandsoon.Japanalsousessilkwormcocoonsandsilktodevelopcardecorationmaterials,contactlenses,andartificialskin.Atthesametime,realsilk,rayon,andsyntheticfibersarediversified,andvariousrawmaterialsareblendedandcovered,makingthetypesoffibersmorediverse.

3.Muodikas puetettavuus

Silkproductsarecloselyrelatedtofashiontrendsintermsoffabrics,textures,patternsandstyles.Thenewlydevelopedelasticfiber,TenceIfiber,realsilkinvisibleprinting,silkartworkandsooninthesilkscienceandtechnologyindustryallrepresentthefashion,fashionandenvironmentalprotectiontrendsofthesilkindustry.Forexample,knitwearblendedwithsilkandcashmerehasmadeabigsplashintheinternationalmarket.TheblendedsilkandcashmerehasgreatlyimprovedthefunctionofknittedfashionandhasbecomeanewfavoriteoffashionfavoredbycustomersinWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.Majorbreakthroughshavebeenmadeinthetechnicalresearchanddevelopmentofnewfunctionalsilkfabrics,whichconformtothedevelopmenttrendofdiversification,compositeandfashionablesilkproductsintheinternationalmarket,andpromotetheupgradingofsilkproducts.

3.Purista markkinoita lisätäksesi kilpailua silkkikaupassa

Withtheincreaseoftheworld’spopulation,theadjustmentofthesilkindustrystructureandtechnologicalinnovation,aswellasthedeepeningofpeople’sunderstandingofnaturalsilkproducts,Silkconsumptionwillcontinuetogrowsteadily.However,withtheintegrationoftheglobaleconomyandChina'saccessiontotheWTO,competitioninthesilkmarketwillbecomeincreasinglyfierce.

1.Silkkikaupan esteet rajoittavat reilua kilpailua

Fromtheperspectiveoftheentiretextileindustry,silkexportshaverelativelyfewtradebarriersandtheexportenvironmentisrelativelyloose,buttheyhavealsobeensubjecttoquotas,tariffs,etc.Restrictionsontradebarriers.Atthesametime,duetotheimpactoftextiletradebarriers,theexportofcross-productsinterwovenwithtextilematerialssuchasrealsilk,cottonandlinenhasbeengreatlyrestricted.TheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatesarethemainsalesmarketsforChinesesilk.Inordertoresistalargeamountoflow-pricedChinesesilkandsilkapparelimportsandavoidanimpactonthesilkcirculationindustry,theEUandtheUnitedStatesbegantoimposequotarestrictionsonChinesesilkandapparelimportsin1994.Since1998,althoughEuropeandtheUnitedStateshavecancelledsomequotasforChinesesilkproducts,certainrestrictionsarestillimposed.Inordertoprotectitsowninterests,JapanhasimposedthemostrestrictionsontheimportofChinesesilkproducts.Withthepopularityofsilk-linen,silk-cottonandotherblendedfabricapparelintheinternationalmarket,theimpactoftextilequotarestrictionsontheexpansionofsilkapparelproductsandmarketspacehasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.

2.Maat ovat painuneet kansainvälisille silkkimarkkinoille

Silkconsumptionspreadsallovertheworld.ChinaandBrazilarethemainexportsuppliersofcocoonsandrawsilkintheworldsilkmarket.China,Japan,SouthKorea,India,Thailandisthemainexportsupplierofsilkfabricsintheworld,whileChina,JapanandSouthKoreaarealsothemainexportsuppliersofsilkapparelintheworldsilkmarket.ThereisalmostnosericultureindustryinFrance,Italy,Germany,Switzerland,andHongKong,China.Theymainlyimportrawsilkandsilkandotherrawmaterialsafterdeepprocessingfordomesticandforeignconsumption.TheUnitedStates,Australia,NewZealand,SaudiArabiaandsomeNorthAmericancountriesdirectlyimportsilkproductsfordomesticconsumption.Withtherecoveryandgrowthoftheworldeconomy,countrieshaveaimedattheglobalsilkmarketandstrivedtoexpandtheirsilkproductexports.TheriseanddevelopmentofsilkproducingcountriessuchasIndiaandVietnamwillfurthersqueezetheinternationalmarketshare.SouthKorea,Italy,GermanyandothercountriesusetheirtechnologicaladvantagestoimportcocoonsilkrawmaterialsfromChina,Japan,andBrazil,andthenexportthemtodevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesafterprocessing.TheyhavebecomeChina'sstrongestcompetitorsinsilkgarmentexports.

Industryprospects

China'ssilkindustryisdevelopingrapidly,andsilkproductionranksfirstintheworld.Amongthem,cocoonsilkandsilksatincandominateinternationalmarketproductionandpricetrends.TheindustriesaremainlydistributedinJiangsu,Zhejiang,Guangdong,Guangdong,Shandong,Anhui,andSichuan.Thesynergybetweenindustriesindifferentregionsneedstobeimproved.Duringthe"EleventhFive-YearPlan"period,boththeoutputvalueandsalesscaleofChina'ssilkindustryhaveachievedsubstantialgrowth.Byacceleratingstructuraladjustmentandindustrialupgrading,stabilizingthetraditionalexportmarket,andactivelyopeningupthedomesticmarket,theconnectionbetweenproductionandsaleshascontinuedtoimprove,thequalityandefficiencyoftheindustry'soperationhaveimprovedsignificantly,thedevelopmenthasbeenstable,andthemomentumhasbeengood.

Thedemandforhealthy,functionalandpersonalizedsilkproductscontinuestoincrease.Itcanbeseenthattheinherentadvantagesofsilkfibersaregraduallybeingre-recognizedbymodernpeople.Thedomesticsilkmarketwithapopulationof1.3billionhashugepotentialfordevelopment.

AlthoughChina’ssilktradeaccountedfor80%oftheworld’stotal,theproportionofexportsdroppedfrom3.4%in1985to0.19%in2011.ThisshowsthatChinaisabigsilkcountrybutnotnecessarilyasilkpower..Chinaistheworld'slargestsilkproducerandexporter.China'srawsilkproductionaccountsformorethan70%oftheworld'stotalproduction,anditsexportvolumeaccountsformorethan80%oftheworld'stotaltrade.Increasingthetechnologicalcontentofsilkproducts,developingnewsilkproducts,andsatisfyingtheconsumerdemandofemergingconsumersisaninevitabletrendforthegrowthofinternationalsilkconsumptioninthefuture.

Kiinan kaakao- ja silkkiteollisuuden kehitysmomentti on hyvä.Vuonna 2010 kansallisen mulperipuun pinta-ala oli 12,031 miljoonaa tonnia, silkkiäistoukkien tuotos oli 649 000 tonnia ja silkkiäistoukkien tuotos oli 649 000 tonnia, ja silkkiäistoukkien tuotanto oli 0,4 %, 0,4 %, 0,4 %, 0,4 %. %vuonna 2005.

Silkculture

Overview

SilkisasymbolofancientChinesecultureandhasmadeanindeliblecontributiontothedevelopmentofhumancivilizationintheworld.Chinesesilkisfamousallovertheworldforitsexcellentquality,exquisitepatternsandrichculturalconnotations.Thousandsofyearsago,silkpassedfromChang'antoEuropealongtheSilkRoad.Itbroughtnotonlypiecesofgorgeousclothingandaccessories,butalsotheancientandsplendidcivilizationoftheEast.Sincethen,silkhasalmostbecomeThecommunicatorandsymbolofEasterncivilization.

Fourfamouse-kirjonta

	Alakirjonta isthegeneraltermforembroideryproductscenteredinSuzhou,Jiangsu,includingtheJiangsuregion.ThebirthplaceofSuzhouembroideryisinWuxianCounty,Suzhou.ItborderstheTaihuLake.Ithasamildclimateandisrichinsilk.Localwomenhaveatraditionalcustomofembroidering.ThesuperiorgeographicalenvironmentandthesplendidandrichbrocadehavecreatedfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofSuzhouembroidery.Intheprocessoflong-termhistoricaldevelopment,Suzhouembroideryhasformedartisticlocalstyleswithbeautifulpatterns,harmoniouscolors,brightlines,livelystitches,andfineembroidery,whichisknownasthe"PearloftheOrient."
	ShuEmbroidery Alsoknownas"SichuanEmbroidery"isthegeneraltermforSichuanembroideryproductscenteredonChengdu.ThehistoryofShuembroideryisverylong.Accordingtotherecordsin"TheHistoryofHuayangKingdom"byChangchangoftheJinDynasty,embroideryinShuwasveryfamousatthattime,andShuembroiderywasplacedalongsideShubrocadeasafamousproductinShu.Shuembroideryusessoftsatinandcoloredsilkasthemainrawmaterials,andhasarichvarietyofstitches.Itgivesfullplaytotheadvantagesofhandembroideryandformsastronglocalstyle.ThesubjectsofShuembroideryaremostlyflowers,birds,animals,landscapes,insects,fish,andcharacters.Inadditiontopureappreciationembroideryscreens,therearequilts,pillowcases,clothes,shoes,cushions,tablecloths,headscarves,handkerchiefs,paintedscreens,etc.Therearebothhugescreensandsmallpocketpieces,whichareexquisiteworksofartthatarebothornamentalandpractical.
	HunanEmbroidery HunanChangshaisthegeneraltermforembroideryproductscenteredon.InthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912)andthe22ndyearoftheRepublicofChina(1933),HunanEmbroiderywonthebestprizeandfirstprizeattheTurinFairinItalyandtheWorldExpoinPanama.ThecharacteristicofHunanembroideryistoembroiderwithvelvetthread(notwistedwoolthread).Infact,thevelvetthreadisprocessedinasolutiontopreventfuzzing.Thiskindofembroideryislocallycalled"finewoolenembroidery".HunanembroideryisalsomostlybasedontraditionalChinesepaintings,withvividshapesandboldstyles.Itoncehadthereputationof"embroideringpeanuts,embroideringbirdscanlisten,embroideringtigerscanrun,andembroideringpeoplecanexpressspirit".ThecolormatchingcharacteristicsofHunanembroideryhumanisticpaintingsaremainlydark,lightgrayandblackandwhite,whichareassimpleandelegantasinkpainting;thecolorsofthedailynecessitiesofHunanembroideryaregorgeous,andthepatternsandpatternsarehighlydecorative.
	Kantonilainen kirjonta GuangdongThegeneraltermofembroideryartincludesthetwoschoolsof"GuangzhouEmbroidery"centeredonGuangzhouand"TideEmbroidery"representedbyChaozhou.Previously,mostembroideryworkersweremenfromGuangzhouandChaozhou,whichwasrareintheworld.CantoneseembroiderybeganintheTangDynastyandformeditscharacteristicsinthemiddleandlateMingDynasty.ItwasexportedfromGuangzhouPortintheQingDynastyandbecamefamousabroad.Thecraftsmanshipissuperb,thecompositionisstrongandthedecorationisstrong,thecolorisrichandbright,theembroideryissmoothandbright,theliteratureandscienceareclear,andthevelvetisfreeandeasy."MiscellaneousDuYang"writtenbySuEoftheTangDynastydescribedGuangEmbroideryasfollows:"TheNanhaiGongqifemaleeyebrowladyinthefirstyearofYongzhengwasfourteenyearsold.Shewasextremelyskillfulandcouldembroidersevenvolumesof"FaHuaJing"ononefootofsilk.Thesizeofthecharactersisnotlargerthanthemillet,butthedotsareclearlydivided,asdetailedasahair,andtheinscriptions,chaptersandsentences,withoutanyfault.Itisbettertobeaflyingfairy,coveredwithasilkandahook,dividedintothreestrands,dyedintofivecolors...".

Kolme kuuluisaa brokadia

Yunjin b>

referstoakindofjacquardsilkweavingcraftsproducedinNanjing,withfineweaving,exquisitepatterns,andcolorfulbrocadepatterns.Itisacollectionofsilkweavingcraftsmanshipofpastdynasties.Thepreciousexperienceofvariousothersilkweavingcraftshasreachedthepinnacleofsilkweavingcrafts.ThemainfeatureofYunjinisthatithasdifferentcolorsfromflowertoflower.Observedfromdifferentangles,thecolorsofflowersonembroideryaredifferent.ThehistoryofbrocadecanbetracedbacktotheSongDynasty.Itgotitsnamebecauseofitsbrilliantcolorandresemblancetocloudsinthesky.ItwaspopularintheMingandQingdynasties.ThethreedynastiesofYuan,MingandQingwereallroyaltributes.Thelastmilestone.In2006,YunjinwasincludedinChina'sfirstbatchofintangibleculturalheritagelists.InSeptember2009,itwasselectedintotheUnitedNations"RepresentativeListofIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity".TheinheritanceunitisNanjingYunjinResearchInstitute.

ShuBrocade

OriginalThecoloredbrocadeproducedinSichuanlaterbecamethegeneraltermforbrocadeproducedinvariousplaceswheretheweavingmethodresembledthatofShu.Shubrocadeismostlywovenwithdyedcookedsilkthreads,thewarpthreadsareflowered,thecolorstripsareusedforcoloringorthecolorstripsareusedforicing,andthegeometricpatternorganizationandornamentationarecombined.Shubrocadepatternsaredrawnfromawiderangeofmaterials,suchasmythsandlegends,historicalstories,Zhanxianginscriptions,landscapefigures,flowers,birds,andbeasts.Chengdu's"JinguanCity"wasnamedaftertheQinandHanDynasties.AlmostallbrocadesfromtheQinandHanDynastiestotheSuiandTangDynastieswereShubrocades.ItisoneofthemaintradingproductsoftheSilkRoadandthepredecessorofKyotoNishijin-ori,atraditionalJapanesenationaltreasure.In2006,ShubrocadeweavingskillswereapprovedbytheStateCounciltobeincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelists.TheinheritanceunitisChengduShuBrocadeandEmbroideryMuseum.

SongJin

OriginAttheendoftheSongDynasty,themainproducingareawasinSuzhou.Thepatternispreciseandmeticulous,andthetextureisfirm;thepatternissymmetricalandrigorousandvaried,richandsmooth;thecolorisbrightbutnothot,complicatedandnotchaotic;theproductionprocessischaracterizedbythesimultaneousdisplayofwarpandweft.SongJinhasstrongpracticability,softandfirmtexture,exquisitepattern,wear-resistantandcanbewashedrepeatedly,andithasawiderangeofapplications.SongbrocadewasdevelopedonthebasisoftheShubrocadeintheTangDynasty.In2006,itwasincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelist.TheinheritanceunitistheSuzhouSilkMuseum.

Keisarin vaatteet

Kiinamaan etiketti-ja antiikinvaatteita. Tietyssä määrin kiinalaisen silkin kehitys on myös Huanghuang-etikettijärjestelmän mikrokosmoso. alempiarvoisuus"ja on feodaalipatriarkaalisen järjestelmän materialisoitunut ilmaus.

Thecostumeswornbyancientemperorshavespecialmarkings,andaformalcostumesystemisneededtoprovideforthem,andtheymustbestrictlyenforced.Fromtheshapeandcoloroftheclothestothelengthofthesilkthreadandthematerial,theyareallrelatedtoetiquette.Therefore,imperialcostumesaretheyardstickandcornerstoneoftheentirecostumesystem.

"Standard"specialemperorcostumesappearedintheWesternZhouDynasty.Atthattime,therulershadstrictregulationsontheclothingwornbyallkindsofpeople,andtheywereincludedinthecategoryof"ZhouLi".Hierarchyisveryobvious,andarroganceisnotallowed.Thedevelopedtextile,printinganddyeingproductiontechnologyatthattimeprovidedasolidmaterialfoundationfortheZhouDynastytoestablishaperfectclothingsystem.InordertoconsolidatetheWesternZhouregime,ZhouGongdan,whoassistedtheking,formulatedacompletesteppedpatriarchalhierarchicalsystemtoclearlyindicatethattheupperandlowergarmentsoftheofficialposition,thepublicservantsgoingout,andthedescendantsofYanjuweredifferent.Theform,texture,color,pattern,andornamentsofthecrownwerespecifiedindetailandbecameanimportantcontentoftheruleofritualintheZhouDynasty.

"Muutoskirja" sisältää:"TianXuan (taivaansininen) ja maankeltainen (maanväri)."ZhouTianzi käyttää salaperäisiä vaatteita, kun hän uhraa taivaalle.Musta tarkoittaa mustaa punaisen ja keltaisen värin kanssa.,XuanYiismustakangaskangaskangaskangaspunainen-y. ers:aurinko,kuu,tähti,vuori,lohikäärme,ja kiinalaiset hyönteiset.Se on samanlainen kuin nykyajan käsinmaalatut vaatteet.Se on maalattu suoraan kankaalle maalarin kynällä, mustepigmentti;Lukuja on kuusi mukaan lukien,fenmi,黼,黻,kaksitoista lukua kuvioita ja kuvioita.

Beforetheweek,thecostumesoftheemperorswereembroideredwiththeabove-mentionedtwelvechapterpatterns.IntheZhouDynasty,becauseofthepatternsofthesun,moon,andstarsonthebanners,thecostumeswerenolongerrepeatedandchangedtotwelvechapters.Forninechapters.Theorderofornamentationisheadedbydragon,dragon,mountain,flower,insect,fire,andZongyiarehand-painted;algae,ricenoodles,millet,andmilletareallrustedup.Thesubsequentdynastiesbasicallycontinuedthetraditionalpatternofthetwelvechapters.ThetwelvechaptersgraduallybecamethespecialdecorationsoftheemperorsofthepastdynastiesinChina.ItwasasymbolofancientChineseroyalpower.ThedragonandphoenixinChapterTwelvearegraduallydedicatedtotheemperor.Thedragonbecomesthesymboloftheemperor,andthephoenixistherepresentativeofthesupremewoman.

Officials'supplementaryclothing

AmongtheancientChineseclothingsystems,thebestreflectionofthecloserelationshipbetweensilkandthefeudalhierarchyisthesupplementaryclothingofthecivilandmilitaryofficials.Mendingclothingisakindofofficialclothesdecoratedwiththeemblemofgrade,orcalledmendinggown,whichisdifferentfromotherofficialclothes.Themaindifferenceisthatthefrontandbackofhiscostumeareeachembossedwithatonicofthesameform,contentandmeaning.Therefore,aslongasyoulookatthepatternonthetonic,youcanknowtherankandtasteoftheperson,whichisabitsimilartotherankoftoday'smilitaryofficer.

TheoriginoftoniccanbetracedbacktotheTangDynasty,anditsoriginseemstoberelatedtoWuZetian'suseofrobepatternstodeterminegrades."TaiPingYuLan"vol.692quotes"TangShu":"TheEmpressWucameoutwithascarletpurplesingleLuoMinglapelbackrobetobestowcivilandmilitaryministers,andtheirrobesaredifferent....Theprimeministerdecoratedthewindpond,andtheShangShudecoratedForthewildgoose,theleftandrightguardsaredecoratedwithaunicorn,andtheleftandrightguardsaredecoratedwithapairoftigers."

TheYuanDynastystonecarvingsunearthedfromtheYangqunTempleinInnerMongoliahaveflower-patternedtonics.Atthesametime,theyarefoundinsomeYuanDynastytombs.Indeed,manyYuandynastyfabricsintheformofsquarepadswerediscovered.However,thesecostumesdidnotappearassupplementaryclothes,andtheseFangsupplementsweremostlyflower-shaped,andtheywerenotusedasasymbolofofficialrankatthetime.

ThereplenishmentservicethattrulyrepresentstheofficialpositionwasfinalizedintheMingDynasty.Accordingtotherecordsof"MingHistory·YufuZhi",inthetwenty-fourthyearofHongwu(1391),theofficialuniformwasalargerobewithacollar,asquarepatchonthechestandback,andthecivilofficialembroideredabirdtoshowcivilization.Themilitaryattacheembroideredthebeasttodemonstratethemartialarts.

JudgingfromtheofficialsupplementsunearthedandhandeddownintheMingDynasty,therearethreemethodsofmakingbrocade,embroideryandtapestry.Earlyofficialsupplementswererelativelylargeandwell-made.Civilservantsuseddoublebirdstoaccompanythem,whilemilitaryofficersusedsinglebeasts,eitherstandingorsquatting.IntheQingDynasty,onlyasinglestandingpoultrywasusedasatonicforcivilofficials,andthegradeswereslightlydifferent.

ValueSignificance

Chinaisthehometownofsilk.SilkisoneoftheimportantcharacteristicsofChinesecivilization.IthasalottodowithChina’setiquettesystem,cultureandart,customs,andscienceandtechnology.Link.Theemperorusedsilktodemonstratehisauthority,andhundredsofofficialsusedsilktomarktheirranks;literatiwrotepoemspraisingsilk,andpainterssplashedinkonsilkmadeofsilk;ordinarypeopleworshipedvarioussilkwormgodsandprayedforarichsilk,whilethecourtdidGiveaclasstopersuadethesericulture,andusethistoevaluatetheperformanceofthelocalofficials.Twoofthefourgreatinventionsaredirectlyrelatedtosilk.Theoriginalmeaningof"paper"istheaccumulationofvelvetsilkintheprocessofmakingsilkfloss.Theinventionofprintingisdirectlyrelatedtoletterpressprintingonsilk.TheprintedsilkfabricsunearthedfromtheHantombofMawangduihavebeenoverprintedinlargeareasandarenearlyathousandyearsearlierthantheofficialTangDynastyengravingprints.Therefore,itcanbesaidthatthereliefprintingonsilkistheoriginatorofengravingprinting.Inaddition,thedevelopmentoftheMaritimeSilkRoaddirectlypromotedthepracticeandimprovementofthecompass.

Silkisnotonlyasimpleandexpensiverawmaterialforclothing,ithasalsoplayedanimportantcurrencyfunctionforalongtimeinhistory.ForChina,“silk”isnotonlyacommodity,butthecurrencyitself.Itcanbeusednotonlytopaythesoldiers'salaries,butalsotopayforthepurchaseofhorsesandothercommodities.Chinausessilktobuyanimalproductsfromgrasslandtribes,andgrasslandpeoplesellthesesilkswestwardalongtheSilkRoad.Itwasinthisprocessthatsilkrealizedthetransformationfromcurrencytocommodity.ItalsoexplainedwhyRomanandByzantinegoldcoinswereoftenfoundattheeasternendofthe"SilkRoad",whileChinesecoppercoinswererarelyunearthedintheWest.SilkItisthecurrencyoftheSilkRoad.

1.Tekstiiliteollisuuden kehityksen edistäminen

Thelocalsilkculturereactedtothelocaltextileindustry,makingitcarryoutaseriesofinnovationsandreformsontheoriginalbasis,thusImprovedlaborproductivity,creatednewfabrictypes,andfurtherenrichedsilkculture.

ThecontributionofChinesesilktotheworldfirstliesinthespreadofChinesesilktechnologyalongwiththespreadofsilk.ChinesesilktechnologywasfirstintroducedtoCentralAsia.Thereisastoryinthe"StoryoftheWesternRegionsoftheTangDynasty"abouttheprincessChuansiwhointroducedsilkwormeggstothekingdomofQuSatan.ThespreadofsilkwormeggsfromCentralAsiatoEuropetookplaceduringthereignofJustinian.APersianmonkhidthesilkwormeggsinawalkingstickandbroughtthemtoRome.Thus,theChinesesilkwormsilktechnologyspreadtoEurope.

Inadditiontosericulturetechnology,silkreelingandsilkjacquardtechnologyhavealsohadasignificantimpactonWesterntextiletechnology.Inhis"HistoryofScienceandTechnologyinChina",NeedhamlistedthescientificandtechnologicalachievementsthatChinahascontributedtotheworldstartingwith26Englishletters,including:F-jacquardandhorizontalloom;G-silkreelingmachine,spinningmachineSilkmachineandsilkmachine.BecauseEuropehasabsorbedthesetechnologies,itsowntextiletechnologyhasbeengreatlyimproved,whichhasledtomanymechanicalinnovations.ItisonthisbasisthatthetextileindustrialrevolutioninmodernEuropeispossible.Theprincipleofsilkjacquard,thatis,theprocessofstoringinformationandtransformingitintoajacquardprogramthroughthecoordinationofheddlesandtreadrods,orbycompilingpatterns,containsprofoundmathematicalideas.AfterbeingintroducedtoEurope,itnotonlyhadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeansilkweavingtechnology,butalsohadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofmoderntelegraphcommunicationtechnologyandevencomputerprinciples.

Foreignsilkculturehasanevengreaterimpactonthedevelopmentandinnovationofthelocaltextileindustry.AfterChinesesilkenteredEuropeancountries,themonarchsofvariouscountriesestablishedanddevelopedtheirownsilkweavingindustries.Inthisprocess,thespreadofsilkcultureisnotasimplecopy,butcontinuousimprovementandcontinuousfullness.Forexample,WesternEuropeansilkweaverscombinedtheirrichimaginationandfeelingsofcolorintothecreativityoftheancestorsoftheChinesenation,makingtextiletechnologyincreasinglysophisticatedandscientific,andbecomingtheforerunnerofmodernindustry.Itispreciselybecauseofthisextremelycreativecombinationthatgreatlyenrichedandpromotedthedevelopmentoftextiletechnology.Aftertheformationofforeignsilkculture,itwasfedbacktoChina,whichplayedanimportantroleinpromotingthedevelopmentandprogressofChina'stextileindustry,especiallythemodernmachinetextiletechnology,whichhadahugeimpactonthedevelopmentofChina'stextileindustry.

2.Kiinan kielen ja kirjallisuuden kehityksen edistäminen

Silkkikulttuurilla on ollut kiinalaisten merkkien sukupolvi ja kehitys, mikä heijastuu kiinalaisiin merkkeihin, jotka liittyvät mulperiin, silkkitoukkoon ja silkkiin. mukaan lukien "纟"-osa, 248 merkkiä, mikä on noin 3 % sinettien kokonaismäärästä. Näihin merkkeihin liittyy myös suuri määrä sanoja kiinaksi, kuten:silkkiäistoukka,mulperi, sangzi,silkkiäistoukka,silkkitoukka, kehruu,silkki,silkkimaalaus,jadesilk,wealthsilk jne.Useimmat näistä sanoista liittyvät läheisesti silkkiteollisuuden tuotantoon.

Lisäksi silkkikulttuuriin liittyy monia dioomia ja mielikuvia,kuten itsensä kokeminen,temppuja,temppuja,yökävelyjä ja kotiinpaluuta.Lisäksi suuri määrä kirjallisia teoksia kuvailee myös seriviljelmää silkkiä tunteidenilmaisuuntaisosiaalisen todellisuuden heijastamiseen,kuten"XBai"SBhangai" pian.

3.Kansakulttuurin johtamisen edistäminen

Silkcultureisrichinfolkcustoms.TheChineseworshipofthesilkwormgodhasahistoryofthousandsofyears.Mythsandlegendsareendless,andtherearemanysilkwormgods,andtherearenofewerthan10authenticsilkwormgodseverywhere.Numerousballads,proverbs,dialectsandidiomsaboutsilkculturearetheactivationofhistoryandaccumulatestrongfolkcustoms.Manycustoms,socialcustomsandlifeetiquettecustomsarerelatedtosilkculture.

4.Taiteen ja käsityön kehityksen edistäminen

Silkculturehaspenetratedintoallaspectsofculturallife,whichhasagreatimpactonpeople’saesthetictaste,andfurtheraffectsotherarts,evenPromotetheemergenceofsomenewartcategories.Thestyleofsilkpatternsinthepre-QinDynastywassimple,generous,andvaried.Thesepatternsinteractedwiththepatternsofpottery,metalware,andlacquerwareofthesamegeneration,andwerecompatiblewiththelevelofweavingtechnologyatthattime.ThepaintedlacquerwareoftheEasternZhouDynastycanbeseeninrichsecondaryandcomplexcolors,whichechoesthecolorcharacteristicsofsilkfabricsatthattime.Theoriginofthe"twelvechapterpattern"iscloselyrelatedtosilkhand-paintingandembroidery.The"twelve-chapterpattern"laterevolvedintoaspecialpatternontheemperor'sdragonrobeandbecameanimportantpartoftheancientcostumeculture.

TheinventionofChinesepaintingandcalligraphyricepaperisdirectlyrelatedtotheancientsilk"silk"and"silkcloth".Infact,theinventionofpaperisstillinfluencedbysilk.Theoriginalintentionofpaperisthatsilkisintheprocessofrinsing.Thedepositedsilkscrapsaredepositedintoathinlayercalledpaper.Inspiredbythis,peopleusefiberinsteadofsilkfibertomakepaper,whichhasbecomeamajorinventioninChina.Anothermajorinventionofprintingalsooriginatedinthesilkindustry.IthasbeenverifiedthatletterpressprintingonancientChinesesilkisthepredecessorofblockprinting.Intraditionalprintingprocesses,manypartsaredirectlyderivedfromprintingtechnology.Theinventionofpaperandprintinggreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofmanyartssuchascalligraphyandpainting.

5.Maailmakulttuurien vaihdon edistäminen

Silk,asoneofthegreatinventionsofancientChina,hascontributedalottoworldcivilizationthroughtheancientSilkRoad.Atthesametime,foreigncultureshavealsoadoptedTheentryoftheSilkRoadintoChinahasmadethelocalculturemorecolorful.JapanhasrepeatedlyacceptedChineseimmigrantstoliveinthecountryorsentenvoystoChinatolearnsilkweavingtechnology.AfterChineseimmigrants,largenumbersofJapanesestudentsandscholarlymonksaccompaniedthemissiontoJapan,theyplayedanimportantroleinJapan'spolitical,economic,andculturalreformanddevelopment.EspeciallyintheSuiandTangdynasties,thecultureoftheSuiandTangdynastieshadastrongimpactonJapanesesocietyandculture.InJapan,anunprecedented"ImitatedTangCulture"hasbeenformed,andithaslastedformorethan200years.AfterenteringChinaasafeedback,Japaneseculturehasbroadenedpeople’sspiritualhorizons.Manycultureshavealsobecomethethemesofpoetryandsongs.Somesilksarepatternedwithexoticgodsprayingforauspiciousnessorlegends,whichhavebeenabsorbedbyChinesecraftsmenandenrichedtheChinesepeople.Culturalinterest.Inaddition,asa"peacemessenger"ofvariouscountries,silkhasplayedakeyroleinthediplomacyofvariouscountries.Countriesusesilktradeormutualdonationofsilkfabricsasabreakthroughpointtostrengthentiesbetweencountries,maintainpeaceandstabilityininternationalrelations,andprovidegoodconditionsandanenvironmentfortheprogressanddevelopmentofworldcivilization.

OnJune22,2014,China,KazakhstanandKyrgyzstanjointlydeclaredtheeasternpartofthelandSilkRoad"SilkRoad:RoadNetworkofChang'an-TianshanCorridor"successfullydeclaredasaworldcultureHeritagebecamethefirstsuccessfulapplicationforheritagethroughcross-bordercooperation.

Silkkiluokittelu

Neljatoista luokkaa

Silkvariatit jaetaan 14 luokkaan kudosrakenteen, sotalangan ja kudeyhdistelmän, käsittelyteknologian ja silkkipinnan muodon mukaan.Lankaa,Luoa,kehonpehmeää,orgaanista,pehmeäämaajuutaapaitsi. Perustuu maaorganisaatioon.Jokaisella silkkipintatyypillä voi olla suorituskykyä tavallinen (koulutus, valkaisu, värjäys)tai kukka (kudonta, painatus).


Kehru: Pelkkä kudos,raakakudonta tai puolivärjätty kudontaprosessi.Yleensä soimangas ei ole kierretty tai heikosti kierretty. Silkkipinta on suhteellisen tasainen ja rakenne on kevyt ja sitkeä.	Kreppi:Plainweavetaitoinen organisaatio,sotakude on vahvistettu,tai molempien sota- ja weftavahvistettu,jossa näkyy selvästi kiilto ja elastinen kangas.

Satiini: Kangas, jossa on kudos ja sileähohtoinen silkkipinta.	Ling:Käytä tai vaihda kudosta,jasilkkipinta on kangas, jossa on selvät vinoviivat.

Lanka:Kaikki osa kankaasta langankudoksena, tehty kiertämällä ensimmäinen ja toinen sotalangajokaisessa muussa kuteessa.	Luo:Luoweaving-kankaan kokoosa, joka on kierretty yhdellä tai parittomalla kudoksella ensimmäisen ja toisen loimen avulla.

Fleece: Kaikki kankaat on tehty lipunmyynnistä, ja silkkipinta on kasattu tai silmoitettu.	Panos:langalla värjätty jacquard-kangas, jossa on kankaat ja kaksi kudottua hienoja ja värikkäitä kuvioita.

Lanka: Kevyt, rei'itetty kangas, jossa on pelkkä kudos.	Onpa eri rakenteita ja paksumpia sotilaallisia ja kudelankoja.

Ge:Käytä pelkkää kudosta,twillweave ja sen rakennemuutos,sotilaa ja kude on harvinainen,warpandweft-paksu,paksu rakenne,silkkipinta vaakasuoralla kudekudoksella.	Haju:paksu ja paksu kangas, jossa on pelkkä kudos, filamenttiloimi, puuvilla tai muu lanka.

Silkki: käytetty pelkässä kudoksissa, hieno, sileä ja rapea kangas.	Silkki:kangas, jossa on pelkkä kudostaivaihtelevia kudoksia, joissa on tiukasti limitetty sotilaskude.

Kolmekymmentäviisi alaluokkaa

Jaettu pääasiassa silkkipinnan suorituskyvyn mukaan:

1,doubleCrepe:Plainweaveisused,withnowarptwist,twoleftandtworightstrongtwistedsilksareusedfortheweft,andthesilksurfaceisafabricwithauniformcrepeeffect.

2.QiaoQi:Theplainweaveisused,andthewarpandweftusetwoleftandtworightstrongtwistedsilks.Thetextureisthinandlight,andthesilksurfaceisafabricwithgauzeandcrepeeffect.

3.Bi-crepe,ei kierretty,Bi-crepe-lanka (20/22Dx3plusStwist1600T/m, sitten 20/22D1,plusZtwist1600T/m), on hienoja ryppyjä irtoaa.

4.Shun纡: ei-kierretty, kudeyhdensuuntainenvahva kierresilkki,silkkipinta on suora ryppyinen kangas.

5.TAFF:Käytä pelkkää kudosta, värjää ensin keitetyn kankaan ohuella ja rapealla rakenteella.

6.Powerspinning:mulberrysilk(tussahsilk)raakakudospaljontasoinen kangas.

7. Ohentaminen: käyttämällä mulperisilkkiä kudottua, pelkkäkudottua kangasta, jonka silkkipaino on neliömetriä 6 m/mandle.

8.Spunsilkkikehräys: silkkikehräyskankaat, jotka on valmistettu kehrätystä silkistä sekä kuteesta.

9.Puuvillasilkki:Sotapannu ja wef on tehty silkkikääretystä pelkästä kudoksesta.

10.DoublePalace:Kaksoispalatsin koko osa.

11. Solmut: Kaikki osat solmuista, silkki, kankaat, joissa on nenävaikutelma.

12. Aloituskuvio: kangas, jossa on kreppikudos.

13. Ribbing: Kangas, jossa on kevyet vaakasuuntaiset raidat yhdellä tai molemmilla puolilla.

14.Kukkalanka:Kaikki osa kankaasta on tehty värillisestä kierretystä langasta tai värillisestä langasta.

15.Lista: Kangas, jossa on vaaka-japystyraidallinen kuvio silkkipinnalla.

16.Säleikkö: Kangas, jossa silkkipinnalla on ristikkokuvio.

17.Liian viileä: Käytä faavainta muodostaaksesi läpinäkyvä kangas, jossa on sidesilmät.

18. Lankavärjätty: Kaikki osa värjätyistä silkkikankaista.

19.Kaksipuolinen: kolminkertainen kudossoveltuu,jaetu-ja takapuolisamantyyppisiä twillejä kudotussa kankaassa.

20.Kovera-kupera:kangas koverakuperakuviolla.

21,vuoren muotoinen;vuorenmuotoisen tai siksakkin kudonnan sovellus, jossa näkyy selvästi vuoren muotoinen tai siksak-kukan muotoinen kangas.

22.Kukka:Jacquard-kangas.

23. Leikkaus: Leikkaus jacquard-kangas.

24. Kiiltävä: puhdas viskoosisilkkikangas, jossa kiiltävä viskoosisilkkikorsemi-kiiltävä kuprosilkki.

25.Matte: puhdasta kankaasta mattaviskoosia ja mattakupariammoniakkia.

26.Theglitterisafabricthatispurelywovenorinterwovenwithluminoussuper-glossprofiledcross-sectionsyntheticfilaments,showingashiningeffect.

27.Brightlight:Tämä on puhtaasti kudottu kangas, joka on kudottu kulta- ja hopeakolikoilla (alumiininahka), jossa on kevyt vaikutus.

28. Raaka: jalostamaton kangas, kudottu raakasilkillä.

29.Erikoisvärjäys:sotakankaat, joissa on kaksiväristä ja solmiovärjättyä kuviovaikutusta, joissa käytetään erikoisvärjäystekniikoita, kuten värjäystä.

30. Loimipainatus: silkkipainatuksen jälkeen kudotut kankaat.

31、拉绒：经过拉绒整理的织品。

32、立绒：经过立绒整理的织品。

33、和服：门幅在40厘米以下，或整幅中织有各40厘米以下的开剪缝，供加工和服专用品。

34、大条：经纬采用柞大条丝的平纹织品。

35、缂丝：通过通经断（回）纬的方式制造的平纹或其他组织的特种丝织品。