Basicintroduction
Thinkingisauniquecognitiveabilityofhumanbeings.Itisanadvancedformofhumanconsciousnessmasteringobjectivethings.Thinkingisbasedonsocialpracticeandanalyzesandsynthesizesperceptualmaterials.Throughconcepts,judgments,andinferences,itcreatesalogicaltheoreticalsystemthatreflectstheessentialattributesandlawsofmovementofobjectivethings.Thethinkingprocessisaprocessfromconcretetoabstract,andthenfromabstracttoconcrete.Itspurposeistoreproducetheessenceofobjectivethingsinthinkingandachieveaconcreteunderstandingofobjectivethings.Thelawofthinkingisdeterminedbythelawoftheexternalworld,anditisthereflectionofthelawoftheexternalworldintheprocessofhumanthinking.
Definition
Noeticscienceisacomprehensivesciencethatstudieshumanconsciousnessandbrain,spiritandmatter,subjectivityandobjectivity.Thinkingisthereflectionofthehumanbraintoobjectivethings.Peoplehavealonghistoryofdiscussingthinkingandrelatedissuesfromcertainspecificangles.Afterthe1950s,themulti-levelandhorizontaldevelopmentofvariousdisciplines,especiallythebirthofcomputerscience,openedupnewwaysforcomprehensiveandsystematicresearchonthinkingphenomena.ChinesescientistQianXuesenproposedtocreateathinkingscienceandtechnologydepartmentintheearly1980s,anddividedthinkingscienceintothreelevels:thefoundationofthinkingscience,thetechnicalscienceofthinkingscience,andtheengineeringtechnologyofthinkingscience.Theadjacentsciencesofthinkingscienceincludehumanscience,naturalscience,socialscience,andsystemscience.Thinkingscienceisthestudyofthelawsofhumanthinkingprocessfromtheaspectsofpsychology,artificialintelligence,computerscience,physiology,literatureandart.Itsapplicationfieldsinvolvescienceincludinglinguistics,patternrecognition,artificialintelligence,pedagogy,informationscience,management,philologyandotherdisciplines.Therefore,thinkingscienceplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofanewgenerationofintelligentcomputers.UndertheguidanceofMarxistphilosophicalprinciples,thescienceofthinkingplaysaroleintheprocessofhumanunderstandingandtransformingthesubjectandobjectiveworld;atthesametime,itwillprovidematerialsforthedeepeninganddevelopmentofMarxistepistemology,andbecometheinspirationforthenewgenerationofscienceandtechnologyofhumanscientificthinking.cornerstone.
Osat
Ajattelutieteen perusta on ajattelutiede ja yhteiskuntaajattelutiede. Ajattelussa on kolme osaa.
Abstrakti (looginen) ajattelu
Abstrakti ajattelu on se ajattelun osa, joka voi käyttää tietokonetta ja korvata ihmisaivojen työn.
Image(intuition)thinking
Imagethinkingisbasedonexperienceorintuition.Thinkinginimagesmainlystudiesthebehaviorofhumansproducingintelligentactivitiesbasedonexperienceorintuition,andhowtousecomputerstorealizethisprocessandmakeitatheory.
Inspiraatio(insight)ajattelu
Inspiraatioajattelu on kuvien ajattelun laajenemista intuitiivisesta tietoisuudesta inspiraatioitajuntaan.
Socialthinkingstudieshowpeopleandgroupsthink.Peoplenotonlyrelyondirectpracticetounderstandtheobjectiveworld,butalsousetheknowledgeaccumulatedinthepast.Therefore,people'sthinkingactivitieshaveacollectivenature.
Researchcontent
Itisclearthatthinkingscienceonlystudiesthelawsandmethodsofthinking,anddoesnotstudythecontentofthinking.Thecontentisthebusinessofotherscienceandtechnologydepartments.
Thebasicscienceofthinkingscienceisthescienceofstudyingthelawsofhumanconsciousthinking.Itcanbecalledthinking.Thinkingisnotpartofthestudyofthinking.Andbecausethiskindofconsciousthinking,inadditiontoabstractthinking(logic),thereareimagethinking(intuition)andinspirationalthinking(insight),sothinkingcanbesubdividedintoabstract(logical)thinking,image(intuition)Threecomponentsofthinkingandinspiration(insight)thinking.Ialsosaidthatasthebasicscienceofthinkingscience,theMarxistphilosophy,whichrisestothehighestscientificgeneralizationofallhumanknowledge,mustpassabridge,thatis,epistemology.Ialsothinkthatonlyabstractthinkinghasbeenstudiedindepthinthescienceofthinking,andthereisalreadyamorematurelogic.However,imagethinkingandinspirationalthinkinghavenotbeenstudiedseriously,andnoscientificknowledgecanberaised.Theseopinionsaretoosuccinct.Somecomradeshaveopinions,whichseemstobeoutofmisunderstanding,soweneedtoaddsomeexplanations:
Firstofall,itisaquestionofthemeaningoflogic,whichisanabstract(logical)thinkingThelawofformingarigoroustheoreticaldiscipline,justlikemathematicallogic.Mathematicallogicisapartandmodelofabstractthinking.Partofthemeaningisbecausemathematicallogicconcentratesonthestudyoflogicalproblemsinmathematicalsciences,notallabstractthinking,andmathematicallogicismoreconcentratedonformallogic,althoughK.Godel'sincompletenesstheoremseemstobebreakingthroughtheformLogic,intodialecticallogic.Themeaningofthemodelistotalkaboutitsrigoroustheoreticalnature,whichcanmeettherequirementsofbasicscience.ThisalsoexplainswhyIsaidthattheresearchonimagethinkingandinspirationalthinkinghasnotyetreachedthescientificrequirements.Althoughtherearealotofinaccuratedescriptionsandspeculativearguments,theyarenotstrictenough.Ofcourse,wecannotjustsaythatimage(intuition)thinkingandinspiration(insight)thinkingareinferiortoabstract(logical)thinking.Ithinktheobjectiveexistenceandimportanceofthesetwokindsofthinkingneednotbedoubted,butdoubt.Ofpeoplemaybeduetolackofpersonalexperience.
Thewordlogichascausedsomephilosopherstothinkoflogicandlogicinphilosophy,suchasHegel's"GreatLogic"and"LittleLogic".ItalsoconfusesMarxistphilosophyandthinkingscience,dragsdialecticalmaterialismtothehighesttheoreticallygeneralizedclass,andviolatesLenin'steaching:"Logic,dialectics,andmaterialistepistemologyareonething"andsoon.Ithinkinordertoavoidunnecessarytroubles,thepartofthebasicscienceofthinkingscience,thepartofabstractthinking,iscalledabstractthinkingorsubjectivelogic,becauseitisthethinkinglogicinthehumanbrain.Anddialecticsisstilldialectics,nottobecalledlogic;itmustbecalledlogic,anditisalsoobjectivelogic,becauseitisthelawofobjectivethings.Putalittledistanceawaysoasnottogetmixedup.Pullingapartdoesnotmeanthatitisirrelevant.Howcanitbeirrelevant?Marxistphilosophyanddialecticalmaterialismguideallscientificresearchandconnectwithallscientificresearch.
Asforthewordepistemology,becauseLenin’swordsarepertinent,itshouldnotbetakenoutofcontext;ourphilosopherswillnotequateMarxistphilosophywithepistemology.However,inconnectionwiththescienceofthinking,theuseofepistemologyasabridgeisalsoanintegralpartofthestructureofMarxistphilosophy.Thereasonforthisis:thepurposeofthinkingscienceistostudythelawsandmethodsofhumanunderstandingoftheobjectiveworld.Therefore,thescienceofthinkingcanbecalled"cognitivescience."CognitvescienceinEnglish,ofcourse,hasanarrowerscopeofcognitivescienceinforeigncountriesthanhere.ItisstillbettertousethisEnglishterm,butexpanditsmeaning.
Anotherquestionaboutthestructureofthescientificsub-systemofthinkingisthequestionofconsciousnessandthebrain,becausethinkingisapartofconsciousness.Forthisquestion,inordertoemphasizethematerialbasisofthinking,Italkedaboutthestructureandfunctionofthebrainwhenconnectingwiththinkingscience,soitseemsthatstudyingthefunctionofthehumanbrainhasbecomepartoftheworkofthinkingscience.HereIwanttocorrectthisimpression.Inowthinkthatstudyingthefunctionofthehumanbrainisamatterofhumanscience(animmediatenexttothinkingscience),andwecannotputabroaderconsciousnessthanthinkinginthethinkingsciencedepartmentfordiscussion.Why?Becauseoftherapiddevelopmentofmodernneurology,thetruthofconsciousnesshasbeengraduallyrevealed.AccordingtotheviewoftheAmericanneurologistR.Sperry,theNobelPrizewinnerin1981,consciousnessorThespiritisthehumancentralnervoussystem,especiallythehighestactivityofthehumanbrain,andthebasicactivityofthehumanbrainiscausedbytheactivityofthenervoussystemafterexternalstimulation.Inthisway,thecombinationofphysiologyandneurologybecomesthetheoreticalbasisofpsychology,physicalpsychology.ThefurthersublimationofphysiologicalpsychologyandbrainneurologywillproducepSychologicalcalmentolics,whichclarifythehigh-levelactivitiesofthehumanbrain,andfinallymentalics,whichstudyconsciousnessandmentalactivities.Thesesubjectsbelongtothescienceofthehumanbody,andarethebasicsciencepartofthehumanbodyscience,becausethereactionofconsciousnesstothephysiologicalprocessofthehumanbodyisanimportantresearchaspectofthehumanbodyscience.Consciousnessalsoincludesthinking,andpsychiatryiscloselyrelatedtothebasicscientificthinkingscienceofthinkingscience.Itisacross-departmentalsupportforthinkingscience.
AcademicDevelopment
Theviewpointofthinkingisthefoundationofthescientificresearchofthinking.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,Pavlov'sadvancedneuralactivitytheory,whichmadesignificantresearchresultsonthinkingfromtheformofmaterialmovement,initiallyrevealedtheneurophysiologicalmechanismofthinking.Theoutstandingachievementofstudyingthinkingfromtheessenceandoverallreflectionofthingsisdialecticalthinking.ItwasfoundedbyMarxandEngelsonthebasisofGermanclassicalphilosophyandmodernscienceanddevelopedbyLeninandothers.Dialecticalthinkinghasshownitsgreatvalueinthecreationof"DasKapital"andinthegreatsocialpracticeoftheRussianRevolutionandtheChineseRevolution.
Sincethe1950s,brainsciencehasmadenewmajoradvances.Sperryetal.studiedthefunctionsoftheleftandrightbrains,thepositioningofbrainfunctionalareas,andthestudyofneuralcircuits.Theresearchofbrainphysicsandbrainchemistryhasfurtherrevealedthenatureofthematerialmovementofthinking;atthesametime,Piagetandothershavestudiedchildren'sthinkingandadultthinking,andthenewlyemergingcognitivesciencehasamechanismfortheprocessingofhumanbraininformation.Theresearchhasenrichedtheknowledgeofthemechanismbywhichthehumanbrainreflectstheessenceofthings.Theseresearchresultshaveaccumulatednewscientificdataforthinkingscience.Themulti-levelandhorizontaldevelopmentofcontemporarydisciplines,especiallythebirthofinformationtheoryandcomputerscience,hasopenedupnewwaysforthein-depthstudyofhumanthinking.
Thinkingscienceisdividedintothreelevels:thebasicscienceofthinkingscience,thescienceofthinkingtechnicalscienceandtheengineeringtechnologyofthinkingscience.Thebasicscientificresearchofthinkingscienceisthebasicformofthinkingactivities-logicalthinking,imagethinkingandinspirationalthinking,andthroughthestudyofthesebasicthinkingactivities,thegeneralandspecificlawsofthinkingarerevealed.Therefore,thebasicscienceofthinkingsciencecanhaveseveralbranches,suchaslogicalthinkingandimagethinking.Theaccumulationandcollectionofindividualthinkingconstitutesthecollectivethinkingofasocialgroup.Thestudyofcollectivethinkinginsocialgroupsisthescienceofsocialthinking.Itisalsoabasicsubjectofthinkingscience.
Thinkingisthefunctionofthehumanbrain,whichisthemostadvancedmaterial,buthumanbrainthinkingcanbesimulatedbymachinesandanimalstoacertainextent.Amachinethatcansimulatehumanbrainthinkingisanintelligentmachine.Thescienceofstudyingintelligentmachinesandsimulatinghumanbrainthinkingmethodsandproceduresiscalledartificialintelligenceormachinethinking.Thesciencethatstudiestheabilityofadvancedanimalstosimulatehumanthinkingandhowtoachievethissimulationisanimalthinking.Whethermachinesimulationoranimalsimulation,itisnottheoriginalcopyofhumanbrainthinking,butadeformedsimulation.Forexample,intelligentmachinessolveproblems.Insomeaspects(suchascalculation),theyamplifythefunctionofthehumanbrain,anditsefficiencyisbeyondthereachofthehumanbrain;inotheraspects(suchasrecognition),itlagsfarbehindthefunctionofthehumanbrain.Machinesandanimalssimulatehumanbrainthinking,whichhasfar-reachingtheoreticalsignificanceandpracticalvalue.Therefore,machinethinkingandanimalthinkingareimportantbranchesofthinkingscience.
Atpresent,thescienceofthinkingisstillinitsinfancy.Theanalyticalresearchisfargreaterthanthecomprehensiveresearch.Theindependentresearchofeachdepartmentisbetterthanthejointresearchofcross-department,andaunifiedsystemisstilltobeformed.
Inthecontemporaryinformationsociety,theimportanceofknowledge,intelligence,andwisdomisincreasing.Thinkingplaysakeyroleinthegenerationofknowledgeandtheformationofintelligenceandwisdom.Therefore,peoplepaymoreattentiontothescienceofthinking.Increasingly.Thinkingsciencehasbroaddevelopmentprospectsandthepossibilityofmajorbreakthroughs.Atthesametime,theprogressofthinkingsciencewillgreatlyenrichtheepistemologicaltreasurehouseofMarxism.
Academicsignificance
Isitpossibleandnecessarytoestablishthescienceandtechnologydepartmentofthinkingscience?Thefirstpartofthisquestion,thequestionofwhetheritispossible,actuallyaskswhetherpeople’sthinkingisregular.Ifthereisnolaw,thenofcoursethescienceofthinkingcannotbeestablished.Inabroadsense,fromtheperspectiveofmaterialism,thinkingcertainlyhaslaws,becausethinkingisalsoanobjectivephenomenon,andallobjectivethingsandtheirmovementshavetheirownlaws,andthinkingisofcoursenoexception.Weshouldalsostudythisissueindepth,whichcanbedividedintotwoaspects.
YoucanfirstlookatthefactthatthinkingishumanCentralNervousSystem,especiallythebraincausedbyvariousexternalstimuli.Allkindsofexternalstimuliaretheproductsofchangesandmovementsintheobjectiveworld.Thesechangesandmovementsfollowthelawsoftheobjectiveworld,thatis,thelawsofnatureandsociety.Therefore,allkindsofexternalstimulialsohavetheirownlaws.It'snotfornoreasonandnorulestofollow.Inthisway,thebrainactivityofthehumancentralnervoussystemmustofcourseberegular,andthehumanthinkingmustberegular.Someonemayask:Isitpossibletosaythatpeople'sthinkingisregularifallkindsofexternalstimuliareregular?Willthehumanbrainbe"ingenious"?Orisitdifferentfrompersontoperson?Thisisonestepfurthertothesecondaspectoftheanswer:everyone'sbrainisnotnecessarilyexactlythesameinstructureandfunction,otherwiseitwillbecomearobot,notalivingpersonorarealperson.Afterall,thehumanbrainistheresultofhundredsofmillionsofyearsofbiologicalevolution.Heredityplaysarole.Fundamentally,thestructureofthehumanbrainisexactlythesame.Theadjustmentisalsothesame,whichguaranteestheregularityofhumanthinkingfromthemicrostructureofthehumanbrain.
Ofcourse,thereareabsolutelynoexceptions.Therearestillsicklunaticscausedbyvariousmisfortunesinsociety.Thebrainsoflunaticsarealsomadeofmaterial.Theirthinkingmaybedifferentfromordinarypeople,buttheymusthavetheirownlaws.Thatisthescienceofmentalillness.
Asmentionedabove,thinkingisregular,whichisactuallyoneoftheconclusionsofdialecticalmaterialism.Tostudythispartofthescienceofobjectivelaws,thinkingsciencecanbeestablished,nomatterwhatkindofthinkingisnoexception.
What"God'sInspirationResponse"?Whatisnot,itisthefunctionofthehumanbrain,whichiscalled"HumanInspirationResponse".Nowlet’stalkaboutwhetheritisnecessarytoestablishthescienceandtechnologydepartmentofthinkingscience.Abasicprinciplehereisthatmodernscienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedintoaplethoraofdisciplines,withmoreandmoredetaileddivisionsoflabor,andatthesametime,theyarecloselyrelatedtoeachothertoformawhole.Ifitisawhole,onehastostudythestructureofthewhole,theconnectionsandinterrelationshipsbetweendisciplines.Thewholeisasystem,andthesystemmusthaveclearlevelsanddepartmentalsub-systems.Therefore,whenwestudythesystemstructureofmodernscienceandtechnology,wemustpayattentiontofindingoutthehorizontallevelandverticaldepartmentalsub-systems,otherwisewewillnotbeabletounderstandtheoutline;andiftheoutlineofthesystemisnotclear,howcanwetrulyunderstandthesubject?Whatabouttheinterrelationships?ThisisalsothereasonwhyIamnotsatisfiedwithsomepaperscommentingonthemodernscienceandtechnologysystem.Theymessuptherelationshipbetweendisciplinesandcannotreflecttheoriginalstructureofthings.ThelongitudinaldivisionmethodIsuggesthasbeenexplainedbefore,namely,thesixdepartmentsofnaturalsciences,socialsciences,mathematicalsciences,systemssciences,humansciencesandthinkingscienceshavealreadybeenstated,soIwillnotrepeatthemhere.
HereIwanttotalkaboutthedivisionofhorizontallevels.Theprincipleofthisdivision:Sincepeopleunderstandtheobjectiveworldforthepurposeoftransformingtheobjectiveworld,wecandividethelevelaccordingtowhetheritdirectlytransformstheobjectiveworldorismoreindirectlyrelatedtothetransformationoftheobjectiveworld.Infact,thisstratificationmethodhasbeengraduallyformedinthepracticeofnaturalscienceformorethanonehundredyears.Therefore,itisalsoasummaryofexperience,notafantasy.Innaturalsciences,thefirstleveloftheoryisformed,thatis,basicscience.Asfortheengineeringtechnologythatdirectlytransformstheobjectiveworld.First,itwasusedasacraft,notasascience;itbecameasciencearoundtheendofthenineteenthcenturyandthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,anditwastaughtincollegesanduniversities.Asforthetechnicalsciencebetweenbasicscienceandengineeringtechnology,ontheonehand,itistheapplicationofbasicscience,ontheotherhand,itisthetheoreticalfoundationofmorethanoneengineeringtechnology.Years.Ithinkthisleveldivisionisreasonable.Itisuniversallyapplicable.Thesixmajordepartmentsaredividedintothreelevels:basicscience,technicalscience,andengineeringtechnology.Abovethethreelevels,asthehighestgeneralizationofpeople'sunderstandingoftheobjectiveworld,ofcourseitshouldbeMarxistphilosophy.
Ingeneral,theaboveisthesystemstructureofmodernscienceandtechnology,inwhichthinkingscienceisjuxtaposedwithotherdepartmentsasadepartment.ItalsoillustratesthedivisionofinternallevelsofthinkingscienceanditsrelationshipwithMarxistphilosophy.relation.Whenthinkingscienceisestablishedasadepartmentinthisway,theconnectionbetweentopandbottomcanbeclearlydefined,whichisconducivetolearningfromeachotherwithinthescienceofthinkingandpromotingitsdevelopment.Thisisthenecessitytoestablishamodernscienceandtechnologydepartmentsuchasthinkingscience.