TheoriginofUAVs
TheearliestdevelopmentofUAVswasafterWorldWarI.Inadditiontotheuseofdronestotrainanti-aircraftgunnersinWorldWarII,boththeUnitedStatesandGermanytriedTheplanecarriesalargeamountofexplosives,andiscontrolledbythepilotdirectlyorthroughanotherplanetocarryouthighlyaccurateattacksonspecialtargets.GermanyusedfighterjetsandunmannedbombersontheEasternFront.TheU.S.experimentallyusestheB-17bomberasavehicleforexplosives.Thepilotparachutesaftertheautomaticflightdeviceisactivatedinthefinalstage,andtheaircrafthitsthetargetafterthedefaultflight.
AftertheSecondWorldWar,therewereseveraldevelopmentroutes.Oneistoconvertretiredaircraftintospecialresearchortargetaircraft.Oneistousespeciallydesignedsmallunmannedaircraftforspecialreconnaissanceortestmissions,andthethirdistoreplacelargeaircraftwithsmallunmannedaircraft.Withtheadvancementofelectronictechnology,droneshavebeguntoshowtheirflexibilityandimportanceintheroleofreconnaissancemissions.DuringtheVietnamWar,theUnitedStatesusedalargenumberofunmannedaerialvehiclestoconductreconnaissanceworkonhigh-valueortightlydefensivetargets,soastoreducetheriskofcasualtiesorbeingcaptured.TheRPV(RemotelyPilotedVehicle)developedbytheU.S.militaryduringtheVietnamWar,thatis,theTeledyne-RyanAircraftCompany'sAGM-34Firebee,wasoneoftherepresentativeproductsoftheearlyunmannedaircraft.Inaddition,theD-12triplesonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcarriedbytheA-12reconnaissanceaircraftisanotherveryspecialbutunsuccessfulattempt.
Inthe1950s,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensemodifiedafewQH-50helicoptersoftheDASHprogramtoserveasareconnaissancemissioninVietnam.Inaddition,from1965to1967,Japanpurchasedatotalof20QH-50sfromtheUnitedStatesanddeployedthemonshipsoftheMaritimeSelf-DefenseForce.
In1982,IsraelAviationIndustryCorporation(IAI)pioneeredtheuseofdronesforothermilitarymissions.DuringtheGalileePeaceOperation(LebanonWar),theScoutUAVsystemusedtoplayanimportantcombatroleintheserviceoftheIsraeliArmyandtheIsraeliAirForce.TheIsraelDefenseForcesmainlyusedronesforreconnaissance,intelligencecollection,trackingandcommunications.DuringOperationDesertStormin1991,theU.S.militaryoncelaunchedaspeciallydesignedsmalldroneasadecoytodeceiveenemyradarsystems.
Ensimmäistä sukupolvea hallitsivat tiedustelulentokoneet. 2000-luvulla jotkut UAV-laitteet on varustettu aseilla (esimerkiksi RQ-1 Predatori, joka oli varustettu AGM-114 Hellfireair-to-surface -ohjuksilla).
Israelisattheforefrontoftheworldinthedevelopmentandapplicationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Sincethe1970s,IsraelhasindependentlydevelopedorcooperatedwiththeUnitedStates,Switzerlandandothercountriestodevelopthreegenerationsofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,namelythefirstgenerationof"reconnaissancesoldiers",thesecondgenerationof"pioneers","prowlers",andthethirdgeneration."Searcher","Hound","Heron"and"Eyes"etc.Theseunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthaveanactiverangeofabout100km,upto1000km,andhavealifetimerangingfrom4hto40h.Theyareequippedwithdifferentreconnaissanceequipmentandcanperformphotographicreconnaissance,televisionreconnaissance,infraredimagingreconnaissanceorelectronicreconnaissance.Theinformationobtainedcanbetransmittedbacktothegroundcommandcenterdirectlyorviaradiorelayinrealtime.
TheUnitedStatesattachesgreatimportancetothedevelopmentoflong-endurance,unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcommontothethreeservices,anditstechnologyisattheworld'sleadinglevel.AccordingtotheU.S.military'sunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopmentplan,thefocusisonthedevelopmentoflong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.The"Neusquito750"and"Predator"medium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavebeensuccessfullydeveloped."Neus750"and"Predator"aremedium-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,withaflighttimeofupto40hours,andcanpatroloverthetargetformorethan20hours.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedphotoelectricreconnaissanceequipment,electronicreconnaissanceequipmentanddatatransmissionequipment."Nanomosquito75"hascarriedoutseveralIOreconnaissanceandsurveillanceflightsduringtheconflictinBosniaandHerzegovina,providingclearreportstokeepabreastofchangesinthetheatersituationandformulaterelevantpolicies.InthelatterpartoftheBosnia-HerzegovinaWarandtheKosovoWar,"Predators"weresenttothebattlefieldtoperformreconnaissancemissions.The"GlobalHawk"isahigh-altitudelong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.
TheEuropeanDefenseAgencyundertheEuropeanCommissionhelditsexecutivecommitteeinBrussels,Belgium,onNovember19,2013.EightcountriesincludingBritain,France,Germany,Greece,Spain,Italy,theNetherlandsandPolandwerepresentatthemeetingDuringthisperiod,aplantocooperateinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwassigned.
The"EuropeanDefenseAgency"consultedmultipledefenseministersbeforetheexecutivecommitteeconvened,andconductedresearchontheresearchanddevelopmentofequipmentneededforfutureEuropeandefense.FrenchDefenseMinisterJean-YvesLeDrianrevealedthatthedevelopmentofaEuropeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthenexttenyearswaslistedasa"toppriority"bymultipledefenseministers."EuropeanDefenseAgency"officialPeteHundsaidatapressconferenceheldthatdaythattheopinionsoftheEU'sdefenseministersindicatethatthetimeforlaunchingtheEuropean"RemoteControlAircraftSystem"(RPAS)isripe.
EuropeandefenseexpertsbelievethatEuropehasfallenbehindtheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesinthisfield.Asof2013,theUnitedStatesandIsraelhavereliedontheirfirst-moverscientificresearchadvantagestooccupymostoftheUAVmarket,andEuropemustcatchup.InJune2013,the"EuropeanDefenseAgency"notifiedaviationgiantsinFrance,Italyandothercountriestoacceleratethedevelopmentofdrones.
EuropeandefenseexpertspointedoutthatGermanyandFrance,thetwoleadingEUleaders,haverecognizedtheimportanceofdrones.TheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftintroducedbyGermanyfromIsraelhasalreadyperformedmissionsinAfghanistan,andtheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftimportedbyFrancefromtheUnitedStateshaveparticipatedinmilitaryoperationsinMali.GermanyandFrancesignedanagreementearliertostrengthentheirtechnicalcooperationintheaviationfieldwithaviewtoreducingtheirdependenceontheUnitedStates,Israelandothercountriesondrones.
"EuropeanDefenseAgency"analysispointedoutthatEuropeisexpectedtoindependentlydevelopmedium-rangeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftaround2020.WhenthemediaherereportedthatBritain,France,Germanyandothereightcountriescooperatedinthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,theyusedthe"droneclub"todescribetheeightcountries'plans.Observersherebelievethatthemainpurposeoftheplanisto"checkandbalance"theUnitedStatesandIsrael,withaviewtotakingashareofthedronemarketinthefuture.
Accordingtotheinformationprovidedbythe"EuropeanDefenseAgency",unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeusednotonlyformilitarypurposes,butalsoforbordercontrol,firemonitoring,disasterpreventionandcontrol,etc.
Yhdysvaltojen ja Israelin lisäksi joidenkin maiden armeija on myös varustettu miehittämättömällä tiedustelulentokoneella.Esimerkiksi brittiläinen "phoenix", Venäjän "Kuva 1243", "Breville"yhteisesti kehittämä "Saksan"ja liittovaltion"konsertti" sance-lentokone ja Kanadan CL-227-miehittämätön tiedusteluhelikopteri.
Keytechnology
Pneumatictechnology
Asfutureunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafthavespecialrequirementsforflightperformanceandradarreflectionarea,variousadvancedtechnologiesarerequiredTheresearchofaerodynamiclayoutisparticularlyimportant,andbecausetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdoesnotneedtoconsiderfactorssuchaspilots,itcanadoptamoreradicalaerodynamiclayoutthanamannedreconnaissanceaircraft,suchasahighlyunstabletaillesslayout.
Powertechnology
Unmannedreconnaissanceaircraftinthe21stcenturygenerallyrequirelongrange,sohigh-efficiencypowertechnologymustbeused.Inaddition,newlightandhigh-efficiencyfuelscanbedeveloped,suchashigh-efficiencyaviationkeroseneandtheuseofsolarenergyaspower.Forexample,the"Apollo"solar-poweredunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftbeingtestedintheUnitedStates.Itusesnewthrustvectoringandsplitaileronsthatcanbematchedwiththeaerodynamiclayoutoftheairframeforflightcontrol.Thereisalsoajetmulti-axisthrustvectoringtechnology,whichcontrolstheflightattitudeanddirectionbycontrollingtheenginetothejetdirectionatthenozzle..Thistechnologyeliminatesthemovingpartsofthepreviousmechanicalthrustvectoringdevice,notonlymakesthefixednozzlelighter,butalsoreducestheradarcrosssectioninappearance,andcanquicklyreducethenozzletemperaturetoweakentheinfraredsignal.
Communicationtechnology
Thedatalinktechnologyofbroadbandandbigdataflowcanenableunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttotransmitinformationquicklyoverlongdistances.Theimplementationofsuper-toughlickinggiantcontrolisakeytechnologyforthedevelopmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Ifreal-timecommunicationorreliableoperationisnotpossibleundertheconditionoflong-distanceorenemyinterference,informationcannotbesenttothecommandandcontrolcenter,andinstructionscannotbesenttotheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthatisunderinvestigation,humanscannotplayaroleinit,andunmannedreconnaissanceThemachinewillloseitsadvantage.
Launchandrecovery
Inthe21stcentury,thelaunchandrecoveryofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftarerequiredtobemoreconvenient.Theydonotrelyonrunwaytakeoffandlanding,andunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillhavegreatercompetitiveness.Therefore,whetherthezero-lengthlaunchtechnologyandsaferecoverytechnologyoflargeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanachievebreakthroughsisofgreatsignificance.
Miniaturization
Electronicequipmentwillbemoreadvancedandminiaturized,suchastheuseofembeddedsensorstoachieve3600cognitivecapabilities,throughtheuseofsyntheticapertureradar,lowinterceptionratecommunicationsTheequipmentwillimprovetheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft'sabilitytograspthebattlefieldsituationandincreaseitsanti-jammingcapability.
Klassinen lentokone useista maista
Kiina
Ei-tiedustelu-5 miehittämätöntä pitkän kantaman tiedustelulentokonetta:Ei-tiedustelu-5 (kutsutaan myös WZ-5)UAV-miehittämättömätreconnaissance-lentokone Force.Asearly 1960-luvulla, Kiinan kansanvapausarmeijan ilmavoimat ampuivat alas useita Firebee-tyyppisiä miehittämättömiä tiedustelulentokoneita Yhdysvaltain strategisen ilmavoimien komennon alaisuudessa, kun he suorittivat tiedustelutehtävän Manner-Kiinassa. autokorjattiin"Firebee"-droonejapalautettiin onnistuneesti siniseen.1970-luvun lopulla Kiina alkoi aktivoida"Firebee"UAV:tä ja nimetä WZ-5UAV,ja senexport-mallille annettiin nimi CH-1("Changhong"-1). alunperinerityisesti muokattu Tu-4"Bull"pommikone, ja myöhemmin se vaihdettiin Xin valmistamaan Yun-8E-kuljetuslentokoneeseen 'AnAircraftCompany.Tämä drooni palautetaan laskuvarjolla.Non-Reconnaissance-5UAV:tä käytettiin Kiinan-Vietnamin itsepuolustuksen vastahyökkäyksessä vuonna 1979, ja se on edelleen vain pitkän matkan miehittämätön tiedustelulentokone, joka on käytössäKiinan Liberaapin kanssa.
Accordingtothelatestreports,animprovedWZ-5/CH-1UAVhasenteredactiveservice.Thisnewtypeofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissaidtobeequippedwithaglobalpositioningsystemandaninertialnavigationsystem.ThisUAVusesaWP-11turbojetenginewithathrustof8.33kN.Thismachinecancarryequipmentsuchasoptics,TV,infraredcameraandsoon.
WZ-5-alueen suorituskykytiedot: siipien kärkiväli 9,76 metriä; kapteeni 8,97 metriä; lentokoneen korkeus 2,18 metriä; tyhjäpaino 1 060 kg; suurin lähtöpaino 1 700 kg; lentokoneen varusteet65 kg; polttoaineen paino 62 kg; korkeusmittari 0,0 kilometriä s);etäisyys on 2500 kilometriä; kestävyys on 3 tuntia; suurin lentokorkeus on17 500 metriä.
Ei-tiedustelu-9/-2000:Tulevaisuuden miehittämätön tiedustelulentokone,ZhuhaiAirShowin2000-tapahtumassa,Kiinan kansallinen Guizhoun ilmailuteollisuusryhmä osoitti ensin pitkän kantaman Toiminnallisetstealthunmiehitettynä 2000).On arvioitu, että tätä tuulettimella toimivaa miehittämätöntä antenniajoneuvoa on kehitetty 1990-luvun puolivälissä, ja prototyyppiä on voitu testata.
AttheZhuhaiAirShowin2002,GuizhouAviationIndustryGroupexhibitedamorerefinedWZ-9/-2000UAVmodel,whichrevealedmoredetails.Fromtheoveralldesign,ithasmanyinvisiblefeaturessimilartoAmericanproducts.Thelargeheadprotrusioncanaccommodatesatellitecommunicationantennasforreal-timetransmissionofimagesandelectronicintelligencedatatothegroundcontrolcenter.
Thisunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftcanbeequippedwithvarioustypesofopticalandthermalimagingcamerasorreconnaissanceandsurveillanceradars,andcanalsobeusedasanaerialplatformforelectroniccountermeasuresandairborneearlywarning.Itmayalsocarryweaponsforgroundattacks,astheUSAirForcedidinthewaronterrorisminAfghanistan.AlthoughthistypeofUAVcannotbecomparedwiththeU.S.Army’s“GlobalHawk”UAVandhasnostrategicsignificance,itcanplayaroleasareconnaissancesatelliteandperformelectronicwarfare/Electroniccountermeasuremission.
Tianchihigh-altitudeunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,"Skywing"UAV,alsoknownas"Tianyi-3"UAV."Tianyi3"isashort-rangereconnaissanceUAVsystemusedtoperformtacticalreconnaissanceandsurveillancetasksduringwartime.Thereconnaissanceinformationobtainedistransmittedtothegroundsurveyingandmappingstationinrealtime,providingintelligencesupportfortherapidmobileoperationsofthetroops,andconductingpatrolsandsurveillanceinpeacetime.Servingtheborderandcoastaldefenses.Inferredfromitslayout,sizeandappearancecharacteristics,theaircraftshouldbeanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwithhighaltitudeandlongendurance.TheoverallconceptissimilartotheUS"GlobalHawk".Thewhitefairingofthenoseisestimatedtobeasatellitecommunicationantenna,whichisusedtoensurethatthegroundtargetinformationcollectedbytheaircraftcanbetransmittedtothesatelliteinrealtimeandatahighspeed,andsentbacktothegroundreceivingdevicethroughthesatelliterelay.
Israel
"Searcher"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Israel'sthird-generationunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillreplacethe"reconnaissance"droneAsthestandardequipmentoftheIsraeliarmy.Theuppersingle-wingstructureisadopted,andtheengineisplacedabovethetailofthefuselageandispropelledbyathree-bladepropeller.Thehorizontaltailisfixedontwobeamsextendingbackwardfromthetailofthefuselage,andtheslightlyinwardlyinclineddoubleverticaltailsareinstalledatbothendsofthetail.Thelandinggearisthefirstthree-pointtype,whichcanrolloffandlandonflatgroundorontherunway.Whennecessary,apneumaticcatapultorboosterrocketcanbeusedtohelptakeoff.Thelengthis5.15m,theheightis1.16m,thewingspanis7.22m,themaximumtake-offweightis372kg,thepayloadis63kg,theflyingheightis4575m,andtheflyingspeedis111}194km1h.Thereconnaissanceflighttimeperdispatchcanbeupto12h(flyingaltitude3050m,100kmawayfromthebase),andthelongestemptytimeis14h.Theactiveradiusofreconnaissanceflightis220kmwhenthereisaradiorelay,and120kmwhenthereisnorelay.oAirborneThephotoelectricreconnaissanceequipmentincludesaTVcamera,aforward-lookinginfraredinstrument,alasertargetindicator,andalaserrangefinder,whichareinstalledinarotatablesphericalshellatthelowerpartofthefuselage,withanazimuthangleof3600andanelevationangleof+10-10100.Dependingonwhetherthereconnaissancemissionorthetimeofthemissionisdayornight,thesedevicescanhavedifferentcombinations.Therearedatatransmissionequipmentonboard,whichcantransmittheimagesobtainedbyreconnaissancebacktothegroundstationinrealtime.
UnitedStates
"GlobalHawk"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:Ahigh-altitude,high-speed,long-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheUnitedStates.Itismainlyusedforlarge-scalecontinuousreconnaissanceandsurveillanceinlow-andmedium-intensityconflicts.Ithasalengthof13.4m,awingspanof35.5m,amaximumtake-offweightof11610kg,amaximumfuelloadof6577kg,andapayloadof900kg.Aturbofanengineisplacedabovethefuselage,withamaximumflightspeedof740km/h,acruisingspeedof635km/h,arangeof26000km,andabatterylifeof42h.ItcantakeofffromtheUnitedStatesandreachanylocationintheworldforreconnaissance,orcontinuouslyreconnaissanceandsurveillanceoveratarget5500kmawayfromthebasefor24hours,andthenreturntothebase.Theaircraftisequippedwiththreetypesofreconnaissanceequipment:syntheticapertureradar,TVcamera,andinfrareddetector,aswellasdefensiveelectroniccountermeasureequipmentanddigitalcommunicationequipment.Thedetectionrangeofsyntheticapertureradaris20-200km,anditcanmonitoranareaof1.374x105km2inaday,andtheimageresolutionis0.9m,whichcandistinguishcarsandtrucks;orcarefullyobserve1900suspiciousareasof2kmx2km.Theresolutionis0.3m,whichcandistinguishbetweenstationaryandmovingtargets.TheTVcameraisusedtotakepicturesofthetarget,andtheimageresolutionisclosetothelevelofthephotographicfilm.Infrareddetectorscanfindcamouflagedtargetsanddistinguishbetweenmovingtargetsandstationarytargets.Thetargetimageobtainedbythereconnaissanceequipmentistransmittedtothegroundstationinrealtimeatarateof50Mb/sthroughsatellitecommunicationormicrowaverelaycommunication.Afterinformationprocessing,theintelligenceissenttothetheaterorbattlefieldcommandcenterfordecision-makingorbattlefielddamageassessmentforthecommander.Provideinformation.
Supersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:AnewtypeofsupersonicunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftdevelopedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.Thespeedofthisreconnaissanceaircraftwillreach6timesthespeedofsoundandwillItwillbetestedinthenextactualcombatmilitaryexerciseanditisexpectedtocreateanewunmannedflightrecord.TheU.S.DepartmentofDefensewillexplainthevariousequipmentoftheprototypeinapublicstatement.Infact,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensehasconductedthisresearchfordecades,becausethisreconnaissanceaircraftwillbecomea"all-rounder"withspacereconnaissance,supersonicreconnaissanceaircraftmannedflight,ultra-high-speedmissilesormilitaryaircraft,etc.Function.Anditispreciselybecauseofitsultra-hightechnicalcontentthatmakesthisresearchverydifficult.Atthesametime,theexistingU.S.reconnaissanceaircraftcannolongermeetthedemand.TheSR-71"Blackbird"strategicreconnaissanceaircraft,althoughtheflightspeedandaltitudemeettherequirements,hasalimitedtimeintheairandcannotcontinuetoconductreconnaissanceandsurveillance.Thecostwastoohigh,soitwasretiredfromactiveserviceinthe1990s.
Suchapowerfulperformancemakesitdifficultfortheengineersresponsibleforthedesignofthisreconnaissanceaircraft.Thegoalofonly6timesthespeedofsoundisdifficulttoachieve,becauseitisdifficultforengineerstoensurethatatsuchahighspeed,withtheexistingtechnicalconditions,itispossibletoensurethatthefuselageoftheaircraftwillnotdisintegrate.Anotherthornyissueisthepoweroftheaircraft.Sincethe20thcentury,thereconnaissanceaircraftstillusesordinaryturbojetengines.Thistimethedesignersplantoaddanotherengine.This"ultrasonicoxidationjetpropulsionengine"willhavenomovablepartsandallowtheaircrafttoflyathighspeeds.Abletogaintremendousmomentum.Ontheotherhand,thedesignersintendtousehydrogenasafuel,butthisrequiresahugegastank,andifthevolumeistoolarge,itwillaffectthespeed.Therefore,engineersturnedtothedual-oxygenjetpropulsionengine.
PhantomRayUnmannedReconnaissanceAircraft:Ataceremonypidetty St. Louisonissa 10. toukokuuta 2010, Boeing paljasti edistyneen miehittämättömän ilmajärjestelmän (UAS) — "PhantomRayn" mysteeri". 36 jalkaa (noin 11 metriä) ja paino 36 500 paunaa (noin 16 556 kiloa) .Sen lentokorkeus voi saavuttaa 40 000 jalkaa (noin 12 192 metriä), mikä on 10 000 jalkaa (noin 3048 metriä) korkeampi kuin tavallinen pitkän matkan kaupallinen lentokone; sen matkanopeusyliäänennopeus ).
"PhantomRay"isademonstrationaircraftdesignedtoserveasaflyingtestplatformtoexploreopportunitiesforfuturetechnologyresearchanddevelopment.ItwasdevelopedbyBoeingPhantomandisbasedonaprototypeoriginallydevelopedbyBoeingfortheUSmilitary.Intermsofdesign,the"PhantomRay"hasanextremelylowradarcrosssection,allowingittosneakintotheenemy'sairspacewithoutbeingdetected.Itsengineishiddeninthebodytoreduceinfraredcharacteristicsandcanlaunchmissilesduringflight.Likeanyweapon,the"phantomray"willonlybeusedwhenneeded.
Boeing’sDefense,Space,andSecuritySystemsCEODennisMyilenburgsaid:“Asatestingplatformforadvancedtechnologies,"PhantomRay"canprovideourcustomerswithavarietyofoptions,suchasintelligencecollection,Surveillanceandreconnaissance,suppressionofenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacksandself-propelledaerialrefueling-thepossibilitiesareendless."
Througharapidprototypingandmanufacturingprocess,Boeingdevelopeditinjusttwoyears"PhantomRay"comesout.Theunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbetestedinthesummerof2010,andwillmakeitsfirstflightinDecember,andwillmake10flightswithinsixmonths.DarrylDavis,presidentofBoeingPhantomFactory,said:“Wehaveenteredthefastlaneandthefirstflightisjustaroundthecorner.”“PhantomRay”isdesignedtoactasanadvancedtechnologytestplatformwhilesupportingintelligencecollection,surveillance,andreconnaissance.Suppressenemyairdefensefirepower,electronicattacks,airstrikesandself-propelledaerialrefuelingtasks.
Japan
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopadomesticUAVequippedwithhigh-sensitivityinfraredsensorstoenhanceitsearlydetectionofballisticmissiles.
ItisreportedthattheMinistryofDefenseplanstoapplyfor3billionyen(approximatelyUS$37.3million)inthe2013budgetforthe"aircraftdronesysteminthenextfouryears.Research".TheMinistryofDefenseplanstocarryoutthebasicdesignoftheUAVtestmachine.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thestrengthtestwillbecarriedout,anditwillbeputintousein2020.
Theunmannedaerialvehicletobedevelopedwillflyatanaltitudeof13,500meters.Itcandetectlow-altitudemovingobjectsfromtheseanearJapanandcansailcontinuouslyfor22hours.AfterJapandeploysUAVs,itcandetectthelaunchofballisticmissilesearlierthanground-basedradars,anditcanalsotrackthemissilesafterlaunching.
ThecurrentmissiledetectionsystemoftheMinistryofDefenseofJapanismainlycomposedofgroundradarandAegisships.Inaddition,theearlywarningsatellitesoftheUSmilitaryalsoprovideintelligencetoJapan.However,systemssuchasradarcanonlydetectthetargetobjectafteritreachesacertainheight.
TheMinistryofDefenseofJapanplanstodevelopthefirsttestmachineofanunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftfrom2013.Afterthetestmachineiscompleted,thesystemwillbeenhancedonthisbasis.MinistryofDefenseofficialssaidthatthehigh-sensitivityinfrareddetectionsystemhasbeendevelopedandrelatedtechnologiesarebasicallyinplace.
TheJapanesegovernmentoncehopedtopurchasetheUSGlobalHawkunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft,butithasnotreceivedapositiveresponsefromtheUS,soithasbecomeachoiceoftheJapanesegovernmenttoindependentlydevelopanewdomesticdrone.
Thenewsshowsthatifthislong-termairborneunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftissuccessfullydeveloped,itwillnotonlybeabletodrivedirectlyintoNorthKoreaandRussia,butalsobeconnectedtothegroundradarsystemtodetectballisticmissilesattackingJapaninadvance.Andeffectivelyimplementinterception.Atthesametime,thetrajectoryofanartificialsatellitesimilartothatofNorthKorea'slaunchcanalsobeaccuratelygrasped.
SouthKorea
SouthKorea’sMinistryofDefenserecentlystatedthatNorthKorea’s"provocativethreat"stillexistsandisveryimportantforNorthKoreaninvestigations.TheMinistryofNationalDefenseisadvancingaplantoincreasethedronebudgetto35billionwon.TheSouthKoreanmilitaryintendstocompletetheresearchanddevelopmentoftheUAVsystemby2017andformallydeployitin2018.
Verrattuna Etelä-Koreassa tällä hetkellä käytettyyn "KingKong"- ja "Whitehead"-tiedustelulentokoneeseen, UAV:lla on pitkä akunkesto ja vahva varkaus, mutta sen suorituskyky on parempi kuin Yhdysvaltain "GlobalHawk" UAV.Hieman heikompi.
SouthKoreanmilitaryofficialssaidthatKorean-mademid-altitudeUAVsand"GlobalHawk"UAVscancooperatetobuildathree-dimensionalreconnaissancesystem.TheformercanbedeployednearthearmisticelinetocentrallymonitorthemovementoftheNorthKoreanarmyonthefrontline,whilethelattercanbeusedforinvestigationintherearoftheNorthKoreanarmy."UAVsarealsooneofthenecessaryconditionsforSouthKoreatobuilda'killchain'againstNorthKorea'snuclearandmissileattacks,"theofficialemphasized.
UnitedKingdom
The"phoenix"unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:the"phoenix"unmannedaerialvehicleisakindofmediumdevelopedbytheBritishcompanyMarconiChengunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Theairframeismadeofcompositematerials,modularstructure,propulsionwingandtailbeam,replaceablewing,verticaltailwingtip,etc.Theaircrafthasgoodstealthperformance,highsurvivability,andiseasytomaintainandtransportonthebattlefield.Themaximumoperatingheightis2440m,thereconnaissanceradiusis60km,andthefieldofviewis800km2ataheightof1000m.Itsmainpurposeistoprovidereconnaissancephotosanddataforartilleryinterceptors.Theaircraftisequippedwithadvancedinfraredsensors,syntheticapertureradarandelectronicwarfaresystems.Afterthefirst"Pheasant"UAVwastestedinCanada,theBritishArmyreassessedthecombatneedsoftheUAVandmadefurtherimprovementstotheMarconi"Pheasant"UAV.Improvementsinclude:addingsyntheticapertureradars,radiorelaystations,lasertargetindicationsforguidedweapons,andremotelandminedetectiondevices,includingnewmissionloads.
FormerSovietUnion
Picturea243unmannedreconnaissanceaircraft:ItisaUAVfromPicturea143bytheformerSovietUnionTupolevDesignBureauin1982.Improved.Itismainlyusedforairreconnaissanceinthebattledepthof150km,especiallyintheairdefensezoneoftheenemy'sairdefenseweaponsandpossiblenuclear,chemicalandbiologicalweaponscontaminatedareas,dayandnightairreconnaissanceunderanyclimaticconditions.Itcaneffectivelydiscovertheenemy’simportanttargets,suchasnuclearartillerybatteries,surface-to-surfacemissiles,airdefensemissiles,andtransportationhubs,positionsandtroopassemblyareas,anddivisioncommandposts.Thereconnaissanceintelligenceobtainedandrecordedwillbereceived,processed,anddecodedonthereconnaissanceaircraftandonthegroundinatimelymannertoidentifytargetsanddeterminetheircoordinates,makephotographicdocumentsandtransmitintelligence.
ThenavigationsystemofFigure1243canensurethatitfliesaccordingtothescheduledroute,accuratelyentersthereconnaissancearea,andreturnstolandaftercompletingthemission.Thereplaceablereconnaissanceequipmentcabinisinstalledinthenosepart.Itcanbeequippedwithtwotypesofreconnaissanceequipment:oneisAP-402Matmosphericcamerawith"Winter-M"infraredreconnaissanceequipment,andtheotheriswith"Crane-M',AP-402MatmosphericcameraequipmentforTVsystem.Whenperformingreconnaissancemissions,photographicandinfraredreconnaissanceintelligenceisrecordedontheUAVinFigure1.Theintelligenceobtainedthroughinfraredandtelevisionwillbesenttothegroundreceivingstationbyradio,andthereceivedsignalwillbeconvertedintoa475pxwideimage.Whenusingradiotransmission,theacquisitiontimeofthefirstbatchofreconnaissanceintelligenceis10tnin,andthetimeforsendingatmosphericphotographicfilmtothemobilereceivingstationis20min.Theaccuracyofthetargetcoordinatesis60}70m,andthereconnaissanceareaofonesortieisapproximately2100km.
Turkki
Miehittämätön tiedustelulentokone "Anka" on onnistuneesti suorittanut useita kokeita ja testilentoja 18. helmikuuta 2011. Tämän "Anka" -nimisen miehittämättömän lentokoneen on kehittänyt180miehitettyä turkkilaistahuomaaasiantuntijaa. 4 tuntia.Lentäminen 30 000 metrin korkeudessa.Lisäksi UAV voi kuljettaa 200 kg:n kuorman ja nousta maahan eri sääolosuhteissa. Se ylitti Israelista ostetun "Heronin" miehittämättömän tiedustelulentokoneen. .
TheadvancedunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftthathavecompletedvarioustestswillfirstbeusedtocombatterroristorganizationsinsoutheasternTurkey,thusendingthehistoryofrentingandpurchasingdronesfromIsraeltocombatterroristforces.Thereportalsopointedoutthatin2011,5"Anka"UAVswillbeproduced,andby2012,thenumberofUAVsofthistypewillreach20.
Ranskan ja Saksan yhteistyö
"LUNA"lyhyen matkan miehittämätön tiedustelulentokone:Varustettu 3KZOkohdesijoitusdrone-yrityksissä.Kokeellisena järjestelmänä LunaX2000täytetään käyttää Kosovossa ja Makedoniassa. "LunarGodin" tiedusteluetäisyys on noin 40 kilometriä ja kestoaika on 2 tuntia. Nopeus noin 70 km /h(tuuleen suhteutettu nopeus),tiedustelukorkeus on 300-500 metriä. Ilma-alus on varustettu päiväantureillajainfrapuna-antureilla, joten se voi suorittaa tehtäviä päivällä ja yöllä.Ennen tiedustelutehtäväänsyötettyä lentoohjelmaaL voidaan muokata milloin tahansa lähetysjakson aikana,40"0"alusta00alkuvaiheessa. ar"järjestelmät (joista toinen ostettiin erityistoimintoja varten):tälle järjestelmälle on edelleen tarvetta organisaation osatekijöille.
KZOtargetpositioningUAV,thedevelopmentplanofKZOUAVwasoriginallynegotiatedbytheMinistryofNationalDefenseofFranceandGermany.Germanyshares60%oftheresearchanddevelopmentcosts,andFranceshares40%.ThemanufactureristheEuropeanUAVCompany,whichproducedaprototypeandverifieditin1992.However,duetolackoffunds,FrancecancelleditsplantopurchaseKZOdrones.Sincethen,thedevelopmentoftheKZOUAVhasbecomeaseparateprojectcontractedbyGermany.RelevantfundsinGermanyarealsoabsentfromtimetotime,whichsloweddownthedevelopmentofthelatterpartofKZO,andthestraightforwardtestingwasdelayeduntil1998.TheKZOUAVhasundergonesystemtestsintheGermanArmy'sSpecialForcesandArtilleryUnits.Theentiretestwasbasicallycompletedinearly2004,andthenbegandeployment.Bythebeginningof2007,sixKZOUAVsystemshadenteredservicewithfourartillerycompaniesintheGermanArmy.
KZOUAVisanartillerytargetpositioningUAV.Itsmainmissionistodetect,identifyandcaptureenemylong-rangefiretargets,includinglong-rangeartillery,rocketlaunchersandtacticalmissilepositions.Thelauncherisarrangedonaflat-panellaunchvehicle,whichusesrocketpowertoboostthelaunch.Afterthelaunch,theboosterwasthrownaway,andatthesametimetheon-boardpistonenginebegantoworktoensuretheflightpoweroftheUAV.KZOUAVhasgoodstealthability,radarreflectioncrosssectionandinfraredsignalareverysmall.Front-viewinginfraredcameraandsurveillanceTVarethemainequipmentofKZO.Thedataandtargetimagesobtainedbyitaretransmittedtothegroundcommandinrealtimethroughthedatalink.Ithasalengthof2.3meters,aheightof900mm,awingspanof3.4meters,amaximumtake-offweightof150kg,abatterylifeof5.5hours,aceilingof4000meters,acruisingspeedof150km/h,amaximumflyingspeedof220km/h,andamaximumrangeof120km..
TheoversizedsystemmaybethemaindisadvantageoftheKZOUAVsystem.Inadditionto10KZOUAVs,eachsystemalsoincludes2groundstations,1commandvehicle,1launchvehicle,1sparevehicle,1maintenancevehicleanddatalinkterminal.Thepreparationtimeofthewholesystemisabout30minutes,andthelayoutareaisabout10,000squaremeters.
CL-289program-controlledUAV,CL-289canprovideaccuratebattlefieldsituation,targetandshootingeffectreconnaissanceresultswithinadistanceof170kilometers.Theflightspeedisabout740km/h,anditsailsabout400kilometers(round-tripdistance)within30minutesofendurance.Theaircraftisequippedwithinfraredsensorsanddayandnightsensors,sotheaircraftisnotrestrictedfordayandnightuse.Therangeofthesensoriscurrentlylimitedto12kilometers.Inanimprovementplantoimprovecombateffectiveness,byincreasingtheflightdistanceandthedetectiondistanceofsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilitywillonceagainbesignificantlyimproved.Inaddition,throughtheuseofradarsensors,thereconnaissancecapabilityundersevereweatherconditionswillbesignificantlyimproved.
Kehitystrendi
Miehittämättömien tiedustelulentokoneiden taistelutehtävä on laajentunut taktisesta toiminta- ja strategisesta ulottuvuudesta, ja se on vaihdettu vähitellen miehitettyjen tiedustelulentokoneiden. keskikorkeuden pitkäkestoiset drones"Predator", joka toimii "siirtymävaiheen" roolina,Yhdysvallat kehittää ja parantaa myös aktiivisesti taistelukykyään. Tyyppi"Predator"B,vaihda suuritehoinen potkurimoottori, lisää nopeutta(370) -426 km/h), nosta kattoa (12 000 m) ja kuormaa (308 kg) ja lisää "Predatorin" tiedustelu- ja taistelukykyä.
Theverticaltake-offandlandingunmannedaerialvehicle(VTUAV)willreplacethefixed-wingunmannedaerialvehicle.Existingfixed-wingUAVshavecomplextake-offandlandingproceduresonships,lowtargetpositioningaccuracy,highaccidentrates,anddifficultyinfulfillingcombatrequirements.Theverticaltake-offandlandingUAVhaslowrequirementsfortake-offandlandingconditions.Itcantakeoffandlandfromoffshoreplatformsandonlandundercomplexterrainandgroundconditions,andissuitableforship-borne,urbanandmountainousconditions.
Thedevelopmentofmicrounmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisrapid,andtheUAVequipmentwillbeextendedtothelowerlevel.Inordertomeettheneedsoffuturespecialoperationsandurbanoperations,thepaceofminiaturizationofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisprogressingrapidly.Forexample,after2005,"handhelddrones"using"nano"technologywillbeequippedwithUSspecialforces,andtheequipmentlevelofthedroneswillextendtosquads,groups,andindividualsoldiersbelowthebattalion.Thiskindofdroneisdifficulttodetectwithradarorinfraredsensors,anditfliesveryquietly,makingitimpossibleforpeopletofeelitsexistence.
Themissionequipmentofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionofall-weather,high-resolution,long-distance,miniaturization,modularization,andlowcost.UAVsinthe21stcenturywillusehigh-definitiondigitaltelevisiontoreplacethecurrentstandardtelevision.Digitalcameraswithquasi-real-timetransmissionwillreplacefilmaerialreconnaissancecameras.Thethird-generationforward-lookinginfraredinstrumentwithhighresolution,highsensitivity,noscanningimaging,orevencooling,willbewidelyusedonUAVs.High-resolution,long-range,multi-mode,andminiaturizedsyntheticapertureradarwillbeusedonvarioustypesofUAVs.TheUAV'sall-weatherreconnaissancecapabilitiesandtheabilitytorecognizecamouflagedtargetswillbefurtherenhanced.Duetotechnologicalprogress,thecostofmissionequipmentforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillalsobereduced,makingitpossibletoequipalargenumberoftroops.
Themeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemoftheunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftisdevelopinginthedirectionoflong-distance,securityandconfidentiality,generalization,digitization,andnetworking.Inthe21stcentury,theover-the-horizonlong-distancemeasurementandcontroltransmissionsystemusingsatelliterelayshasbecomemorematureandcommoninlong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Themeasurementandcontrolstationforunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbeserializedanduniversal.Theinteroperabilityofthereconnaissanceinformationofvarioustypesofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraftwillbesolved.Bythen,thesamegroundstationcanbeusedtocontroldifferenttypesofUAVsordifferentgroundstationscanbeusedtoreceivedatafromthesameUAV.TheintelligenceinformationobtainedbyUAVsusedbyvariousservicesandarmswillbeintegratedintotheC'ISRnetworktorealizeresourcesharing.
Stealthtechnologyiswidelyusedtofurtherimprovethestealthperformanceofunmannedreconnaissanceaircraft.Thecombatstyleofmodernwarfarehastransformedinto"asymmetric"and"non-contact".Therefore,enhancingthestealthperformanceofUAVshasbecomeanurgentissueforthemilitaryofvariouscountriestosolve.Israelisdevelopingahigh-altitudelong-endurancestealthdrone.LockheedMartiniscurrentlysecretlydevelopingablackstealthdronefortheUSAirForce.Asof2013,thestealthtechnologyofdronesisstillinthedevelopmentstage.Continuetodeveloplong-enduranceunmannedreconnaissanceaircrafttomakeitareal-timesurveillanceplatforminthefuture.