Function
ThefunctionofvirtualmemoryThememoryplaysaveryimportantroleinthecomputer.Alltheprogramsrunninginthecomputerneedtobeexecutedthroughthememory.Iftheexecutionoftheprogramislargeormany,thenWillcausethememorytorunout.Inordertosolvethisproblem,thevirtualmemorytechnologyisusedinWindows,thatis,apartoftheharddiskspaceisusedasmemory.Whenthememoryisoccupied,thecomputerwillautomaticallycalltheharddiskasthememorytorelievethetensionofthememory.Forexample,ifthecomputerhasonly128MBofphysicalmemory,whenreadingafilewithacapacityof200MB,arelativelylargevirtualmemorymustbeused.Afterthefileisreadbythememory,itwillbestoredinthevirtualmemoryfirst.Afterwaitingforthememorytostoreallthefilesinthevirtualmemory,thefilesstoredinthevirtualmemorywillbereleasedtotheoriginalinstallationdirectory.
Settings
Thevirtualmemorysettingsmainlysettwopointsforvirtualmemory,namelymemorysizeandpaginglocation,memorysizeistosettheminimumandmaximumvirtualmemory;andpagingThelocationistosettheharddiskspaceinthepartitionthatthevirtualmemoryshoulduse.Forthememorysizesetting,howtogettheminimumandmaximumvalues?Youcangetitbythefollowingmethod:select"Start→Programs→Accessories→SystemTools→SystemMonitor"(ifnotinthesystemtools,youcaninstallitthroughtheWindowsinstallerin"Add/RemovePrograms")toopenthesystemmonitor,Andthenselect"Edit→AddItem",select"MemoryManagementProgram"inthe"Type"item,andselect"SwapFileSize"inthelistontheright.Inthisway,asyouoperate,thefluctuationoftheexchangefilevaluewillbedisplayed.Youcanopenthefrequentlyusedprograms,andthenusethem,thenchecktheperformancevalueinthesystemmonitor,becausetheusereverytimeThesituationwhenusingacomputerisdifferent.Therefore,itisbesttomonitortheswapfileforalongtimetofindthevaluethatbestmatchesyourswapfile,soastoensurestablesystemperformanceandkeepitinthebeststate.Afterfindingthemostsuitablerangevalue,whensettingthevirtualmemory,right-click"MyComputer"andselect"Properties"topopupthesystempropertieswindow,selectthe"Performance"tab,andclickthe"VirtualMemory"buttonbelowtopopupInthevirtualmemorysettingwindow,clickthe"Usersspecifyvirtualmemorysettings"radiobutton,selectthepartitionwithlargerfreespacefor"HardDisk",andthenentertheappropriaterangevaluesinthe"Minimum"and"Maximum"textboxes.Ifyoufinditalittletroublesometousethesystemmonitortogetthemaximumandminimumvalues,youcanchoose"LetWindowsmanagevirtualmemorysettings"here.
Säädä sivutussijainti
Windows9:n virtuaalisen muistin tallennussijainti on itse asiassa virtuaalinen muistitiedosto (tunnetaan myös vaihtotiedostona)Win386.swpstallennettunaCdriven päähakemistoon. Sen tallennuspaikka voi olla missä tahansa osiossa. ionavaamallaSystem.ini(underC:\Windows)-tiedoston Notepadissa.Muuta[386Enh]-osiossa"PagingDrive=C:WindowsWin386. swp"muiden osioiden polulle.Jos laitat vaihtotiedostonD:,muuta"PagingDrive=D:Win386.swp",kutenVoit kirjoittaa sen suoraan ilman yllä olevaa ilmoitusta. Windows 2000:lle ja WindowsXP:lle voit valita"Asetukset→Advanced→Advanced"in"VirancePana"s"d"muutos" todellinenmuistinasetusikkuna ja aseman oletusarvoisesti valittu järjestelmä[taltiomerkki]Jos haluat vaihtaa osiota, jossa se sijaitsee, sinun on ensin asetettavaalkuperäinen osio sivutustiedostoon, ja valitse sitten muut osiot.
Ifyourharddiskislargeenough,pleaseopen"System"in"ControlPanel",open"VirtualMemory"inthe"Performance"option,andselecttheseconditem:user-definedThevirtualmemorysettingpointstoalessusedharddisk,andsetsthemaximumandminimumvaluestoafixedvalue,whichisabouttwicethesizeofthephysicalmemory.Inthisway,whenthevirtualmemoryusestheharddisk,itdoesnotneedtoaccommodatethedifferencebetweenlargeandsmall,butusesafixedspaceasthevirtualmemorytospeeduptheaccessspeed.Thesettingofvirtualmemoryisbestperformedafter"diskdefragmentation",sothatthevirtualmemoryisdistributedinacontinuous,non-fragmentedfilespace,whichcanplayabetterrole.
Käyttötaidot
Virtuaalimuisti käyttää taitoja
Fortheproblemofhowtosetvirtualmemory,Microsofthasprovideduswithanofficialsolution.Forgeneralcases,Werecommendthefollowingsettingmethod:
(1)Aseta sivutiedosto osioon, jossa Windows-järjestelmä sijaitsee.Tiedoston koko määräytyy järjestelmäasetuksistasi.Tietokoneen asetusmenetelmätseuraavat:Avaa"Ominaisuudet"-asetusikkuna"MyComputer",vaihda"Advanced"-välilehteen,jain"kirjoita"kirjoitus"y"kokonaisuuden"uudelleenikkunaan" uuse"Ei mitään", aseta sivun tiedoston koko noin2 Mt.Jos käytät"ydinmuistia"ja "fullmemorystorage", aseta sivutiedoston arvosuuremmaksi arvoksi, joka on melkein sama kuin fyysinen muisti.
Smalltip:Thereisacontradictionbetweenwhethertosetthepagefileinthesystempartition:ifitisset,thesystemmayfrequentlyreadthispartofthepagefile,therebyincreasingtheloadonthetrackwherethesystemdiskislocated,butIfitisnotset,whenthesystemhasabluescreenofdeath(especiallyaSTOPerror),thedumpfile(Memory.dmp)cannotbecreated,soprogramdebugginganderrorreportingcannotbeperformed.Sothecompromiseistosetasmallerpagefileonthesystemdisk,aslongasitisenough.
(2)Createaseparateblankpartition,setvirtualmemoryinthepartition,theminimumvalueissetto1.5timesthephysicalmemory,themaximumvalueissetto3timesthephysicalmemory,thepartitionisdedicatedtostoragePagefile,donotstoreanyotherfiles.Thereasonwhyaseparatepartitionisusedtosetvirtualmemoryismainlybasedontwoconsiderations:First,becausetherearenootherfilesonthepartition,thepartitionwillnotgeneratediskfragments,whichcanensurethatthedatareadandwriteofthepagefileisnotaffectedbythedisk.Fragmentationinterference;second,accordingtoWindows'memorymanagementtechnology,Windowswillgiveprioritytotheuseofthepagefileonthepartitionthatisnotfrequentlyaccessed,whichalsoreducesthechanceofreadingthepagefileinthesystemdisk,Whichreducesthepressureonthesystemdisk.
(3)Nopagefileissetforotherharddiskpartitions.Ofcourse,ifyouhavemultipleharddrives,youcancreateapagefileforeachharddrive.Whentheinformationisdistributedonmultiplepagefiles,theharddiskcontrollercanperformreadandwriteoperationsonmultipleharddisksatthesametime.Inthisway,thesystemperformancewillbeimproved.
Muistutus:
Theminimumvalueofvirtualmemorythatcanbesetis2MB,andthemaximumvaluecannotexceedtheremainingspaceofthecurrentharddisk,anditcannotexceedthememoryaddressingrangeofthe32-bitoperatingsystem.--4GB.
Aiheeseen liittyvä
Virtuaalimuisti
virtuaalimuisti
Atypeofstorageusedtoprovideuserswithgreaterrandomaccessspacetechnology.Itusesacombinationofmemoryandexternalmemory.Itseemsthatthereisaninternalmemorywithahugecapacity.Theworkingspeedisclosetothatofthemainmemory,andthecostperbitissimilartothatoftheauxiliarymemory,formingamulti-levelstoragesysteminthewholemachine.
Thesourceofthevirtualmemorycomesfromtheconceptofthefirst-levelmemoryoftheBritishATLAScomputer.Themainmemoryofthissystemisa16Kwordmagneticcorememory,butthecentralprocessingunitcanaddressthemainmemorywitha20-bitlogicaladdress.By1970,theAmericanRCAcompanysuccessfullystudiedvirtualmemorysystems.IBMfullyadoptedvirtualstoragetechnologyontheIBM370systemin1972.Virtualmemoryhasbecomeaveryimportantpartofcomputersystems.
Virtualstorageisautomaticallyrealizedbythehardwareandoperatingsystemtoscheduleandmanagestorageinformation.Itsworkingprocessconsistsof6steps:①Thelogicaladdressofthecentralprocessingunit'saccesstothemainmemoryisdecomposedintogroupnumberaandgroupaddressb,andthegroupnumberaisconvertedtotheaddress,thatis,thelogicalgroupnumberaisusedasanindex,andtheaddressconversionischecked.Tabletodeterminewhetherthegroupofinformationisstoredinthemainmemory.②Ifthegroupnumberisalreadyinthemainmemory,goto④;ifthegroupnumberisnotinthemainmemory,checkwhetherthereisafreeareainthemainmemory,ifnot,transferatemporarilyunusedgrouptosendTotheauxiliarystorage,inordertotransferthisgroupofinformationintothemainstorage.③Readthedesiredgroupfromtheauxiliarystorageandsendittothefreeareaofthemainstorage,andthenregisterthefreephysicalgroupnumberaandlogicalgroupnumberaintheaddressconversiontable.④Readthephysicalgroupnumberacorrespondingtothelogicalgroupnumberafromtheaddressconversiontable.⑤Getthephysicaladdressfromthephysicalgroupnumberaandthebyteaddressbinthegroup.⑥Accessnecessaryinformationfromthemainmemoryaccordingtothephysicaladdress.
Therearethreetypesofschedulingmethods:paged,segmented,andpaged.Pageschedulingistodividethelogicalandphysicaladdressspaceintofixed-sizepages.Themainmemoryisnumberedinpageorder,andeachindependentlyaddressedprogramspacehasitsownpagenumbersequence.Byschedulingthepagesoftheprogramintheauxiliarymemory,thepagesoftheprogramcanbediscretelyloadedintodifferentpagepositionsinthemainmemory.Correspondingretrieval.Theadvantageofpageschedulingisthatthefractionofpagesinthepageissmall,thepagetableistransparenttotheprogrammer,theaddresschangesquickly,andtheloadingoperationissimple;thedisadvantageisthateachpageisnotanindependentmoduleoftheprogram,anditisinconvenienttoprotecttheprogramanddata.Segmentschedulingistodividetheaddressspaceaccordingtothelogicalstructureoftheprogram.Thelengthofthesegmentisarbitraryandallowedtoextend.Itsadvantageisthatiteliminatesmemoryfragments,iseasytoimplementstorageprotection,andisconvenientforprogramdynamicassembly;thedisadvantageisthattheloadingoperationiscomplicated..Combiningthesetwomethodsconstitutessegmentpagescheduling.Insegmentpagescheduling,thephysicalspaceisdividedintopages,theprogramissegmentedbymodules,andeachsegmentissubdividedintopagesassmallasthephysicalspacepage.Segmentpageschedulingcombinestheadvantagesofsegmentandpagescheduling.Thedisadvantageisthatitincreasesthecostofthehardwareandthesoftwareismorecomplicated.Mostlargegeneral-purposecomputersystemsusesegmentpagescheduling.
Korvaamismenetelmä
Satunnaisalgoritmi
Käytä ohjelmistoa tai laitteistoa satunnaislukugeneraattoria määrittääksesi korvaava sivu.
First-in-first-out
Ensimmäinen päämuistiin siirretty sivu korvataan ensin.
Vähiten käytetty algoritmi
Korvaa pisimpään käytetyt sivut.
VirtualandRealAddress
1.RealaddressandvirtualaddressTheaddressusedbyuserswhenprogrammingiscalledvirtualaddressorlogicaladdress,andthecorrespondingstoragespaceiscalledvirtualmemoryspaceorlogicAddressspace;theaccessaddressofthecomputer'sphysicalmemoryiscalledtherealaddressorphysicaladdress,andthecorrespondingstoragespaceiscalledthephysicalstoragespaceormainmemoryspace.Theprocessofconvertingavirtualaddresstoarealaddressbyaprogramiscalledprogramrelocation.
2.Virtuaalimuistin käyttöprosessi
Theuserprogramofthevirtualmemoryspaceisprogrammedaccordingtothevirtualaddressandstoredintheauxiliarymemory.Whentheprogramisrunning,theaddressconversionmechanismtransfersapartoftheprogramintotherealmemoryaccordingtotherealaddressspaceallocatedtotheprogramatthattime.Whenfetchingeachmemory,firstdeterminewhetherthepartcorrespondingtothevirtualaddressisinrealmemory:ifitis,thenperformaddressconversionandusetherealaddresstoaccessthemainmemory;otherwise,accordingtoacertainalgorithm,schedulepartoftheprogramintheauxiliarymemoryintoMemory,andthenaccessthemainmemoryinthesameway.Itcanbeseenthatthevirtualaddressspaceofeachprogramcanbemuchlargerthantherealaddressspace,oritcanbemuchsmallerthantherealaddressspace.Theformercaseisforthepurposeofincreasingstoragecapacity,andthelattercaseisforthepurposeofaddressconversion.Thelatterusuallyappearsinmulti-userormulti-tasksystems:therealmemoryspaceislarger,andasingletaskdoesnotrequirealargeaddressspace,andasmallervirtualmemoryspacecanshortenthelengthoftheaddressfieldintheinstruction.
Heterogeneoussystem
Fromtheconceptofvirtualmemory,itcanbeseenthattheaccessmechanismofmainmemory-auxiliarymemoryissimilartothatofcache-mainmemory.Thesearetwolevelsinathree-levelstoragesystemcomposedofcachememory,mainmemoryandauxiliarymemory.Betweencacheandmainmemoryandbetweenmainmemoryandauxiliarymemory,thereareauxiliaryhardwareandauxiliarysoftwareandhardwarerespectivelyresponsibleforaddressconversionandmanagement,sothatalllevelsofmemorycanformanorganicthree-levelstoragesystem.Cacheandmainmemoryconstitutethememoryofthesystem,andthemainmemoryandauxiliarymemoryrelyonthesupportofauxiliarysoftwareandhardwaretoformvirtualmemory.
Kolmitasoisessa tallennusjärjestelmässä välimuistin päämuistin ja päämuistin lisämuistin kahdella tallennustasolla on monia samankaltaisuuksia:
(1)Thestartingpointisthesame:bothItisahierarchicalstoragesystemconstructedtoimprovetheperformance-to-priceratioofthestoragesystem.Theyalltrytomaketheperformanceofthestoragesystemclosetothehigh-speedstorage,whilethepriceandcapacityareclosetothelow-speedstorage.
(2)Theprincipleisthesame:bothusetheprincipleoflocalitywhentheprogramisrunningtotransfercommonlyusedinformationblocksfromarelativelyslowandlarge-capacitymemorytoarelativelyhigh-speedandsmall-capacitymemory.
Tallennusjärjestelmä
Butthetwostoragelevelsofcache-mainmemoryandmainmemory-auxiliarymemoryalsohavemanydifferences:
(1)FocusDifference:CachemainlysolvestheproblemofthespeeddifferencebetweenmainmemoryandCPU;intermsofimprovingtheperformance-priceratio,virtualmemorymainlysolvestheproblemofstoragecapacity,andalsoincludesstoragemanagement,mainmemoryallocation,andstorageprotection.(2)Thedatapathisdifferent:ThereisadirectaccesspathbetweentheCPUandthecacheandthemainmemory,andthemainmemorycanbedirectlyaccessedwhenthecachemisses;thereisnodirectdatapathbetweentheauxiliarymemoryandtheCPUonwhichthevirtualmemorydepends.Whenthemainmemoryismissed,itcanonlybesolvedbypaging,andtheCPUwilleventuallyneedtoaccessthemainmemory.
(3)Thetransparencyisdifferent:themanagementofthecacheiscompletelycompletedbythehardware,whichistransparenttoboththesystemprogrammerandtheapplicationprogrammer;whilethevirtualmemorymanagementiscompletedbythesoftware(operatingsystem)andthehardwaretogether,becausethesoftwareThevirtualstorageisnottransparenttothesystemprogrammerwhoimplementsstoragemanagement,butonlytransparenttotheapplicationprogrammer(segmentandpagemanagementare"translucent"totheapplicationprogrammer).
(4)Thelossatthetimeofamissisdifferent:theaccesstimeofthemainmemoryis5-10timesthatofthecache,andtheaccessspeedofthemainmemoryisusuallyfasterthanthatoftheauxiliarymemoryThespeedisthousandsoftimesfaster,sotheperformancelossofthesystemwhenthemainmemoryismissedismuchgreaterthanthelosswhenthecacheismissed.Thekeyproblemstobesolvedbythevirtualmemorymechanism(1)Schedulingproblem:Decidewhichprogramsanddatashouldbetransferredtothemainmemory.(2)Addressmappingproblem:Whenaccessingthemainmemory,thevirtualaddressischangedtothephysicaladdressofthemainmemory(thisprocessiscalledinternaladdressconversion);whentheauxiliarymemoryisaccessed,thevirtualaddressischangedtothephysicaladdressoftheauxiliarymemory(thisTheprocessiscalledexternaladdressconversion)inordertochangepages.Inaddition,issuessuchasmainmemoryallocation,storageprotection,andprogramrelocationmustberesolved.
(3)Vaihtoongelma: Päätä, mitkä ohjelmat ja tiedot siirretään poispäämuistista.
(4)Päivitysongelma:Varmista päämuistin ja lisämuistin johdonmukaisuus.
Underthecontroloftheoperatingsystem,hardwareandsystemsoftwaresolvetheaboveproblemsforusers,thusgreatlysimplifyingapplicationprogramming.
Sivupohjainen ajoitus
1. Sivupohjainen virtuaalimuistiosoitekartoitus
Inapage-basedvirtualstoragesystem,thevirtualaddressspaceisdividedintopagesofequallength.Theyarecalledlogicalpages;themainmemoryspaceisalsodividedintopagesofthesamesize,calledphysicalpages.Correspondingly,thevirtualaddressisdividedintotwofields:thehighfieldisthelogicalpagenumber,andthelowfieldisthepageaddress(offset);theactualmemoryaddressisalsodividedintotwofields:thehighfieldisthephysicalpagenumber,andthelowfieldisthepageInternaladdress.Thevirtualaddress(logicaladdress)canbeconvertedintoaphysicaladdressthroughthepagetable.Inmostsystems,eachprocesscorrespondstoapagetable.Thereisanentrycorrespondingtoeachvirtualmemorypageinthepagetable.Thecontentoftheentryincludestheaddress(physicalpagenumber)ofthemainmemorypagewherethevirtualmemorypageislocated,andavalidbitindicatingwhetherthelogicalpagehasbeentransferredintothemainmemory.Whentheaddressischanged,thelogicalpagenumberisusedastheoffsetaddressinthepagetabletoindexthepagetable(thevirtualpagenumberisregardedasthesubscriptofthepagetablearray)andthecorrespondingphysicalpagenumberisfound,andthephysicalpagenumberisusedasthehighfieldoftheactualmemoryaddress,Andthensplicedwiththeoffsetinthepageofthevirtualaddresstoformacompletephysicaladdress.Moderncentralprocessingmachinesusuallyhavespecializedhardwaretosupportaddresstranslation.
2.Conversionback-upbuffer
Sincethepagetableisusuallyinthemainmemory,evenifthelogicalpageisalreadyinthemainmemory,itmustbeaccessedatleasttwiceinthephysicalmemorytoachieveoneMemoryfetch,whichwilldoubletheaccesstimeofvirtualmemory.Inordertoavoidanincreaseinthenumberofaccessestothemainmemory,asecondarycachecanbeimplementedonthepagetableitself,andthemostactivepartofthepagetableisstoredinahigh-speedmemorytoformafasttable.Thishigh-speedstorageunitdedicatedtothepagetablecacheisusuallycalledatranslationlook-asidebuffer(TLB).Thecompletepagetablestoredinmainmemoryiscalledtheslowtable.
3.Sisäsivutaulukko ja ulkosivutaulukko
Thepagetableisaconversiontablefromthevirtualaddresstothemainmemoryphysicaladdress,usuallycalledtheinnerpagetable.Correspondingtotheinnerpagetableistheouterpagetable,whichisusedfortheconversionbetweenthevirtualaddressandtheauxiliarymemoryaddress.Whenthemainmemorylacksapage,thepagingoperationmustfirstlocatetheauxiliarymemory,andthestructureoftheouterpagetableiscloselyrelatedtotheaddressingmechanismoftheauxiliarymemory.Forexample,fordisks,theauxiliarystorageaddressincludesthediskdrivenumber,headnumber,tracknumber,andsectornumber.
Segmenttien ajoitus
Segmentoi virtuaalinen tallennusjärjestelmä
Segmentsareareasthatcanbedynamicallychangedaccordingtothelengthoftheprogram’snaturalboundaries.Generally,programmersdividedifferenttypesofdatasuchassubroutines,operands,andconstantsintodifferentsections,andeachprogramcanhavemultiplesectionsofthesametype.Inthesegmentvirtualstoragesystem,thevirtualaddressiscomposedofthesegmentnumberandtheaddress(offset)withinthesegment.Theconversionfromvirtualaddresstorealmainmemoryaddressisrealizedthroughthesegmenttable.Eachprogramsetsupasegmenttable,andeachentryinthesegmenttablecorrespondstoasegment.Eachtableentrycontainsatleastthefollowingthreefields:(1)Validbit:Indicatewhetherthesegmenthasbeentransferredtotheactualmemory.
(2)Startaddressofparagraph:Indicatethefirstaddressoftheparagraphintheactualmemorywhentheparagraphhasbeentransferredintotheactualmemory.
(3)Lengthofsection:Recordtheactuallengthofthesection.Thepurposeofsettingthesegmentlengthfieldistoensurethatwhenaccessingtheaddressspaceofacertainsegment,theaddressinthesegmentwillnotexceedthelengthofthesegment,causingtheaddresstocrosstheboundaryanddestroyothersegments.
Thesegmenttableitselfisalsoasegment,whichcanexistinauxiliarystorage,butgenerallyresidesinmainmemory.
Segmentaalisella virtuaalimuistilla on monia etuja:
①Segmentin logiikkariippuvuus tekee sivustosta helppoa kääntää, hallita, muokata ja suojata, ja se on myös kätevä usean ohjelman jakaminen.
②Thesegmentlengthcanbedynamicallychangedaccordingtoneeds,allowingfreescheduling,inordertoeffectivelyusethemainmemoryspace.
Segmentaalisella virtuaalimuistilla on myös joitain haittoja:
①Becausethelengthofthesegmentisnotfixed,themainmemoryspaceallocationismoretroublesome.
②Itiseasytoleavemanyexternalfragmentsbetweensegments,resultinginadecreaseinstoragespaceutilization.
③Sincethesegmentlengthisnotnecessarilyanintegerpowerof2,itisnotpossibletosimplyusethelowestbinarybitsofthevirtualaddressandtherealaddressastheoffsetwithinthesegmentlikethepagingmethod,andcombineitwiththesegmentnumberFordirectsplicing,anadditionoperationmustbeusedtoobtainthephysicaladdressbysummingthestartaddressofthesegmentandtheoffsetwithinthesegment.Therefore,segmentstoragemanagementrequiresmorehardwaresupportthanpagestoragemanagement.
Segmentpagescheduling
Segmentpagevirtualmemoryisacombinationofsegmentvirtualmemoryandpagevirtualmemory.Theactualmemoryisdividedintopagesequally.Eachprogramissegmentedaccordingtothelogicalstructure,andeachsegmentispagedaccordingtotheactualpagesize.Theprogramiscalledinandoutbypage,butitcanbeprogrammed,protectedandsharedbysegment.Itdividestheprogramintologicalunits,andthendivideseachsectionintofixed-sizepages.Thetransferoftheprogramtothemainmemoryiscarriedoutaccordingtothepage,butitcanalsobesharedandprotectedaccordingtothesegment,andhastheadvantagesofboththepagetypeandthesegmenttype.Thedisadvantageisthatitrequiresmultipletablelookupsduringthemappingprocess.Inthesegment-pagevirtualstoragesystem,eachprogramislocatedthroughasegmenttableandasetofpagetables.Eachentryinthesegmenttablecorrespondstoasegment,andeachentryhasapagetablestartingaddresspointingtothesegmentandthecontrolprotectioninformationofthesegment.Thepagetableindicatesthepositionofeachpageofthesegmentinthemainmemory,andstatusinformationsuchaswhetherithasbeenloadedormodified.Iftherearemultipleusersrunningonthemachine,eachchannelofthemulti-programrequiresabasenumber,whichindicatesthestartaddressofthesegmenttableoftheprogram.
Virtuaaliosoitteen muoto on seuraava:
Perusnumero | Segmenttinumero | Sivunumero | Sivun sisäinen osoite |
Conversionalgorithm
Virtuaalimuistiosoitteenmuunnolla on periaatteessa kolmenlaisia virtuaalimuistin työskentelymenetelmiä: täysi assosiaatiomuunnos, suoramuunnos ja ryhmäfyysinen muunnos. Tapa, jollakukin looginen tilasivunmuunnos voidaanmuuttaa kokonaan. icalspace-sivua voidaan muuntaa vaintietyksi fyysisen tilan sivuksi kutsutaan suoraksi muunnokseksi.Ryhmäassosiatiivinen muunnos viittaa ryhmien väliseen suoriin muunnoksiin ja ryhmän sivujen väliseen täysimääräiseen assosiatiiviseen muunnokseen. Korvaussääntöä käytetään määrittämään, mikä osapäämuistinosastakorvaa iliarymemory.On olemassa 4 yleistä korvausalgoritmia.①Satunnaisalgoritmi: käytä ohjelmistoa tai laitteistoa satunnaislukugeneraattoria määrittääksesi korvattavan sivun.
②First-in-first-out:Ensimmäinen päämuistiin siirretty sivu korvataan ensin.
③Vähiten käytetty algoritmi: Vaihda pisimpään käytetyt sivut.
④Optimalalgorithm:Replacethepagethatisusedafterthelongesttime.Thisisanidealizedalgorithm,whichcanonlybeusedasastandardtomeasuretheprosandconsofvariousotheralgorithms.
Theefficiencyofvirtualmemoryisanimportantcontentofsystemperformanceevaluation.Itisrelatedtofactorssuchasmainmemorycapacity,pagesize,hitrate,programlocalityandreplacementalgorithm.