Origin
ThehistoricaloriginofWesternpsychologycanbetracedbacktoancientGreece,evenearlierthanthatoftheso-calledpre-philosophicalperiodofancientGreece.Atthattime,peopledescribedandexplainedtheuniversethroughmythology.Thelegendofnaturaleventsisthephysicsofthefuture,andthelegendofhumannatureisthepsychologyofthefuture.Thefamousmyths"Iliad"and"Odyssey"writtenbythepoetHomerincludecommon-sensepsychologyfromthepre-philosophicalperiodofancientGreece.Forexample,warriorsoftencannotcontroldifferentpartsoftheirhearts,andtheirrationalityisoftenblindedbygods..WecanalsopeekintotheearlyexplorationofhumanpsychologyfromtheGreektext.Forexample,theword"soul"(Psyche)referstothebreathoflife,whichleaveswhenapersondies."Psychology"(Psychology)evolvedfromthisword.Thecontentofcommonsensepsychologyinthepre-philosophicalperiodofancientGreeceisextensive.However,commonsenserarelycriticizesandimprovesself-expression,andpsychologycannotgetthemotivationfordevelopmentfromcommonsense.Itwasn'tuntilthe6thcenturyBCthatpsychologyreallybeganaperiodofvigorousorigin,becauseatthistimeancientGreekphilosophywasborn.
Platosaidthatphilosophybeginswithsurprise.Sciencealsobeginswithsurprise,andallsciences,includingpsychology,arepartofphilosophyintheirorigins.Thehumanknowledgesystemisslowlyandgraduallyseparatedfromphilosophyaccordingtoitscomplexity.Somesciences,suchasastronomyandmechanics,whichstudylesscomplexnaturalphenomena,wereseparatedfromphilosophyearlier;othersciences,suchasbiology,thatstudymorecomplexbiologicalphenomena,wereseparatedlater.
Psychologicalphenomenaaremorecomplexthanbiologicalphenomena,sopsychologydifferentiatesevenlater.Beforepsychologybecameindependent,therehadbeenmanyobservationsandreflectionsonpsychologicalphenomena,andmostofthemwerescatteredintheworksofphilosophers.Therefore,ancientGreekthoughtwasnotonlythebeginningofthehistoryofWesternphilosophy,butalsothesourceofthehistoryofWesternpsychology.
Kehityshistoria
Maailman ympäri
1. Muinaisen Kreikan ja Rooman psykologia
TheemergenceofnaivematerialismmakespeoplethinkthatthenaturalworldThecausaloriginsof"existinnatureitself,ratherthanexistinthesuper-sensoryworld,cannotwithstandlogicalanalysisandexperimentalresearch(observation),theroleofarbitraryforces.Representatives:Democritus,PlatoandAristotle.
2.Ofeudaaliyhteiskunnan sielu
InEurope,afterChristianitywonthevictoryandbecametherulingthoughtoffeudalsociety,itseverelydestroyedtheancientculturethathaddeclined.Itmakespeoplehateallknowledgebasedonexperienceandreason,andemphasizesthetruthfulnessofchurchdogma.Historicsitesweredestroyed,librariesweresealedandburned,andbookswereusedforinexplicablepurposessuchasheating.
3.Psykologiset ajatukset renessanssin aikana
ThehistoryofphilosophicalandpsychologicalthoughtsintheRenaissanceperiodalsobeganwiththedebateonAristotle’sdoctrineofthesoul.ThinkersholdanegativeattitudetowardsAristotle'sdoctrine.Intheirview,Aristotle'sdoctrinehasbeentransformedintothedogmaofthechurchandtrivialphilosophy.Whentheythemselvescannotanswertheworld,theypintheirhopesonthevarioustheoriesbeforeAristotle.
4.Psykologinen teoria 1700-luvulta
mechanicaldeterminism.Itisbelievedthatthelivingbodyisamechanicalsystemanddoesnotneedanysecretnatureandsoultoexplainit.Consciousnessisinherenttotheindividual,andtheabilitytoobtainasaccurateknowledgeaspossibleaboutone'smentalstateandactionsthroughinnerobservation.Passionisabehaviorregulatorformedinthehumanbodyduetohumannaturethatinstructspeopletoseekadvantagesandavoiddisadvantages.
Psykologia 5. ja 1700-luvuilla
NewtonianphysicsandHallerphysiologyhavedeterminedthefaceofnaturalscienceinthiscentury.
Thepsychologyofthefirsthalfofthesixteenthcentury
Thetheoryofreflection.Attheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thestudyofpsychologyshowedasituationwhereahundredflowersblossomedandahundredschoolsofthoughtcontended.AtthattimethereappearedtheconstructivistschoolrepresentedbyWundtandTiechenner,thefunctionalistschoolrepresentedbyJames,Dewey,andAngel,andthebehavioristschoolrepresentedbyWatson,Tolman,andSkinner.TheGestaltschoolrepresentedbyVettemer,Kaufka,andCole,thepsychoanalyticschoolrepresentedbyFreud,Adler,andJung,etc.
Thebasictheoreticalviewsoftheseschoolsaredifferent,andthescopeandmethodsofresearcharedifferent,buttheyallwanttocommandthewholepsychologywiththeirowntheoreticalsystem,sotheyhaveformedlong-termdisputesandconfrontations.Thisisinevitableintheinaugurationofanewdiscipline.Itshowstheimmaturityofthisdisciplineandalsoshowsthatitisdevelopingandgrowing.Bythe1930s,someschoolshadshrunkandsomehaddeveloped.Newbehaviorismandnewpsychoanalysisbecametwomoreinfluentialschools.
Inthe1960s,thethirdforceofpsychology-humanisticpsychology,appearedintheUnitedStates.Itopposedtheuseofmechanisticandreductionistperspectivestostudypeople,andadvocatedthatpsychologyshouldbehumanized.Psychologyemphasizesthestudyofhumannature,value,dignityandfreedom.Atthesametime,cognitivepsychologyhasbecomeanewdirectionofpsychologicalresearch.Itbelievesthathumanbehaviorismainlydeterminedbycognitiveactivities,andemphasizesthatpsychologyshouldmainlystudytheinformationprocessingprocessofhumancognition.ItshouldalsobepointedoutthattheresearchcenterofpsychologyafterWorldWarIIwasintheUnitedStates,andmostothercountrieslearnedandborrowedfromAmericanpsychology.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenatendencytostudypsychologyfromtherealityofthecountry.ThistendencyfirstappearedinEuropeandtheninAsia.
Itwasproducedaroundthe1940s.RepresentativesincludealargenumberofscholarssuchasPenfieldofCanadaandHaydenofSweden.Thisschoolmainlyemphasizesthestudyofthephysiologicalmechanismofpsychology.Itmainlystudiesthestructureandexplorationofthebrainandnervoussystemfromthreeaspects:anatomicalstructure,biochemicalcomposition,andelectricalactivity.Forexample,thestudyofbrainproteinsandribonucleicacidchemicals;thestudyofthefunctionalpositioningofthecerebralcortex;thestudyofthememoryprocessofthebrain,andsoon.Therearequiteanumberofscholarsintheworld,includingphysiologists,psychologists,neurophysiologists,biologists,andchemists.Someofthemevengiveuptheoriginalresearchtopicsformanyyearsandturntotheresearchofneurophysiology..
Engelshailedthepsychologicalphenomenonofmanas"themostbeautifulfloweronearth".Thelandthatproducesthismagnificentspiritualflowerofpsychologicalphenomenaisthehumannervoussystem,especiallythehumanbrain.Thehumanbrainhasundergoneanextremelylongperiodofevolutionarydevelopmentover1billionyears,andhasbecomeanincomparablemasterpieceandmiraclecreatedbynature.Infact,humanpsychologicalphenomenaareonlytheresultandproductofthematerialmovementofthebrain.Itcanbesaidwithcertaintythatifyoudonotevenunderstandthetangibleformofmaterialmovementthatproducespsychology,thenitisimpossibletoachieveathoroughunderstandingofthemorecomplexandintangiblementalphenomenaproducedbythismaterialmovement.Psychologyshouldandmustunderstandthestructureandmovementlawsofthissubstance.
Inthisregard,considerableprogresshasbeenmade.TheGermananatomistGarrputforwardtheideaofpositioningthecerebralcortex;theFrenchphysiologistFlorencestudiedthehumanbrainwithapreciseresectionmethodandfoundtheintegrityofthebrainfunction;theFrenchdoctorBrocahastriedtosufferfrom"aphasia""Theautopsyofthepatient"revealedtheexistenceofafunctionalareaintheleftcerebralcortexthatspecializesin"language".
GermandoctorFrichandFrenchphysiologistXingzigusedelectriccurrenttostimulatethecerebralcortexanddiscoveredtheexistenceofthe"motor"functionareainthecerebralcortexthatisdedicatedtothemovementsofhumanlimbs;CanadiandoctorPenfieldusedMicroelectrodesexploredthecerebralcortextoobtainmoreprecisefunctionalpositioning,andforthefirsttimediscoveredtheexistenceofthe"memory"functionalarea;NobelPrizewinnerKebeidiscoveredthroughresearchonmemorythatmemoryismutatedbyalargenumberofneurons.Storedonthelargenetworkofthecentralnervoussystem,thisstorageisspreading,muchlikeahologram;NobelPrizewinnerSperryhasdiscoveredthroughlong-termresearchon"splitbrainpeople"thattheleftandrighthemispheresofthehumanbrainThereisadivisionoflabor.Thelefthemisphereisinchargeofabstractthinkingsuchaslanguage,mathematicsandlogic,andtherighthemisphereisinchargeofimagethinkingsuchasspatialform,musicandart.AfterthediscoveryofbiologicalDNAandRNA,theSwedishbiologistHaydenTheexperimentfoundthatRPJAisamemorysubstance;HubertandWiesel,professorsofneurophysiologyatHarvardMedicalSchoolintheUnitedStates,discoveredthroughEEGresearchthatthecellsofthecerebralcortexalsohaveadivisionoflabor.ThisresearchwontheNobelPrizein1981.
Currently,internationalneurophysiologyresearchisveryactive.Theteamcontinuestoexpand,andthemeansaremoreandmoremodern.Thefundamentaltaskoftheneurophysiologyschoolistouncoverthesecretsinthe"blackbox"ofthehumanbrain.Soastofinallyrevealalltheinnermysteriesofhumanpsychologicalactivities.Thisschoolisintheascendantandhasbroadprospects.
Theschoolofcognitivepsychologywasbornintheearly1970sandisatitsclimax.ItisgenerallybelievedthatthefoundersareNesseandSimonoftheUnitedStates.Cognitivepsychologywasbornundertheconditionsthatbehaviorismfailed,andinformationtheory,cybernetics,systemtheory,andcomputersciencedeveloped.Thisschoolopposesbehaviorismandbelievesthathumansubjectivethings—consciousnessshouldberecognized,andthathumanbehaviorismainlydeterminedbycognitiveactivities,includingperceptualknowledgeandrationalknowledge,andthathumanconsciousnessgovernshumanbehavior.Itisemphasizedthatpeoplearethelivingorganismsthatprocessinformation,andpeople’sperceptionoftheoutsideworldisactuallyaprocessofreceiving,coding,operating,extractingandusinginformation.Forthisreason,cognitivepsychologyistostudytheprocessofinformationprocessingofhumancognitionandprovideamodelofinformationprocessing.
PsychologySchool
Cognitivepsychologyemphasizestheimportantroleofconsciousness(rationality)inbehavior,emphasizeshumaninitiative,andattachesimportancetotheconnectionandrestrictionofvariouspsychologicalprocesses.Basically,Ihavelearnedthestrengthsofseveraluniversities,especiallytheresearchresultsofcognitivepsychologyhavemadeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofcomputerscience.Thedefectthatcognitivepsychologyhasshownisthatitignorespeople'sobjectivereallifeconditionsandthemeaningofpeople'spracticalactivities,andconcentratesonpeople'ssubjectiveexperienceworld.
Twokindsofdoctrines
Therehavealwaysbeentwokindsofdoctrinesinpsychology,namely,scientismandhumanism.FromthereorganizationoftheWesternpsychology,theanalysisofthecrisis,andtheprospectofthefuture,wecanseethatthedrivingforceofthedevelopmentofWesternpsychology,therootofthecrisis,andtheopportunityforprosperityareallcloselyrelatedtothetwokindsofdoctrines.LookingattheentirepathofWesternpsychology,itisnothingmorethanthehistoryofendlessdebatesandrepeatedappearancesbymanyschoolsofthought.Thisisessentiallytheprocessofstrugglebetweenscientismandhumanisminpsychology,andpsychologyisalsointhisway.Itgrewstrongerintheprocessofconfrontation.
The"twodoctrines"ofpsychology,orthe"twocultures"(Jimble)ofpsychology,andthe"twodivergenttrends"(Rogers),bothrefertopsychologyStudytwodifferentresearchorientations.TheresearchorientationofPsychologicalScientismreferstotakingthenaturalmaterialsideofpsychologicalphenomenaasitsownresearchobject,adoptingempiricalmethodsofnaturalscience,relyingonexperimentsanddata,andemphasizingtheobjectivityandprecisionofsubjectknowledge;whilehumanisticTheresearchorientationhighlightsthesocialmaterialsideofpsychologicalphenomena,adoptsthedescriptionandexplanationmethodsofthehumanities,reliesonexperienceandphenomena,andpursuesperceptual,richandvividsubjectknowledge.
WesternpsychologydevelopmentunderthetwodoctrinesWhenWundtfoundedthepsychologylaboratoryin1879,whenthepsychologicalsciencewasformallyborn,scientismandhumanismaccompaniedpsychology.WhenWundtconstructedtheentirepsychologicalframework,headoptedamethodofstudyingindividualpsychologicalprocesses(perception,etc.)withascientismapproachandstudyinghigh-levelpsychologicalprocesses(thinking,imagination,etc.)withahumanisticapproach.However,inordertocompletelygetridofthephilosophicalmatrixandachieveareal"reincarnation",nascentpsychologysparesnoefforttofollowandimitatenaturalscience.Therefore,Wundt,asthe"fatherofpsychology",naturallypreferstousenaturalsciencemethodstostudyempiricalelementsandtheircombinations,andusepreciseexperimentstocontroltheconditionsofintrospection.
WesternPsychology
Goingalongwiththis,thehumanismofpsychologyhasnotbeenabandonedbecauseofthepartialityofthe"fatherofpsychology".Brentano'spsychologyofintentionisclear.Tocounteractthecontentpsychologyofhumanismandscientism,thatis,tostudyconsciousnessactivitiesbyobservationmethodstoopposetheresearchofconsciousnesscontentbyexperimentalmethods.Therefore,contentpsychologyandintentionpsychologycanberegardedastwokindsofpsychologicalmantra.Thebeginningoftheoppositionofism.Duetotheoppositionofthetwodoctrines,theresearchonconsciousnesshasfallenintoastalemate.Behaviorism,whichisdeeplyinfluencedbypositivism,simplyremovesconsciousnessfrompsychologyresearchbasedontheprincipleofobjectivity.Thisrefreshingandboldviewpointisimmediatelyreceived.Peoplevalue.Thereasonwhybehaviorismcanachieveaconsistentresponseandachievegreatsuccessisthatitturnsconsciousnessresearchintobehaviorresearch,sothatpsychologyhasacquiredtheobjectivityofnaturalscienceinresearchobjectsandresearchmethods.Inthisway,psychologyasawholeThesciencehasbeenfurtherrecognized,andithasbroughtabouttherapiddevelopmentofpsychology,sotheseproudachievementshaveestablishedthedominanceofscientism-orientedbehaviorisminthefieldofpsychologyforhalfacentury.Later,asmoderncognitivepsychologythatemergedasananti-behaviorism,itscognitivemodelofinput→internalinformationprocessing→outputiscompletelybasedontheclassicformulaofbehaviorism"stimulus(S)→intermediatevariable(O)→Onthebasisof“Reaction(R)”,althoughcognitivepsychologyhasreturnedtothestudyofconsciousnessintermsofresearchobjects,itisadeepeningoftheobjectivityprincipleofbehaviorismintermsofresearchmethods.Withtheestablishmentoftheabsolutedominanceofcognitivepsychologyinmainstreampsychology,scientisminpsychologyhasfinallygainedthedominantposition.
Humanisminpsychologyisnotwillingtobesilent.Ithasnevergivenupitsplace.Ontheonehand,Gestaltpsychologyadvocatesthephenomenologicalstudyofdirectexperience,replacingindividualstimuli-responseswithoverallexperience,sothatthewholenessofthepsychologycanbepaidattentionto;ontheotherhand,thepsychoanalyticschoolplaysaroleinthefieldofclinicalapplication.Influence,itnotonlyhasnopreciseevidenceatall,anddoesnotpayattentiontotherationallevelofhumanbeings,butgoesdeepintothesubconscious,exertingirrationalitytotheextreme,andunearthedalittle-knownpsychologicalfieldfromtheperspectiveofhumanism;Humanisticpsychology,aparadigmofphilosophicalresearch,promoteshumandignityandvalueinpsychologicalresearchandadvocatesself-realization.Theycorrectthatthescientismofpsychologyonlyregardshumansasnaturalobjects(animals,machines),andonlypaysattentiontotheirnaturalattributes(objectivity,accuracy),andproposesfromtheperspectiveofhumanismthesocialattributesofhumanbeingsasasocialexistence.―Theoverallmeaningandvaluehaveattractedeveryone'sattentionwithitsvivid,cordialandvividappearance.
Fromtheperspectiveoftheinternaldevelopmentofpsychology,itispreciselythroughscientism(equalism,behaviorism,cognitivepsychology)andhumanism(intentionalpsychology,gestaltpsychology,humanism)Theantagonisticstrugglebetweeneachothernegates,sublates,andpromotesthecontinuousdevelopmentofpsychology;fromtheperspectiveofthehistoryofscience,truescienceshouldhaveascientificspirit—continuouscriticism—andnegation.Itjustreflectswhatascienceshouldhave.Spiritualcharacteristics.
TheWesternPsychologicalCrisisundertheTwoDoctrines.Theso-calledextremesofthingsmustbereversed.Theantagonisticstrugglebetweenscientismandhumanismhaspromotedthedevelopmentandgrowthofpsychologicalproblems.Accommodationeventuallyledtothecrisisfacedbywesternpsychology,whichisspecificallymanifestedas:
crisis
1.Trivialtheory:Trivialtheorydirectlystemsfromthelong-termdivisionandexclusionofscientismandhumanism.Itmakesthepsychologyofrelativelypoorhistoryandrelativelypoormanagementhaveformedajointforceandcannotfindaunifiedtheoreticalbasis.Ontheonehand,scientisminpsychologyhaslongbeenregardedasthetreasureofpositivism,whichhasbeeneliminatedfromthephilosophicalworld.Themethodologicalprinciplesofpositivismrequireempiricalpositivismandobjectivism.Therefore,psychologistsarefocusedonvariousexperimentalstudies.Onesideisexperiment.Thecontinuousprecisionoftheinstrumentandthecontinuousprecisionoftheresearchdata,ontheotherhand,isthelossofthemeaningoftheproblemintheresearch,andthelossofthesubjectivityoftheresearchobject(person).Thiskindofdivergentresearcheventuallyledtoalotoffragmentarydata.Thereisnowaytoformaconclusion,andasystematictheoreticalsystemcannotbeformedatall.Ontheotherhand,thehumanismofpsychologyhasgonetotheotherextreme.Itdeniesrationalityandemphasizesirrationality,sothathumansandanimalsarenodifferentandarecompletelyatthemercyofinstinct.;Italsoanalyzesandemphasizesthewhole,sothatthetheoryofpsychologicalfailurehascompletelybecomeapersonalexperienceandperception,whichreducesthestatusofpsychologyandmakesitfallintomysticism.Inparticular,theascendantpostmodernistpsychologicaltrendofthoughtproposestoeliminateallcenters,destroyallrationality,anddenyalltheachievementsofpreviouspsychology,especiallyexperimentalpsychology,itseemsthattheyhavegonefurther.Moreover,theylackarigoroussystem,butaresimilar.Thecollectionofopinions,sothefragmentationofthetheorycanbeimagined.
2.Narrowfieldofvision:scientism,asamodelofnaturalscience,mustrequireitselfinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofnaturalscienceandlimititsfieldofvisionwithintheboundsdelineatedbynaturalscience.Therefore,thingsincludedinthefieldofvisionmustbeabletowithstandexperimentalverification.,Operability,withouthavingtodescribeandexplainitfromavaluestandpoint.Thisisveryprominentlymanifestedinthedeterminationofitsresearchobjects,suchascognitivepsychology,whichbelievesthatthehumanpsychologicalprocessistheprocessofinput,storage,extraction,andprocessingofinformation,anditnevercaresabouthowtorecognizepsychologicalproblemsinphilosophy.,Anddon’tcarehowpeopleunderstandhumannatureindailylife.Allinoperablepsychologicalphenomenasuchasemotionandpersonalityarediscarded,leavingonlycontrollablecognitiveprocesses.Inaddition,sincepeoplehavealwaysbelievedthatcognitivepsychologyisaso-calledscientifictheoryofmindestablishedinanempiricalway,itisboundtobeauniversalandregulartruththatisuniversal,anditistakenforgranted.Center,whileignoringthespecificityofpsychologicalphenomenainvariousculturalbackgrounds.Scientismhastheproblemof"myopia",whichcausesittobefarawayfrompeople'sreallife.HumanismalsohasMao'spocketsofcareforoneandtheother.Althoughitexpandsitsresearchhorizonstoneglectedhumansubjectivity,valuedignity,etc.,itturnsablindeyetothenaturalmaterialattributesofhumanbeings.Becauseofitsnegationofrecognizedlogicandstandards,itisinapassivepositionthatcannotbeverified,evendifficult.Becauseofscience,althoughscientismhasvariousdrawbacks,humanismhasneverbeenabletoreplaceit.Itcanonlyplayacertainroleintherealmofexistence.
3.Singlemethod:Scientismtakesempiricalmethodastheonlymethod,andbelievesthatonlyempiricalcanguaranteetheobjectivityofscientificresearchtothegreatestextent.Iopenedmanypsychologymagazines,andtheywerefilledwithstatisticalformulasandexperimentaldata.Itseemedthatwithoutthis,psychologywouldnotbeascience.However,excessiveemphasisonhigh-fidelitytechnicalequipmentandexperimentaldatahaslefttherealpurposebehind,andevenallowedtheexperimenterstoconsciouslyorunconsciouslymaketheexperimentalconclusionsrequiredbytheirresearchquestionscoincidewiththeexperimentaldatatoachievetheexperimentalresults.Self-realization".Thisultimatelyleadstothemoreadvancedthetechnicalmeans,themorecontrarytothelawsofreality.Suchmethodologicalproblemsalsoexistinhumanism.Forexample,RolloMaybelievesthatonlyphenomenologicalmethodsarescientific.
Becausethetheoryistrivial,itisdifficulttocommunicatebetweenthevarioustheories,anditisdifficulttoformasystem;becauseofthevisualpolice,itisimpossibletoconnectvariouspsychologicalphenomenatoeachotherandrevealthetruth;becauseofthesinglemethod,variousmethodscannotbemutuallyconnected.Supplement,youcanonlydothingsintheirownway.Theresultcanonlybe"psychologyhassomanyunrelatedelementsofknowledge,mutualdistrust,inconsistency,cumbersomenessandcontroversy,sothatthegeneralmeaningofsilkhasbecomeaseriousproblem."Thisisthecrisisofpsychology.Therootofthecrisisliesintheinfightinganddecompositioncausedbymutualaccusationsandmutualdistrustbetweenscientismandhumanism,whichdissipatesthetheoreticalfoundationandsystemofpsychologythatareoriginallyimperfect.
ThewayoutofwesternpsychologyunderthetwodoctrinesTheoppositionandsplitbetweenscientismandhumanismdirectlyledtothecrisisofpsychology,sohowtostartwiththetwodoctrinesandsolvepsychologyinthecrisis?
Thewayout
Itcanbesaidthatscientismpromotestheindependenceofpsychology,makesitdeveloptowardsprecisionandobjectivity,andimprovesthescientificvalueofpsychology;humanisticattentionThevalueandsignificanceofhumanexistencemakepsychologyclosetopeople'struepsychology.Thetwoshouldhavetheirownstrengths,complementeachother,andcannotbereplaced.Soaslongasthetwoarecombinedintoone,thesplitproblemcanbesolvedandunitycanbeachieved?Letustakealookatthehistoryofscientificdevelopment:Philosophywasbornoutofmythology,whichdeterminedthattheoriginalphilosophywasachaoticandgeneralmixture.Withthedevelopmentofphilosophy,scienceandhumanitiesdivergedfromitandbecameindependententities.Theymustbefundamentallydifferentfromtheparentbody,soscienceandhumanitiesdeveloptheirown"individualization"paths,andeventuallyevolveintoscientismandhumanism.
Ontheonehand,thehigherthedegreeof"individualization",themoremature,butifitexceedsacertainrange,itwillinevitablyhinderitsfurtherdevelopment.Therefore,inordertoachievetruematurity,itmustreconverge,buttheconvergenceatthistimeisahigherlevelofintegrationbasedonthematurityofbothparties.Lookingbackatpsychology,infact,theintegrationofthetwophilosophieshasalsoappearedinthehistoryofpsychology,buttheresultsallfailed.Thisisbecausethefoundationoftheintegrationofthestateisnotenoughanditistooearly.ThedualpsychologyofCulpéandMesserwantedtoreconcilecontentandpsychologyofintention,butbecausepsychologywasstillintheearlystagesofdevelopmentandtheresearchonbothsideswasnotin-depth,itwasjustasimplepieceofwork,anditdidnotreachthetruelevel.Unity,soPaulin'sevaluationofthisconvergenceis"extremelyeclecticlazinessmethod."Eventhecurrentascendantofcognitivepsychologycanalsoberegardedasare-concentrationattemptoftheconvergenceofthetwodoctrines.Ontheonehand,cognitivepsychologyemphasizestheintegrityofthecognitiveprocess;ontheotherhand,itacceptstheobjectivityofpositivismandtheempiricalnatureofthemethod.Itseemstobecomprehensiveonthesurface,butitcanbelimitedbythelevelofscientificdevelopment,especiallythedevelopmentofbrainscience.Thelimitationsofcognitivepsychologyisstillinthegrayboxstageofmentalunderstanding,andithasnottrulyrevealedthelawsofhumanpsychologicalactivities.
Sowhatshouldbetheintegrationofthetwodoctrinesatthehighestlevel?Itshouldbeabrand-newscientificview-scientifichumanism,thatis,toachievetheintegrationofthetwoonthebasisofdialecticalmaterialism.Dialecticalmaterialismtellspeoplethattheobjectiveworldisinauniversalconnection,interacting,constantlychanginganddeveloping.Thecharacteristicsofthemotionoftheuniversedeterminethatthingsarediscrete,relativelystatic,andcontinuousandrheological.ThetwostatesareInterrelated,dependent,andtransformableundercertainconditions,soisthehumanpsychologicalstate.Therefore,althoughthetwodoctrinesmayseemcompletelydifferentatfirstglance,theirspiritualessenceanddeepfoundationaremutuallycomplementary.Therefore,thescientifichumanismofpsychologynotonlyinheritsthetruth-seekingofscientism,itrequirestheobjectificationandquantificationofpsychology,butalsopaysmoreattentiontoabsorbingtheknowledgeofhumanpsychologyanddailyconceptsfromotherdisciplines,sothattheresearchobjectsarefulloffleshandblood.Returnthealienatedscientificworldtotheworldofhumanlife.Inaddition,becauseitcombinestheempiricalmethodofscientismwiththeunderstandinganddescriptionofhumanism,itexpandsthecontentoftheempiricalmethod