Home Technique Adenine nucleoside triphosphate

Adenine nucleoside triphosphate



Synonymouswithadenosinetriphosphategenerallyreferstoadenosinetriphosphate

molecularformula

TheelementcompositionofATPis:C,H,O,N,P,molecularformulaAP~P~P,Intheformula,Arepresentsadenosine,Trepresentsthree(theinitialletterToftripleinEnglish),Prepresentsaphosphategroup,"-"representsanordinaryphosphatebond,and"~"representsaspecialchemicalbond,calledHigh-energyphosphatebonds(phosphatebondswithenergygreaterthan29.32kJ/molarecalledhigh-energyphosphatebonds).Ithas2high-energyphosphatebondsand1ordinaryphosphatebond.TheenergytosynthesizeATP,foranimals,humans,fungi,andmostbacteria,comesfromtheenergyreleasedbycellsduringrespiration;forgreenplants,inadditiontorespiration,ADPsynthesizesATPduringphotosynthesis.Lightenergyisalsoused.UndertheactionofATPhydrolase,ATPbreaksthe"~"(high-energyphosphatebond)farthestfromA(adenosine),andATPishydrolyzedintoADP+Pi(freephosphategroup)+energy.WhentheATPmoleculeishydrolyzed,itactuallyreferstothehydrolysisofthehigh-energyphosphatebondintheATPmolecule.Theenergyreleasedwhenthehigh-energyphosphatebondishydrolyzedisasmuchas30.54kJ/mol,soATPisakindofhigh-energyphosphatecompoundinthecell.

ATPisahigh-energyphosphoricacidcompound.Inthecell,itcaninteractwithADPtoachieveenergystorageandrelease,therebyensuringtheenergysupplyforcelllifeactivities.TherearetwomainwaystoproduceATP:oneisthatcellscontainingchloroplastsinplantsproduceATPduringthelightreactionstageofphotosynthesis;theotheristhatalllivingcellscanproduceATPthroughcellularrespiration.

Energysubstances

Musclesstoreavarietyofenergysubstances,mainlyadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),creatinephosphate(CP),muscleglycogenandfat.

Metabolism

Anaerobicmetabolism

Duringstrenuousexercise,thebodyisinastateoftemporaryhypoxia.ThemetabolicprocessofenergysubstancesinthebodyunderhypoxiaiscalledAnaerobicmetabolism.Itincludesthefollowingtwoenergysupplysystems:①Non-lacticacidenergy(ATP-CP)system-generallycanmaintainmuscleactivityfor10seconds;②lacticacidenergysystem-generallycanmaintainmuscleactivityfor1to3minutes.Thenon-lacticacidenergy(ATP-CP)systemandthelacticacidenergysystemarethemainwaystosupplyenergytothemusclesengagedinshort-term,strenuousexercise.ThetimerequiredforATPtoreleaseenergyformusclecontractionisonly1to3seconds,andCPdecompositionprovidesenergy.However,thecontentofCPinthemusclecanonlyprovidetheenergydecomposedafterATPsynthesistomaintainmusclecontractiontimefor6to8seconds.Therefore,rapidactivitieswithin10secondsmainlyrelyontheATP-CPsystemtosupplyenergyduringmusclecontraction.Thelacticacidenergysystemmeansthatduringcontinuousstrenuousexercise,themuscleglycogeninthemuscleundergoesglycolysisunderhypoxia.Afteraseriesofchemicalreactions,lacticacidisfinallyproducedinthebodyandenergyisreleasedformusclecontraction.Thismetabolicprocesscantakeabout1to3minutesformusclecontraction.

Adenine nucleoside triphosphate

Aerobicmetabolism

Undertheconditionofsufficientoxygen,liverglycogenandfatarecompletelyoxidizedanddecomposed,andfinallyalargeamountofcarbondioxide(CO2)andwater(H2O),releaseenergyatthesametimeandgenerateATP,whichiscalledaerobicoxidationsystem.

ATPinthehumanbody

Thereisabout50.7gofATPinthehumanbody,whichcanonlymaintainvigorousexercisefor0.3seconds.ATPandADPcanbequicklyconvertedtomaintainabalance.TheprocessofconvertingADPintoATPrequiresenergy.

WhenADPcombineswithphosphategroupsandobtains8kcalofenergy,ATPcanbeformed.

Foranimals,humans,fungi,andmostbacteria,itcomesfromtheenergyreleasedbythedecompositionoforganicmatterwhencellsarerespiring.Forgreenplants,inadditiontorelyingontheenergyreleasedbyrespiration,theconversionofADPtoATPalsouseslightenergyduringphotosynthesisinthechloroplast.

WhenATPishydrolyzed,ADPisformedandaphosphateradicalisreleased,andenergyisreleasedatthesametime.Theseenergywillbeusedinthecells.Themovementproducedbymusclecontraction,theactivityofnervecells,andallotheractivitiesintheorganismusetheenergyproducedbythehydrolysisofATP.

Regenerationandtransformation

ATPiseasytoregenerateincells,soitisacontinuoussourceofenergy.ThisprocessinwhichtheenergyreleasedbytheradioactivereactionisusedfortheenergyabsorbingreactionthroughthehydrolysisandsynthesisofATPiscalledtheATPcycle.BecauseATPisacommonlyusedenergycarrierincells,itisoftencalledenergycurrencyincells.

TheenergysupplymechanismofthemutualtransformationofATPandADPincellsisacommonfeatureofthebiologicalworld.Fromtheperspectiveofbioenergetics,ATPisthecoreofthebiochemicalsystem,thatis,variousbiochemicalcycles(suchasCalvincycle,glycolysisandtricarboxylicacidcycle,etc.)arecoupledwithATP,orATP-ADPCouplingwithvariousmetabolisms(synthesisanddecomposition).ATPistheonlyproductoftheconversionoflightenergyintochemicalenergy,andthegeneticsystemispartofthebiochemicalsystem.Therefore,ATPisconsideredtoplayakeyroleintheoriginofthegeneticcode.

Coordinationprinciple

(1)DuetothepresenceofNelementsontheimidazoleringandthebenzenering,aswellastheNelementontheaminogrouponthebenzenering,theyallhavelonepairsElectrons,addingmetalionstothesolution,maycausecoordinationreactions.

(2)Thereiscompetitionbetweenhydrogenionsandmetalionsinacidicsolutions(metalionsmaybeprotonated),thatis,theconcentrationofhydrogenionsistoolarge.

(3)Thecoordinationabilityofnitrogenonbenzenering,imidazoleringandaminogroupisdifferent.Thestrongerthecoordinationability,theeasieritistocoordinatereactionwithmetalion.

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