molecularformula
TheelementcompositionofATPis:C,H,O,N,P,molecularformulaAP~P~P,Intheformula,Arepresentsadenosine,Trepresentsthree(theinitialletterToftripleinEnglish),Prepresentsaphosphategroup,"-"representsanordinaryphosphatebond,and"~"representsaspecialchemicalbond,calledHigh-energyphosphatebonds(phosphatebondswithenergygreaterthan29.32kJ/molarecalledhigh-energyphosphatebonds).Ithas2high-energyphosphatebondsand1ordinaryphosphatebond.TheenergytosynthesizeATP,foranimals,humans,fungi,andmostbacteria,comesfromtheenergyreleasedbycellsduringrespiration;forgreenplants,inadditiontorespiration,ADPsynthesizesATPduringphotosynthesis.Lightenergyisalsoused.UndertheactionofATPhydrolase,ATPbreaksthe"~"(high-energyphosphatebond)farthestfromA(adenosine),andATPishydrolyzedintoADP+Pi(freephosphategroup)+energy.WhentheATPmoleculeishydrolyzed,itactuallyreferstothehydrolysisofthehigh-energyphosphatebondintheATPmolecule.Theenergyreleasedwhenthehigh-energyphosphatebondishydrolyzedisasmuchas30.54kJ/mol,soATPisakindofhigh-energyphosphatecompoundinthecell.
ATPisahigh-energyphosphoricacidcompound.Inthecell,itcaninteractwithADPtoachieveenergystorageandrelease,therebyensuringtheenergysupplyforcelllifeactivities.TherearetwomainwaystoproduceATP:oneisthatcellscontainingchloroplastsinplantsproduceATPduringthelightreactionstageofphotosynthesis;theotheristhatalllivingcellscanproduceATPthroughcellularrespiration.
Energysubstances
Musclesstoreavarietyofenergysubstances,mainlyadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),creatinephosphate(CP),muscleglycogenandfat.
Metabolism
Anaerobicmetabolism
Duringstrenuousexercise,thebodyisinastateoftemporaryhypoxia.ThemetabolicprocessofenergysubstancesinthebodyunderhypoxiaiscalledAnaerobicmetabolism.Itincludesthefollowingtwoenergysupplysystems:①Non-lacticacidenergy(ATP-CP)system-generallycanmaintainmuscleactivityfor10seconds;②lacticacidenergysystem-generallycanmaintainmuscleactivityfor1to3minutes.Thenon-lacticacidenergy(ATP-CP)systemandthelacticacidenergysystemarethemainwaystosupplyenergytothemusclesengagedinshort-term,strenuousexercise.ThetimerequiredforATPtoreleaseenergyformusclecontractionisonly1to3seconds,andCPdecompositionprovidesenergy.However,thecontentofCPinthemusclecanonlyprovidetheenergydecomposedafterATPsynthesistomaintainmusclecontractiontimefor6to8seconds.Therefore,rapidactivitieswithin10secondsmainlyrelyontheATP-CPsystemtosupplyenergyduringmusclecontraction.Thelacticacidenergysystemmeansthatduringcontinuousstrenuousexercise,themuscleglycogeninthemuscleundergoesglycolysisunderhypoxia.Afteraseriesofchemicalreactions,lacticacidisfinallyproducedinthebodyandenergyisreleasedformusclecontraction.Thismetabolicprocesscantakeabout1to3minutesformusclecontraction.
Aerobicmetabolism
Undertheconditionofsufficientoxygen,liverglycogenandfatarecompletelyoxidizedanddecomposed,andfinallyalargeamountofcarbondioxide(CO2)andwater(H2O),releaseenergyatthesametimeandgenerateATP,whichiscalledaerobicoxidationsystem.
ATPinthehumanbody
Thereisabout50.7gofATPinthehumanbody,whichcanonlymaintainvigorousexercisefor0.3seconds.ATPandADPcanbequicklyconvertedtomaintainabalance.TheprocessofconvertingADPintoATPrequiresenergy.
WhenADPcombineswithphosphategroupsandobtains8kcalofenergy,ATPcanbeformed.
Foranimals,humans,fungi,andmostbacteria,itcomesfromtheenergyreleasedbythedecompositionoforganicmatterwhencellsarerespiring.Forgreenplants,inadditiontorelyingontheenergyreleasedbyrespiration,theconversionofADPtoATPalsouseslightenergyduringphotosynthesisinthechloroplast.
WhenATPishydrolyzed,ADPisformedandaphosphateradicalisreleased,andenergyisreleasedatthesametime.Theseenergywillbeusedinthecells.Themovementproducedbymusclecontraction,theactivityofnervecells,andallotheractivitiesintheorganismusetheenergyproducedbythehydrolysisofATP.
Regenerationandtransformation
ATPiseasytoregenerateincells,soitisacontinuoussourceofenergy.ThisprocessinwhichtheenergyreleasedbytheradioactivereactionisusedfortheenergyabsorbingreactionthroughthehydrolysisandsynthesisofATPiscalledtheATPcycle.BecauseATPisacommonlyusedenergycarrierincells,itisoftencalledenergycurrencyincells.
TheenergysupplymechanismofthemutualtransformationofATPandADPincellsisacommonfeatureofthebiologicalworld.Fromtheperspectiveofbioenergetics,ATPisthecoreofthebiochemicalsystem,thatis,variousbiochemicalcycles(suchasCalvincycle,glycolysisandtricarboxylicacidcycle,etc.)arecoupledwithATP,orATP-ADPCouplingwithvariousmetabolisms(synthesisanddecomposition).ATPistheonlyproductoftheconversionoflightenergyintochemicalenergy,andthegeneticsystemispartofthebiochemicalsystem.Therefore,ATPisconsideredtoplayakeyroleintheoriginofthegeneticcode.
Coordinationprinciple
(1)DuetothepresenceofNelementsontheimidazoleringandthebenzenering,aswellastheNelementontheaminogrouponthebenzenering,theyallhavelonepairsElectrons,addingmetalionstothesolution,maycausecoordinationreactions.
(2)Thereiscompetitionbetweenhydrogenionsandmetalionsinacidicsolutions(metalionsmaybeprotonated),thatis,theconcentrationofhydrogenionsistoolarge.
(3)Thecoordinationabilityofnitrogenonbenzenering,imidazoleringandaminogroupisdifferent.Thestrongerthecoordinationability,theeasieritistocoordinatereactionwithmetalion.