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Afghanistan:Whydiditbecomealandlockedcountry?2021-09-1319:25

Afghanistanisatypicallandlockedcountry.Everyyear,mostofAfghanistan’simportandexporttrademustbecompletedthroughPakistan’sports.Getholdofit.However,Afghanistanhasacoastlineofnearly700kilometersinhistory,anditisaveritablecoastalcountry....Details

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    Afghanistan:Abeggarwithagoldenmountainandasilvermountain,2021-09-0114:53

    DifferentfromthewailinggaleabovetheTaklimakanDesert,thehugesnow-cappedmountainsareliketheMahaHellthatswallowseverything,makingpeopleforgettheexistenceoftimeandsound.Somepeopleinthegroupevendevelopedhysteria,andoccasionallyheardsomedesperateshoutsfromthedepthsoftheirminds.Butforthefar-awaylegendaryMahayanaBuddhistscriptures,theystillsteppedforwardfanaticallyandmechanicallytothedepthsofthecavemountain....Details

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      WhatexactlyistheemirateoftheIslamicEmirateofAfghanistan2021-08-2312:52

      NowthatthesituationinAfghanistanhasbasicallysettled,theTalibanhasbecomethenewregimeinchargeofAfghanistan.Afghanistanisaneighboringcountryconnectedbymountainsandriversofourcountry.Therefore,whetherAfghanistancanachievelong-termpeaceandwhethertheTalibancanestablishastableruleareallinourinterest....Details

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        Historicalevolution

        PrehistoricAfghanistan

        ThehistoryofAfghanistancanbetracedbacktotheperiodofthePersianEmpire,whichwasincorporatedintoPersiaduringtheexpeditionofCyrustheGreatinthe6thcenturyBC.

        AfterAlexanderinvadedin329BC,hewasincorporatedintohisempire.AfterthedeathofAlexander,theempirewasdividedintothreeparts,andtheAfghanregionwastransferredtotheeasternSeleuciddynasty.

        About250BC,theGovernorofBactria,theGovernorofBactria,locatedbetweentheAmuDaryaandtheHinduKushMountains(includingnorthernAfghanistan),separatedfromtheSeleuciddynastyandbecameindependentandestablishedTheHellenisticKingdomofBactria(knowninChinesehistoricalrecordsasDaxia,Tochar,etc.)wasthestrongestinthefirsthalfofthesecondcentury.

        InthefirsthalfofthesecondcenturyBC,theDayuepeoplewhooriginallyresidedintheHexiCorridorweredefeatedbytheHuns,andmovedwesttotheAmuDaryaValley,wheretheyconqueredDaxiaaround140-130BC,DrovetheGreeksinCentralAsiatonorthwesternIndia.

        Inthe1stcenturyAD,GuishuangunifiedthetribesandexpandedintothepowerfulGuishuangKingdom.ItsprosperitystretchedfromtheAralSeainthewesttoConglingintheeast,andstraddledCentralAsiaandthenorthwesternpartoftheIndiansubcontinent.AdvocateMahayanaBuddhism.Afterthethirdcentury,itgraduallydeclinedandsplitintoseveralsmallcountries.Thefirsthalfofthefifthcenturywasannihilatedbythegangsterswhoattackedfromthenorth.

        Theperiodoftherappers

        Therappersareanomadicpeople,originallyinhabitedintheAltaiMountains,andbelongedtoRouran.TheRomansmistakenlyreferredtothemasthe"WhiteHuns."Atthebeginningofthefifthcentury,theymovedwestward,andlaterconqueredtheIliRiverBasin,theHezhongarea,Tochar,andnorthwesternIndia.TheyalsodefeatedthePersianSassaniddynasty,killeditsemperor,andbecameaformidablestrongclan.ThecenterofitsruleisIntoday'sAfghanistan,Zoroastrianismisbelieved.

        About567,theSassanidPersiansandtheWesternTurksjoinedforcestodestroytheKatapeopleanddividetheirterritorieswiththeAmuDaryaastheboundary.TocharwasassignedtoPersia,butsoon(about568)wascapturedbytheWesternTurks.

        In627,YehuKhansenthiseldestsontoestablishaTurkicdynastyinTocharo.

        AftertheChineseTangarmydestroyedtheWesternTurks,theTurkickingofTocharaturnedtoChinatobecomehisvassal,andtheTangDynastysettheYueshicapitolhere.TherearealsoseveralsmallstatesbelongingtoTocharo'sministersinandaroundAfghanistantoday:guardingsecrets,guardingShiqian(theShazhouDudu'sresidenceintheTangDynasty),Yibin(XiuxianDudu'sresidence),andFanyan(wufengDudu'sresidence).),Hedalobranch(TiaozhiDuduMansion),GuDuo(GaoFuDuduMansion).Inaddition,TangalsonamedBelus,thesonofthelastemperorofPersia,whowasexiledtoChinafrom662to674,asthePersianemperor,andsetthePersiancapitalineasternPersiaandAfghanistan.

        Atthebeginningoftheeighthcentury,ArabforcesenteredandcontrolledTochar.SincetheBattleofTarrosin751,allthecountriesintheWesternRegionswestofConglinghavebeenattributedtotheArabs.Sincethen,CentralAsiahasgraduallybecomeIslamized.

        In821,thegovernoroftheAbbasiddynastyoftheArabianempire(black-clothed)KhorasanGovernorTahirestablishedtheTahirdynasty,whichownsthenorthernpartofCentralAsia,themiddleoftheriver,andtheAfghanregion,whichisrecognizedinnameTheCaliphissovereign,butindependent.

        In867,Yakubu(nicknamedSafar),thearmycommanderofSistanProvince,roseuptoestablishtheSafardynasty.In873,theTahirdynastywasdestroyed,anditownedmostofPersia,rivers,Afghanistan,andwesternIndia.,WhosecenterisinKhorasan,onceinvadedBaghdad.Soon,theSamandynastyestablishedbylocalPersiangeneralsemergedintheHezhongarea,andtheSafardynastywasdestroyedin900.

        In962,thegovernoroftheKhorasanTurkictribe,AlpTeqin,becameindependentfromGhazniCityandruledtheroost,establishedtheGhaznidynasty,andoccupiedAfghanistan.Attheendofthetenthcentury,theSamandynastywasdestroyed,andpartsofCentralAsiaandPersiaandthenorthernpartoftheIndusweresuccessivelyacquired.Intheeleventhcentury,itwashitbytheSeljukTurkmenanddeclinedandlostPersianandCentralAsianterritories.

        Inthemiddleofthetwelfthcentury,theGuldynastyemergedintheGulmountainareabetweenHeratandGhazni,andsoontookpossessionoftheentireterritoryofAfghanistan,andthendestroyedtheGhaznidynastyandoccupiedPersia.OneeachinIndia.Around1215,theGuldynastywasdestroyedbytheHuarazimdynastythatroseintheriver.

        In1220,KhorizmahwasdestroyedbytheMongols.Afterwards,AfghanistanwasruledbytheMongolKhanate,theIlkhanate,andsomesmallregimesattachedtotheMongols.AftertheriseoftheTurkicTimurGotoitsrule.AfterTimur'sdeath,AfghanistanbecameabattlefieldforthedescendantsofTimurandtheTurkmanblacksheepdynastyofWestAsia,anditwastransferredtothePersiansafterthe16thcentury.

        Kingdomandmoderntimes

        In1747,Ahmad,theAbuDarichiefofthePashtuntribeofAfghanistan,becameindependentontheoccasionofthedeclineofPersiaandestablishedtheDuranidynasty.AunifiedAfghanstateisofficiallyformed.IthasgonethroughtwodynastiesofDuranidynasty(1747-1826)andBalakzaidynasty(1826-1973).Inthemeantime,theydefeatedtheBritishinvasionthreetimesin1839-1842,1879-1880,and1919.

        BeforeWorldWarII,AfghanistanhadalwaysbeenaBritishcolonialareathatBritainandRussiarepeatedlyfoughtover.Afghanistanlivesbetweenthesetwobeasts.

        Afterthewar,Europefell,andtheworldenteredanenvironmentwheretheUSandtheSovietUnioncompetedforhegemony.Allotherforceswerepawnsinthefightbetweenthem.LittleAfghanistanisnoexception.

        Inthe1950s,AfghanistanandPakistanhadaseriousdisputeoverthePashtostanissue,andthewarbetweenthetwocountrieswasabouttostart.TheSovietUnionseizedthisfavorableopportunitytoexpressitsfirmsupportforAfghanistan’spositiononthisissue,attackedthepro-AmericanPakistanatthetime,andquicklypulledAfghanistanintotheembraceoftheSovietUnion.

        Atthattime,ZahirwasthekingofAfghanistan.ZahirfoundedtheNationalBankofAfghanistan,payingattentiontoeconomicdevelopment.DuringDaoud'stenureasprimeminister,theAfghaneconomyhasmadeconsiderableprogress.

        From1973toSeptember1979,theSovietUnionlaunchedthreecoupsinAfghanistan.First,KingZahirwasoverthrownbythePrimeMinisterandhiscousinDaoud,andDaoudwasoverthrownbyNurMohammedTarakiinthefollowingyears.TarakiwasthenoverthrownbyHafizolaAmin.TheywereallunwillingtobeatthemercyoftheSovietUnionandwerelaunchedbytheSovietUnion'sinstructions.ExceptforthekingandDaoud,allthesefightingfiguresarefromdifferentfactionsoftheAfghanPeople'sDemocraticParty(acommunistpartyinAfghanistanestablishedbyTaraki).

        AttheendofSeptember1979,theSovietUniondecidedtosendtroopstoAfghanistan.TheSovietarmywastrappedinthequagmireofguerrillasofvariousforces,makingitdifficulttomakeaquickbattle.AfterGorbachevcametopower,hedecidedtocarryoutaseriesofreformstothecountryandatthesametimedecidedtoendthefruitlesswarinAfghanistan.ThelastgroupofSoviettroopswithdrewinearly1989.

        In1994,theTalibanwasfoundedbyOmaronthePakistan-Afghanistanborder.Mostofitsmemberswerestudentswhoweredissatisfiedwiththewarlordsfightinginthearea,hencethename.RepresentingtheinterestsofthelowestmainstreamPashtunpeople,sweepingthecountryinjustafewyears.TheyaretheTaliban."Taliban"isderivedfromArabicandmeans"student".

        TheTalibanisarigorousorganizationofIslamicfundamentalism.Intheanti-warlordstruggleinKandahar,theTalibaneliminatedthelocalwarlordsandcontrolledtheentireKandahar.Politically,theTalibanadvocate"eliminatingthewarlordsandrebuildingthecountry."Theyarenotattachedtoanyfaction.TheyregardtheQuranasalaw,andtheirgoalistotransformtheAfghancountryandsocietyinaccordancewithIslamicfundamentalism.Propagandatobuildaunified,peacefulandprosperousAfghanistan,supportedbytaxcutsandstrictcommandments,hasbeenwidelysupported.Basicallyoccupiedthewholecountryin1997.Althoughtheirpoliciesaremuchmoreformalthanthoseofwarlords,theirpoliciessuchasbrutaltorture,discriminationagainstwomen,resistancetoallmodernizationsotherthanweapons,andhatredofallpaganismhavekeptthiscountryaliveinrepressionandterroruntil2001after9/11intheUnitedStates.TheU.S.overthrewtheTalibanregimeonthegroundsofattackingbinLadeninhiding.Subsequently,conflictsbetweentheUSmilitaryandthelocalarmedforcesandvariousviolentincidentscontinued.

        Afterthe"September11"incidentin2001,theTalibanregimecollapsedundermilitarystrikesfromtheUnitedStatesandNATO’s"AlliedForces."UndertheauspicesoftheUnitedNations,Afghanistanlaunchedthe"BonnProcess"ofpost-warreconstruction.OnDecember5ofthesameyear,theinterimgovernmentofAfghanistanwasestablished,andKarzaiwaselectedasthechairmanoftheinterimgovernment.FromJune11to19,2002,AfghanistanheldanemergencyloyajirgainKabulandelectedatransitionalgovernmentwithKarzaiasitspresident.

        InJanuary2004,AfghanistanpromulgatedanewconstitutionandnamedthecountrytheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan.InSeptember2004,Afghanistanhelditsfirstpresidentialelection;inOctober,Karzaiwaselectedasthefirstdemocraticallyelectedpresident.InSeptember2005,Afghanistanheldnationalandlocalparliamentelections;inDecember,thenewparliamentwasestablishedandthe"BonnProcess"ended.InAugust2009,Afghanistanhelditssecondpresidentialelection;onNovember19,Karzaiwonthesecondpresidentialelectionforre-election.

        InJuly2010,theAfghanInternationalConferencewasheldinKabultolaunchthe"KabulProcess"topromote"AfghanistanruleAfghan".InNovemberofthesameyear,theNATOLisbonSummitannouncedthatitwouldstartwithdrawingitstroopsin2011andcompletethetransferofsecurityresponsibilitiestotheAfghangovernmentbytheendof2014.InJune2014,Afghanistanheldapresidentialelection.OnSeptember21,theAfghanIndependentElectoralCommissionannouncedthatformerFinanceMinisterAshrafGhanihadwonthepresidentialelectionandformedagovernmentofnationalunitywithChiefExecutiveAbdullah.InOctober2018,Afghanistanheldanewroundofparliamentaryelections.

        OnSeptember28,2019,Afghanistanheldapresidentialelection.Violentincidentsoccurredfrequentlyduringtheelectionprocess,andthevoterturnoutratewasnothigh.OnFebruary18,2020,theAfghanIndependentElectionCommissionannouncedthevictoryofthecurrentPresidentGhani,andAbdullahrefusedtorecognizetheresultsoftheelection.OnMay18,GhaniandAbdullahsignedadecentralizationagreement.AbdullahservedaschairmanoftheHighCommissionforNationalReconciliationinAfghanistanandestablishedaninclusivegovernment.

        TheTalibaninAfghanistansteppeduptheiroffensiveagainstgovernmentforcesamonthagoandenteredKabulonAugust15,2021.OnthenightofAugust30,theUSmilitarylefttheKabulAirport,endingtheUSmilitaryinterventioninAfghanistanfornearly20years.OnSeptember6,2021,theTalibanannouncedthatPanjshir,thelastofthe34provincesinAfghanistan,hadbeenoccupiedbythem,andthewarinAfghanistanwasover.

        AfghanistanModernHistoryChronology

        KingdomPeriod

        1747-1818

        SaduchayDynasty(DuraniDynasty)

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        1818-1834

        Warlordmelee

        1834-1839

        DusiEmirateofMohammed

        1843-1878

        DustDynasty

        1880-1901

        AbdulRahmanDynasty

        1901-1919

        HabibullahDynasty

        1919-1929

        AmanullahDynasty

        1929-1933

        NadirDynasty

        1933-1973

        TheZahirDynasty

        Republicperiod

        1973-1978

        RepublicofAfghanistan

        1978-1987

        AfghanpeopleMainRepublic

        1987-1992

        RepublicofAfghanistan

        1992-1996

        IslamicStateofAfghanistan

        1996-2001

        IslamicEmirateofAfghanistan(Talibanregime)

        2001-2004

        IslamicStateofAfghanistan(TransitionalGovernment)

        2004topresent

        IslamicRepublicofAfghanistan

        Referencematerial:

        Naturalenvironment

        Regionallocation

        TheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanislocatedinWestAsia,atthewesternendoftheQinghai-TibetPlateau.Itisamountainouslandlockedcountry.AfghanistanisborderedbyTurkmenistan,theRepublicofUzbekistan,andtheRepublicofTajikistaninthenorth,theIslamicRepublicofIraninthewest,theIslamicRepublicofPakistaninthesouthandeast,andtheprotrudingnarrowstrip(WahanCorridor)inthenortheastbordersthePeople’sRepublicofChina.ThefourterritoriesofAfghanistanareeast(74.89°eastlongitude),south(29.36°northlatitude),west(60.50°eastlongitude),andnorth(38.49°northlatitude),withanareaof​​647,500squarekilometers.

        Topography

        TheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanisamountainousplateaucountrywithruggedterrainandslopesfromnortheasttosouthwest.ThenortheastendistheQinghai-TibetPlateau(Pamirs).TheHinduKushmountainrangerunsdiagonallyfromthenortheasttothesouthwest.Amongthem,theborderpeakofPakistan,NoshakPeak,is7485metersabovesealevel,whichisthehighestpeakinthecountry.Inthenorthareplainsandfoothills,andmostofthemarebelow500metersabovesealevel.Thesouthisadesertplateauareawithanaltitudeof500-1000meters.Thecentralpartisahighmountainanddeepvalley,withanaltitudeof1000-5000meters.

        Climaticcharacteristics

        TheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanismostlygenusContinentalclimatezone,climatetypehassubtropicalaridandsemi-aridclimate,plateaumountainclimate.MostpartsofAfghanistanaredryanddrierthroughouttheyear,withcoldwintersandhotsummers.Theaverageannualrainfallinthecountryisonlyabout240mm.Mountainareasarecoldinwinterandcoolinsummer,whileplainareasarewarminwinterandhotinsummer.

        Distributionofwatersystems

        MostoftheriversintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanareinlandrivers,mostlyintodesertsandlakes.ThemainriversareAmuDarya,Kabul,HelmandandHariru.

        Naturalresources

        TheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanisrichinmineralresources,buthasnotbeenfullyexploited.Asof2021,theprovenresourcesmainlyincludenaturalgas,coal,salt,chromium,iron,copper,micaandemeralds.TheAynakCopperMinelocatedinthesouthofthecapitalKabulhasatotalprovenorereservesofabout700milliontonsandatotalof11.33milliontonsofcoppermetal.Itisestimatedthatitmaybethethirdlargestcopperorebeltintheworld.Afghanistanmayalsohavethefifthlargestironoreveinintheworld,withcoalreservesofapproximately73milliontons.

        Administrativedivisions

        Divisiondetails

        • First-leveladministrativedistricts

        TheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanhas34provinces,includingcounties,districts,townships,andvillages;thelargestprovinceisHelmand(58,681squarekilometers),andthesmallestprovinceisKabisaProvince(1909squarekilometers).

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        AfghanistanProvinceTable

        BadakhshanProvince

        BadghisProvince

        BaghlanProvince

        BalkhProvince

        GolProvince

        CapisaProvince

        SarpuleProvince

        BamiyanProvince

        DaikondiProvince

        FariabProvince

        GhazniProvince

        HeratProvince

        KhostProvince

        TaharProvince

        FaraProvince

        HelmandProvince

        JuzjanProvince

        KabulProvince

        KandaharProvince

        LibraryNarProvince

        WardakProvince

        KunduzProvince

        LaghmanProvince

        LugarProvince

        NangharProvince

        NimruzProvince

        SamanganProvince

        ZabulProvince

        NurstanProvince

        PanjshirProvince

        UruzganProvince

        PaktiaProvince

        PaktyProvinceofCalgary

        ProvinceofParvang

        /

        • Secondaryadministrativedistrict

        Co-establishedintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanThereare328county-leveladministrativedistricts,thelargestisCharBurjakCounty(21182squarekilometers),andthesmallestisHeratCity(35squarekilometers).

        Afghanistanadministrativedivisionmap

        MainCity

        • Kabul

        Kabul,thecapitalofAfghanistan,meanstradehub.In1773,theDuranidynastyunifiedAfghanistanandsetitscapitalhere,andlaterdevelopedintoanimportanttownonthe"SilkRoad".

        Kabulhasanareaof​​211squarekilometers.Withapopulationof4.22millionin2019,KabulisthelargestcityinAfghanistan.Kabulisabout1,800metersabovesealevel,surroundedbymountains,withfourdistinctseasons,andtheannualaveragetemperatureis13degreesCelsius.

        TheHamidKarzaiInternationalAirportinthenortheasternsuburbsofKabulisthemainairportforentryandexitinAfghanistan,whichcandirectlyreachChina,theUAE,India,Pakistan,Turkey,Iran,Tajikistan,Turkmenistanandothercountries.

        • Herat

        Herat,thecapitalofHeratProvinceWithanareaof​​35squarekilometers,itisthesmallestcityinAfghanistan.In2018,Herathadapopulationof578,000,makingitthesecondlargestcityinAfghanistan.

        • Mazarsharif

        Mazarsharif(Mazarsharif),alsoknownasMazarsharifThecapitalofBalkhProvince,withanareaof​​66squarekilometers,isthethirdsmallestcityinAfghanistan.In2018,MazarSharifhadapopulationof519,000,makingitthethirdlargestcityinAfghanistan.

        • Kandahar

        Kandahar,thecapitalofKandaharProvince,coversanareaof​​629squarethousandMeter.In2018,Kandaharhadapopulationof271,000,makingitthefourthlargestcityinAfghanistan.

        Nationalsymbol

        Nationalflag

        ThenationalflagoftheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanhasbeeninusesince2013andhasablack,red,andgreentricolor.Blacksymbolizesthepast,theerawhenAfghanistanwashumiliatedbythepowers;redsymbolizesblood,Afghanistaninitiatedandshedbloodfortheholywar,andthesufferingsufferedbytheAfghanpeople;greensymbolizesthefuture,afterthecollapseofimperialism,Afghanistanwillprosper.Atthesametime,thesethreecolorsarealsotypicalIslamiccolors.Themainbodyofthenationalflagisthenationalemblemlocatedinthecenter.Thecenterofthenationalemblemiscomposedofawhitemosquenicheandapulpit.InthecenteroftheupperpartistheIslamiclanguage(الشهادة‎)thatconnectsthedayofascension,andtherearetwowhiteflagsonbothsides.ThelowerpartoftheIslamicWordsiswrittenwith"AllahIsGreat"(اللهأكبر).Locatedinthelowerpartofthenationalemblemisthenameofthecountry"Afghanistan"(افغانستان)andtheArabicnumeral"1298"(١٢٩٨),representingtheyear1919(Islamiccalendar1298)whenAfghanistanbecameindependentfromtheUnitedKingdom.Theperipheryofthenationalemblemissurroundedbytwoearsofwheat.

        NationalEmblem

        TheNationalEmblemofAfghanistanisroundandopenedin2005.Thetwobundlesofthenationalemblemareroundedwithearsofgraintiedwitharibbon.ThemiddleisamosquepatternwithIslamicreligiouscolors.TheupperpartisthenameofthecountryofAfghanistanwritteninArabic,andthelowerpartisafamousIslamicsaying:"AllthingsarenottheLord,onlyAllah,MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah".ThewholepatternissurroundedbytwoArabmacheteswithcrossedhandlesandisgoldenyellow.Inthecenteroftheupperpartofthenationalemblem,thereisaSahadaattachedtotherisingsun,andthenationalemblemissurroundedbytwowheatears.

        NationalFlower

        ThenationalflowerofAfghanistanisthetulip.Theoriginalmeaningofthetulipisakindofflower.Intermsofplanttaxonomy,itisatypeofbulbousbulbbelongingtothegenusTulipintheLiliaceaefamily.herb.

        NationalTree

        Mulberry:MulberryisadeciduoustreebelongingtothegenusMoraceae.Mulberryleavesareegg-shapedandarefeedforsilkworms.Deciduoustree,16mhigh,1mdiameteratbreastheight.Thecrownisobovate.Theleavesareovateorbroadlyovate,apexpointedortapered,baseroundorheart-shaped,serrationsthickandobtuse,youngtreeleavesareoftenlobed,deeplydivided,glabrousonthetop,sparsehairsalongtheveinsonthebottom,veinaxillaryTuftedhairs.Juhuaguo(mulberry)ispurple-black,reddishorwhite,juicyandsweet.FloweringinApril;fruitripeningfromMaytoJuly.

        NationalAnthem

        "AfghanistanNationalAnthem"(Pashto:ملیسرود‎,MilliSurood;Persian:سرودملی‎,Surūd-eMillī)wasdeterminedinaccordancewithArticle20oftheAfghanConstitutionandwasformallyadoptedinMay2006.ThelyricsareinPashto.AccordingtotheTheconstitutionstipulatesthatthelyricsmustmentionthenamesofthetribesinAfghanistanand"Allahisgreat."

        PopulationandEthnicity

        Population

        ThepopulationofAfghanistanin2019isapproximately32.2million,ofwhich51%aremalesand49%arefemales.Theurbanpopulationis7.7million,theruralpopulationis23million,andanother1.5millionarenomads.Theannualpopulationgrowthrateisabout2.14%.Duetotheperennialwar,theproportionofyoungpeopleintheAfghanpopulationisveryhigh,ofwhich15.4millionpeopleareunder15yearsold,accountingfor47.7%,rankingamongthehighestintheworld.Thepopulationover65onlyaccountsfor2.7%.

        YearsofwarhavebroughtseriousdisasterstoAfghansociety.AccordingtoUnitedNationsstatistics,nearlyaquarterofAfghanistan’s32.2millionpopulationhavelefttheirhomes.Currently,therearestill4.6millionAfghansinexileintheworld,ofwhich2.7millionhaveobtainedrefugeestatus.PakistanandIranhavehosted1.4millionand1millionAfghanrefugeesrespectively.AccordingtotheMinistryofRefugeeandRepatriationAffairs,morethan540,000refugeeshavereturnedtoAfghanistanfromMarch2019toMarch2020.AccordingtostatisticsfromtheUNrefugeeagency,variousarmedconflictsandturbulenceinthesecuritysituationcausedmorethan400,000peopletobedisplacedacrossthecountryin2019.

        Provincename

        Permanentpopulation(tenthousand)

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        ThetoptenprovincesinAfghanistanbytotalpopulation

        KabulProvince

        503

        HeratProvince

        209.5

        NangharProvince

        166.8

        BalkhProvince

        147.6

        HellmandProvince

        142.1

        KandaharProvince

        136.8

        GhazniProvince

        133.9

        KunduzProvince

        111.4

        FariabProvince

        108.9

        BadakhshanProvince

        103.6

        Referencematerial:

        Ethnicity

        PashtunsintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanaccountfor40%,Tajiksaccountfor25%,aswellasHazara,Uzbek,TurkmenWaitingformorethan20ethnicminorities.PashtoandDariareofficiallanguages.Otherlanguages​​includeUzbek,Baluchi,Turkish,etc.SunniMuslimsaccountedfor86%,ShiaMuslimsaccountedfor13%,andothersaccountedfor1%.

        Politics

        Government

        Afghanistanimplementsapresidentialrepublic.ThePresidentistheheadofstateandthehighestexecutiveexecutiveofthecountry.ThePresidenthasprivilegesintheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialfields.Thepresidentiselectedbythepeopleforafive-yearterm.TheministersarenominatedbythePresidentandappointedbytheParliament.

        InDecember2001,theUnitedNationssignedthe"BonnAgreement"withtheAfghanNorthernAlliance,theformerKingZahir,thePashtunanti-TalibanandotherAfghanfactions,whichconfirmedthe"SeparationofPowers"inAfghanistan.Thebasicframeworkofpoliticalreconstruction.OnApril5,2014,Afghanistanheldthefirstroundofpresidentialelections,andnocandidateobtainedasimplemajorityofmorethan50%.OnJune14,thesecondroundofpresidentialelectionswasheld.OnSeptember21,formerFinanceMinisterAshrafGhaniwaselectedPresidentofAfghanistan.InSeptember2019,Afghanistanheldpresidentialelections.OnMarch9,2020,Ghaniheldaninaugurationceremony.

        Constitution

        FromJanuary2002toJanuary2004,theTransitionalGovernmentofAfghanistanfollowedthe1964ConstitutionpromulgatedbytheformerKingZahir.OnJanuary26,2004,PresidentKarzaioftheTransitionalGovernmentofAfghanistansignedandpromulgatedanewconstitution,establishingthenameofthecountryasthe"IslamicRepublicofAfghanistan"andimplementingthepresidentialsystem.

        Parliament

        AfghanLoyaJirga,alsoknownastheGrandNationalAssembly.InJune2002,AfghanistanconvenedanemergencyloyajirgaandelectedanAfghantransitionalgovernmentheadedbyPresidentKarzai.AconstitutionalloyajirgawasheldinDecember2003toformulateandpassanewconstitution.AccordingtothenewAzerbaijaniConstitution,theLoyaJirgaisthehighestexpressionofthewilloftheAfghanpeople.Itisthecountry’shighestlegislature.ItiscomposedofthePeople’sChamber(lowerhouse)andtheHouseofElders(upperhouse)aswellasthepresidentsoftheprovincialassemblies.ItisresponsibleforformulatingandamendingtheconstitutionandapprovingotherstateRelevantlaws;powertodecideonissuesrelatedtoAfghannationalindependence,sovereignty,territorialintegrityandnationalinterests;reviewthelistofcabinetcompositionsubmittedbythepresident;cabinetministers,SupremeCourtjudgesandjusticescanattendmeetings;meetingsareheldirregularly.Therearenomorethan250membersofthePeople’sChamber,andtheyareevenlydistributedaccordingtothepopulationofeachregion,buteachprovinceisguaranteedtohaveatleast2femalemembers.MembersoftheHouseofEldersareindirectlyelectedfromamongthemembersofthemanagementcommitteesoftheprovincesanddistricts.TheNationalAssemblyhasthepowertoimpeachthepresident,butitmustconvenetheLoyaJirgaandobtaina2/3majoritytoremovethepresident.ThePeaceLoyaJirgawasheldinJune2010,callingontheTalibanandotherstoparticipateinthepoliticalreconciliationprocess.ThenewparliamentwaselectedinSeptember2010andwasformallyestablishedinJanuary2011.ThecurrentchairmanoftheHouseofEldersisFazalHadiMusrimyar,andthechairmanoftheHouseofPeopleisAbdulRaufIbrahimi.TheGreatLoyaJirgawasheldinNovember2011todiscussthesigningofastrategicpartnershipdocumentbetweenAfghanistanandtheUnitedStates.

        Government

        ThecurrentcabinetmembersofAfghanistaninclude:PresidentAshrafGhani(resigned),VicePresidentMohamedQasimFahim,VicePresidentMohamedKaReemKhalili,CabinetMinisterHaidayatAminAlSala,MinisterofForeignAffairsZalmayRasoul,MinisterofDefense,GeneralAbdulRahimWardak,MinisteroftheInteriorBismilaKhanMohammedi,MinisterofFinanceOmarZaherwar,MinisterofJusticeHabibullahGarib,MinisterofHajjandIslamicAffairsMohamedYusufNeyaz,MinisterofEconomyAbuDulleHadiArganDival,MinisterofRuralRehabilitationandDevelopmentVisAhmedBarmack,MinisterofMartyrs,DisabledPeopleandSocialAffairsAminaAfzari,MinisterofAnti-narcoticsZalal·AhmedMuqbal,MinisterofEducationFaroukWardak,MinisterofInformationandCultureSaidMahdumRacine,MinisterofMineralsVahidullahSharani,MinisterofAgricultureMohamedASefRahimi,MinisterofCommerceandIndustryAnwarHaqAhadi,MinisterofPublicWorksNajibullahOchan,MinisterofEnergyandWaterMohamedIsmailKhan,MinisterofWomen’sAffairsHassonBaNuGazanfar(female),MinisterofUrbanDevelopmentHassanAbdullah,MinisterofHigherEducationObaidullahObaid,MinisterofPublicHealthSorayaDalil,MinisterofTransportandCivilAviationUdAliNajafi.

        Inaddition,thereare4actingministers:MinisterofPublicWelfareSohrabAliSafari,MinisterofCommunicationsAmirzaiSankin,MinisterofBorderandTribalAffairsAlSarahJamal,MinisterofRefugeeAffairsAbdulRahim.

        ThemaineconomicdepartmentsincludetheMinistryofFinance,theMinistryofIndustryandCommerce,theMinistryofEconomy,theMinistryofMiningandPetroleum,theMinistryofEnergyandWaterResources,theMinistryofTransportation,andtheBankofAfghanistan.

        Justice

        TheAfghanjusticesystemisdividedintothreelevels.Thelowestlevelisthelocalcourts,withatotalofabout350nationwide;themiddlelevelistheappealcourt,locatedintheprovincesofAfghanistan;thehighestlevelistheSupremeCourt,locatedinthecapitalKabul.

        Politicalparties

        TheTransitionalGovernmentofAfghanistanpromulgatedthe"PoliticalPartyLaw"inOctober2003.Therewerenearly100politicalpartiesin2014.Themainpoliticalpartiesinclude:

        (1)AfghanistanIslamicPromotionAssociation:establishedin1972.ModerateIslam,membersaremostlyTajiks.Sunni.ThemainleaderisMuhammadQasimFahim.

        (2)AfghanistanIslamicUnityParty(Khalilifaction):TheoriginalAfghanistanIslamicRevolutionaryAlliance,establishedin1987.In1991,itchangedtoitscurrentname.InMarch1995,theformerleaderMazariwaskilledbytheTalibanandthepartysplit.ItbelongstotheShi'itesectofIslam,andthemembersaremostlyHazarapeople.ThechairmanofthepartyisMohamedKarimKhalili,whoisnowthesecondvicepresidentofAfghanistan.

        (3)TheIslamicNationalMovementinAfghanistan:ThemainleaderisAbdullahSidDostam,Uzbek.

        (4)AfghanNationalLiberationFront:establishedin1978.Thenationalistfaction,Pashtun,belongstotheSunniIslamism.ThemainleaderisSibugatullahMujadidi,thecurrentchairmanoftheHouseofPresbyterians.

        (5)AfghanMujahideenIslamicLeague:Establishedin1981.ThePashtunethnicgroupbelongstotheSunniIslamism.ThemainleaderisAbdulRasulSayaf.

        (6)TheIslamicNationalFrontofAfghanistan:Establishedin1979.Thenationalistfaction,Pashtun,belongstotheSunniIslamism.ThemainleaderisSaidGailani.

        Dignitaries

        GovernmentChiefAbdullahAbdullah.BornonSeptember5,1960inthePanjshirValleyinnorthernAfghanistan.HegraduatedfromKabulUniversityin1983withabachelor'sdegreeinmedicine.ServedasMinisterofForeignAffairsoftheNorthernAllianceregimeledbyMasood.AftertheTalibanregimewasoverthrownin2001,AbdullahservedasMinisterofForeignAffairsintheKarzaigovernment.InJune2006,Abdullahwasfired.OnSeptember29,2014,hebecametheheadoftheAfghangovernment.

        ChairmanoftheHouseofPresbyterians:FazalHadiMusrimyar,chairmanoftheHouseofPresbyterians,bornin1970,fromthePashtunethnicgroupinNangarharProvince.Receivedabachelor'sdegreeinlawandparticipatedintheWarofResistanceagainsttheSovietUnion.From2005to2009,heservedaschairmanoftheNangarharProvincialAssembly.In2010,hewaselectedthefirstvicechairmanoftheHouseofPresbyteriansoftheAlgerianParliament.InJanuary2011,hewaselectedchairmanoftheHouseofElders.

        TheSpeakerofthePeople’sChamberoftheParliament:AbdulRaoufIbrahimi.FormerUzbekwarlord,fromKunduzprovinceinnorthernAzerbaijan,participatedinthewaragainsttheSovietUnion.InFebruary2011,hewaselectedastheSpeakerofthePeople'sCourt.

        Economy

        Overview

        Afghanistanisoneofthemostbackwardcountries.Aftermorethan30yearsofwarandchaos,economicdestructionhasbeenexhausted,transportation,communications,industry,education,andagriculturalinfrastructurehavesufferedthemostseveredamage,productionandlivingmaterialsareinshortsupply,andmorethan6millionpeoplehavebecomerefugees.TheinternationalcommunityactivelysupportsAfghanistan'speacefulreconstructionanddevelopment,andhasprovidednearly100billionU.S.dollarsinaidtoAfghanistan.Duringthe2016BrusselsInternationalConferenceonAfghanistan,theinternationalcommunitypromisedtoprovide15.2billionU.S.dollarsinaidtoAfghanistanwithinfouryears.

        Since2002,theAfghannationaleconomyhasshown"low-levelrapidgrowth",andtheeconomyhasgraduallyresumeddevelopment.Inthe2013/14fiscalyear,theeconomygrewby6.4%year-on-year,withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)of21.2billionU.S.dollars,apercapitaGDPof720U.S.dollars,andatotalforeigntradeof5.847billionU.S.dollars.

        Forfiscalyear2019/2020,Afghanistan’smaineconomicdataareasfollows:GrossDomesticProduct(GDP):US$18.89billion.GDPpercapita:US$586.6.GDPgrowthrate:3.9%.

        Currency

        ThenameofthecurrencyofAfghanistan:Afghani,abbreviatedasAni.

        Officialexchangerate(April2007):Officialexchangerateof1USdollar=45Ani(2011):Exchangerate:1USdollar≈77.8Ani.(February2021)

        Chineseabbreviation:Ani

        Currencyconversion

        1Afghani=100pool

        Currency:25.50Pooleand1.2.5Afghanis

        Nameoftoken:Poole

        Inflationrate:14.5%.

        Inflationrate:2.3%.(February2021)

        Agricultureandanimalhusbandry

        AgricultureandanimalhusbandryarethemainpillarsofAfghanistan'snationaleconomy.Thepopulationofagricultureandanimalhusbandryaccountsfor80%ofthetotalpopulationofthecountry.Cultivatedlandislessthan10%ofthetotallandareaof​​thecountry.Themaincropsincludewheat,cotton,sugarbeets,driedfruitsandvariousfruits.Themainlivestockproductsarefat-tailedsheep,cattle,goats,etc.Afghanistanisthecenterofthe"GoldenCrescent",theworld'slargestsourceofdrugs.Theoutputofopiumin2013was5,500tons,theoutputofopiumin2015was3,300tons,andtheoutputofopiumin2018wasmorethan6,400tons,whichseriouslyaffectedtheprocessofpeaceandreconstructioninAfghanistan,andalsobroughtthreatsandchallengestoregionalpeaceandsecurity.

        AgricultureisthemostimportantindustryinAfghanistan.Agricultureabsorbsabout40%ofemployment,andagriculturaloutputvalueaccountsforabout1/4ofGDP.Agribusinesslacksmodern,high-techagriculturalfacilitiesandbasicallydependsontheskyforfood.Themaincropsincludewheat,barley,rice,corn,driedfruitsandvariousfruits.Inrecentyears,Azerbaijanhashadabumperharvestyearafteryear,butitisstillnotself-sufficientandneedsinternationalassistanceorimportedfoodeveryyear.Animalhusbandryismainlybasedonstocking,includingsheep,goats,andcattle.

        Industry

        YearsofwarshavecausedAfghanistan'sindustrialbasetocollapse.Lightindustryandhandicraftarethemainindustries,includingtextiles,fertilizers,cement,leather,carpets,electricity,sugar,metalmanufacturing,agriculturalproductsandfruitprocessing.

        YearsofwarshavebasicallycollapsedAfghanistan’sindustrialbase,lackingacompleteindustrialsystem,andindustrialoutputvalueonlyaccountsfor1/5ofGDP.Mainlylightindustryandhandicraftindustry,includingchemicalindustry,buildingmaterials,carpet,agriculturalproductsprocessing,etc.Existingenterprisesaremainlysmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,andtherearebasicallynolarge-scaleenterprises.Mostenterprisesarelabor-intensive,workshop-typeprimaryprocessingplants,withsmallscale,backwardproductiontechnology,andagingequipment,andtheirproductsaremainlyforthedomesticmarket.

        FinancialFinance

        Inthe2006/2007fiscalyear,thedirectbudgetoftheAfghangovernmentwasUS$2.205billion,andtheforeignaiddevelopmentbudgetwasUS$2.95billion.AsofMarch2006,Afghanistan’sforeignexchangereservestotaledapproximatelyUS$1.8billion.

        ForeignTrade

        Afghanistanhastraderelationswithmorethan60countriesandregions.Themainexportcommoditiesarenaturalgas,carpets,driedandfreshfruits,wool,cottonandsoon.Themainimportedcommoditiesarevariousfoods,motorvehicles,petroleumproductsandtextiles.ThemainexporttargetsarePakistan,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,Germany,India,etc.,andthemainimportingcountriesareChina,Pakistan,theUnitedStates,Japan,SouthKorea,Turkmenistan,India,etc.Theforeigntradesituationisasfollows(unit:100millionU.S.dollars)

        2002/03fiscalyear

        FiscalYear2003/04

        FiscalYear2004/05

        FiscalYear2005/06

        Exportamount

        0.94

        1.47

        3.05

        0.74

        Importamount

        24.68

        20.01

        21.77

        28.32

        Thedifference

        -23.74

        -18.53

        -18.72

        -27.58

        (Referencesource:)

        Themaineconomicdataforfiscalyear2017/2018areasfollows:

        GrossDomesticProduct(GDP):20.2billionUSdollars.

        PercapitaGDP:US$681.

        Grossdomesticproductgrowthrate:2.9%.

        Currencyname:Afghani(Afghani),referredtoas"Ani".

        Exchangerate:1USdollar≈68Ani.

        Inflationrate:4.4%.

        ForeignAid

        TheinternationalcommunityhasprovidedalargeamountoffundsandmaterialassistancetoAfghanistan’spost-warreconstruction.Since2002,donorcountrieshavepledgedabout30billionU.S.dollars(allinU.S.dollarsbelow)inaid,ofwhichtheU.S.13.6billion,theU.K.1.46billion,Japan1.457billion,Germany960million,EU1billion,India755million,andCanada703millionplusYuan,447millionintheNetherlands,314millioninNorway,304millioninIran,270millioninItaly,etc.Sofar,$12.8billionhasbeensecured.Atthesametime,theinternationalcommunityhasassistedtheAfghangovernmentwithalotofbasicequipmentineducation,health,agriculturalirrigation,transportation,telecommunications,andgovernmentoffices.

        Culture

        Media

        AfghanistanTVmedia:Thereare106radiostationsand66TVstationsinthecountry.RadioAfghanistanwasestablishedin1925andbroadcastsin9languages.TheAfghanTelevisionStation(RTV)wasestablishedin1978andbroadcastsmainlyinPersianandPashto.OthermajorprivatetelevisionstationsincludeToloTV,ATN,ATV,etc.

        Newspapermedia:Afghanistanhas926typesofnewspapersandmagazines,ofwhichKabulaccountsforabout80%.Therearethreemainstreamnewspapers:"AfghanistanTimes"(English),"DailyLookout"(English)and"AnisDaily"(Persian).OthersincludeSewardDaily(Pashto),KabulTimes(English)andCherag.

        Diet

        ThestaplefoodofAfghansisnaanandpilaf.Naanismadefromwheat,barley,corn,driedmulberryandpeas.Therearetwokindsofstuffingandwithoutstuffing.Thepilafistopourtheoilintoapotandheatit,addshreddedcarrotsandchoppedgreenonions,stir-fry,addwater,muttonfat,salt,etc.toaboil,thenenlargetherice,serveitonaplateaftercooking,andmixwithlemonjuice,chiliorotherseasonings.

        Insummer,Afghansoftendrinkayogurtsoupboiledwithaproperamountofyogurt,saltandcucumberslicesinwater.Theylikesour,spicy,andfragranttaste,butforreligiousreasons,theydon’tDrinking.Milkandbeefandmuttonareimportantfoodsonthetable.Chicken,duck,etc.arealsoeaten,porkisnoteaten,andfishisrarelyeaten.Theyofteneatroastlegoflamb,andgrillthewholelambonmajorfestivedaysorentertainingguests.Afghansalsoeat"horsemeatintestines.""Horsemeatintestines"arestuffedhorsemeatandsaltintohorseintestines,boiled,anddried.

        Afghanisoftenusemilkasadrink,andtheyalsoliketodrinktea.Thetypesofteaincludemilkteaandbricktea.Invitingpeopletodrinkteaoftenhastodrinkthreecupsinarow.Thefirstcupquenchesthirst,thesecondcupexpressesfriendship,andthethirdcupisacourtesy.Ifyoureallydon’twanttodrinkanymore,youcancoverthecupwithyourhandstoshowrejection.

        AfghanpeoplebelieveinIslam,menandwomenhavedifferentseats,andmaleandfemaleguestscannoteatinthesameroom.Alwayswashyourhandsbeforemeals,theguestswashfirst,andthehostwasheslater.Wheneating,usethetraywithyourlefthandandgrabthefoodwithyourrighthand.Theorderofmealsistoservethedishesfirst,thepilafinthemiddle,andthenthedishesandfruits.Guestsshouldwashtheirhandsaftereating.

        CulturalArchitecture

        AfghanistanNationalMuseum,AfghanistanNationalArchives

        Language

        PashtoandPersianareofficiallanguages.Otherlanguages​​includeUzbek,Baluchi,Turkman,etc.SunniMuslimsaccountedfor80%,ShiaMuslimsaccountedfor19%,andothersaccountedfor1%.

        Religion

        ThereisawidespreadbeliefinIslaminAfghanistan,withMuslimsaccountingforabout99%,ofwhichSunniaccountingfor80%andShiaaccountingfor19%.AllIslamictaboosapplytoAfghanistan,suchasprohibitionofalcoholandpork.WhenworkingandlivinginAfghanistan,localreligiousbeliefsshouldberespectedinparticular,andanywordsanddeedsthatinsulttheKoranandrelatedpatternsmustnotbemade.

        Customs

        AfghanistanisanIslamiccountry,andallIslamictaboosalsoapply,suchasprohibitionofalcoholandpork.TherearequiteafewrestrictionsonwomeninAfghanistan.Generally,womenwearakindofclothingcalledBURKARwhentheygoout.Theycan’tseepeoplefromheadtotoeandcanonlyseethingsthroughsmallmeshwindows.AfterthefalloftheTalibanregime,thissituationhaschangedalot.ManyurbanwomenhavebravelyputonWestern-styleclothesto"showtheirfaces."Afghanpeopleusuallygreetthembyshakinghandsorputtingtheirhandsontheircheststoshowrespect,andtheywillgiveface-to-facesalutesbetweenfriends.

        Taboos

        AfghanistanisanIslamiccountry,andtheclothesareconservative.Menshouldnotwearshortstogotothestreets,andwomenshouldnotwearnarrowandrevealingclothing.Itisbesttowearaheadscarf.Governmentstaffgenerallydressneatly,especiallymiddleandupper-levelofficialsallwearsuits.Therefore,whenvisitingAfghanofficials,Chinesepersonnelshouldpayattentiontodress.

        Holidays

        GovernmentofficedaysareSaturdaytoThursdaymorning,andThursdayafternoonandFridayarepublicholidays.Workdayat8:00am,leaveat12:00,getoffworkat13:00andleaveat16:00intheafternoon.Butthestaffoftenarrivelateandleaveearly.

        TherearethreetypesofcalendarsinAfghanistan:oneistheA.D.calendar,theotheristheAfghansolarcalendar,andtheotheristheAfghanlunarcalendar(Islamiccalendar).Forexample,May25,2017istheAfghanGregoriancalendar,March1396.Onthe4th,August28,1438intheAfghanlunarcalendar.Amongthem,thesolarcalendarhas365daysayear,andthelunarcalendarhas354daysayear.

        TherearealsotwoholidaysinAfghanistan:religiousholidaysarecalculatedaccordingtothelunarcalendar,andtherestarecalculatedaccordingtothesolarcalendar.BecausetheGregoriancalendarandtheGregoriancalendarhavethesamenumberofdaysineachyear,theholidayscalculatedintheGregoriancalendararefixedintheGregoriancalendareachyear;thelunarcalendarhas11dayslessdaysperyearthantheGregoriancalendar,sothereligiousfestivalshavedifferentdatesintheADcalendareachyear.Generally,eachyearishigherthanthepreviousyear.About10-11daysinadvance.

        AfghanNewYear:March21everyyear

        Afghanistan’sIndependenceDay:August19everyyear

        Eidal-Fitr:Thedateisvariableeveryyear(changeswiththeIslamiccalendar),Eidal-Fitrisapublicholiday.Thisisadayoffforordinarypeople.Schoolsandmostbusinessesareclosed.

        Ramadan(alsoknownasRamadanorRamzan)istheninthmonthintheIslamiccalendar.ThisisanerawhenMuslimsallovertheworldfocusonprayer,fasting,charityandreligiousbeliefs.ThelastthirdofRamadanisaparticularlysacredperiodbecauseitcommemoratesthediscoveryofthefirstverseoftheKoranbytheProphetMuhammad(MuhammadorMuhammad).Ramadanisapublicholiday.Thisisadayoffforordinarypeople.Schoolsandmostbusinessesareclosed.

        GurbanFestival:Thedateisvariableeveryyear(changeswiththeIslamiccalendar)

        VictoryDayinAfghanistanisapublicholiday.Thisisadayoffforordinarypeople.Schoolsandmostbusinessesareclosed.

        ArafatDayisapublicholiday.Thisisadayoffforordinarypeople.Schoolsandmostbusinessesareclosed.

        Military

        OnOctober7,2001,theUnitedStateslaunchedthewarinAfghanistaninthenameofanti-terrorism.InFebruary2020,theUSgovernmentandtheTalibansignedanagreement,promisingtowithdrawfromAfghanistanbyMay2021.

        WarinAfghanistan(6photos)

        In2002,theAfghanTransitionalGovernmentbeganpreparationsfortheestablishmentoftheAfghanNationalArmywiththehelpoftheUnitedStates.Accordingtothe"AfghanistanNATOSummitDeclaration"adoptedattheNATOChicagoSummitinMay2012,attheendof2014,theUnitedStatesandNATOcompletedthetransferofsecurityresponsibilitiestoAfghanistan.AsofFebruary2021,thereareabout350,000Afghansecurityforces,andtheinternationalcommunityneedstoprovidealotoffinancialsupportforitsconstruction.The2016NATOWarsawSummitdecidedtocontinuetoprovideAfghanNationalSecurityForceswithannualfinancialsupportofUS$1billionuntil2020.InMarch2020,theUnitedStatessignedapeaceagreementwiththeTaliban,promisingtowithdrawallitsmilitaryforcesinAfghanistaninphasesandconditionswithinthenext14months.InFebruary2021,thenumberofUSsoldiersinAfghanistanwilldropto2500.OnMay1,2021,theUSmilitaryinAfghanistanbegantowithdraw,anditisexpectedtobecompletelywithdrawnfromtheendofAugusttoearlySeptember.

        InJuly2021,BidenstatedthattheUSmilitarymissioninAfghanistanwillendonAugust31.OnAugust15,theTalibanenteredandcontrolledKabul,thecapitalofAfghanistan.OntheeveningofAugust30,2021,aU.S.militarytransportplanetookofffromKabulAirportcarryingthelastbatchofU.S.soldiers.Endedthe20-yearwarinAfghanistan-thelongestwarinAmericanhistory.OnAugust31,U.S.PresidentBidenstatedattheWhiteHousethatendingthewarinAfghanistanwastherightdecisionandthattheUnitedStateswouldcontinueitsanti-terrorismoperations.

        Traffic

        Highways

        Thereare177,789kilometersofhighwaysinAfghanistan,including4,906kilometersofnationalhighwaysand5,000kilometersofhighwaysunderconstruction,mainlyincludingKabultoMazar-e-Sharif,HerattoKandahar,KabulRingExpressway,TokhamtoKabulandotherhighways.

        TheoverallroadconditionsinAfghanistanarepoor.Yearsofwarhavecausedalargenumberofroadstobeseriouslydamaged.Afghanvehiclesdriveontheright,thesameasinChina.Whendrivingandencounteringtrafficcontrolandcrowds,youshouldquicklystayawayfromdetours.AChinesedriver’slicensecannotbeusedlocally,andanAfghandriver’slicensemustbeobtainedthroughanexambeforedriving.TherailwaymileageinAfghanistanisrelativelyshort,leadingtoIranandUzbekistanrespectively.

        Railway

        TherearerailwaystoIran,UzbekistanandTajikistanintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan.TheearliestrailwayinAfghanistanwastheKabul-PaghmanrailwaybuiltbyAmanullahKhan.InApril1975,Iranpromisedtoprovide2billionU.S.dollarsinloans,ofwhich1.7billionwasusedtobuilda1,815kilometersintotallengthfromIrantoAfghanistan.RailwaysinRath,KandaharandKabul.

        Inaddition,Afghanistanhasarailwayinthenorthernborderareaof​​Afghanistan,whichconnectsUzbekistanandTajikistan.TherailwaydepartsfromDushanbe,thecapitalofTajikistan,andbordersTermez,Uzbekistan.ItcrossestheAmuDaryaandendsatMazarSharif,whichis15kilometerslonginAfghanistan.

        Watertransportation

        PartsoftheAmuDaryaandKunduzRiversontheborderbetweenthenorthernIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanandUzbekistanandTurkmenistanarenavigable.

        AirTransport

        AsofFebruary2021,thereare3airlinesintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan.AlianaAirlinesisrelativelystrong,mainlyoperatinginternationalroutes,openinganumberofinternationalroutestoChina,Pakistan,Iran,UAE,India,Turkey,Germany,Russia,Azerbaijan,SaudiArabia,KuwaitandTajikistan.KAMAirlinesandSAFIAirlinesoperatesomedomesticandinternationalroutes.Thereare43airportsintheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan,amongwhich4airportsareHamidKarzaiInternationalAirport,HeratInternationalAirport,MazarSharifInternationalAirport,andKandaharInternationalAirport.

        Society

        Education

        Afghanistanhasabackwardeducationlevel,weakteachers,andlackofbasiceducationfacilitiesandfunds.Schoolsaredividedintotwotypes:publicandprivate.Publicschoolsimplementcompletelyfreecompulsoryeducation,with6yearsofprimaryschool,6yearsofmiddleschool,and4to5yearsofuniversity.Tuitionisfree.Privateschoolsaremoreexpensive.

        Infiscalyear2019/2020,thereare16,429primaryandsecondaryschoolsofvarioustypesinAfghanistan,with9.589millionstudents,ofwhich3.686millionaregirls.Thereare211,500teachers,including72,500women.Intermsofhighereducation,thereareatotalof166universitiesandresearchinstitutionsofvarioustypes,ofwhich38arepublicand128areprivate;thereareabout18,900teachers,including2,599femaleteachers;425,000students,including114,000women.KabulUniversityisthehighestinstitutioninthecountry,withapproximately23,000students.

        People'sLivelihood

        ThewarhascausedgreatdamagetoAfghanistan’sbasiclivingfacilities,roaddamage,powershortages,risingprices,andlackofdailynecessities.AftertheestablishmentoftheAfghangovernment,withthehelpoftheUnitedNationsandtheinternationalcommunity,ithasvigorouslyrestoredbasiclivelihoodfacilities,resettledrefugeesreturningtoAfghanistan,solvedwaterandelectricityforresidents,increasedmedicalstafftraining,andrestoredschooleducationatalllevels.AccordingtotheWorldBankreport,lessthan20%ofurbanresidentsinAfghanistancanenjoytapwatersupply,whichisthelowestcountryintheworld.Basicmedicalcarecanonlycover40%ofthepopulation,andthereisaseriousshortageofmedicalstaff,especiallyfemalemedicalstaff.TherateofaccesstobasicmedicalcareforAfghanwomenisverylow.

        Sports

        TheAfghanSuperLeagueisthehighest-levelfootballleagueinAfghanistan.Establishedin2006,thisisalsothecountry’sfirstfootballleagueandthefirstlarge-scalefootballmatchsincetheSovietinvasionin1979.DuringtheTalibanperiod,footballwasevendeclaredasafrivolousandillegalactivityagainstIslamicteachings.Afterthe2001AfghanistanWarFootballisgraduallyreborninthisland.

        TheAfghannationalteamhasneverwonagoldmedalinanyinternationalcompetition.AfghanistanbegantoparticipateintheOlympicGamesin1936toAthensin2004,withoutwinninganOlympicmedal.Itwasn'tuntilthe2008BeijingOlympicsthatTaekwondoplayerNickPawonabronzemedalbelow58kg,achievingabreakthroughinAfghanistan'szeromedal.

        OnAugust16,2021,AfghanistanhasconfirmedthatitwillnotparticipateintheTokyoParalympicGamesscheduledtoopenonAugust24.

        EntryandResidence

        Visaentry:TheAfghanEmbassyinChinausuallyissuesasingleentryvisawithavalidityperiodof30days.Forspecificmatters,pleaseconsulttheAfghanEmbassyinChina.

        Residenceandnaturalization:IfyouwanttostayinAfghanistanforalongtime,youmustapplyforaresidencepermitvisaforsixmonthstooneyearwithin30daysofenteringthecountry,andthenyoumustapplyagain.

        Customsregulations:TheAfghanCustomsstipulatesthatforeigncurrencywithalimitofnotmorethan20,000USdollarscanbecarriedinandoutofthecountry,andrequiresproofoflegaloriginandnecessarybankpermits;forlegalexchangeandremittancesThereisnorestriction;itisnotallowedtobringrawjadestonessuchaslapislazulioutofthecountry;itisstrictlyforbiddentobringinalcoholicbeveragesandanimalfoodsuchaspork.Violationoftheaboveregulationswillbepunishedbyrelevantlaws.Therearenoclearregulationsonthereasonablequantityandvarietyofpersonaluseitemscarriedbyindividuals.Whenenteringthecountry,itisrecommendedtotaketheinitiativetoaskforandfillintheimmigrationcard.

        Medicaltreatment

        Afghanistan'smedicalandhealthfacilitiesareseverelyinadequate,withashortageofmedicalstaff.80%ofhealthcentersinvariousregionslackdoctorsandmedicines,andmedicalfacilitiesareinshortsupply.TherearesomepublichospitalsinbigcitiessuchasKabul,butthelevelofmedicalequipmentandservicesispoor.Manylocalsgotoneighboringcountriesformedicaltreatment,suchasPakistan,India,andtheUAE.France,Germany,Indiaandothercountries,aswellasAfghandomesticinvestors,haveprivatehospitalsorclinicsinAfghanistan,withvaryinglevelsandgenerallyhigherfees.

        Infiscalyear2019/2020,thereare641hospitalsinAfghanistan,including181publichospitalsand460privatehospitals;thereare8082doctors,including6351malesand1731females.Thereare14,511hospitalbeds,andthebedownershiprateper10,000peopleis4.5.Infiscalyear2019,Afghanistan’snationaldevelopmentbudgetwasapproximatelyUS$1.92billion.Amongthem,thebudgetforhealthexpenditurewas210millionUSdollars,accountingforabout11%,ayear-on-yeardecreaseof2.4percentagepoints.

        ThecommondiseasesinAfghanistanaretuberculosis(incidencerate0.08%)andmalaria(incidencerate0.39%).ThenumberofregisteredAIDSpatientsis2,923.Amedicalfacilityisseriouslyinadequate,coveringonly60%ofthepopulation.AccordingtodatareleasedbytheMinistryofPublicHealthofAfghanistanandtheWorldHealthOrganization,anaverageof55per1,000birthsdiedbeforetheageof5,andabout41%ofchildrenunder5werestunted.Onlyabout58%ofthecountry’spopulationhasaccesstocleandrinkingwater,andanother19%lackpublictoilets,comparedto81%inruralareas.

        Afghanistanimportsabout80millionU.S.dollarsworthofmedicineseachyear,andmostofthemareimportedthroughillegalchannels.TheMinistryofPublicHealthofAfghanistanisplanningtoestablishanationalpharmaceuticalcompanytoimportqualifieddrugsandpreventviciouscompetition.Atthesametime,theMinistryofPublicHealthofAfghanistanisalsoplanningtosetupdrugandfoodcontrolcentersinKabul,Herat,Balkh,Nangarhar,Khost,Kandaharprovincesandotherplacestotestthequalityofimporteddrugsandfood.ThereisonlyonemedicineandfoodcontrolcenterinKabulinAfghanistan.

        Communication

        Communicationpowersupply:Afghanistanvoltageis220V,50Hz,ACtwo-holeroundplug.

        ThepenetrationrateofmobilephonesinAfghanistanisrelativelyhigh,andthetariffsarerelativelycheap.MostofthemobilephonesofChinesestandardcanbeusedinAfghanistan,andmostofthebigcitieshavealreadyopened3Gfunction.Internetoperatorscanprovidewirelessnetworkcards,butthespeedislowandthetariffisexpensive.

        ScienceandTechnology

        AfghanistanisoneoftheleastdevelopedcountrieslistedbytheUnitedNations.Theoveralllevelofscienceandtechnologyisbackward,andtherearenonationalscientificresearchinstitutions.Onlysomegovernmentdepartmentssetupprimary-levelresearchCenter,butthescaleissmall,thecapitalisscarce,andtheoveralllevelisbackward.Exceptfortherelativelydevelopedtelecommunicationsindustry,therearebasicallynohigh-techindustriesorcommodityimportandexportinspectionandquarantinefacilities.

        Media

        Thereare816radiostationsand331TVstationsacrossAfghanistan.RadioAfghanistanwasestablishedin1925andbroadcastsin9languages.TheAfghanTelevisionStation(RTV)wasestablishedin1978andmainlybroadcastsinPersianandPashto.OthermajorprivateTVstationsincludeToloTV,ATN,ATV,etc.

        Thereare824kindsofnewspapersandmagazinesinAfghanistan,ofwhichabout64%arepublishedinKabul.Thereare3mainstreamnewspapers:"AfghanistanTimes"(English),"AfghanistanDailyObservatory"(English)and"AnisDaily"(Dali).OthersincludeHewadDaily(Pashto),KabulTimes(English)andCheragh.

        Diplomacy

        ForeignPolicy

        ThereconstructionofAfghanistanmainlydependsonthesupportandassistanceofWesterncountries.From2002to2010,AfghanistanreceivedatotalofUS$55.6billioninforeignaid.TheAlgeriagovernment’sdiplomacyiscenteredonseekingaidandactivelydevelopsrelationswithWesterncountriessuchastheUnitedStates,Germany,Japan,andtheEuropeanUnion.

        Afghanistanattachesgreatimportancetodevelopingrelationswithneighboringcountriesandparticipatinginregionalcooperation.In2002,AlgeriaandsixneighboringcountriesincludingChinasignedthe"KabulGood-NeighborlyDeclaration",the"KabulGood-NeighborlyDeclaration"andthe"KabulGood-NeighborlyFriendshipDeclaration"onEncouragingCloserTrade,TransitandInvestmentCooperationandthe"KabulGood-neighborlyandFriendshipAnti-drugDeclaration.

        InOctober2005,AfghanistanbecameamemberoftheCentralAsianRegionalEconomicCooperationOrganization,establishedacontactgroupwiththeShanghaiCooperationOrganizationinNovember,andbecameamemberoftheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperationinthesamemonth.InJune2012,itbecameanobservercountryoftheSCO.Azerbaijanalsousesitsgeographicaladvantagestostrivetobecomeatradeandtransportationhubintheregion.

        Foreignrelations

        RelationswithChina

        OnJanuary20,1955,ChinaandAfghanistanestablisheddiplomaticrelations.InJanuary1957,PremierZhouEnlaiandVicePremierHeLongvisitedAfghanistan,whichwasthefirstvisitbyaChineseleaderinthehistoryofSino-Arabrelations.Thetwocountriessignedatreatyoffriendshipandnon-aggressionin1960,andsignedabordertreatyin1963.TheChina-Arabborderis92.45kilometerslong.

        AftertheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaandArabcountriesin1955,theeconomicandtraderelationsbetweenthetwocountrieshaveinitiallydeveloped.In1957,thetwopartiessignedatradeexchangeandpaymentagreement.InApril1972,theSino-ArabExchangeProtocolwassigned.DuringthewarinAfghanistan,theeconomicandtradeexchangesandeconomicandtechnologicalcooperationbetweenthetwocountrieswereseverelyaffected.AftertheestablishmentofthenewAfghangovernment,economicandtradeactivitiesbetweenthetwocountrieshavegraduallybecomeactive.In2013,thebilateraltradevolumewas338millionU.S.dollars.

        Asof2013,China’seconomiccooperationcontractsinAfghanistantotaled858millionU.S.dollarsandcompletedatotalturnoverofapproximately983millionU.S.dollars,mainlyinvolvingcommunications,highwayconstructionandotherinfrastructurefields.

        AsmallnumberofforeignstudentsfromAfghanistanarestudyinginChina.InJanuary2008,thefirstConfuciusInstituteinAfghanistanwasestablishedatKabulUniversity.DuringPresidentKarzai'svisittoChinainMarch2010,Chinaannouncedthatstartingfrom2011,itwillprovide50governmentscholarshipstoAfghanistaneachyear.In2008,ChinaestablishedaConfuciusInstituteatKabulUniversity.In2013,AfghancitizensvisitedChina10,674times,andmainlandChineseresidentsvisitedAfghanistan867times.

        InFebruary2014,PresidentXiJinpingmetwithPresidentKarzaiduringtheSochiWinterOlympics.ForeignMinisterWangYivisitedAfghanistanattheendofFebruary.TheChinesesidesetforthitspolicygoalstowardsAfghanistan,hopingtoseeaunited,stable,developingandfriendlyAfghanistan,andiswillingtoplayaconstructiveroleinhelpingAfghanistanachieveasmoothtransitionandpromotereconciliation.InMay,AfghanPresidentKarzaicametoChinatoattendtheCICASummit,andPresidentXiJinpingmetwithhim.InSeptember,PresidentXiJinping'sspecialenvoyandMinisterofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityYinWeiminattendedtheinaugurationofAfghanistan'snewPresidentGhani.InOctober,AfghanPresidentGhanipaidastatevisittoChina.PresidentXiJinping,PremierLiKeqiangandChairmanZhangDejiangheldtalksandmeetingswiththemrespectively.Thetwosidesissuedthe"China-ArabStatesJointStatementonDeepeningStrategicCooperativePartnership"andsignedothereconomicandtradecooperationdocuments.DuringhisstayinBeijing,PremierLiKeqiangandPresidentGhanialsoattendedtheFourthForeignMinisters’MeetingoftheIstanbulProcessonAfghanistan.InNovember,StateCouncilorandMinisterofPublicSecurityGuoShengkunvisitedAfghanistan.InDecember,PremierLiKeqiangmetwithAfghanChiefExecutiveAbdullahduringhisattendanceattheShanghaiCooperationPrimeMinisters'MeetinginAstana.

        FromJanuarytoNovember2015,bilateraltradevolumewasUS$330million,ayear-on-yeardecreaseof9.28%.Amongthem,China'sexportvalueis322millionU.S.dollars;importvalueis11millionU.S.dollars.China'sexportstoAfghanistanaremainlymachineryandelectronics,hardware,textiles,dailynecessities,andlightindustries.ImportedgoodsfromAfghanistanaremainlycowsandsheepskins.InNovember2011,Chinaannouncedthatitwouldgivezero-tarifftreatmentto97%ofthetaxableproductsof33leastdevelopedcountries,includingAfghanistan.In2017,thebilateraltradevolumebetweenChinaandAfghanistanwasUS$544million,ayear-on-yearincreaseof24.9%,ofwhichChina’sexportvolumewasUS$430million.

        InJune2017,PresidentXiJinpingmetwithPresidentGhaniduringtheAstanasummitoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization.InDecember,PremierLiKeqiangmetwithAbdullah,ChiefExecutiveOfficerofAfghanistan,duringhisattendanceattheSCOPrimeMinisters'MeetinginSochi.InMarch,theChairmanoftheAlgerianHouseofElders,MuslimYar,cametoChinatoattendtheBoaoForumandmetwithVicePremierZhangGaoli.InSeptember,MuhammadKhan,thefirstdeputychiefexecutiveofAfghanistan,cametoChinatoattendthe2017China-ArabStatesExpo.ZhangPing,vicechairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,metwithhim.Inthesamemonth,Ibrahimi,SpeakerofthePeople'sCourtofAfghanistan,cametoChinatoattendthe2017EurasianEconomicForumandmetwithVicePremierWangYang.

        InJune2018,PresidentXiJinpingmetwithPresidentGhaniwhocametoChinatoattendtheSCOsummitinQingdao.Inthesamemonth,Mukhazik,theseconddeputychiefexecutiveofAfghanistan,cametoChinatoattendthe5thSouthChinaExpoandmetwithVicePremierHuChunhua.InAugust,PresidentMuslimYarofthePresbyterianHouseoftheAlgerianParliamentcametoChinatoattendthe6thAsia-EuropeExpo.VicePremierHuChunhuametwithhim.InSeptember,thesecondVicePresidentofAlgeriaDenishcametoChinatoattendthe3rdDunhuangCulturalFair,andVicePremierSunChunlanmetwithhim.InOctober,PremierLiKeqiangmetwithAbdullah,ChiefExecutiveOfficerofAfghanistan,duringhisattendanceattheSCOPrimeMinisters'MeetinginDushanbe.

        ChineseAmbassadortoAfghanistan

        WangYu.Location:SardarShahMahmoudGhaziWat,Kabul,Afghanistan.

        AfghanAmbassadortoChina

        S.HabiburahmanHusinpur(S.HabiburahmanHusinpur).Location:No.8DongzhimenwaiStreet,ChaoyangDistrict,Beijing.

        RelationswiththeUnitedStates

        AmericaandtheUnitedStatesestablisheddiplomaticrelationsin1934.Afterthe"September11"incident,theUnitedStatesfullyledthepeaceprocessandeconomicreconstructionofAfghanistan,andprovidedhugeamountsofeconomicassistancetoAfghanistan.TheUnitedStateshasalsocoordinatedwithNATOandotherstodispatchprovincialreconstructionteams(PRT)toAfghanistan.In2005,theU.S.andtheU.S.establishedastrategicpartnershipandsignedajointdeclaration,whichincludedtheU.S.providingassistancetoU.S.indemocraticgovernance,economicdevelopment,andmaintainingsecurity.Afreedomtocarryoutappropriatemilitaryoperations,etc.

        InMay2012,Aramcosignedthe"LastingStrategicPartnershipAgreement"tomakeplansforAramcopolitical,economic,andsecuritycooperationafter2014.TheUnitedStatesgrantedAfghanistanthestatusofa"non-NATOmajorally"andreiteratedthatitdoesnotseektohavepermanentmilitaryfacilitiesinAfghanistan,butwillretainacertainmilitarypresenceinAfghanistanafter2014.OnSeptember30,2014,afterPresidentGhanicametopower,thetwosidessignedthe"BilateralSecurityandDefenseCooperationAgreement."InAugust2017,theUnitedStatesannouncedanewpolicyonAfghanistanandSouthAsia,emphasizingthatitwillnolongersetatimelimitforthewithdrawaloftroopsfromAfghanistan.InFebruary2019,PresidentTrumpstatedinhisStateoftheUnionaddressthathewouldgraduallyreducethenumberoftroopsstationedinAfghanistaninaccordancewiththenegotiationprocess.InNovember,PresidentTrumpvisitedAfghanistanandmetwithPresidentGhani.OnFebruary29,2020,theUnitedStatesandtheTalibansignedapeaceagreementinQatar,layingthefoundationfortheU.S.withdrawalfromAfghanistan.InMarch,U.S.SecretaryofStatePompeocoordinatedtherelationshipbetweenPresidentGhaniandtheformerCEOofAbdullahtonoavail.HeannouncedareductionofUS$1billioninaidtoAfghanistanthisyearandafurtherreductionofUS$1billionin2021.

        RelationswithPakistan

        AfghanistanandPakistanhavecloseties,andPakistanhasacceptedalargenumberofAfghanrefugees.However,thetwocountrieshavebigdifferencesonissuessuchasbordersandcounter-terrorism.Inrecentyears,bilateralrelationshavebeenvulnerabletoemergenciesandfluctuated.Bothsideshaveexpressedtheirwillingnesstoactivelypromotetheimprovementofbilateralrelationsonmanyoccasions.InSeptember2014,PakistaniPresidentHusseinattendedtheinaugurationofPresidentGhani.InNovember,PresidentGhanivisitedPakistan.InOctober2017,Bajwa,ChiefofStaffofthePakistanArmy,visitedAfghanistanandproposedthe"A-PakPeaceandSolidarityActionPlan(APAPPS)."InApril2018,thenPakistaniPrimeMinisterAbasivisitedAfghanistan.InMay,afterfourroundsofconsultations,AbbareachedanagreementontheAAPPPStextandagreedtoestablishandstartsixworkinggroupsassoonaspossible:politicalanddiplomatic,economic,refugee,military,intelligenceandmechanismreview,topromotebilateralcooperationandnegotiatetoresolvedifferences.PresidentGhanivisitedPakistaninJune2019,andPrimeMinisterImranKhanofPakistanvisitedAfghanistaninNovember2020.

        RelationswithIndia

        TheAfghangovernmentattachesgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofrelationswithIndia,andthetwocountriesmaintaincloseexchangesbetweenhigh-levelofficials.InOctober2011,thetwocountriesestablishedastrategicpartnership.Indiahassofarprovidedabout3billionU.S.dollarsinaidtoAfghanistan.Indiahas1embassyand4consulatesinAfghanistan.From2006to2013,PresidentKarzaivisitedIndiaeighttimes.ThetwosidesreachedconsensusonIndia'sassistanceinreconstruction,strengtheninganti-terrorismcooperation,andpromotingeconomicandtradeexchangesandregionalcooperation.InDecember2015andJune2016,IndianPrimeMinisterModivisitedAfghanistantwice.InSeptember2016andOctober2017,PresidentGhanivisitedIndiatwice.InSeptember2018,PresidentGhaniandChiefExecutiveAbdullahvisitedIndiasuccessively.

        RelationswithRussia

        DuringtheTalibanrule,Russiasupportedtheanti-Thailandalliance.AftertheestablishmentofthenewAfghangovernment,RussiaresumedrelationswithAfghanistan.RussiasupportsthepeacefulreconstructionofAfghanistan,hasprovided700millionU.S.dollarsinaidtoAfghanistanandcancelledU.S.dollarsindebtowedbyAfghanistan.RussiaemphasizedthattheUnitedNationsshouldplayaleadingroleintheAfghanissueandpayattentiontotheAfghandrugproblem.

        RelationswithIran

        IranisanimportantneighboringcountryinwesternAfghanistan.Thetwocountrieshaveprofoundhistorical,cultural,religious,andethnicoriginsandconnections.DuringtheAfghanwar,Iraqacceptedmorethan2millionAfghanrefugees.SincethefalloftheTalibanregime,IraqhasactivelyparticipatedinthereconstructionofAfghanistanandhaspledgedtoprovide$560millioninfreeaid.TheArab-Iranianrelationshavecontinuedtodevelop.Thetwosidesbelievethatexchangesinthefieldsofeconomy,trade,culture,andeducationshouldbestrengthened,withafocusoncooperationincombatingdrugsmuggling.InDecember2016,RussiaheldRussia-China-PakistanconsultationsonAfghanistaninMoscow.InFebruaryandApril2017,RussiaheldconsultationsonAfghanistaninMoscow,China,Pakistan,India,andIran.Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistanandotherregionalcountriesparticipated.

        RelationshipwiththeShanghaiCooperationOrganization

        Since2004,thePresidentandVicePresidentofAfghanistanhaveattendedtheShanghaiCooperationOrganizationsummitsandprimeministers’meetingsasguestsofthehostcountry..InNovember2005,AfghanistanestablishedacontactgroupwiththeShanghaiCooperationOrganization.Since2009,theSCOhasheldfiveconsultationsatthedeputyforeignministerlevelontheAfghanistanissueandaninternationalconferenceonAfghanistan.InJune2012,AfghanistanofficiallybecameanobservercountryoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization.InOctober2017,thefirstdeputyforeignminister-levelmeetingoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization-AfghanistanLiaisonGroupwasheldinMoscow.InMay2018,anewroundofthe"ShanghaiCooperationOrganization-AfghanistanLiaisonGroup"deputyforeignminister-levelmeetingwasheldinBeijing.

        RelationswiththeUnitedNations

        TheUnitedNationshasplayedanimportantroleinpromotingthepeaceprocessinAfghanistan.InDecember2001,theUnitedNationspresidedoverthelaunchofthe"BonnProcess"anddispatchedtheInternationalSecurityAssistanceForce(ISAF)toAfghanistantohelpmaintainlawandorder.InMarch2002,theUnitedNationsAssistanceMissioninAfghanistan(UNAMA)wasestablishedtohelptheAfghangovernmentmaintainstability,protecthumanrights,andpromotesocialandeconomicdevelopment.TheUnitedNationshasalsoactivelypromotedtheinternationalcommunitytoholdmanyinternationalconferencesonaidtoAfghanistan.

        Tourism

        TouristAttractions

        TheFifthMosqueofHerat

        TheFifthMosqueofHeratPopularlyknownasJamiMosquebythelocals,itislocatedinHerat,thecapitalofHeratProvinceinnorthwesternAfghanistan.Builtinthe14thcentury,theFridayMosqueisthelargestmosqueinAfghanistanandoneofthelargestintheworld.Itcoversanareaof​​46,000squaremetersandcanaccommodate80,000peopletoprayatthesametime.

        HazratAliMausoleum

        TheHazratAliMausoleumisusuallycalledtheBlueMosqueandislocatedinMaza,thecapitalofBalkhProvince,AfghanistanRisharifisaveryfamousmosque.OneofthereasonswhytheMausoleumofHazratAliisfamousisbecausesomeAfghanssayAli’sremainsareburiedhere.AlibinAbiTalibisthefounderofIslamandthecousinandson-in-lawoftheprophetMuhammad,andhiscity,Mazar-e-Sharif,means"themausoleumofnobles."

        KabulZoo

        TheKabulZooislocatedonthebanksoftheKabulRiver.Itwasopenedin1967.Atthebeginningofitsestablishment,theparkmainlylivedwithAfghananimals.Araretouristandleisure"resort"inAfghanistan,hasattractedtheattentionofcitizensandthemedia.

        Securityprecautions

        Publicsecuritysituation:Carbombs,humanbodybombs,rocketsandotherterroristattacksfrequentlyoccuracrossAfghanistan;attacksandkidnappingsofChinesehavealsooccurred.

        Naturaldisasters:ThemainnaturaldisastersinAfghanistanaredrought,dustandearthquakes,andearthquakesarefrequent.ThereisalmostnorainthroughouttheyearfromApriltoNovember,withasmallamountofrainandsnowinwinter;sandyanddustyweatherinspringandautumn.

        食品卫生：建议旅阿时，携带必要的药物，以应对可能发生的腹泻及发烧状况。如不习惯，则要少食生冷食物，尽可能饮用开水或瓶装水。

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