Ancient and modern book integration

Introductiontothework

"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"wasoriginallycalled"DocumentationCollection"or"CollectionofAncientandModernBooks".Alarge-scalebookcompiled,theEmperorKangxibestowedthetitleofthebook,andtheemperorYongzhengwrotethepreface.TheCollectionofAncientandModernBookswasnamed"Kingding"forthispurpose.Itbeganinthe40thyearofKangxi(1701)andwasprintedinthe6thyearofYongzheng(1728),whichlastedfor28yearsintwodynasties,collectedextensivelyandrichincontent,with10,000volumesoftextand40volumesofcatalogues,dividedinto5,020volumes,520letters,morethan420,000bobbinpages,160millionwords,andcontents.Itiscomposedof6compilations,32classics,and6117parts.Thebookisdevelopedintheorderofheaven,earth,people,things,andthings,withalargescale,detailedclassification,crisscrossing,astronomyandgeography,humanrelationsnorms,literature,historyandphilosophy,naturalart,economicsandpolitics,education,imperialexamination,agriculture,mulberry,fisheryandanimalhusbandry,andmedicalprescriptions.,BaijiaKaoGong,etc.areall-encompassing,withbothpicturesandtexts.Therefore,ithasbecomeaveryimportantencyclopediaforsearchingancientmaterialsanddocuments.

Asthelater"SikuQuanshu"wasaffectedbytheQingLiteraryPrison,alargenumberofbookswereclassifiedasbannedbooks,destroyedanddeleted,sothecollectionwasincomplete,andthereweremanyerrors."Integration"includesclassicsthatarenotincludedornotincludedinthe"SiKuQuanShu",aswellasthelawsandlocalchroniclesissuedbyKangxiinhislateryears.Knownasthe"AncientEncyclopedia","TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks","YongleDadian"and"SikuQuanshu"arelistedasthethreeroyalmasterpiecesofancientChina.Comparedwith"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",the"YongleDadian",whichwaswrittenintheMingDynasty,isagenrebook,butduetothewar,lessthan4%ofthemexist;IntheYongzhengperiodoftheQingDynasty,"AncientandModernBooksCollection"hasbecomethelargestandmostfullypreservedtypebookinexistenceduetotheYongzhengNeifucoppermovabletypebookpreservedbytheNationalLibrarysofar.Asthe"mostofallbooks",thisbookisalsothemostvoluminousandmostexquisitelyprintedmasterpieceinChina'scoppermovabletypescrolls.

Bookcompletionprocess

Theactualcreatorof"TheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"isnamedChenMenglei.AnativeofHouguan,Fujian(nowFuzhou).Kangxicompletedthefirstdraftin40years,andinforty-fiveyears,itwastransformedintotheQingversion.Theoriginalnamewas"Compilation".

AfterAixinjueluoYinzhen(EmperorYongzheng)succeededtothethrone,inordertoconsolidatehisacquiredpowerandeliminatedissidents,hedealtwithsomeofhisbrothersandstaff.Exiledtothefrontiers,andorderedJiangTingxitobereorganizedintothepresentafterthreeyears.Itwastypesetwithcoppermovabletypeinthe4thyearofYongzheng,andthebookwascompletedin6years.TwotypesofKaihuapaperandTaishilianpaperwereusedatthattime.Thepaperissoftandwhite,well-printed,richlydecorated,andextremelybeautiful.

ThereisafragmentedvolumeinthelibraryofChengdeCity,including424letters,threethousandthreehundredandtwelvevolumes,sixthousandsixhundredtwenty-fourvolumes,threethousandthreehundredandseventy-sixmissingroll.Surroundedbydoublecolumns,halfpageandninelines,linetwocrosses,whitemouth,prefacebyYongzhengatthebeginningofthevolume.ThesebooksarenowtreasuredinWenjinPavilion(ChengdeCityLibraryBranch).Whatapity:Beforeliberation,whenthesebookswerestoredintheZunjingPavilionoftheReheConfucianTemple,theylostnearlyonethirdofthemduetothewarsofwarlords.Butitisstillararegoodbook."TheProvincialRareBibliography"hasbeenregisteredinthebook.

BornintheseventhyearofQingShunzhi(1650).ChenMengleiissmartandhasfewtalents.Attheageof12,hewasatalentedscholar,attheageof19,hewasascholarinthenineteenthyearofKangxi(1670).ChooseShujiShi,editandreviseafterdismissal.

"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"wasprintedinthesixthyearofYongzhengzheng,anditwasprintedincoppermovabletype.Only64copieswereprinted,eachwith525letters,fivethousandandtwentyvolumes,onehundredandsixthousand.Morethan10,000words,10,000volumes,40volumesofcatalog.Itisdividedintosixtimesandthirty-twodictionaries,sixthousandandnineteenparts.Thesubordinatesincludeexaminations,generalessays,diagrams,tables,biographies,artandwriting,sentencemaking,chronicles,miscellaneousrecords,externalcompilations,andthosethataremissing.

InDecemberofthe12thyearofKangxi(1673),ChenMengleireturnedtohishometownandrelatives.InMarchofthefollowingyear,KingGengJingzhongofJingnanraisedtroopstofightagainstQinginFuzhou.InFujianProvince,famousscholarsweregivenofficialpositionsbyforce,andthescholarswereforcedtooppose.ChenMengleiescapedintothemonastery,butbecauseofhisfather'sdetention,hehadnochoicebuttoentertheGengMu,buthestillrefusedtoreceivetheseal.Atthattime,LiGuangdifromAnxi,whowasascholarinthesameyearasChenMengleiandeditedandeditedbythesameofficial,wasalsoforcedtocometoFuzhouandquicklyaskedforaleaveofabsencefromhisfather'sillness.AccordingtoChenMenglei,thetwohadasecretappointmentinFuzhou:ChenMenglei"dispersedagainstthepartyandsniffedfornews";"borrowedthebaregroundandcommunicatedfromthemountainroadinfrontofthearmy",andinvitedtheQingsoldiersintosuppression;andChenMengleiplannedtoinvitetroops.Sparsedraft.ChenMengleialsostatedthatLiGuangdi“hasbeendelayedforhalfayearbeforeheiswillingtosendpeople.Thenhewilltryhisbesttocutoffthenamesofhisministers,”andaskthecourtforsoldiersalone.LiGuangdiwasgreatlyappreciatedforthis,andQingyunwentstraightup.NotonlydidChenMenglei'smeritsbeburied,butalsobecauseChenMengleiwasappointedasa"bachelor"byGengJingzhongandwasfalselyaccusedbyXuHongbioftheGengParty,hewasarrestedandsentencedtoimprisonmentonthecrimeof"attackingtreason".BeforeandafterChenMenglei'simprisonment,herepeatedlyaskedLiGuangditotestifyforhimself.

AfterLiGuangdireturnedtoBeijinginthenineteenthyearofKangxi(1680),healsogaveChenMengleia"representation"forChenMenglei.It'snotenough."ChenMengleihatedLiGuangdiforthisreason,andaccusedhimof"bullyingthemonarchandhisfriends",andwrotethe"LetterofDisappointment."LiGuangdicategoricallyrejectedChenMenglei'saccusationandtoldKangxi:ChenMenglei'sso-called"Theminister'swaxpillbookwashisfinalizeddraft,andthereisreallynothinglikethis."Healsopointedout:InMayofthefourteenthyear(1675),hewillgotothesecretcopy.Atthattime,hesentsomeonetoFuzhoutofindChenMengleiwithabook.ChenMenglei"cannotansweraword",sohehadto"consultwithhisuncle".ChenMenglei'sattackonhimwascausedbytheenvyofhisminister.ThedisputebetweenChenandLibecameahistoricalcase.

Inthe21styearofKangxi(1682),aftertherescuebyXuQianxue,ShangshuoftheMinistryofCriminalAffairs,ChenMengleiwasexemptedfromdeathandchangedtoFengtian(nowLiaoningProvince)ShangyangFort.Afterarrivingatthecamp,Chenfellill;hisfatherandmotherdiedoneafteranotherinthefamily;hiswifealsodiedinexile.ChenMengleiwasdeeplysaddened,buthestilldidn'tletgoofthepapers,studyingandwritingassiduously.Inthe17thyearofFengtian,hetaughtontheonehandandwroteontheother,andsuccessivelycompiled"ABriefAccountofZhouyi","GeneralRecordsofShengjing","RecordsofChengdeCounty","RecordsofHaichengCounty","RecordsofGaipingCounty"andsoon.

InSeptemberofthethirty-seventhyearofKangxi(1698),KangxivisitedShengjing(nowShenyang),andChenMengleipresentedapoemandwascalledbacktothecapital.Thefollowingyear,heenteredtheinnercourtyardandservedPrinceChengYinzhi(thethirdsonofKangxi)tostudy.Becauseofmydedicationtomyduties,Ihaveagoodimpressionofwell-being.

Inthelong-termteaching,ChenMengleisawthattheexistingclassbooks,"detailedinthepoliticaldiction","buttherhetoric",therearemanyshortcomings,sohedecidedtoedita"consistentbigandsmall,ancientandmodern,classificationpart,Alarge-scalebookof"TunaYuki".ThismatterwassupportedbyYinzhi,whowasspeciallyallocatedtothe"Xieyitang"collectionofbooks,andbought"abuilding"inthenorthofthecity,andhiredsomeonetohelpwriteit.SinceOctoberofthe40thyearofKangxi(1701),ChenMengleibegantoclassifyandeditthebooksbasedonmorethan15,000volumesinthe"Xieyitang"collectionandfamilycollections.Afterthehardworkof"monitoringbyhand,morningandevening",itlastedsixyears(alsosaidthatitlastedfiveyears),completedintheforty-fiveyearofKangxi(1706),withatotalof10,000volumes.Butitcouldnotbepublishedaftercompilation.Atthattime,Kangxiwasverygracioustohimandadmiredhiswork.Hegavehimaresidence.HealsovisitedChenMenglei'sstudyroomandwroteacopyofhisstudy:"Thepineishighandthebranchesareluxuriant,theoldandthefeathersarenew."WhileChenMengleiwasstunned,henamed"Songhe"asthenameofhisstudy,whichwastheresultoftheoldmannamedSongheinhislateryears.

Inthe61styearofKangxi(1722),KangxipassedawayandhisfourthsonYinzhensucceededtothethrone.AfterYinzhencametothethrone,YinZhiwasreprimandedformakingmistakes,andChenMengleiwasimplicated.InJanuaryofthefirstyearofYongzheng(1723),hewasexiledagaintoHeilongjiang,whenChenMengleiwas72yearsold.Yongzhengorderedare-editingofthefinalized"AncientandModernBookCollection"byJiangTingxi,thelecturerofthebanquetandtheofficialbookofthehouseholddepartment,removingthenameofChenMengleiandreplacingitwithJiangTingxi.

Accordingtothenumberofwords,"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"is32timesthatofthepreviousbook"TaipingYulan"and16timesthatof"CefuYuangui".Thecollectionofdocumentsiscompleteandorganized,andtheclassificationismeticulousandmagnificent,whichcanbedescribedasavastworkinthehistoryofChinesebooks.Thereareatotalof64printedcoppermovable-typeplatesintheNeifu,whichareexquisitelyprintedandwell-decorated.TheycanbecalledthepinnacleofancientChineseprintinghistory.However,duetothestrugglebetweentheprincesafterthedeathofKangxi,ChenMenglei'snamewasnotincludedinTheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks.Onthecontrary,hewasexiledagaininthefirstyearofYongzhenginBuKui(nowQiqihar).Fromthenonhebecameanunclearorevenmissingfigure.Itwasnotuntil244yearsafterhisdeaththatMr.ZhangYuxing,awell-knownQinghistorianinShenyang,madeitclearinhisarticle"QuestionaboutChenMenglei'sSecondExile":ChenMengleiYuHediedinexileinthefifthyearofQianlong(1740).

AfterChenMenglei’ssecondextermination,althoughYongZhengdeniedhim,hedidnotdenythisbook.JiangTingxi,whowasthentheministeroftheMinistryofHousing,re-editedthebookandrenamedit"GuJin"BookCollection",deletethenameofChenMenglei.Inthe4thyearofYongzheng(1726),thismasterpiecewasfinallytypesetin64volumeswithcoppermovabletypeforthefirsttime.Itwascalled"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooksoftheKinglyOrder",eachwith10,40volumesand5,020volumes.Becauseofthefewprints,ordinaryreaderscan'tseeitatall.ItwasnotuntiltheendoftheQingDynastythatphotocopiesandprintedcopiesbegantoappear.Atthistime,theKingJamesVersionwassoldatBeijingLiulichang(AntiqueMarket)fortenthousandtaelsofsilver.

"TheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"wasnotcreatedbyJiangTingxi,butYongZhengaskedhimtopresideoverthere-editing.Forexample,"Re-editingChangzhaoHezhi"contains:"JiangTingxi...compilesagroupofbooksandpaysthemtotheschoolwhenthevalueisinternal.Heisknowledgeableandastute.,Themeetingissaidtobe...".ThiscanshowthatJiangTingxialreadypossessessuchqualificationsintermsofknowledgeandcharacter.Ofcourse,historyisfair,andthefactthatChenMengleiwasthecreatorofTheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBookshasbeenrecordedinhistory,butJiangTingxihasalsoplayedaroleinperfecting,publishingandpublishingthismasterpieceinthe"KindomBook",andfinallymakingthismasterpieceavailableinitsentirety.Anundeniableimportantrole.Moreover,thedeletionofChenMenglei'snamewastheresultofimperialorders,andJiangTingxineverregardedhimselfasthe"editorinchief".Hisuprightattitudeofnotincludingthisbookinhislifeworkisequallyadmirable.

AlthoughYongzhengdeprivedChenMengleioftheauthorshipof"Integration",hiscontributiontotheprintingofthebookwasindispensable.FromtheperspectiveoftheentireChinesefeudaldynasty,themeticulousprintingofsuchahugeandmasterpieceincoppermovabletype,withouthesitatingtoworkhardandvigorously,succeededinlessthanthreeyears,whichisunprecedentedandunattainable.Onlywithsuchcourageaspromised,itshouldalsohaveaplaceinthehistoryofChinesepublishing.Sinceitspublication,"Integration"hasattractedtheattentionofthecourt,people,especiallyliteratiandscholarsduetoitsrelativelycompletedocumentfunction.QianlongusedthebookasthehighestrewardtopraisethefourbookcollectionhousesofFanshiTianyiPavilioninNingbo,whichhadthemostbooks,andattractedtheenvyofthepeople.

ThethreepavilionssuchasJiangnanWenlancollectedthisbook,whichcausedscholarsandcollectorstoborrowandcopyoneafteranother.Thebook"BronzeInscriptions"compiledbyZhangYuexiaooftheQingDynastywascopiedfromthebook"Integration".Articles.TaipingHeavenlyKingdom'sConfuciangeneralYiWangShiDakaialsoseizedapieceof"Integration".BytheendoftheQingDynasty,asetoftheoriginal"Integration"inBeijingLiulichanghadbeenpricedattenthousandtaelsofsilver.Inmoderntimes,"Integration"stillshowsthecharmofitsuniquetreasurehouseofinformation,whichiswidelyusedbyChineseandforeignscholars.Dr.JosephNeedham,awell-knownBritishscholarandauthorof"HistoryofScienceandTechnologyinChina",oncesaidgratefully:"Thelargestencyclopediathatweoftenconsultis"BookCollection"....Thisisasupremelypreciousgift."

Catalogueofbooks

Systemcontent

"AncientandModernBooksCollection"isalarge-scalebook,itisbothhistoryandhistory,itisalsoacollection,Becauseitincludesmorethan15,000Chineseclassicsandhistoricalsub-collections,whichareintegratedintoone.Itsauthor,ChenMenglei,wroteinthe"IntotheCompilationQi"inVolume2of"SongheshanFangji":"AnythingwithinLiuhehasacompletelistofdetails.Itisinthe13classicsand21history.OnlyoneortwowillbedeletedfromthecollectionofBarnyardHistory.

(1)Analyzethepoints,andsummarizetheremarks:Classbooksseparatethecontentofeachbook,andthengroupthemaccordingtothetheme.From"books"astheunitto"documentinformation"astheunit.

(2)Classificationandarrangement,followthecategory:Afterseparatingthecontentofeachancientbook,itisgroupedintochaptersaccordingtothetheme.Scoring:sixmajor"compilations",thirty-two"dians",sixoneseven"departments".Thatistosay,itisdividedintosixcategories,andeach"compilation"isdividedintothirty-two"codes"."Dian"isdividedinto"Ministry",formingathree-tierstructure:compilation,script,andministry.

(3)Distinguishitems,titlesandaffiliations:Thefeaturesofthereferencebookare"paragraphbyitem"and"paragraphbyitem".Thesameistrueof"AncientandModernBookCollection".Undereach"department",itisdividedinto:

1.EntranceExam:Collectionofdocumentsbychronologyundereachtopic.

2.Summary:Ageneralthesisoranoverviewofacertainissue.

3.Biographies:biographicaldatarelatedtothesubject.

4.ArtandLiterature:Literaryworkswithpoetryandsongsasthetheme.Shortfullquotes,longexcerpts.

5.Sentenceselection:Selectagoodsentencefromaspecialmasterpiece,whichcanbeusedforselection.

6.Chronicles:includingtrivialhistoricaleventsandanecdotesthatcanalsobepasseddown.Therearealotofstoriesinthenotebooknovels.

7.Miscellaneousrecords:Allthefragmentarypartsoftheclassics,whichareuntrueanddifficulttoenterthe"examination";ortheargumentisbiased,anditisdifficulttoenterthe"generaltheory";Closehere.

8.Editor:Ancientworksandthoughts,ridiculousorcontrived,areallrecordedhere.

9.Chart:Itisusedtoenumerateinparallel,whichisclearataglance.Suchas:Xinglin,Guandu,Epoch,etc.

10.Image:Usedtodisplayeverythingthattextisdifficulttoexpress.Suchaspoultryandinsects,vegetation,utensils,clothing,etc.

11.Map:dedicatedtothegeographicpart.

12.Research:Correcttheerrorsintheoriginalbook.

Compilationofcalendarphenomena:recordastronomy,calendar,seasons,disasters,mutations,etc.

CompilationofFangYu:recordgeography,includingfamousmountainsandrivers,geographyofprovincesandcapitalsacrossthecountry,bordersandforeigncountries.

Mingluncompilation:rememberemperors,hundredsofofficials,families,mentors,surnames,women,andhumanbodiesandparts.

Mingluncompilation:rememberanimalsandplants,agriculturalmedicine,Ghostsandgods,Buddhism,etc..

ScienceCompilation:Scripture,Literature,CalligraphyandScholars.

EconomicCompilation:ManagingthePeople,GoverningtheCountryandState,IncludingElectionTalent,officialsystem,politics,education,economy,music,military,lawsandregulations,criminallaw,andtheexaminationworkofartifactmanufacturing.

Existingbibliography

Accordingtotherecordsof"ChineseRareBibliography"Atpresent,thereare9domesticlibrariesthathavecollectionsofAncientandModernBooks.Amongthem,thefivelibrariesthathaveacompletecollectionofWuyingdianYongzhengbronzemovablefontsare:theNationalLibrary,theChineseAcademyofSciencesLibrary,theGansuProvincialLibrary,theXuzhouLibraryandtheXiangtanUniversityLibrary.Thetwolibrarieswithincompletecollectionsare:thePalaceMuseumLibraryandtheLiaoningProvincialLibrary.ThelibraryofSouthwestJiaotongUniversitycontainsthethirdeditionofthebookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks,whichwasbestoweduponhimbyEmperorGuangxu,with5044volumesand10088volumesintotal.ItisworthmentioningthatXiangtanUniversityhasfirstpreservedtheYongzhengbronzemovabletype"CollectionofAncientandModernBooks"522letters6117volumes,whicharerareinChina.ItisalsoreportedthattheLeninLibraryoftheformerSovietUnionhasasetof"AncientandModernBooksCollection",butatleasthalfismissing.Otherinformationaboutforeigncollectionsisunknown,sothereshouldnotbetoomany.

Forty-sevenyearsafterthepublicationof"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",EmperorQianlongissuedanedicttocompilethe"SikuQuanshu"andsolicitedbooksfromlocalofficialsandbibliophiles.Itisstipulatedthatanyonewhohasreceivedmorethan500booksfromtheimperialcourtshallbeawardedone"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks".Atthesametime,Qianlongorderedtheconstructionof7collectionsofbooksacrossthecountrytoprepareforthestorageofthe"QuanshuoftheFourTreasures"inthefuture,knownasthe"SevenTreasuresandSevenPavilions".AfterthecompletionoftheSikuSevenPavilions,thecompilationof"SikuQuanshu"wasnotcompleted,andtherewerenobookstostoreinthepavilionforawhile.Qianlongorderedeachpavilionto"imitatethestyleofSikushushu"andstoreone"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks"first.Thetwomeasuresofrewardingbook-entryandstoringbooksintheSevenPavilionsmaybethebeginningofthe"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks"flowingoutofthepalaceandintothesociety.TheofficialbackgroundoftheSikuandSevenPavilionshasmadetheirupsanddownswelldocumented.Todaywecanfinallyknowtheendingofthe7"AncientandModernBooksCollection"intheSevenPavilions.

Lookatthefournorthernpavilionsfirst:OneWenjinpavilionofChengdeMountainResort,whichwasshippedtoBeijingin1914withallthebooks,andtransferredtoJingshiLibraryin1915.ThecurrentcollectionofBeijingLibrary(hasbeenrenamedasNationalLibrary)).ThefirstpartoftheWenyuanPavilioninBeijing’sOldSummerPalacewascompletelydestroyedwhentheBritishandFrenchforcesburnedtheOldSummerPalacein1860.ThefirstpartofWenyuanPavilionintheForbiddenCity,Beijing,waskeptbyitslibraryaftertheestablishmentofthePalaceMuseumin1925.In1933,itmovedsouthwiththeculturalrelicsofthePalaceMuseum.WhentheKuomintangretreatedtoTaiwan,partofitwastransportedaway.ItisnowintheTaipeiPalaceMuseum,andtheremainderisnowintheBeijingPalaceMuseum.ThefirstpartofWensuPavilionoftheImperialPalaceinShenyangisnowintheGansuProvincialLibrary.

LookattheJiangnanThreePavilionsagain:ZhenjiangWenzongPavilion,whichwasfirstdestroyedbytheBritisharmyintheOpiumWarin1842,andwascompletelyburntdownaftertheTaipingArmybrokethecityin1853.ThefirstpartofWenhuiPavilioninYangzhouwascompletelyburntdownaftertheTaipingArmybrokethecityin1854.ThefirstpartofHangzhouWenlanPavilionwascompletelyburntdownaftertheTaipingArmybrokethecityforthesecondtimein1861.

Versionintroduction

Thefirstprintof"AncientandModernBooksCollection"iscalled"WuyingHallPrint",whichwascompiledbytheedictofEmperorKangxioftheQingDynasty.OriginallycompiledbyChenMenglei,thefirstdraftwascompletedinOctoberfortyyearsofKangxi(1701)toAprilofforty-fiveyearsofKangxi(1706),anditwascalled"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks".WhenEmperorYongzhengcametothethrone,heorderedJiangYanxiandotherstore-editit.ThedraftwasfinalizedinthefourthyearofYongzheng(1726),andthe"Compilation"waschangedto"Integration",whichwascompletedinthesixthyearofYongzheng(1728).Thiswasthefirsteditionof"Integration".Atotalof64copies,576letters,5,000copiesoftheWuYingdianprint,and20catalogswereprinted.ThecharactersaretypesetandprintedwithJuzhencoppercharacters,andthepicturesareprintedwithcopperengraving.Therearetwokindsofpaperused,oneisKaihuapaperprinting,andtheotherisTaishilianpaperprinting.Thetwopapersareofhighquality,finelyprinted,richlybound,andbeautiful.

Thesecondprintof"Integration"iscalled"typebook"or"flattypebook".InthetenthyearofGuangxu(1884),anintegratedbookpresswassetup.IttookfouryearstoprintinflattypetypeNo.3,anditwasprintedinthefourteenthyearofGuangxu(1888).Twelvelinesperhalfpage,thirty-eightcharactersinline,thinblackmouth,singlecolumn,smallprintunderthefishtailwithcompilation,diction,volume,section,item,numberofpages.Atotalof1500copieswereprinted,1620volumesineachpart,andacatalogueof8volumes.Thiseditionwasnotcalledarareeditionduetoitsinaccuratecollationandalotofcorruption,butsincethen"Integration"hasbeenwidelycirculated.

Thethirdeditionof"Integration"iscalled"TongwenEdition"and"GuangxuEdition".Inthe16thyearofGuangxu(1890),EmperorGuangxuorderedthelithograph"Integration",whichwasundertakenbytheShanghaiTongwenBureau,completedinthe20thyearofGuangxu(1894),and100copieswereprintedaccordingtotheoriginalstyleofthetemple.Thiseditionissupplementedwith24volumesof"TextualResearch",whicharenotavailableinthe"BronzeType"and"FlatType"."TextualResearch"correctedtheerrorsanddeficienciesofthecitations,andalltheoriginalbookswerechecked.Thebodyofeachbookisstill5020volumes,whichisatotalof24volumesof"TextualResearch",atotalof5044volumes.Thistime,theprintedproofsaredetailedandfinelyprocessed,sotheprintedbookhasabrightinkcolor,whichisbetterthanthetemplebook.Partofthisprintedcopywastransportedtootherplaces,anditwasdestroyedbyfireafteritwaskeptinthewarehouseinShanghai,sothiscopyisrare.

Thefourthprintof"Integration"iscalled"ZhonghuaBookstoreEdition"and"ZhonghuaEdition".In1934,"Integration"wasreducedandphotocopiedbyShanghaiZhonghuaBookCompany.ItwasareducedprintingoftheoriginalbronzetypeprintedbyYikangYouwei.Theninepagesoftheoriginalbookarereducedtoonepage,stillwithawhitemouth,withtwosidesoneachside.Twenty-sevenlinesperhalfpage,twocrossesineachline,"Integrated"printedinlargelettersatthetopofthemiddleseam,doubleline,singlefishtail,smalllettersunderthefishtail,printedcompilation,classic,volume,andsection,twolinesatthebottomofthemiddleseam.Times,pagenumberandwords"printedbyZhonghuaBookCompany".Thereducedfontsizeisthesameasthenewsize4type,theframeandhandwritingareveryclear,usingJiangnanPaperMill'sweightedcontinuoushistorypaper,threadbinding808volumes,1-6volumesascatalog,7-800volumesasmaintext,801-808as"research".Thiseditionhasfinecollation,clearhandwriting,uniforminkcolor,easyaccess,andpracticality.Itisbyfarthemostcommonandsophisticatedbook.

Thefiftheditionisahardcoveredition.ItwasjointlypublishedbyZhonghuaBookCompanyandBashuPublishingHousefrom1984to1988.The1934editionwasreprintedwithunifiedpagenumbersandanindex.Atotalof82volumes(includingresearchandindexOnevolume).

Sixthedition,in2006,QiluPublishingHouseofMainlandChinacooperatedwiththeNationalLibraryofChinatophotocopytheoriginalYongzhengcopperplatefromthecollection,andpublish50setsofmanualthreadbinding,pricedat490,000yuan.

Electronicdatabase

1.Since1999,thewholebookhasbeenproducedinTaiwanbasedontheYongzhengcopperplate(BookCollectionPalaceMuseum)asanelectronicversion(inchargeoftheChineseDepartmentofSoochowUniversity))sell.Relatedbooksandresearchcollectionswerealsopublished,suchasthe"IntegratedResearchofAncientandModernBooks"publishedinNovember2001,andthe"IntegratedAtlasofAncientandModernBooks"publishedinNovember2006.Thefullversion(text+illustration)totals$160,000,andtherighttousecanbepurchasedinseparatecompilations.

Second,GuangxiUniversityscansthewebindexversion.Itwasconstructedbythe"AncientandModernBookIntegrationResearchGroup"oftheAncientBooksInstituteofGuangxiUniversity.TheimageoftheentirebookonthewebsitecomesfromascanofthephotocopyoftheWuyingHalloftheZhonghuaBookCompanyin1934.Theindexusedonthissitehasundergonemimeographssincethecompilationofthe"IntegratedIndexofAncientandModernBooks"in1984(in1984,800,000words,threeLargeversion),printedversion(in1988,2.75millionwords,publishedbyZhonghuaBookCompanyandBashuPublishingHouse),electronicversion1.0(in1998,12millionwords,jointlypublishedbyGoldenBayElectronicAudiovisualPublishingHouseandGuangxiNormalUniversityPress),electronicversionVersion2.0(2007,38million,CD-ROMversion,tobepublished;2009onlineversion)andfourstages.Theindexdataiscontinuouslyexpandedandimproved.

Thisindexhaswonmanyhonors:theprintversionhaswonthesecondprizeofthefirsthumanitiesandsocialsciencesoftheStateEducationCommission,thefirstprizeofsocialsciencesofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,thespecialprizeofChinaIndexSocietyandmanyotherawards.Theelectronicversion1.0waslistedasanationalkeyelectronicpublicationduringtheNinthFive-YearPlanperiodbytheGeneralAdministrationofPressandPublicationandagiftprojectforthe50thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,andwaswellreceivedbyexperts.

Theonlineversionisbasedontheversion2.0oftheCD-ROM,whichisanupdatedversion.52indexdatabasesareused,withatotalof1189013recordsandatotalof38,359,673words.Itisthelargestancientbookindexdatabasetoday.

GeneralCatalogueofIntegration

CompilationofLixiang

21OnesandOneHundredVolumesofQianxiangClassic

Forty-threeClassicsofSuixiangOnehundredandsixteenjuan

Sixpartsofthecalendar,onehundredandfortyjuan

Thecollectionof50parts,onehundredandeighty-eightjuan

FangYucompilation

KunYuDian21OneOneHundredandFortyVolumes

ZhiFangDianTwoHundredTwentyThreeOneThousandFourHundredandFourHundredFourVolumes

ShanchuanDianIVOneHundredandOneHundredandTwentyVolumes

TheBianYiDian542VolumesandOneHundredandFortyVolumes

MingLunCompilation

HuangJiDianIIIElevenpartsandthreehundredvolumes

GongweiDian,15volumes,140volumes

OfficialStandingCode,65volumes,800volumes

FamilyModelCodeThirtyOne,OneHundredandSixteenVolumes

TheFriendshipCode,37Volumes,120Volumes

TheClanCode2,694Volumes,640Volumes

TheNinety-seventhBookofPersonneland112Volumes

The17thVolumeoftheGuiyuanCode,376Volumes

MuseumCompilation

Forty-threepiecesofartclassics,824volumes

Theclassicsofgods,70volumes,320volumes

Theclassicsofbirdsandinsects317volumesOnehundredandninety-twovolumes

Theclassicsofgrassandtrees,sevenhundredpartsandthreehundredandtwentyvolumes

TheCompilationofNeo-Confucianism

Sixty-sixpartsoftheclassicsandfivehundredvolumes

XueXingDianNinety-sixVolumesandThreeHundredVolumes

Forty-nineLiteraryCodes,TwoHundredandSixtyVolumes

ZiXingDianTwenty-FourVolumesandSixteenTenjuan

EconomicCompilation

TheElectionCode,Twenty-NineVolumes,136Volumes

TheQuanHengCode,TwelveVolumes,120Volumes

Eighty-threeCodex,ThreeHundredandSixtyVolumes

Seventy-threeHundredandForty-eightVolumesoftheCodeofEtiquette

Forty-sixVolumesoftheCodeofMusicHundredandthirty-sixvolumes

RongZhengdian30volumesandthreehundredvolumes

XiangXingdiantwenty-sixvolumesand180volumes

CaoGongdian1Onehundredandfifty-fourvolumes,twohundredandfifty-twovolumes

Sixcompilationsofthirty-twoclassics,sixthousandonehundredandseventeen,totaling10,000volumes

AnintegratedcatalogofancientandmodernbooksVolumeOne

TheCompilationofLixiangandQianxiangdian

VolumeOne

TiandiHeadquartersEntranceExaminationOne

VolumeTwo

TiandiHeadquartersExam2

Volume3

TiandiHeadquartersExam3

Volume4

TiandiGeneralHeadquarters1

Volume5

GeneralHeadquartersofTiandi2

Volume6

ArtandLiterature1ofTiandiHeadquartersTwoSelectedSentences

VolumeSeven

MiscellaneousRecordsofTiandiHeadquarters

VolumeEight

ExternalEditionofTiandiHeadquarters

VolumeNine

TianbuEntranceExam

VolumeTen

GeneralTheoryofTianbuArtArticle1

VolumeEleven

TianbuArtandLiteratureTwo

VolumeTwelfth

TianbuArtandLiteratureThreeandFourSelectedSentences

VolumeThirteen

MiscellaneousRecordsofTianbuChronicles

VolumeFourteen

ExternalCompilationofTianbu

VolumeXV

YinandYangDepartmentGeneralexaminationoftheentranceexamination1

Volumesixteen

GeneraldiscussionoftheYinandYangdepartmenttwoartessaysoneartessaytwoselectedsentences

volumeseventeen

Yin-YangDepartmentChronicleMiscellaneousRecordOne

VolumeEighteen

Yin-YangDepartmentMiscellaneousRecordII

VolumeNineteen

ExaminationoftheFiveElementsDepartment

Volume20

TheFiveElementsDepartmentSummaryI

Volume21

TheFiveElementsDepartmentSummaryOnTwoArtandLiteratureOneArtandLiteratureTwo

Volume22

MiscellaneousRecordsoftheFiveElementsDepartmentChronicleI

Volume23

TheSecondEditionofMiscellaneousRecordsoftheFiveElementsDepartment

VolumeTwenty-four

TheEntranceExaminationoftheSevenGovernmentDepartments

VolumeTwenty-fifth

TheEntranceExaminationoftheSeventhMinistryofGovernmentII

Volume26

TheEntranceExaminationoftheSeventhMinistryofGovernmentIII

Volume27

SevenPoliticalDepartmentExaminationIV

Volume28

MiscellaneousRecordsoftheSeventhMinistryofPoliticalAffairsandArtChronicles

Volume29

ThefirstexaminationoftheMinistryofSunandMoon

Volume30

ThegeneralexaminationofthesecondexaminationoftheMinistryofSunandMoon

1.Whydid"BookIntegration"getitsname?

"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",formerlyknownas"Compilation",wascompletedinthe45thyearofKangxiintheQingDynasty(1706AD).Later,itwasrenamed"TheKing'sBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks".WhetheritwaschangedbyEmperorKangxiorEmperorYongzhengisstillcontroversial.Eitherway,the"Jin"inthetitleofthebookreferstotheearlyQingDynasty,andthe"Ancient"datesbacktoancienttimes.AsYongzheng'sencyclicalsaid:"Allthroughancientandmoderntimes,confluenceofhistory,astronomyandgeography,therearepicturesandrecords,downtomountains,riversandtrees,madebyhundredsofcraftsmanship,Hercyniansecrets,lackofequipment,Xunisthegrandviewofclassics."ChenMengleiputitmoreconcretely:"AnythingwithinLiuheisexhaustive.Ifitisinthe"ThirteenClassics"and"Twenty-OneHistory",nowordswillbeleft;ifitisinthecollectionofbarnyardhistory,onlyoneofthetenwillbedeleted.2."Inotherwords,thebookcollectsdocumentsfromancienttimestothelateMingandearlyQingdynasties.Atthetime,itwasindeedamasterpieceofthecollectionofancientandmodernbooks,hencethename"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks".

2.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetween"AncientandModernBooksCollection"and"SikuQuanshu"?Whatistheconnectionbetweenthem?

ThesamearethetreasuresofChineseculturalclassics,allofthemaremasters,withnumerousvolumesandfar-reachinginfluence.However,thetwobooksarequitedifferentinnature,content,andfunction.Thenatureof"SikuQuanshu"isaseriesofbooks.Seriesofbooks,alsoknownasseriesofpublications,seriesofengravings,andcollectionofengravedbooks.Asthenameimplies,itisthepublication(orcopying)oftherespectiveindependentworkstogether,andthegeneralnameisgiven.Forexample,thefamiliar"Twenty-FourHistory"hasbeenco-printedwith24famoushistorybookssuchas"HistoricalRecords"and"HanShu".Theyarejustgatheredtogether,theyarenotdisassembledandre-edited,andtheindependenceofeachbookisstillretained.Thisnotonlyfacilitatesreaderstoconcentrateonreading,butalsoplaysaroleinpreservingancientbooks.AftertheprintingoftheSongDynastybecamepopular,aseriesofbooksalsobecamepopular.Amongthem,thelargestandmostinfluentialonewasthe"SikuQuanshu"compiledbyQianlongEmperoroftheQingDynasty.Atotalof3462kindsofancientbooks,79,337volumes,about800millionwordsarecollected.Itbasicallyincludesthefourmainclassicsofancientclassics,history,Zi,andJi,soitiscalled"SiKuQuanShu".ItfullydemonstratestheoverallstrengthofChineseculture,anditscontributionisindelible.However,"SikuQuanshu"despisescientificandtechnologicalworksandonlychargeasmallamountofancientbookssuchasmedicine,agriculture,astronomy,etc.,andnothingelse.TheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooksattachesgreatimportancetoscientificandtechnologicalwritings,andspeciallysetsupastronomicalcodes,calendarcodes,kunyucodes,poultryandinsectcodes,vernacularcodes,codesofcommodities,andtestworkscodes,etc.,andalargenumberofrecordsrelatedtoastronomy,calendar,mathematics,geography,etc.,Agricultureandmulberry,fisheryandanimalhusbandry,medicine,catering,woodworking,pottery,palace,utensilsandothermulti-disciplinaryandmulti-categoryscientificandtechnologicalmaterials.ItisnowonderthatChineseandforeignscholarsuseditasthemainreferencebookwhencompilingancientChinesescientificandtechnologicalworks,insteadofmentioningthe"SiKuQuanShu".

3."TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"alsoattachesgreatimportancetolocalchronicles,notes,unhistoricalhistoryandothermaterials.Ithasbeenexhaustingtocollectallthematerials.Amongthem,thebiographicalmaterialsareveryrich,farexceedingthecollectionofofficialhistory.

Itshouldalsobenotedthat"SikuQuanshu"isabookforexperts,anditcontainsmonographsbyfamousauthorsforscholarstoconductacademicresearch.TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooksisareferencebookwithawiderangeofcollections,morethandoublethatofthe"SikuQuanshu".Afterclassificationandscreening,asecondarydocumentisformed,anditsusevalueisgreatlyimprovedcomparedwiththeoriginalwork.Itisnotonlyavailableforexpertsandscholarstoconsult,lookingforinformationorclues;butalsoforgeneralreaderstounderstandacertainproblemoracertaintypeofthings.Youdon’tneedtogobackandforth,memorizepoemsandbooks,orgnawancientbooksfrombeginningtoend,youcansearchbycategoryandfindthepartyouneed.Inaddition,eachpartlistsvariousexplanationsindifferentperiods,sothatreaderscanhaveamorecomprehensiveunderstanding.Thedocumentarymaterialscompiledareindepthandshallow,andsomearealsorecordedwithannotations,whicharecollectedtogetherandreadfromanalogy.

Itcanbesaidthat"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"isnotonlyhighlyacademic,butalsohasawiderangeofpracticality.Ithasboththefunctionsofimprovementandpopularization,sothatboththeeleganceandthepopularcanbeappreciated.

So,whatistheconnectionbetweenthesetwobooks?Whydidtheyspendalotofmoneyrepeatedlyincompiling,copying,orpublishinginjust50years?

Thisisbecausetheyhavetheirownadvantagesandcancomplementeachother.InthewordsoftheQingDynastyscholarFaShishan:"Mydynasty's"AncientandModernBooksCollection"and"SikuQuanshu"areacollectionofancientandmodernbooks,dividedorcombined,withperfection,andtheexamplesarelisted."Inthispassage,"acollectionofancientandmodernbooks,dividedorcombined,perfection",Zhengdaorevealsthesimilarities,differencesandcomplementaryrelationshipbetweenthecategorybooksandtheseries."Acollectionofancientandmodernbooks"istheircommonality;"ordivisionorintegration"istheirrespectivecharacteristics;and"perfectperfection"istheresultoftheircomplementarity.

Four."TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"isthelargestgenrebookinexistence

AmongthegenrebooksofthepastdynastiesinChina,"ArtandLiteratureCollection"intheTangDynasty,"TaipingYulan"intheSongDynastyand"CefuYuangui"isknownasthevoluminousvolume,butitpalesincomparisonto"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks".Onthenumberofvolumes,"AncientandModernBooksCollection"has10,000volumes,whichis10timesthatof"TaipingYulan"and"CefuYuangui",and100timesthatof"ArtandLiteratureCollection";onthenumberofwords,itis160millionwords.Itismorethan16timesthatof"CefuYuangui"and33timesthatof"TaipingYulan",whichis160timesmorethan"ArtandLiteratureCollection"!Onlythe"YongleDadian"oftheMingDynasty(morethan22,000volumes,370millionwords)surpassedit.Itisapitythat"YongleDadian"hasexperiencedwarsandchaos,andonly3%remains.Inthisway,"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"hasbecomethelargestgenrebookinexistence,whichisanindisputablefact.Althoughsomescholarshavespeculatedthatthereisa"YongleDadian"buriedintheMingTombsinthesuburbsofBeijing,ithasnotyetbeenconfirmed.

Inaddition,"TheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"appearedlateinclassbooksofpastdynasties.Accordingtothelawofthedevelopmentofclassbooks,itisgenerally"theydonotcatchthenew",whichisexactly"theformerisnotsecret,thelaterisrefined."."TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"alsofarsurpassesprevioussimilarbooksintermsofmeticulousclassification,traceability,andencyclopediacontent.

Fifth,"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"hasameticulousclassification

Classicbooksarenotonlytheclassificationandorderingofdocumentsandmaterials,andthere-editingintoabook,whethertheclassificationshouldbeclassifiedornothasbecomeacrucialquestion.Theacademiccirclesgenerallybelievethattheclassificationof"AncientandModernBooks"hasabreakthroughdevelopment.Insummary,therearethreemajorcharacteristics:

First,itadoptsamulti-levelclassificationmethod.Inthepast,categorybooksmostlyusedthesecondaryclassificationmethod,thatis,dividedintosectionsandcategories(orsub-headings),butthegradedifferencewastoolargeandnotthoroughenough.Inordertoovercomethisshortcoming,thesub-headingshadtobesubdivided.Asaresult,themoredetailedthesub-headings,thereaderTheharderitistofind."TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"isdividedintothreelevels:compilation,diction,anddepartment,whicheffectivelymakesupfortheshortcomingsofthesecondlevelclassificationandisconvenientforreaderstograspandfind.Infact,thereisaheadquartersbetweentheDianandtheMinistry.Ifacertaindictionarybelongstofewdepartmentsandnotmuchcontent,onlyoneheadquarterswillbesetup,andtheotherdepartmentsareincharge;ifacertaindictionarybelongstomoredepartmentsandthecontentismorecomplicated,setupseveralmoreheadquarters,respectivelycontrolThedepartmenttowhichtheybelong.Therefore,theheadquartersalsoplaysasub-purposeroleinthelattercase,whichisequivalenttoafirst-levelclassification,butitdoesnotplayauniversalrole.Thisissetaccordingtothespecificsituationin"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks",whichisflexibleandmaneuverable.

Second,adoptthemethodofweavingwarpandweft.Thisisthefirstcreationof"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",anditisusedverywell.Arrangedbycompilation,diction,(headquarters),anddepartment,itisthewarpclassification.Ineachbook,theyarearrangedaccordingtoexaminations,generalremarks,diagrams,tables,biographies,artarticles,selectedsentences,chronicles,miscellaneousrecords,andexternalcompilations.Thisisthelatitudeclassification.Boththewarpandtheweftaretoimplementtheprincipleof"classification",thedifferenceistheclassificationstandard.

Thewarplinesareclassifiedaccordingtothecontentoftheliterature,thatis,theyaredividedintolayersaccordingtothespeciesrelationshipinthelogicalsense.Theweftsaredistinguishedaccordingtothenatureofthedocuments,includingwhethertheyareimportant,reliable,andtheirmanifestations(chartsorpoems,goodsentences,etc.).Thewarpandtheweftareintertwinedtoformathoroughclassificationnetwork.

Third,thearrangementorderisorderly.Theorderbetweenthecompilations(ordictionaries,headquarters,anddepartments)andbetweenthelatitudesisveryparticular.Takethecompilationasanexample.Thecompilationofcalendarimagesislistedfirst,followedbythecompilationofFangyu,andthenthecompilationofMinglun.Thisreflectstheconceptof"thecombinationofheaven,earth,andhumanbeings"atthattime.Anotherexampleisthesequenceofastronomicalphenomena,SuiGongdynasty,calendarstatutes,andgenerallevyinthecompilationofcalendarevents.Theyarearrangedintheorderofastronomicalphenomena,timesequence,calendar,andnaturalvariation.Thereisacalendar,andnaturalvariationisaspecialphenomenon,soitisplacedattheend.TheentranceexaminationandthegeneralremarksintheWeimuareveryimportant.Putitfirst,andthechronicleandmiscellaneousrecordsaremoretrivial.Asasupplementtotheentranceexaminationandthegeneralremarks,theyareputattheback.

ZhuTianjun,adoctoraltutorinlibraryscienceatPekingUniversity,pointedout:“TheBookIntegrationofAncientandModernBookshasthoroughlyimplementedbothinthedesignoftheentirebookstructureandthecompilationmethodofeachcompiledmaterial.Theprincipleof"categorization"furtherpushesthecharacteristicsof"collectingthingstogether"inclassbooks.ThisisamanifestationofthematurityofthedevelopmentofancientChineseclassbooks."TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"itselfcanbesaidtobethemosttypicalrepresentativeofChineseclassbooks."

Six."AncientandModernBookIntegration"canprovidetraceabledata

Thiscanbeseenfromtwoaspects:Ontheonehand,theeraoftheliteraturedatacollectedby"AncientandModernBookIntegration"Thespanisverylarge,upanddownthreetofourthousandyears,fromancienttimestotheendoftheMingDynastyandthebeginningoftheQingDynasty.Therearedatafromthepastdynasties,notlimitedtoacertaindynasty.Infact,ithasthenatureofthecompilationofgeneralhistoricaldata,whichprovidesthebasisfortracingthesource.

Ontheotherhand,whilecategorizingstrictlyaccordingtotheinterweavingofwarpandweft,italsopaysattentiontoplacingmaterialswiththesamecontentandnatureasmuchaspossibleinchronologicalorderinsteadofstackingthemrandomly.Thismakestheoriginsclear,andhighlightsthehistoricalevolution,ancientandmodernevolution.

Forexample,aslongastheexamsareavailableforexams,theymustbearrangedinchronologicalorder,accordingtodynasties,yearbyyear,monthbymonth,orevendaybyday,andsubtitlesareaddedtogivethecontextofhistoricaldevelopmentandchanges.Explainclearly.Onlywhentheyearandmonthareunacceptable,theyarearrangedintheorderoffirsthistoryandsecondsubset.

Anotherexample,biographiesandartliteraturearearrangedstrictlyaccordingtodynasties.Asfortheselectedsentences,chronicles,miscellaneousrecordsandexternalcompilations,althoughdynastiesandyearsarenotclearlymarked,theyarestillinorderoftimeandfollowoneanother.

Itisnoexaggerationtosaythattheentranceexaminationofcertaindepartmentsisactuallyacompilationofthehistoryofacertainthingoracertaindiscipline.Forexample,theentranceexaminationoftheCalendarHeadquartersdescribedindetailtheprocessoftheadoption,modificationandabolitionof76calendarsfromFuxi’swritingofJialitotheadoptionofShixiancalendarintheearlyQingDynasty,andalistoftheircontentsormainpoints.IntheexaminationsofthevariousdepartmentsoftheFangdian,thereisaspecialexaminationoftheconstructionhistory,whichcarefullyexaminestheancientandmodernchangesintheestablishmentofthestategovernment.TheexaminationoftheTaxationDepartmentislikearudimentaryformofthehistoryofChina'staxationandservice.TheschoolentranceexaminationconstitutesthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentofChina'seducation.

7.Themostencyclopediccontentof"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks"

Accordingtothecontent,thebookscanbedividedintotwomajorcategories:specialistandcomprehensive.Theformerislike"CefuYuangui",whichspecificallycontainsinformationaboutthedeedsoftheemperorandhisministers,andnoneoftheothers.Thelatter,suchas"TaiPingYuLan",includesthetimeseriesofheavenandearth,emperorsandhundredsofofficials,plantsandanimals,godsandghosts,etc.

"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"isacomprehensivebook,andithasthemostencyclopediccontent.Thesixcompilationsinthebookcoverallthecontentsofancientculture:

Thecompilationofcalendarscollectsmaterialsonastronomy,meteorology,algorithms,folklore,andcatastrophes.

FangYuhuieditsandrecordsgeography,administrativedivisions,famousmountainsandrivers,ethnicminorities,neighboringcountriesandforeigncountries,anddiplomaticdocumentsofpastdynasties.

Mingluncompilationrecordsvariousinterpersonalrelationshipsoffeudalethics,includingemperorsandtheirharems,officialsystem,clan,friends,surnames,life,andwomen.

TheNaturalHistoryCollectionincludesawiderangeoftechniques,alchemy,animalsandplants,includingagriculture,fisheryandanimalhusbandry,medicalprescriptions,diviningdivination,ritualsofghostsandgods,Buddhism,religion,birds,insects,andplants.

TheCompendiumofSciencegathersvariousacademicthoughtsandworks,recordsalargenumberofbibliographies,andenumeratesinformationongenre,language,writing,andcalligraphy.

Thescopeoftheeconomiccompilationismoreextensive,andallthelawsandregulations,measuresandmethodsrelatedtotheeconomyandthepeoplearefullyincluded,suchasschooleducation,selectionoftalents,assessmentofofficials,taxandservicetransportation,householdregistrationsystem,wineTeaoilandsalt,etiquetteandmusiclaw,militarycriminallaw,andthingsofBaigong,etc.

Tosumup,thedisciplinesinvolvedin"AncientandModernBooksCollection"includephilosophy,history,politicalscience,economics,militaryscience,diplomacy,ethnology,religion,andfolklore.,Literature,linguistics,philology,education,etc.,naturalsciencesincludeastronomy,meteorology,geography,medicine,agriculture,animalhusbandry,zoology,botany,horticulture,mechanics,technology,architecture,Mathematics,chemistry,mineralogy,etc.Itisindeedacomprehensiveencyclopedia,whichisworthyofthereputationof"KangxiEncyclopedia".

8.Whoistheeditorof"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"?

When"IntegratedBooksofAncientandModernBooks"wasprinted,itdidnotlisttheeditorsinthefrontofthevolumeaccordingtotheusualpractice.editor.Later,itwasactuallymistakenlypassedonas"TheWritingsofQingJiangTingxibyFengEun",whichwasrecordedin"ManuscriptsofQingHistory·ArtandLiteratureHistory".Aftercheckingalargeamountofmaterialsbyexperts,itwasdiscoveredthattherealeditorshouldbeChenMenglei.

ChenMenglei,thewordistrembling,andthewordisShengzhai,HouguanreninFuzhou.BornintheeighthyearofShunzhiintheQingDynasty(AD1651),andtheninthyearofKangxi(AD1670),hewas19yearsoldasascholaroftheChineseAcademyofSciences.AfterreturningtoFujianProvince,hewasdetainedinamonasterybyGengJingzhongduringtheSanFranciscorebellion,andforcedhimtoacceptafalsepost.ChenMengleirefusedtoacceptthepost,anddiscussedwithLiGuangdi,aclosefriendofhisclassmates,aplantodestroytheenemy,andLiGuangdiwenttoBeijingforChen.Atthistime,therewasamannamedChenMingwhowasinapseudo-officialposition,andthecapitalwasmisrepresentedasChenMenglei.Afterthesanctionswereflattened,ChenMengleiwasunjustlyarrested,andthenpardonedandexpropriatedfromFengtian.However,LiGuangdididnotsavehislifeandbecameaprominentofficialandaConfucianist.Duringthesixteenyearsofexile,ChenMengleispreadknowledge,participatedinthecompilationoflocalchronicles,andmadecontributionstotheculturalandeducationalcauseofNortheastChina.KangxitraveledtotheeastandwasrecalledbygraceandwasorderedtoservePrinceChengCheng.

Duringthisperiod,ChenMengleiusedPrinceCheng’scollectionandfundingtocompile"Compilation".Hesaidtohimself:"Ifyoudon'ttrytocarrythemountainwiththestrengthofthemosquito,youwilltaketheresponsibilityofonepersonononeshoulder","Withinfiveyears,theinspectionwillbecarriedoutinthemorningandevening."Later,hewrote"JinJianQi"andaskedPrinceChengtoenteronhisbehalf,andwasappreciatedbyEmperorKangxi.

Unfortunately,afterEmperorKangxipassedaway,ChenMengleibecameinnocentlyinvolvedinthepoliticalwhirlpool.AftertheYongzhengEmperorwonthethrone,hebrutallyattackedhisbrothers,PrinceChengwasimprisoned,ChenMengleiwasimplicated,wasagaindemotedtothenortheast,anddiedasaguest.AlthoughEmperorYongzhengalsorecognizedthevalueof"TheBookCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",andevenpaidalotofmoneytopublishthis10,000-volumemasterpiece,hecompletelyerasedChenMenglei'snameandsentJiangTingxitoeditit.Theso-callededitingandproofreadingisjust"additionsanddeletionsofhundredsofthousandsofwords",whichislessthan0.06%oftheentirebook.Moreover,thebasicframeworkhasnotchanged.

Nine.Circulationoftheversionof"AncientandModernBookIntegration"

"AncientandModernBookIntegration"hasbeenpublishedandprintedmanytimesbeforeitwascompletelypreserved,anditdidnotsufferthedoomof"YongleDadian".

ThefirsteditionistheWuyingTemple.ItwastypesetinbronzetypeinthesixthyearofYongzheng(1728AD).ThisbatchofcoppermovabletypewasspeciallymoldedbyEmperorYongzhengforthepublicationof"AncientandModernBookCollection"(Unfortunately,itgraduallydisappearedafterprinting.ThesubsequentWuyingPalaceEditionhadtobeprintedwithblockorwoodtype).Thebookisdividedinto5020volumes,thedecorationisveryparticular,andtheillustrationsareparticularlyexquisite,representingthehighestprintingandbindingstandardsatthattime.Andonly64copieshavebeenprinted,whichareverypreciousandhaveextremelyhighculturalrelicvalue.

ThesecondeditioniscalledtheMeichaEdition.Inthe14thyearofGuangxu(1888AD),theBritishbrotherMeichawhofoundedthe"Shenhou"fundedtheestablishmentofthe"BookIntegratedPrintingBureau".Typefacesarereprinted,soitisalsocalled"flatfont".Atotalof1500copieswereprinted,eachwith1628volumes.However,thecollationwasnotaccurate,andthereweremanyerrorsandomissions.

Thethirdeditionisalithograph,whichisphotocopiedinaccordancewiththepalaceeditionformat,exceptthat24volumesoftextualresearchhavebeenadded(byLongQinSong).Itwasprintedinthe20thyearofGuangxu(1895AD),only100copiesweremade,anditwasfiredagain,anditwasnotwidelyspread.

Thefourtheditionisaminiatureversion.In1934,ZhonghuaBookCompanyusedthetemplecopytophotocopythe9sidesinto1pageandbindtheminto800volumes.Therearealso8volumesfortextualresearch.

Thefiftheditionisahardcoveredition.ItwasjointlypublishedbyZhonghuaBookCompanyandBashuPublishingHousefrom1984to1988.The1934editionwasreprintedwithunifiedpagenumbersandanindex.Atotalof82volumes(includingtextualresearchandoneindexeachbook).

Inaddition,Taiwanalsophotocopiedthetemplescriptinthe1960s.

Theaboveareallprintededitions.Thiseditionisanelectronicedition.Itisbasedonthetemplebookandre-indexedthedatabase.

10.Evaluationof"AncientandModernBooksCollection"byChineseandforeignscholars

The"AncientandModernBooksCollection"hasreceivedtheattentionoftheroyalfamilyandimportantministersbeforeitwasprinted.ThesupportofEmperorKangxiandPrinceChengisself-evident.AlthoughtheEmperorYongzhengcriticizedChenMenglei,hedidnotbanordestroythebookbecauseofpeople'snonsense.Onthecontrary,hevigorouslyurgedtherevisionandprinting,personallywrotethepreface,andgaveahighevaluation.Abook.Thegrandviewofabookhouse,thegreatpreparationofbooks."

JiangTingxi,whoisinchargeoftherevisionwork,alsopointedoutintheabovetablethatthisbook"thesub-collectionofclassicsandhistory,stepbystep;poemsandpoems,thechapterselectionisspecific;XiaDianyanspeakswildly,manyleftovers;besidesShizangxianThescripturesarealsoselected.Thearticlesareanalyzedandanalyzed,ifyoutracetheflowtoGuanlan;theoutlinesarelikeafurandthecollar.Thetworitualsandthefourelephantsareincludedinthearticle.

ZhangTingyu,apowerfulministerinthethreedynastiesoftheKangxiandQianlongDynasties,andafamousscholar,believes:"Sincetherewasabookcontract,abookhasbeenusedtorunthroughthepastandthepresent,anditisall-inclusive.CollectinghundredsofscholarsofScriptureandHistory,differentcategories,fromastronomicalphenomena,publicdomains,Minglun,naturalsciences,economics,andeveninsectsandvegetation,allareavailable.Thegrandviewofthehonestbookistheabyssofthegroupofbooks.Hai."Healsocomparedtheclassificationsystemwith"YongleDadian"andfullyaffirmedthe"cuttingandcorrectingmerits"of"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks",andbelievedthatthereisa"worldlydifference"betweenthetwobooks.

InthelateQingDynasty,thefamousKangYouwei,attheendofthecatalogueof"AncientandModernBooks"inhisfamilycollection,saidintheepilogue:""AncientandModernBooks"isthelargestbookintheQingDynasty.WillbebasedonYiSong's"CefuYuangui","TaiPingYuLan","WenYuanYingHua",andthosewhocompetedwithMing's"YongLeDaDian"fortherichandrich...SincerelyChinaisalsoatreasure,andIwouldliketopreserveitfortheChinesecivilization."

ForeignscholarsalsoUnanimouslygaveaveryhighevaluation,called"EncyclopediaofChina".Orwriteanintroduction,orlistitasanimportantreferencebook,andsomeevenindexitpersonally.

Forexample,theBritishMeyerspublishedthe"ChineseRoyalBibliography"inthe"ChinaReview"asearlyas1878,andrecommended"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks".

Needham,awell-knownexpertonthehistoryofscienceandtechnologyintheUnitedKingdom,emphasizedinthebriefintroductionofthefirstvolumeofhismasterpiece"HistoryofScienceandTechnologyinChina":"Thelargestencyclopediathatweoftenconsultis"BookCollection"."

In1911,thefamousSinologistDiListerindexedit.WaberinRussiapublishedtheindexof"AncientandModernBooks"in1907andtheJapaneseMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnologyin1912.

11.Anecdotesinthespreadof"TheCollectionofAncientandModernBooks"

Atthebeginningofthepublicationofthe"IntegrationofAncientandModernBooks",itwasregardedasararebook,exceptinthedividedcollection.Thegovernmentalsoawardedministers.ZhangTingyuwasawardedtwotitlesoneafteranotherandfeltveryhonored.DuringtheQianlongreign,inordertocompilethe"SikuQuanshu",wecollectedbooksfromalloverthecountryandadoptedincentives.Amongthem,itstipulatedthatmorethan500kindsofbookswerepurchased,andacollectionofancientandmodernbookswasgiven.OnePavilion),WangQishu(Kaiwanlou),andMaYufromJiangsueachreceivedone.Foreigncountriesalsopaygreatattentiontothecollectionofpalacebooks.TheBritishMuseuminLondon,England,hastheentirecollection,andParis,FranceandBerlin,Germanyeachhavescraps.

Somestoriesareworthmentioning.AccordingtothecollectionofNingboTianyiPavilion,duringtheSecondOpiumWarinthelateQingDynasty,theBritishandFrenchalliedtroopsapproachedthecity,andthelistofaskingformoneyandmaterialsincluded"AncientandModernBooks".Thisiscertainlyanationalhumiliationincident,butfromitwecanalsounderstandtheinfluenceofthebookabroad.

IntheQingDynasty,thisbookwasprintedonlyafewtimes,anditsspreadwasnarrow.Forthisreason,somescholarshaveworkedtirelesslytovisitandseekfromafar.DuringtheDaoguangperiod,ZhangJinwu,ascholarfromChangshu,Jiangsu,andhisteacherHuangTingjianrushedtoWuzhen,Tongxiang,Zhejiang,andborrowedthebookCollectionofAncientandModernBookscollectedbyBaoShizhisuizhai.Thetwoofthembravedtheheatandsweat,andreadatnightwiththelights,readingdozensofbookseveryday.SeveralpiecesoftheJinDynasty'sposthumouswritingswerefound,andtheywereincludedinthe"BronzeInscriptions".KangYouwei'steacher,ZhuCiqi,alsowenttotheKong'sYuexueTowertostudyforthreemonths.

ItissaidthatduringtheQianlongperiod,someoneasked120questions,mostofwhichwererareclassics.YuanMei,whowasknownasagiftedscholar,wasaskedforadvice,butYuanMeicouldnotanswer.Findsomeonetosearch"AncientandModernBookCollection"andanswer100items.OneKongansweredallofthem,andheclaimedtohavereaditseventimes.

LuFeikui,generalmanagerofZhonghuaBookCompany,alsosaidin"TheOriginofPhotocopying":"Iheardthename"BookCollection"whenIwasachild.Thereisabooksomewhere,andanoldmanhasreaditseveraltimes.Myheartyearnsforit.,Ihavenotseenthebook.Aftertheweaktitle,Ialwaysusethebooktocompileandwritearticles,whichhasbenefitedalot....Foreachmatter,therelationshipbookisincludedinthebook,andyoucangetitataglance.Theancientssaidthattheresultistwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort,thisistrueItcanbesaidthateverythingcanbeaccomplishedwithoneeffort."Therefore,hedeterminedtomakeaphotocopyof"AncientandModernBookCollection".

TheinformationcollectedbytheMedicalDepartmentof"AncientandModernBooksCollection"isveryrich.Fortheconvenienceofreaders,thePeople'sMedicalPublishingHousespeciallyphotocopiedthisvolumein1959,called"TheCompleteRecordsofAncientandModernBooksIntegratedMedicalDepartment",andbounditintoThetwelvebooksarewidelycirculated.

WhenZhuKezhen,deputydeanoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,wrote"ClimateChangesinChinainthePastFiveThousandYears",hemadeextensiveuseofthematerialsintheastronomicaldictionsandtheastronomicaldictionariesinthecollectionofancientandmodernbooks.

Inthe"CompilationofHistoricalDataonSino-WesternTransportation"compiledbythefamousgeographerZhangXinghong,alargenumberofborderlineclassicscompiledfromFangYurecordedtheexchangesbetweenChinaandEurope,Africa,WestAsia,CentralAsia,andtheIndianPeninsula.Historicaldata.