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Biophysics



Disciplinarydefinition

Biophysicsistheapplicationofphysicsconceptsandmethodstostudytherelationshipbetweenvariouslevelsofbiologicalstructureandfunction,thephysical,physicalandchemicalprocessesoflifeactivities,andtheactivitiesofmatterinlifeThebranchofbiologythatshowsthephysicalcharacteristicsoftheprocess.Biophysicsaimstoclarifythelawsofmovementofmatter,energyandinformationinacertainspaceandtime.

Disciplinarydevelopment

Inthe17thcentury,Coopermentionedtheluminousfirefly;Galvanistudiedtheelectrostaticpropertiesofmusclesin1786;In1796,YangusedlightwavetheoryandcolorvisionTheory,studiesthegeometricandopticalpropertiesoftheeyeandthefluiddynamicsoftheheart;Helmholtzappliesthelawofconservationofenergytobiologicalsystems,andbelievesthatthematerialworld,includinglife,canbeattributedtomotion.Hestudiedtheheatproductionandtheconductionspeedofnerveimpulsesduringmusclecontraction;Dubois-Raymondwasthefirsttocreateanammeterandusedittostudymusclenerves.In1848,hediscoveredrestingpotentialsandactionpotentials.

AfterRoentgendiscoveredX-raysin1896,theywereappliedtomedicalpracticealmostimmediately.In1899,Pearsonmentionedforthefirsttimeinthebook"TheGrammarofScience":Thebiophysicsofphenomena..."andlistedthebloodfluiddynamics,electricalphenomenaofnerveconduction,surfacetensionandmembranepotential,luminescenceandbiologicalfunctions,aswellasmechanicalstress,elasticity,viscosity,hardnessandbiologicalstructure.Relationshipandotherissues.

In1910,Hillappliedelectricaltechnologytoneurobiology,andshowedthatthecharacteristicofnervefibertransmittinginformationisaseriesofuniformelectricalpulses,whicharecausedbythepotentialdifferencebetweentheinsideandoutsideofthemembrane.Theapplicationofmicroscopesinthe19thcenturyledtothecreationofcelltheory,andthedevelopmentofelectronmicroscopesprovidedmoreinformationaboutbiologicalultrastructures.

Asearlyas1920,X-raydiffractiontechnologyhasbeenincludedinthestudyofproteinstructure.AsteburyusedX-raydiffractiontechnologytostudythestructureofhair,silkandwoolfibers,andfoundthattheproteinbackboneconformationformedbyaminoacidresiduechains;WatsonandCrickproposedthegeneticmaterialDNAdoubleinthe1950s.Spiralcomplementarystructuremodel.When"MedicalPhysics"in1944introducedbiophysicalcontent,itcoveredawiderangeofareas,includingthestructureandfunctionofhearing,colorvision,muscle,nerve,skin,etc.,andreportedtheuseofelectroncyclotronstostudybiologicalobjects.

PhysicsconceptshaveagreaterimpactonthedevelopmentofbiophysicsinSchrödinger’slecturein1943:"Whatislife"andWiener’sargumentonbiologicalcybernetics;theformerusesthermodynamicsandquantummechanicstoexplaintheessenceoflifeTheconceptof"negativeentropy"wasintroduced,tryingtoexplainthematerialstructureoforganisms,themaintenanceandcontinuationoflifeactivities,andthegeneticsandmutationsoforganismsfromsomenewways;Transformation,storageandhandling.

Theybelievethatsincelivingmatterisacomponentofthematerialworld,ithasitsspeciallawsofmotionandshouldalsofollowthecommongenerallawsofmaterialmotion.Thisconnectsthetwofieldsofbiologyandphysics.

Sincethe1920s,ithasbeendiscoveredthatbiomoleculeshaveferroelectric,piezoelectric,semiconductor,andliquidcrystalproperties,andtheelectromagneticpropertiesoflifesystemsatdifferentlevels,aswellasthewidespreadradiofrequencycommunicationmethodsinthebiologicalworld.andmanymore.However,thesignificanceandroleofmanyphysicalcharacteristicsinlifeactivitiesarefarfromclear.

In1980,itwasdiscoveredthattwoartificiallysynthesizedDNAfragmentswereleft-handeddoublehelix.Peoplegenerallyhopetoknowwhetherthereisleft-handedDNAinnature;Doesrightrotationmeanthatleft-handedDNAdoesnotexistinnature?Thesignificanceofthisspecificopticalrotationtolifeactivitiesisstillunanswered.

Accordingtothephysicalcharacteristicsoforganisms,variousphysicalparameterscanbemeasured.However,duetothecomplexityoflivingsubstances,theparametershavetobechangedunderdifferentenvironmentalconditions.Existingtestingmethodsareoftennotapplicable,andtechnologicalbreakthroughsarestillneededtofurtherclarifythemysteriesoflife.

Thestudyofelementaryparticles(electronsandprotons)thatareactiveinlivingorganismsisalsoamajorpartofthephysicalandphysicochemicalprocessofexploringlifeactivities.Livingorganismsareallwater-containing,andstudyingthebehaviorofelectronsinaqueoussolutionsisextremelyimportantforunderstandingthephysicalandchemicalprocessesoflifeactivities.Peoplehavediscoveredbiologicalprotonstates,delocalizationofprotons,andprotontunneling.Therefore,furtherresearchinquantumbiologyisneededtoexplorethebehavioroftheseelementaryparticlesinvivo.

Inphotosynthesis,theinitialabsorptionofphotonsbychlorophyllisonlycompletedinonequadrillionthofasecond.Thevisualprocessandtheinitialenergyabsorptionofhigh-energyionizingradiationarealsocompletedinaninstant.Theseenergyareinthelivingbody.Theinitialwhereaboutsandbehaviors,fromabsorptiontotheappearanceofphysicalandchemicalprocesses,whatphysicaleffectsaretakingplace,thisrequiresbothsensitiveandrapidtestingtechniques.

Proteinisdenaturedataround56℃,butwecanstillfindorganismsinhotspringsabove70℃;artificiallyculturedcellsarestoredatminus190℃,andthecellsremainthesameasnormalafterthawing.TheseorganismsWhatisthestructuralstateofthewater?Ifwecanclarifythestructureandpropertiesofwaterintheseextremestates,itwillhelpourunderstandingofthelawsoflife.

DisciplinaryConnotation

Intheprocessofhundredsofmillionsofyearsofevolution,organismsfinallychosemembraneasthemostbasicstructuralform.Almostalllifeactivitiesfrompermeability,identification,communication,toenergyconversionarecarriedoutonthemembrane.Notonlydoesthemembraneprovideaplace,italsoactivelyparticipatesintheactivities.

Sometimestheemergenceofatechnologywillgreatlychangetheresearchofbiophysicalproblems.Forexample,X-raydiffractiontechnologyhasledtotheemergenceofmolecularbiophysics.Therefore,althoughtechnologyitselfdoesnotnecessarilyrepresentbiophysics,itisverycrucialtothedevelopmentofbiophysics.

Biophysicsisthephysicsofstudyinglivingmatter.Althoughlifeisanadvancedformofmovementinnature,itisstillamanifestationofthecomprehensivemovementofthethreequantities(mass,energyandinformation)innature.It'sjustthatthiskindofmovementchangeinthephysiologicalbodyiscomplicatedandrapid,andwiththecomplexityofthestructureofbiologicalmaterials,theuseofenergybecomesmoreandmoresophisticated,andtheamountofinformationbecomeslargerandlarger,makingtheresearchdifficult.Butontheotherhand,studyingthephysicallawsoflivingmattercannotonlyfurtherclarifythenatureoflivingthings,butmoreimportantly,itcanbringpeople'sunderstandingofthelawsofmovementoftheentirematterinnaturetoanewheight.

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