History
BeforeandafterthefoundingoftheBankofCanadain1934,duringatransitionalperiod,government-issuedbanknotesandbanknotesissuedbycharteredbankscirculatedonthemarketatthesametime.Later,thebanknotesissuedbytheCharteredBankgraduallywithdrewfromthecirculationfield.Bytheendof1949,thebanknotesoftheCharteredBankwererarelyinactualuse.
SincetheBankofCanadain1935,Canadahasissuedatotalofsixseriesofbanknotes:1935,1937,1954,Canadianlandscape,birdandCanadianjourneyseries.Canadaissuedthefirstbatchofbanknotesin1935,whichwereprintedinEnglishandFrench.LaterbanknoteswereprintedinbothEnglishandFrench.Theredesignedbanknoteserieswereissuedin1937,1954and1969,andthelatestbanknotewasissuedin1986.
Floatingexchangerate
BeforeMay2,1962,Canadahasalwaysimplementedafloatingexchangerate.OnMay2,1962,theCanadiangovernmentstipulatedthatthefixedexchangeratebetweentheCanadiandollarandtheUSdollarwas1U.S.dollarto1.081Canadiandollars.OnAugust15,1971,theCanadiandollarbegantoadoptafloatingexchangerate.TheCanadiangovernmenthasnotstipulatedthatitscurrencymusthaveaminimumofgoldandforeignexchangeasaguarantee.WiththedepreciationoftheU.S.dollar,theexchangeratebetweentheCanadiandollarandtheU.S.dollaronSeptember18,1971wassetat1U.S.dollarcontaining0.9957Canadiandollarsbasedonitsgoldcontent.In1974,theCanadiandollartoUSdollarexchangeraterosetoitshighestpointin16years.TheCanadiangovernmentbegantorestrictcapitaloutflowsandatthesametimestrengthenedthecentralbank'sinterventionintheforeignexchangemarket.In1981,theU.S.dollarinterestratebegantorise,buttheCanadiandollarexchangeratebasicallyshowedadownwardtrend.In1985,itfellto1U.S.dollarto1.42Canadiandollars.
AfterthemeetingoffinanceministersofthefivewesterncountriesinSeptember1985,theexchangerateoftheU.S.dollarfellcontinuouslyandtheCanadiandollarcontinuedtorise.In1986,1U.S.dollarwas1.3895Canadiandollars,1987was1.326Canadiandollars,and1988was1.2307TheCanadiandollarroseto1U.S.dollaror1.184Canadiandollarsin1989.
Conclusion
FromtheperspectiveofchangesintheCanadiandollarexchangerate,theCanadiandollarexchangerateisdirectlyaffectedbytheNewYorkcurrencymarketandtheCanadiandollartransactionsbetweenMontrealandToronto.
Banknotelayout
2001edition
$5 | WilfriedLaurel, WestBuildingoftheCapitol | Childrenskiing,skating,andplayingicehockey | March27,2002 | |
$10 | JohnAlexanderMacDonald, CapitolLibrary | Femalesoldierwithbinoculars,childandveteranprayingforpeace | January17,2001 | |
$20 | ElizabethII, MezzanineoftheParliament p> | SculpturebyBillReid | September29,2004 | |
$50 | WilliamLeonMackenzieKing, CapitolPeaceTower | FiveGentlemenStatueand"CassgrandVolunteerServiceAward"Medal | November17,2004 | |
$100 | RobertLairdBoden, EastBuildingoftheCapitol | RemotesensingtopographicmapofCanada | March17,2004 |
(2001versionofbanknotetablereferencematerial)
2011version
$5 | WilfriedLaurel | CanadaArm,DexterandAstronaut | WestBuildingofParliamentBuilding | November7,2013 | |
$10 | John·AlexanderMacDonald | "Canadian"trainandCanadianrailnetwork | LibraryofParliamentBuilding | November7,2013 | td> |
$20 | ElizabethII | Canada’sNationalVimyMonumentandPoppyFlowers | PeaceTowerofParliamentBuilding td> | 201November7,2 | |
$50 | WilliamLeonMackenzieKing | TheAmundsenicebreakerandCanadaMapoftheNorth | MediumoftheParliamentBuilding | March26,2012 | |
$100 | RobertLairdBoden | Medicalresearchandvialsofinsulin | EastBuildingofParliamentBuilding | November14,2011 |
(2011versionofbanknotetablereferencematerial)
2018version
ViolaDesmond,mapofnorthernHalifax | CanadaMuseumofHumanRights,bayleafpattern,eagleFeather,thetextoftheCanadianCharterofHumanRightsandFreedom | CanadianMuseumofHumanRights |
(Referencematerialsforthe2018banknotetable)
Commemorativebanknotes
25thanniversaryofthereignofGeorgeV(Englishversion) | ||
25thAnniversaryoftheReignofGeorgeV(FrenchVersion) | ||
CanadianFederalCentennialBanknote(UnnumberedEdition) | ||
CanadianFederalCentennialBanknote(NumberedEdition) | ||
ElizabethKingIIbecamethelongestreigningkingcommemorativebanknoteinBritishhistory | ||
CanadianCommonwealth150thAnniversaryBanknote |
Issuing
Issuingplace
TheearlyCanadianbanknoteswereissuedsimultaneouslybytheRoyalBankofCanadaandlocalbanks.TheCentralBankofCanada,foundedin1934,iscalledtheBankofCanada(BankofCanada).TheBankofCanadaisresponsibleforCanadiancurrencyissuance.Canadianbanknotescomeineightdenominationsof1,2,5,10,20,50,100,and1,000Canadiandollars.Therearealso1,2Canadiandollarsand1,5,10,25,and50bonuscoins,ofwhich2Canadiandollarsarebi-metalinlaidcoins.OneCanadiandollarequals100extrapoints.
Characteristicsofbanknotes
CanadianresidentsaremainlydescendantsofBritishandFrenchimmigrants.TheyareEnglishandFrenchrespectively,sobothEnglishandFrenchareusedonbanknotes.CanadaisaCommonwealthcountry,andthebanknotesaremainlybasedontheheadsoftheBritishrulers.Forexample,in1935,CanadaissuedthefirstbatchofbanknoteswiththeportraitofKingGeorgeVprintedinEnglishandFrench.The1937editionofbanknoteswiththeportraitofKingGeorgeVIissuedin1937wereprintedinbothEnglishandFrench.Laterbanknotesissuedin1954and1969wereprintedinbothEnglishandFrench:banknoteswiththeheadofElizabethIIwereissuedin1954,andthelatestbanknotewasissuedin1986.Botholdandnewbanknotescanbeusedincommon.
CoinFeatures
ThereareseventypesofCanadiancoinscurrentlyincirculation:1,5,10,25,50bonuspointsand1,2Canadiandollars.OntheobverseofthecoinistheportraitofQueenElizabethIIwearingacrownontheside,andonthereversearethefacevalue,countryname,yearnumber,andCanadianwildanimalpictures.Thepatternonthebackofthe1centcoinistwomapleleavesonabranch.ThemapleleafisasymbolofCanadaandhasitsfigureonthenationalflagandnationalemblem.
Thematerialofthe1bonuscoinwasoriginallymadeofbronze,butsince1997,ithasbeenchangedtopurezinc-platedcoppercasting.ThefrontistheheadofQueenElizabethIIwearingacrownontheside,andtheouterringisherEnglishname;thebackistheCanadiannationaltreemapleleaf,withthefacevalueonthetop,thecountrynameonthebottom,andthecastingyearontheleft.MintingceasedonMay4,2012,andcirculationonFebruary4,2013.
Thematerialofthe5bonuscoinwasoriginallyasilvercoin.In1922,itwaschangedtopurenickelcasting,andin1982,itwaschangedtocopper-nickelalloy(whitecopper)casting.Thepatternonthebackisabeaverwithitsfrontpawsrestingonalog.TheeconomicvalueofthebeaverhasanimportantpositioninCanada.Therestofthepatternsonthefrontandbackarethesameasthe1bonuscoin.
The10bonuscoinswereoriginallymadeofsilvercoins.Theywerecastinpurenickelsince1968.Thebackisathree-mastedfishingboat(Bluenose),builtin1921.ThefamousschooneranddiligentfishingboathavebecomethesymbolofNovaScotia.Itsreplica"BluenoseII"wasbuiltin1963andisthepublicpropertyoftheprovince.Fort(Lunenburg)isaport,sailingeverysummer.),fishingisatraditionalindustryinCanada.Therestofthepatternsonthefrontandbackarethesameasthe1bonuscoin.
Thematerialofthe25bonuscoinwasoriginallyasilvercoin.Since1968,ithasalsobeencastinpurenickel.Therearefourpatternsonthebackofthecoin.OneofthecommonpatternsistheheadofareindeerinNorthAmerica.ItisthemostrepresentativewildanimalinCanada.Therestofthepatternsonthefrontandbackarethesameasthe1bonuscoin.
Thematerialofthe50bonuscoinwasoriginallyasilvercoin.Since1968,ithasalsobeencastinpurenickel.Thesidesarecontinuousthreads.Thefrontpatternisthesameasthe1bonuscoin.ThebackpatternistheCanadiannationalemblem,thecenterofthenationalemblem.Itisashield,andontopoftheshieldisalionstandingandholdingamapleleaf.TheupperpartoftheshieldisthefourmainnationalheraldrypatternsthatestablishedCanada,threelionsrepresentingEngland,onelionrepresentingScotland,aharprepresentingWalesandthreeirisesrepresentingFrance.ThelowerpartoftheshieldisThemaplebranchthatrepresentsCanadahasthreemapleleaves,whichsymbolizesthehistoricalrelationshipbetweenCanadaandtheabove-mentionedregions.ThelionholdingtheshieldontheleftholdstheBritishflag,andtheunicornholdingtheshieldontherightholdstheFrenchflagoftheBourbonera.ThetopcrownsymbolizestheBritishcrown,thelowerroserepresentstheBritishroyalfamily,andthereisaribbonundertheshield.
Thematerialofthe1Canadiandollarcoinwasoriginallyasilvercoin.Since1968,itwasalsocastinpurenickel.In1987,itwaschangedtoanickelcoreplatedbronze(ABS)castingwithadodecagonaledge.Thefrontpatternofthe1Canadiandollarcoinisthesameasthe1bonuscoin.Thepatternonthebackisthattwoshippersusedcanoestocarryfurintheearlydays.Itwasredesignedin1987andchangedtothewhite-billedloon.TheloonisawildanimalfoundeverywhereintheCanadianswamps..
The2Canadiandollarcoiniscastwithyellowandwhitebimetallicinlays,theouterringispurenickel,andtheinnercoreisaluminum-copperalloy.Thepatternonthebackshowsanadultpolarbearstandingontopoftheicefloes.ThepolarbearisthelargestlandcarnivoreinnorthernCanada;thecountrynameandfacevalueareinterchanged,andtheyeariscasttothefront.Therestofthepatternsonthefrontandbackarebasicallythesameasthe1bonuscoin.
Characteristicsofbanknotes
1.Thebanknotepaperiswhite,tough,andhasgreendots,whichwillemitgreenfluorescenceundertheirradiationofapurplelamp.
2.Banknoteprinting:thefrontandbackaremainlyprintedwithintaglioplates,thefrontintagliosaremainlyportraitsanddenominations;thebackintagliosaremainlysubjectimages,etc.
3.Theshadingonthefrontofthebanknoteisprintedupanddowntotheside,andthefoldlinescanbebutt-connected.
Introductiontothepattern
2Canadiandollars,QueenElizabethII,thereversepatternisRobinRobin
The5CanadiandollarbillisprintedwithWilfried-TheprofilepictureofSirWilfridLaurier,thefirstFrenchprimeministerofCanada.HewasinpowerinCanadafrom1896to1911.Thebackofthe$5CADisWOODPECKER.
Johnisprintedonthebackofthe$10coupon.TheheadofSirJohnA.Macdonald,whowasthefirstprimeministerofCanada,servedfrom1867to1873;thereversepatternisOsprey(OSPREYwithwhitefeathers)
20yuanQueenElizabethIIofEngland,Thereversepatternonthereversesideistheloon(theuniqueanimalCOMMENLOONinCanada)
The50CanadiandollarvoucherprintedontheheadofWLMcKenzieKingWilliamLyonMackenzieKing,heservedtwiceasPrimeMinisterofCanada,thefirsttimewasFrom1921to1930,thesecondtimewasfrom1935to1948;thereversepatternonthereversesideisthesnoweagle(SNOWYOWL,auniqueowlinCanada)
The100Canadiandollarcouponisfrom1911to1920.TheheadofthePrimeMinister'sSirRobertBorden.TheCanadiandollarbanknotenotonlyhasahead,butthereverseistheCanadianwildgoose(Canadagoose,thesymbolicanimalofCanada)
1000yuanbanknotesarerare,andthereverseisPineGrosbeak
Anti-counterfeitingexchangerate
Anti-counterfeiting
ThereisaverticalholographicsecurityfilmontheleftofallthelatestCanadiandollars.Youcanseethediscoloredmapleleafandthefacevalueofthebanknotefromdifferentangles.
Ontheportraitontherightsideoftheholographicstrip,undertheshiningofthepurplelight,youcanseetheCanadianBankinEnglishandFrench,aswellasthefacevaluenumbers(theprintingisweaker,andyouneedtobeinadarkplaceandahigherpowerpurplelighttoseeClear),thewholebanknotehasfluorescentfiberseverywhere.
Therearemicro-printedtextsonthefrontfacevalueandmanyotherplaces.
Youcanseethewhitewatermarkwindowinthemiddle.Gotothewatermarkofthefacevalueofthemainscenecharacterandthewhitewatermarkofthefacevaluenumber.
Ontherightsideofthewatermarkwindow,thereisadouble-sidedcounter-printingpatternoffacevaluenumbers,andyoucanseethatthepatternsonbothsidesofthebanknotearesplicedintofacevaluenumbersontherightsideofthewatermarkwindow..
Ontheleftsideoftheback,youcanseeanopenwindowandcolor-changingsecuritythread,withthefacevalueCANprintedonit.Thecolorofthesecuritythreadchangesbetweengreenandyellowatdifferentangles.
ConvertingRenminbi
Theannualtotalamountofdomesticpersonalforeignexchangepurchasesis50,000U.S.dollarsequivalentCanadiandollars.Itisofcoursecost-effectivebasedonthe2012Canadiandollarexchangeratecomparedtothepast.Regardingthehandlingfee,thereisnohandlingfeeforthepurchaseofforeignexchange.However,ifyouremitCanadiandollarstoaforeignaccount,suchanoverseasremittancewillincurcosts.Differentbankshavedifferentratesandupperandlowerlimitsofcharges.
CanadiandollarsforRMBcanbeexchangedatvariousforeignexchangebanks.BankofChina/ICBC/AgriculturalBank/ChinaConstructionBank/BankofCommunicationsareallforeignexchangeoperatingbanks.Amongthem,itisthesameasstocks.Theexchangeratesofthesamebankarethesameeverywhere,andtheexchangeratesofdifferentbanksareslightlydifferent,andthereisnohandlingfeeforconversion(becausethehandlingfeeisincludedinthedifferencebetweenthebank'sforeignexchangesales).
Exchangerate
(UpdatedtoJuly26,2021)
1Canadiandollar=0.7952USdollars
1Canadiandollar=0.6752Euro
1CanadianDollar=0.5785BritishPound
1CanadianDollar=87.7465JapaneseYen
1CanadianDollar=1.082AustralianDollar
1Canadiandollar=0.7306Swissfrancs
1Canadiandollar=58.7917Russianrubles
1Canadiandollar=5.1556Chineseyuan
1Canadiandollar=11.8019SouthAfricanrand
p>1Canadiandollar=6.1799HongKongdollar
1Canadiandollar=59.2021Indianrupees
1Canadiandollar=15.9645Mexicanpesos
1Canadiandollar=916.8018SouthKoreanwon
1Canadiandollar=4.1357Brazilianreal
1Canadiandollar=22.3187NewTaiwandollar